It is time to revisit the 1938 classic study by Craine Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution, in the wake of the Arab Spring revolutions with particular focus on Egypt. Based on an analysis of the four revolutions English, American, French and Russian that helped shape the world history, Brinton concluded that revolutions have a life cycle of their own. They start against the "old order" to establish a moderate regime instead, which is followed by a radical one that witnesses a reign of terror, which in itself will be followed by a Thermidorian reaction that restores law and order and probably most of figures of the old regime and its policies. And this is the period that witnesses the emergence of a tyrant with unconditional powers. Following the typical short honeymoon, Egypts President Muhammad Mursi emerged as a regional leader who managed to mediate the Gaza cease-fire between Israel and Hamas, providing face-saving to both sides of the conflict and at the same time winning praise domestically and internationally for that role. Apparently he thought to capitalize on this achievement and empower himself to consolidate his presidency. He issued a decree that gives him extraordinary powers and which prevents the judiciary from challenging his decisions. These edicts were met with quick and swift opposition from political powers as well as from the judiciary, which was seen as the guardian ensuring the separation of powers and a safeguard against the excessive of the executive branch of the government. Are the contradictions referred to in the Brinton study emerging and that Mursis plan of going for an earlier strike asserts his rule and jumps straight into the era of the Thermidor, where a tyrant gets established? Though the general analysis of Brinton of revolutions seems to be accurate, it still suffers from some shortfalls. First it was restricted to only four Western revolutions. That is fair enough. By then, or when the study was published in 1938, it was only the Western world, including newly emerging communist Russia, that counted. The rest of the world in Asia, Africa and Latin America either were languishing under colonization or living in the periphery, and as such didnt count. Moreover, by then the world was living through the industrial revolution with all its ramifications politically, economically and socially. Todays world has moved into a communication revolution with its ever-growing improved and expanding technology, which is bringing more people into political and economic play where they are having a say in their own affairs never seen before. But more important, as regards developments taking place in Egypt, are events that are going to have direct impact on the region and open wide the question marks about the commitment of Islamists in general and the Muslim Brotherhood in particular to the principles of democracy and the exchange of power through the ballot box. One of the big differences with Brintons study is that all the revolutions he studied and cited were bloody ones where the old regime was overtaken by force. Through the revolutionary fever that follows, measures are taken to get rid of the remnants of the old regime and pave the way for the change. In the case of Egypt, however, it was a peaceful revolution that has impacted change. And that is why measures to deal with the old regimes figures and policies have to resort to legal and constitutional approach, not a revolutionary one. But the divisions that emerged in the society have developed into an open confrontation. And the fact that Mursi and his Muslim Brotherhood are operating under an Islamic flag poses a serious challenge. For them this is one of the best opportunities to advance their cause since political Islam forces are on the rise generally in the region. Encouraged by ascension to power in more than one country, the Brotherhood targets the power of the state as the best vehicle to advance its cause and make a difference. For this purpose, empowering the Brotherhood and enabling it to consolidate its grip on power comes first. If such an attitude is to take hold, it simply means that elections were carried out along one man, one vote, but only for one time.
The rest is here:
Anatomy of a revolution
- "The Secret Museum" Exhibition Opening, Observatory, This Saturday, April 10, 7-10 PM - April 6th, 2010 [April 6th, 2010]
- Job Opportunities at the Medical Museion, University of Copenhagen - April 9th, 2010 [April 9th, 2010]
- "The Secret Museum" Exhibition Opening, Observatory, TONIGHT! April 10, 7-10 PM - April 10th, 2010 [April 10th, 2010]
- Animal Body Worlds at the Neunkirchen Zoo, Saarland, Germany - April 11th, 2010 [April 11th, 2010]
- Congress for Curious People: Lectures Begin Tomorrow Night at the Coney Island Museum! - April 12th, 2010 [April 12th, 2010]
- A Brief History of Automata, An Illustrated Lecture and Demonstration by Mike Zohn, Obscura Antiques and Oddities, TONIGHT! Coney Island Museum - April 14th, 2010 [April 14th, 2010]
- "The Brading Collection of Taxidermy, Waxworks, Costume and Similar Items," Duke's Auction House, Dorset, April 13th (Today!) - April 15th, 2010 [April 15th, 2010]
- Charles Wilson Peale and the Birth of the American Museum, Coney Island Museum, Tonight!!! - April 16th, 2010 [April 16th, 2010]
- "The Congress for Curious People," Epic 2-Day Symposium Begins Tomorrow!!! - April 16th, 2010 [April 16th, 2010]
- "A History of Taxidermy: Art, Science and Bad Taste," An Illustrated Presentation By Dr. Pat Morris, Congress for Curious People, Coney Island Museum - April 17th, 2010 [April 17th, 2010]
- The Dance of Death, 1919, Attributed to Josef Fenneker - April 20th, 2010 [April 20th, 2010]
- "Stuffed Animals and Pickled Heads" Book and Lecture by Stephen Asma, Thursday April 22, Observatory - April 21st, 2010 [April 21st, 2010]
- "The Silken Web: The Erotic World of Paris, 1920-1946," Mel Gordon Lecture at Observatory, Tomorrow April 20th - April 21st, 2010 [April 21st, 2010]
- "Museums, Monsters and the Moral Imagination" Lecture by Stephen Asma, Tonight!, Observatory - April 22nd, 2010 [April 22nd, 2010]
- "The Rogue Taxidermy Kunstkammer," The Minnesota Association of Rogue Taxidermists, La Luz de Jesus, Los Angeles - April 23rd, 2010 [April 23rd, 2010]
- "Anatomical Art: Dissection to Illustration," Exhibition Curated by Marie Dauenheimer, Arlington, Virginia - April 26th, 2010 [April 26th, 2010]
- "Excellent Old-School Science Models," Life Magazine Photo Gallery - April 28th, 2010 [April 28th, 2010]
- "Three Unique Medical Museums in Northern Italy," Lecture by Marie Dauenheimer, Observatory, Saturday May 1 - April 29th, 2010 [April 29th, 2010]
- Tomorrow Night at Observatory! "Three Unique Medical Museums in Northern Italy," Lecture by Marie Dauenheimer - April 30th, 2010 [April 30th, 2010]
- "Imaging / Imagining the Skeleton," Symposium, Tomorrow, Friday, April 30, 1:00-4pm, CUNY Graduate Center - May 1st, 2010 [May 1st, 2010]
- Kabinett des Grotesken ("Cabinet of the Grotesque"), Berliner Medizinhistorisches Museum der Charité, Spiegel Online - May 4th, 2010 [May 4th, 2010]
- Head of Discovery and Engagement, Wellcome Library, Employment Opportunity - May 5th, 2010 [May 5th, 2010]
- "Experimenting with Death: An Introduction to Terror Management Theory," Lecture, Observatory, Thursday May 6 - May 5th, 2010 [May 5th, 2010]
- The Taxidermy of Mr. Walter Potter and his Museum of Curiosities, Melissa Milgrom - May 6th, 2010 [May 6th, 2010]
- Tonight!!! "Experimenting with Death: An Introduction to Terror Management Theory," Lecture, Observatory - May 6th, 2010 [May 6th, 2010]
- Original Fritz Kahn Posters and Key Booklet, Sotheby's Vintage Posters Auction, May 13 - May 6th, 2010 [May 6th, 2010]
- "The Saddest Object in the World," An Illustrated Meditation, Observatory, Friday, May 7th - May 7th, 2010 [May 7th, 2010]
- "An Atlas of Topographical Anatomy after Plane Sections of Frozen Bodies," Christian Wilhelm Braune, 1877 - May 7th, 2010 [May 7th, 2010]
- Tonight!!! "The Saddest Object in the World," An Illustrated Meditation, Observatory - May 9th, 2010 [May 9th, 2010]
- Various works by Francois Maréchal - May 13th, 2010 [May 13th, 2010]
- The Pennsylvania Medical Humanities Consortium, May 19-20, College of Physicians, Philadelphia PA - May 14th, 2010 [May 14th, 2010]
- Morbid Magicians, Demented Doctors, and Sinister Swamis: The Golden Age of the American Spook Show, Observatory, Monday, May 17 - May 14th, 2010 [May 14th, 2010]
- Frank Frazetta, Renowned Fantasy Artist, Dies at 82 - May 15th, 2010 [May 15th, 2010]
- San Francisco Zen Center presents ‘The Accidents of our Materials’ with sculptors Arthur Ganson & Elizabeth King - May 18th, 2010 [May 18th, 2010]
- Various Works by George Washington Thomas Lambert - May 19th, 2010 [May 19th, 2010]
- The Never-Realized Führermuseum, Linz, Austria - May 21st, 2010 [May 21st, 2010]
- Proteus Gowanus Benefit/Anniversary Party, Saturday, May 22nd, 7-10 p.m. - May 21st, 2010 [May 21st, 2010]
- "Many Dead Things: The Specimens of Alex CF," Superette Gallery, London - May 22nd, 2010 [May 22nd, 2010]
- "The Secret Museum," Photography Exhibition, Observatory, Closes June 6th - May 23rd, 2010 [May 23rd, 2010]
- Various Figure Drawings by Sergio Lopez - May 24th, 2010 [May 24th, 2010]
- "Another Science Fiction," Tomorrow, Tuesday May 25, 86th Street Barnes and Noble, 7 PM, NYC - May 24th, 2010 [May 24th, 2010]
- The Secret Museum Website and Exhibition Closing Party - May 27th, 2010 [May 27th, 2010]
- Oxberry Pegs Presents: Animators Are God? Series, "The Clay Animation of Jimmy Picker," Saturday May 29th, Observatory - May 28th, 2010 [May 28th, 2010]
- Exhibition to Revisit Contemporary Korean Art - May 28th, 2010 [May 28th, 2010]
- Portrait Sketches by Luke Kopycinski - May 28th, 2010 [May 28th, 2010]
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Confiscated Items Online Auction, Ongoing - May 29th, 2010 [May 29th, 2010]
- Despite Tightening Up Of Society, Iranian Art Sees A Boom - May 29th, 2010 [May 29th, 2010]
- Various Works by Santiago Rusiñol - May 29th, 2010 [May 29th, 2010]
- Various works by Tina Spratt - May 30th, 2010 [May 30th, 2010]
- MAXXI Gallery, Rome’s First Contemporary Art Museum Opens Its Doors - May 31st, 2010 [May 31st, 2010]
- Michelangelo’s Hidden Sistine Chapel Message Discovered - May 31st, 2010 [May 31st, 2010]
- Various Works by Dorian Iten - June 3rd, 2010 [June 3rd, 2010]
- Monet’s Water-Lily Painting For Sale - June 3rd, 2010 [June 3rd, 2010]
- Secret Museum Closing Party and Morbid Anatomy Library/Observatory Open Studios, This Weekend! - June 3rd, 2010 [June 3rd, 2010]
- Art Students League of Denver Summer Art Market - June 3rd, 2010 [June 3rd, 2010]
- Saint Cosmas and Saint Damian (c. 200 CE) - June 3rd, 2010 [June 3rd, 2010]
- "I’m Officially Obsessed with Observatory," Melissa Stern for Time Out New York, June 2010 - June 4th, 2010 [June 4th, 2010]
- Gallery Nucleus Presents Enchanté - June 4th, 2010 [June 4th, 2010]
- Various Works by Edward Kinsella - June 4th, 2010 [June 4th, 2010]
- Renowned Sculpture Artist Louise Bourgeois Dies - June 4th, 2010 [June 4th, 2010]
- Various Works by Paul Gauguin - June 5th, 2010 [June 5th, 2010]
- Various Works by Stephen Pan - June 6th, 2010 [June 6th, 2010]
- Bravo Premieres “Work of Art” Reality Show - June 6th, 2010 [June 6th, 2010]
- Art of Photography Show – Entry Deadline June 7th - June 6th, 2010 [June 6th, 2010]
- "Anatomical Venuses, The Slashed Beauty, and Fetuses Dancing a Jig" Lecture, Coney Island Museum, Sunday June 13th, 4:30 PM - June 7th, 2010 [June 7th, 2010]
- Amazing Auction Alert! "The Gallery of Creation, a Museum of Natural History, Created by Joseph Hurt Studio, Inc.", Friday and Saturday, June 25 & 26 - June 9th, 2010 [June 9th, 2010]
- Various Works by Ron Hicks - June 10th, 2010 [June 10th, 2010]
- Two Upcoming Events at Observatory by Torino:Margolis - June 11th, 2010 [June 11th, 2010]
- This Sunday! "Anatomical Venuses, The Slashed Beauty, and Fetuses Dancing a Jig" Lecture, Coney Island Museum, Sunday June 13th, 4:30 PM - June 11th, 2010 [June 11th, 2010]
- Various Works by Lui Ferreyra - June 11th, 2010 [June 11th, 2010]
- "Borrowed from the Charnel House," Saul Chernick, Opening Tonight, NYC! - June 12th, 2010 [June 12th, 2010]
- Zoe Beloff London Engagements, Tonight and Tomorrow Night, June 10th and 11 - June 12th, 2010 [June 12th, 2010]
- Various Works by John M Collier - June 14th, 2010 [June 14th, 2010]
- “Show Time” by Mariano Steiner - June 15th, 2010 [June 15th, 2010]
- This Friday at Observatory! "The Anatomical Unconscious: X-Ray Specs, Visible Women, and the Eros of the Unseen," With Cult Author Mark Dery - June 18th, 2010 [June 18th, 2010]
- "Woman Advertising J.M. Dolph, Furniture Maker and Undertaker," Cabinet card, circa 1877 - June 19th, 2010 [June 19th, 2010]
- Various works by Karol Bak - June 22nd, 2010 [June 22nd, 2010]
- Amazing Auction Alert #2: "The Owsten Collection," June 25th and 26th, Sydney, Australia - June 23rd, 2010 [June 23rd, 2010]
- The Art of the Potentially Deadly Deal: Marketing Heroin on the Street - June 24th, 2010 [June 24th, 2010]
- This Tuesday at Observatory! Torino:Margolis Performance - June 28th, 2010 [June 28th, 2010]