Weve spent decades and billions of dollars to answer one simple question: is there life on Mars?
But according to an opinion piece for Scientific American by former NASA scientist Gilbert Levin, we may already have learned were not alone in the universe during an experiment Levin led for NASAs Viking mission to Mars in 1976.
NASA sent two separate Viking orbiter and lander pairs to the Red Planet to conduct experiments and return with snapshots marking the first time the U.S. safely landed a spacecraft on the Red Planet and sent back photos.
The smoking gun, according to Levin: the mission detected positive results during the Labeled Release life detection experiment, which he spearheaded.
As part of the experiment, the lander mixed a Martian soil sample with a nitrogen-based nutrient solution that was labeled with a unique radioactive carbon compound. The theory was that if microorganisms in the soil metabolized the nutrients, it would let off radioactive carbon dioxide gas.
Levin recounts how amazingly the initial results of the experiment were positive for microorganisms and corroborated by both separate Mars landers some 4,000 miles apart.
And Levin is adamant: thousands of reliable tests with Earth-based soil and microbial cultures conducted at the time, he argues, support the results.
But still, theres a big snag with his results: further experiments provided no clear evidence for the presence of living microorganisms in soil near the landing sites, as NASA puts it.
Levin supports his conclusion with evidence obtained after NASAs Viking missions, including the evidence of surface water, methane, ammonia, and even wormlike features appearing in images taken by NASAs Curiosity rover.
But NASA has continued to drag its feet, in Levins eyes. He argues that in NASAs long history of exploring Mars, it has failed since the 1976 missions to search for direct evidence of life, despite the search being among its highest priorities.
Rather than send soil samples all the way back to Earth something that NASAs Mars 2020 rover will attempt to do Levin thinks scientists should expand on the outcomes of his 1970s experiments and conduct further similar tests.
But before that happens, hell have to convince NASA that his experiments evidence for life on Mars is valid.
READ MORE: Im Convinced We Found Evidence of Life on Mars in the 1970s [Scientific American]
More:
Former NASA Scientist "Convinced" We Already Found Life on Mars - Futurism
- Futurist Serata featuring artist Luca Buvoli at Brown (Nov. 20) [Last Updated On: November 7th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 7th, 2009]
- FUTUR1SM00GGI [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- ‘Futurism on Film’ Series this month in NYC [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Schedule of Futurist Events in NYC (PERFORMA 09: Nov 1-22) [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- ‘Futurismo/Futurizm: The Futurist Avant-Garde in Italy and Russia’ (Nov. 13 + 14) [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- ‘Beyond Futurism: F.T. Marinetti, Writer’ conference at Columbia (Nov. 12+13) [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Futurism and Cars at the Museo Nicolis [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- MoMA Film Series Marks Centenary of Futurism with Films [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- ‘Bergson+Futurism. Speed in thought’ - Madrid (Nov. 5) [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- ‘The Future in Five Senses: Echoes of Italian Futurism in New York Architecture and Design’ Nov. 16th NYC [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- New World-Wide Climate Treaty in 2010 More Likely [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Tar Sands CCS Myth Shattered [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Smart Grid and Smart Meters Get Big Grants [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Pollution Makes Methane Even More Dangerous [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Climate Change Bill Hearing Video [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- New Satellite to Monitor Water and Plant Growth [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Spiritual Battle Awaits the Deniers and Skeptics [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Effects of Climate Change are Observed World-Wide [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Get Yer Global Warming Science Here [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- TckTckTck Wake up Call — Delay Kills [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Canada’s Awful Gold Rush [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Climate Change Talks Spark Global Backlash by Businesses [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- World May Need Extra Year for Climate Treaty [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Senator Boxer Moves Climate Bill Despite Republican Obstructionism [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Lights out for incandescent lights? [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Sutures from Bacteria [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Remote-Controlled Pigeons [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Apple Announces iPhone Release Date [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- UK Government Envisions a Grim Future [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Top Ten Emerging Technologies for the Environment [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- DIY Mobile Networks [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Stem-Cell Treatment Cures Type 1 Diabetes [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Is Tesla Getting the Electric Car Right? [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- The Future of TV News [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Bruce Sterling on Earth-Friendly Pervasive Computing [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- First Step Toward Organ Regeneration in Humans [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- IBM's "Five in Five" [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Outsourced Journalism [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Is True Global Democracy the Next Great Political Movement? [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- The Risks of Autonomous Robots [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Microsoft Introduces "Tabletop" PC [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Britain Piloting First Biofueled Train [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Self-Healing Plastic [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Bird Population Falls Over Past 40 Years [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- The iPhone Revolution? [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- The End of "Cheap Food"? [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- How to Stop -- Or Live With -- Global Warming [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- MIT Demonstrates "Wireless Electricity" [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Unintended Consequences of Biofuels [Last Updated On: November 8th, 2009] [Originally Added On: November 8th, 2009]
- Time to Focus on the Big Picture in Copenhagen [Last Updated On: December 12th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 12th, 2009]
- Protests in Copenhagen [Last Updated On: December 12th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 12th, 2009]
- Mario Guido Dal Monte exhibit [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Futurism News Bulletin, xvi [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Viva il Futurismo! (video trailer) [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- 3 exhibits in Gorizia! [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Forthcoming: ‘Antidiets of the Avant-garde’ by Cecilia Novero [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Pubblicità e propaganda. Ceramica e grafica futuriste at the Wolfsoniana [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Balla’s home scheduled to open in 2010 [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Futurismo a Savona [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- ‘Zang Sud Sud’, Cosenza [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Conference in Rome (Dec. 10) [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Climate Hackergate: A Well-Orchestrated Campaign of Harassment [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- The Sad Story of Cap and Trade [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- How to Waste Trillions on Capturing Carbon [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Smack the Email Hack Attack [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- EPA About to Declare CO2 a Public Danger [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Copenhagen Summit Starts with Virtually There Media [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Climate Scientist Gets Blunt on Trading Scheme [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- One Climate Change Editorial in 56 Newspapers, 45 Countries [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- This Decade Will be Hottest Ever on Record [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Divide and Conquer [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Leave the Coal in the Hole! [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- COP15: Two Agreements Coming [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Climate and Copenhagen News December 10 [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- Sea Level Already Rising on Atlantic Coast [Last Updated On: December 13th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 13th, 2009]
- ‘Umbria Veloce’ in Perugia [Last Updated On: December 14th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 14th, 2009]
- An Instable CO2-Filled Ocean [Last Updated On: December 14th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 14th, 2009]
- ‘Futurismi a Ravenna’ opens Dec. 19 [Last Updated On: December 15th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 15th, 2009]
- ‘Futurism and the Technological Imagination’ – 30% discount until Jan. 15 [Last Updated On: December 15th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 15th, 2009]
- Protecting Our Lungs at Copenhagen [Last Updated On: December 15th, 2009] [Originally Added On: December 15th, 2009]