A constant barrage of half-truths has left many Americans confused about the potential consequences of continued carbon emissions, despite the science being unequivocal, says Ellen Stofan. Photograph: Saul Loeb/Getty Images

Americans are under siege from disinformation designed to confuse the public about the threat of climate change, Nasas former chief scientist has said.

Speaking to the Guardian, Ellen Stofan, who left the US space agency in December, said that a constant barrage of half-truths had left many Americans oblivious to the potentially dire consequences of continued carbon emissions, despite the science being unequivocal.

We are under siege by fake information thats being put forward by people who have a profit motive, she said, citing oil and coal companies as culprits. Fake news is so harmful because once people take on a concept its very hard to dislodge it.

During the past six months, the US science community has woken up to this threat, according to Stofan, and responded by ratcheting up efforts to communicate with the public at the grassroots level as well as in the mainstream press.

The harder part is this active disinformation campaign, she said before her appearance at Cheltenham Science Festival this week. Im always wondering if these people honestly believe the nonsense they put forward. When they say It could be volcanoes or the climate always changes to obfuscate and to confuse people, it frankly makes me angry.

Stofan added that while fake news is frequently characterised as a problem in the right-leaning media, she saw evidence of an erosion of peoples ability to scrutinise information across the political spectrum. All of us have a responsibility, she said. Theres this attitude of I read it on the internet therefore it must be true.

Stofan resigned from her post at the top of Nasa in December, before the US election results. It wasnt anything to do with it, but Im glad Im not there now, she said.

However, she welcomed the continued commitment to Nasas Mars program in the most recent budget and was relieved that cuts to the agencys Earth observation program, which contributes to climate and environment monitoring, were relatively small, at $167m (the total Earth science budget is now $1.754bn).

Throughout her career, Stofan has highlighted the role of planetary science in understanding the Earths environment and said it provided some of the most inarguable proof that atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to a warmer climate. She draws parallels between carbon emissions on Earth and the runaway greenhouse effect on Venus, a planet which once had oceans but is now a toxic inferno with surface temperatures approaching 500C.

The Earth is not destined for such an extreme scenario even if all the CO2 were burned its oceans would not boil off completely but Venus demonstrates the dramatic changes that can unfold when the fine balance of planets atmosphere is tipped.

We wont go all the way to Venus, but the consequences of putting more and more CO2 into the atmosphere are really dire, she said. There are models that suggest if we burn off all our fossil fuels, the Earth would become uninhabitable for humans.

The quest to find habitable zones beyond the Earth has been a major motivation throughout Stofans scientific career and she said that the answer to the question of the existence of extraterrestrial life-forms suddenly seems within reach.

Missions to capture water coming from the plumes of Europa and Enceladus, could yield the first indications. The search is requiring scientists to be imaginative and open-minded about what alien life might look like it might involve complex molecules, but be DNA-free, for instance.

The uncertainty over what hypothetical alien life would even look like means that any initial discovery could be ambiguous and a source of scientific dispute, Stofan predicts. It would be great if when we found life it was easy and we image a droplet of liquid and something goes swimming across it, no ones going to disagree with that, she said.

A more realistic scenario is that it would take decades for confirmation, and this reasoning is why Stofan is a strong advocate of a manned Mars mission, arguing that a robotic rover would not be capable of reliably confirming the existence of life, past or present, that might be lurking beneath the surface.

Human explorers could operate drills designed to extract soil samples from far deeper than the few inches achieved by Nasas Curiosity rover, or the two metres limit anticipated for Esas upcoming ExoMars mission, and could perform more sophisticated scientific analysis. She predicts humans could orbit the red planet within 20 years and reach the surface in 30.

I still feel that to settle the question and to have agreement its going to have a lot of samples and a lot of analysis and to me that means humans, she said.

However, she dismissed the idea, popularised by Stephen Hawking and Elon Musk, that mankind should be preparing to colonise other planets to avoid self-annihilation. I dont see a mass transfer of humanity to Mars, ever, she said, adding that she had been concerned recently when a teacher told her that her pupils thought the climate doesnt matter as well all go and live on Mars.

Job one is to keep this planet habitable. Id hate us to lose focus on that, she said.

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Americans 'under siege' from climate disinformation former Nasa chief scientist - The Guardian