My high school biology teacher once told me that nothing was binary in biology except for alive and dead, and pregnant and not pregnant. Any other variation, he said, existed along a continuum. Whether or not the claim is technically accurate, it serves to illustrate an important feature of biological life. That is, very little in the biological world falls neatly into categories. A new finding, published today in PLoS ONE by Gustavo Arriaga, Eric P. Zhou, and Erich D. Jarvis from Duke University adds to the list of phenomena that scientists once thought were categorical but may, in fact, not be.
The consensus among researchers was that, in general, animals divide neatly into two categories: singers and non-singers. The singers include songbirds, parrots, hummingbirds, humans, dolphins, whales, bats, elephants, sea lions and seals. What these species all have in common and what distinguishes them from the non-singers of the animal world is that they are vocal learners. That is, these species can change the composition of their sounds that emanate from the larynx (for mammals) or syrinx (for birds), both in terms of the acoustic qualities such as pitch, and in terms of syntax (the particular ordering of the parts of the song). It is perhaps not surprising that songbirds and parrots have been extremely useful as models for understanding human speech and language acquisition. When other animals, such as monkeys or non-human apes, produce vocalizations, they are always innate, usually reflexive, and never learned.
But is the vocal learner/non-learner dichotomy truly reflective of biological reality? Maybe not. It turns out that mice make things more complicated.
Only in the last hundred years or so have researchers known that mice vocalize as part of their mating process. The reason it eluded scientists for so long is that their vocalizations cant be heard by human ears. But then, in 2005, Holy and Guo argued in a paper in PLoS Biology that the ultrasonic vocalizations produced by mice ought to be thought of as songs rather than calls.
Lots of species produce calls, and those calls serve different purposes. Some are primarily used for mating, others for indicating the presence of food, and still others to notify group members of predators. While some calls may indeed be thought of as musical, scientists tend to distinguish between calls and songs. Unlike calls, which are built of single syllables (sometimes repeated), songs include multiple syllables that are constructed in a specific (non-random) order, often with repeated phrases. Calls tend to be identical across multiple individuals of a given species, while songs tend to differ from singer to singer.
The binary distinction between singers and non-singers might not be as convincing if it were based solely on observable behavior, but it turns out that the dichtomy is reflected in neurobiology. There are special neural circuits in both humans and singing birds that are uniquely associated with vocal learning.
Mice had always been situated firmly in the vocal non-learning group, but if Holy and Guo are right in referring to mouse vocalizations as songs, Arriaga and his colleagues reasoned, then they might show the same neurobiological signature as birds and humans. One of the hallmark neurobiological features of song learners is a circuit that starts in the motor cortex on the top of the brain which projects directly to the part of the brainstem that controls the vocal organ. These circuits have never been seen in any other non-singing species, according to Arriaga, despite over fifty years of effort searching for them, particularly in vocal non-learning birds and non-human primates.
The researchers discovered that mice do have a brain circuit that starts in the primary motor cortex, projects directly to the part of the brainstem responsible for controlling the larynx, and importantly, is active when male mice sing. The difference, when compared with birds and humans, is that the circuit is weaker, more sparse. Its there, its just not as strong.
When this pathway is disrupted in singing birds or humans, they become unable to produce vocalizations that had been learned (songs), but are still able to produce their innate vocalizations (calls). So Arriaga wanted to see what would happen if he chemically disabled those circuits in some mice. While the impaired mice were still able to sing their songs, they didnt sound quite right. Both the pitch and the frequency of their vocalizations had been affected.
Read this article:
Singing Mice May Join Humans and Songbirds As Vocal Learners
- Host change alters toxic cocktail - March 19th, 2011 [March 19th, 2011]
- Integrative Biology 131 - Lecture 01: Organization of Body - August 27th, 2011 [August 27th, 2011]
- Systems Biology Lecture 1 - August 27th, 2011 [August 27th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 24: Phylogenetics - August 28th, 2011 [August 28th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 28: Evolutionary Medicine - Published ! - August 28th, 2011 [August 28th, 2011]
- 1. Introduction to Human Behavioral Biology - August 29th, 2011 [August 29th, 2011]
- Bill Nye: 100 Greatest Discoveries : Biology (Discovery Channel) 3/3 - August 31st, 2011 [August 31st, 2011]
- Introduction to Biology - 1 - What is Biology? - August 31st, 2011 [August 31st, 2011]
- What is Biology? - September 3rd, 2011 [September 3rd, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 16: Population Genetics I: Mendel, Darw - September 3rd, 2011 [September 3rd, 2011]
- Bill Nye: 100 Greatest Discoveries : Biology (Discovery Channel) 2/3 - September 4th, 2011 [September 4th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 3 - September 6th, 2011 [September 6th, 2011]
- Biology: Proteins: Amino Acids - September 8th, 2011 [September 8th, 2011]
- Girls Aloud - Biology - September 9th, 2011 [September 9th, 2011]
- Biology 1A - Lecture 3: Cell structure and organization -#1 - September 10th, 2011 [September 10th, 2011]
- Biology 1A - Lecture 2 - September 11th, 2011 [September 11th, 2011]
- Biology of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias - September 11th, 2011 [September 11th, 2011]
- Bill Nye: 100 Greatest Discoveries : Biology (Discovery Channel) 1/3 - September 11th, 2011 [September 11th, 2011]
- What is Biology - Part 1: Lecture 1.1 - September 12th, 2011 [September 12th, 2011]
- Lec 1 | MIT 7.012 Introduction to Biology, Fall 2004 - September 15th, 2011 [September 15th, 2011]
- (Notes On) Biology - September 17th, 2011 [September 17th, 2011]
- Biology Introduction - September 18th, 2011 [September 18th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 10: Paleoecology and Hominid Ecology - September 20th, 2011 [September 20th, 2011]
- Zen Biology Lesson for Enlightenment - September 20th, 2011 [September 20th, 2011]
- Biology: Mitosis: An Overview - September 23rd, 2011 [September 23rd, 2011]
- Synthetic Biology: Drew Endy - September 24th, 2011 [September 24th, 2011]
- ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate - September 26th, 2011 [September 26th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 13: Conclusion - September 27th, 2011 [September 27th, 2011]
- Biology 1AL - Lecture 1 - September 30th, 2011 [September 30th, 2011]
- Biology 1A - Lecture 7: Cell membrane structure and transpor - October 1st, 2011 [October 1st, 2011]
- Biology 1AL - Lecture 4: Lab 5: Complementation I, Genetics - October 4th, 2011 [October 4th, 2011]
- Pilobolus: A performance merging dance and biology - October 4th, 2011 [October 4th, 2011]
- Molecular Biology's Central Dogma - October 4th, 2011 [October 4th, 2011]
- Biology 1A - Lecture 15: The Laws that Govern the Inheritanc - October 4th, 2011 [October 4th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 1: Introduction to Ecology - October 4th, 2011 [October 4th, 2011]
- Girls Aloud - Biology Live At Wembley - October 4th, 2011 [October 4th, 2011]
- Lec 1 | MIT 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005 - October 7th, 2011 [October 7th, 2011]
- The New Biology - From Victim to Master of Your Health - October 7th, 2011 [October 7th, 2011]
- Synthetic Biology Explained - October 7th, 2011 [October 7th, 2011]
- Andrew Hessel - Introduction to Synthetic Biology - October 7th, 2011 [October 7th, 2011]
- Foldit: Biology for gamers - by Nature Video - October 7th, 2011 [October 7th, 2011]
- Bruce Lipton - Biology of Perception 1 of 7 - October 12th, 2011 [October 12th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 15: Darwin and the Origin II - October 12th, 2011 [October 12th, 2011]
- Girls Aloud - Biology - Video - October 13th, 2011 [October 13th, 2011]
- Biology 1A - Lecture 14: How Somatic Cells - Mitosis - and G - Video - October 13th, 2011 [October 13th, 2011]
- Dna Molecular Biology Visualizations - Wrapping And Replicat - Video - October 13th, 2011 [October 13th, 2011]
- The Biology Song - Video - October 14th, 2011 [October 14th, 2011]
- What is Biology? - Video - October 14th, 2011 [October 14th, 2011]
- Lec 2 | MIT 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005 - Video - October 14th, 2011 [October 14th, 2011]
- Biology 1A - Lecture 19: Gene Expression II - RNA is transla - Video - October 15th, 2011 [October 15th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 14: Darwin and the Origin of Species I - Video - October 15th, 2011 [October 15th, 2011]
- Biology 1A - Lecture 1 - Video - October 15th, 2011 [October 15th, 2011]
- Integrative Biology 131 - Lecture 18: Lymphatic System - Video - October 20th, 2011 [October 20th, 2011]
- biology - nuclear transfer (clone creating) - Video - October 20th, 2011 [October 20th, 2011]
- Introduction to Biology - Video - October 20th, 2011 [October 20th, 2011]
- Biology 1A - Lecture 1: Course introduction. Introduction to macromolecules. - Video - October 23rd, 2011 [October 23rd, 2011]
- Bruce Lipton - Biology of Perception 2 of 7 - Video - October 23rd, 2011 [October 23rd, 2011]
- Seinfeld - Marine Biologist - Video - October 27th, 2011 [October 27th, 2011]
- Biological Classification: Kingdoms - Video - October 28th, 2011 [October 28th, 2011]
- A Biologist's St. Patrick's Day Song - Video - October 28th, 2011 [October 28th, 2011]
- A Biologist's Mother's Day Song - Video - October 30th, 2011 [October 30th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 28: Fungal diversity and reproduction - Video - November 2nd, 2011 [November 2nd, 2011]
- Learn Biology: Ecosystem Definition - November 5th, 2011 [November 5th, 2011]
- Learn Biology: Gregor Mendel Biography - Video - November 6th, 2011 [November 6th, 2011]
- TEDxCaltech - J. Craig Venter - Future Biology - Video - November 8th, 2011 [November 8th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 31: Origin of land plants - bryophytes - Video - November 8th, 2011 [November 8th, 2011]
- Practical biology - The Thin Blue Line - Video - November 8th, 2011 [November 8th, 2011]
- Dr. Karin Remington on Computational Biology - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- Bully-Soundtrack Biology Class - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- From Chemtrails to Pseudo-Life- The Dark Agenda of Synthetic Biology. SLIDE SHOW - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- ROUTINE OF EXERCISES TO LOSE WEIGHT WITH THE BIOLOGICAL AND DOMESTIC GYMNASTICS OF LUIS MORI - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- Biology 1B - Lecture 7: Trophic Dynamics and Biogeography - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- Plant Tissue Arrangement in Organs (AP Biology) - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- BIOLOGICAL GYMNASTICS OF WEIGHT'S REDUCTION BY LUIS MORI-YEAR 2012 - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- From Chemtrails to Pseudo-Life: The Dark Agenda of Synthetic Biology (FULL LENGTH VIDEO) - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- Pre-AP Biology - Unit 5.12 - Translation.mp4 - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- Marine Biology Research @ Clark U - Video - November 14th, 2011 [November 14th, 2011]
- Major in a Minute: Biology - Video - November 17th, 2011 [November 17th, 2011]
- Bruce Lipton - Biology of Perception 3 of 7 - Video - November 17th, 2011 [November 17th, 2011]
- Biology: Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides - Video - November 17th, 2011 [November 17th, 2011]