Space Matter is a weekly column that delves into space science and the mechanics of spaceflight. From the latest discoveries in the universe around us to the fits and starts of rocket test flights, youll find analysis, discussion, and an eternal optimism about space and launching ourselves into the cosmos.
We all are aware that the International Space Station is out there, in low Earth orbitbut did you know that there are two other space stations up there as well? Or that the first private space station is currently in development? We have a rich history of space stations, from Skylab to Mir and beyond.
Americas first space station was Skylabwhich was never actually intended or built for that use. Skylab was actually the unused upper stage of a Saturn IVB rocket. It launched in 1973 aboard the last Saturn V rocket and hosted three manned missions before falling back to Earth in 1979. The retrofitted rocket stage was never intended to be a long-term space station, but it proved to Americans that humans can live and work in space. It also advanced space science considerably through its onboard workshop and solar observatory.
The Skylab space station. Photo courtesy of NASA
After Skylab, attention turned to the Space Shuttle program, which was launched on April 12, 1981. The orbiter fleet boasted a large payload bay that was perfect for conducting experiments in space. While we were focusing on a reusable space vehicle, the Russians were still using their trusty Soyuz capsules (still in use today) and instead turned their focus to building a space station.
Between 1971 and 1982, the Russians successfully launched six Salyut space stations. (Salyut 2 was unable to achieve a stable orbit, falling back into the atmosphere two weeks after launch). The last of these, Salyut 7 was in orbit from 1982 through 1991, with 10 manned visits over its lifetime. Through their experience with these space stations, the Russians became experts at living and working in space.
In 1986, the Russians launched Mir, the worlds first modular space station. This means that, much like the ISS, the station consisted of a core that was launched first. Over time, a total of six additional modules were launched and assembled in space, expanding the station over the years. It was on Mir that extended spaceflight became normal; expeditions generally lasted around six months (the same as the ISS).
The United States had plans to build a Mir counterpart: the Freedom space station. In the early 1980s, it was envisioned as a space-based destination at which orbiters could dock. Its cancellation (due to budget and design issues) was part of the reason the shuttle program came under such heavy fire: we spent an extraordinary amount of money to build a reusable space vehicle, but in the end, we had nowhere to actually send it.
The United States wasnt the only country with a desire to launch a space station; the European space agency was also interested in such an endeavor. Russia, in addition, was planning on launching Mir 2 to replace its aging space station. However, a space station is an expensive and difficult proposition, which led to the cooperative development of the International Space Station (among the United States, Russia, Japan, Canada, and the European Space Agency) in 1993, using Freedom and Mir 2 concepts as its core modules.
The International Space Station. Photo courtesy of NASA
The ISS has been in orbit since its launch in 1998; it has been continuously occupied since its first long duration crew arrived on Expedition 1 in November 2000. The station is funded through 2024 by both the U.S. and Russia (though that may be extended to 2028). Its unclear what will come next; Roscosmos (Russias space agency counterpart to NASA) made a statement in early 2015 that the U.S. and Russia had agreed to work on a follow-up space station, but NASA hasnt confirmed that statement.
Regardless of what happens with the future of the International Space Station, its clear that space stations are here to stay. China has launched two space stations: Tiangong-1 and Tiangong-2, which are both currently in orbit. Tiangong-1, designed as a prototype to test the rendezvous and docking of Chinese spacecraft, was only in use for two years. Its orbit is decaying, and it will reenter the atmosphere later this year.
Tiangong-2 is another test space station launched in late 2016, as China plans to launch a larger modular space station to rival the ISS in 2022 (in mission, if probably not in sizethe International Space Station is the most expensive object ever constructed). Tiangong-2 has only been visited oncea two-person crew stayed aboard the station for 30 days.
But its not China or Russia or the United States who are making headlines about space stationsits private companies. Could a private company launch a space station by the end of the decade? Its absolutely possible. Axiom Space, a company youve likely never heard of, is aiming to be the first company to build a private space station.
Axiom is planning on launching the Multi-Purpose Module in 2020, designed as an add-on for the International Space Station. Whether it is launched all at once or assembled in orbit remains to be seen; however, when its ready, it will fly to the ISS (yes, it will have its own engines). Their current plan is to dock it to, and therefore expand, the ISS. When the International Space Station eventually deorbits, the Multi-Purpose Module will undock and function as an independent, private space station.
Theres a lot of money in a private space station; the customers wouldnt be private individuals wanting to go to space (though that is an option). There are many countries that aspire to send their astronauts into orbit. The ISSs max capacity is eight astronauts, and because were all currently dependent on Soyuz to get us there, were further constrained. Russian Soyuz capsules can only hold three astronauts each. Once private human spaceflight is off the ground (primarily through SpaceXs Dragon), that will ease the transportation issues, but the destination constraints are still considerable. Thats where Axiom hopes to step in.
Whether public or private, space stations are here to stay. Lets hope that as the ability to get off of our planet and live and work in space becomes easier and more possible, it encourages all of us to set our sights on destinations beyond low Earth orbit.
Top photo courtesy of NASA/ESA
Swapna Krishna is a freelance writer, editor, and giant space/sci-fi geek.
Follow this link:
Space Matter: Public (and Private) Space Stations - Paste Magazine
- Fermi Telescope Caps First Year With Glimpse of Space-Time - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Antarctic Airborne Science Mission Nears Mid-Point - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- NASA Awards Education Research Grants to Minority Universities - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- New Celestial Map Gives Directions for GPS - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- NASA Invites Reporters to Tranquility Node Ceremony at Kennedy - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Happy Halloween - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- NASA's Fermi Telescope Detects Gamma-Ray From "Star Factories" in Other Galaxies - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- NASA Announces Advisory Council Chairs and Committee Structure - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- NASA and X Prize Announce Winners of Lunar Lander Challenge - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- MESSENGER Spacecraft Reveals More Hidden Territory on Mercury - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Successful Flight Through Enceladus Plume - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Education Secretary Hosts DC Students for Talk with Space Station - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Operation Ice Bridge Studies Antarctic Sea Ice - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- NASA West Point Welcomes Home One of Their Heroes - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- NASA Spitzer Observes a Chaotic Planetary System - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- X-38 Crew Return Vehicle Finds New Home - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Frost-Covered Phoenix Lander Seen in Winter Images - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Have some faith He is doing his best - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- The Cross - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Spring Bloom in New Zealand Waters - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- NASA Hubble image showcases star birth in M83, the Southern Pinwheel - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Take Me Out to the Ballpark - On Mars! - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Poisk Poised for Live NASA TV Space Station Docking - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Ceremony Reset for ESA Handover of Tranquility to NASA - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- NASA Reproduces a Building Block of Life in Laboratory - November 8th, 2009 [November 8th, 2009]
- Now Online: Aeronautics Goes E-Book - December 12th, 2009 [December 12th, 2009]
- Water on the Moon, Drought on Earth: NASA Experts Available for Radio And Podcast Interviews During Major Science Meeting - December 12th, 2009 [December 12th, 2009]
- Launch of NASA's Wise Spacecraft Delayed Until Dec. 14 - December 12th, 2009 [December 12th, 2009]
- Connecticut Students Set for Cosmic Conversation with Space Station Commander - December 12th, 2009 [December 12th, 2009]
- Magnetic Dance of Titan and Saturn To Be Main Attraction during Flyby - December 12th, 2009 [December 12th, 2009]
- Hubble's Deepest View of Universe Unveils Never-Before-Seen Galaxies - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Earth's Moon - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- How do you Make a Helicopter Safer to Fly? You Crash One. - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Physicist Earns Title as Kennedy's Best - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Hubble Unveils Never-Before-Seen Galaxies - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Saturn's Mysterious Hexagon Emerges from Winter Darkness - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Fermi Sees Brightest-Ever Blazar Flare - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Magnetic Power Revealed in Gamma-Ray Burst Jet - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Just 5 Questions: Aerosols - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Hometown Heroes 2009: Astronaut & Terrible Towel Return to Pittsburgh - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Garver Honors Four for Saving the Life of a Fifth at NASA Langley - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Administrator Bolden Speaks at AAIA-WIA Luncheon - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Best (Meteor) Shower of 2009 - No Towel Required - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- NASA Making Government More Accessible With Cutting-Edge Use Of New Media - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Scarce Water, Our Quiet Sun and Space Rocks Among NASA News Highlights at American Geophysical Union Meeting - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Press Credentials Deadlines Set for Next Space Shuttle Flight - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Reddish Dust and Ice Migration Darken Saturn's Moon Iapetus - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Galaxy Collision Switches on Black Hole - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- I’m watching the launch of NASA’s WISE spacecraft - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- SOFIA Aloft - December 13th, 2009 [December 13th, 2009]
- Guide to the International Space Station Laboratory Racks Interactive - December 14th, 2009 [December 14th, 2009]
- Freezing WISE's Hydrogen - December 14th, 2009 [December 14th, 2009]
- Local High School Wins Invention Challenge - December 14th, 2009 [December 14th, 2009]
- WISE Ready to Soar Into Space - December 14th, 2009 [December 14th, 2009]
- NASA Data Reveal Major Groundwater Loss in California's Heartland - December 15th, 2009 [December 15th, 2009]
- NASA Looks for Safer Icing Forecast For Pilots - December 15th, 2009 [December 15th, 2009]
- Challenges of Living and Working Aboard the Space Station: NASA Astronaut Nicole Stott Available for TV Interviews - December 15th, 2009 [December 15th, 2009]
- NASA Astronaut, Food Scientist Available for Interviews about Holiday Feasts in Space - December 15th, 2009 [December 15th, 2009]
- NASA Launches Web Site for Teenagers That Want More Class - December 15th, 2009 [December 15th, 2009]
- A Unique Geography -- and Soot and Dust -- Conspire Against Himalayan Glaciers - December 15th, 2009 [December 15th, 2009]
- New Study Turns Up the Heat on Soot's Role in Himalayan Warming - December 15th, 2009 [December 15th, 2009]
- NASA's WISE Eye on the Universe Begins All-Sky Survey Mission - December 15th, 2009 [December 15th, 2009]
- NASA Offers Sound Clips for Radio, Online Newscasters - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- NASA Gets Up-Close Look at Far Corner of the Globe - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- Orion Launch Abort System Attitude Control Motor Test-fired - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- Hubble Finds Smallest Kuiper Belt Object Ever Seen - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- The Dark Side of Carbon - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- R97UYEA6HD8W - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- NASA's AIM Satellite and Models are Unlocking the Secrets of Mysterious "Night-Shining" Clouds - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- Classroom Learning Takes Off with NASA-Funded Education Projects - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- NASA Buys Additional Space Shuttle Reusable Solid Rocket Motors - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- Searching for New Vaccines and Studying Butterflies in Space; NASA Offers TV Interviews about Latest Space Station Science Research - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- NASA Partners with Saudi Arabia on Moon and Asteroid Research - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- New Results from a Terra-ific Decade in Orbit - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- Deposits in Martian Trough Point to Complex Hydrological Past - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- NASA Outlines Recent Greenhouse Gas Research - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- Unexpected Wheel-Test Results - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- Solar Storms and Radiation Exposure on Commercial Flights - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- Global Digital Elevation Model - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]
- Hubble's Festive View of a Grand Star-Forming Region - December 17th, 2009 [December 17th, 2009]