Libertarianizmus (angl. libertarianism, odvoden od lat. liber slobodn) je oznaenie skupiny politickch ideolgi, ktor nadvzujc na klasick liberalizmus zdrazuj individualizmus odrajci sa v osobnej i ekonomickej slobode. Prvrenec libertarianizmu sa oznauje ako libertarin.
Pre odlin politicko-filozofick vvoj v Spojench ttoch a Eurpe je defincia libertarianizmu pomerne irok. Zatia o v USA sa v sasnosti oznaenie liberl uplatuje vlune vo vzname egalitrneho liberalizmu, predovetkm v strednej a vchodnej Eurpe, Juhoafrickej republike, ne sa pouva takmer v pvodnom vzname klasickho liberalizmu.[1] Mylienkov zklada libertarianizmu tak zaha predstaviteov a pokraovateov klasickho liberalizmu, ako aj radiklne liberlne terie minarchizmu, objektivizmu a anarchokapitalizmu.[2][3] Predovetkm v americkom prostred sa kvli mylienkovej blzkosti a sptmu vvoju s Republiknskou stranou k libertarinom asto zahaj aj predstavitelia paleokonzervativizmu (napr. Ron Paul).
V 30. rokoch 20. storoia mnoho stpencov Rooseveltovej politiky Novho delu z radov americkch intelektulov sami seba pokladali za liberlov, avak nimi presadzovan budovanie ttu blahobytu a zvyovanie ttnych vdavkov na podporu opatren namierench proti dsledkom vekej hospodrskej krzy bolo v protiklade s pvodnm liberalizmom. Termn liberl sa v priebehu 30. a 40. rokov zauval na pomenovanie stpenca politiky Demokratickej strany, ktorho najblim ekvivalentom v eurpskom kontexte je oznaenie socilny demokrat.[4][pozn 1]
Akademick oznaenie klasick liberalizmus mnoho pvodnch liberlov odmietalo pouva, pretoe sa domnievali, e to nie je vhodn pojem pre ich de facto modern a pokrokov politiku. V 50. rokoch americk ekonm a publicista Leonard Read zaal pouva pvodne filozofick pojem libertarianizmus,[5] ktor sa v priebehu nasledujcich dvoch desaro uplatnil v praxi a v roku 1972 vznikla Libertarinska strana. Niektor zstancovia klasickho liberalizmu sa ale s tmto pomenovanm nestotonili, napr. Friedrich August von Hayek sa naalej oznaoval za liberla alebo Ayn Randov, ktor sa pokladala za radiklnu prokapitalistku.[1] Termn libertarianizmus bol prvkrt preukzatene pouit anglickm historikom a politickm komenttorom Williamom Belshamom v roku 1789 v eseji O slobode a nevyhnutnosti, ako antonymum k determinizmu.[6]
V akademickom prostred libertarianizmus filozoficky etabloval Robert Nozick svojim dielom Anarchia, tt a utpia (1974), v ktorom rozvil lockovsk teriu ttu, spravodlivosti a skromnho vlastnctva. Na poli ekonmie rozvjala svoju innos Montpelerinsk spolonos zaloen roku 1947 Hayekom. V roku 1946 Leonard Read zaloil Nadciu pre ekonomick vzdelvanie (angl. Foundation for Economic Education), ktor sa stala prvm libertarinskym think tankom v USA. Skupina rakskych ekonmov zaloila roku 1982 Intitt Ludwiga von Misesa (angl. Ludwig von Mises Institute). K vznamnm libertarinskym think tankom patr aj Cato Institute zaloen v roku 1974.
Medzi dleitch, ale ideovo nejednotnch, predstaviteov libertarianizmu patria ekonmovia chicagskej (Milton Friedman) a rakskej koly (Murray Rothbard, Ludwig von Mises, Leonard Read, Friedrich August von Hayek), americk politik Ron Paul (s republiknskou platformou Tea Party), filozof Robert Nozick, spisovateka a filozofka Ayn Randov. Za tzv. avicovho libertarina sm seba povauje anarchosyndikalista Noam Chomsky.
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