Pure Nootropics was started in 2013 by health and fitness enthusiasts with an interest in improving their own cognition and brain function. Lacking good information and transparent providers, we decided to source the nootropics ourselves.

The philosophy of Pure Nootropics is to provide only the highest quality nootropic products. To do this, we rigorously test the purity and vet suppliers thoroughly. We achieve transparency by working within the nootropic community, existing customers, and using third party labs to verify our findings.

We also believe in providing the most honest information about nootropics. Not everybody needs to take nootropics in order to improve their cognition and we will guide you in the right direction even if it is away from our products. Guides and tutorials on our blog and email newsletter will help you to track results and take nootropics safely.

You will notice that we do not have a wide variety of products to offer. If we cannot find a better supplier that is safer than what exists, we will not sell it. Simple as that.

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About - Pure Nootropics

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USA and Worldwide:Absorb Health (Powder & Capsules) | Pure Nootropics (Powder & Capsules) | Nootropics Depot (Powder| Capsules)

European Union and United Kingdom: Intellimeds ( Powder|Capsules|10mg Tablets|20mg Tablets)

GVS-111, N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester, , (CAS Number) 157115-85-0, (PubChem) CID 180496, C17H22N2O4

Among the studies cited, the effective doses ranged from .01mg/kg to 10 mg/kg (in rats and mice); when subjected to allometric scaling, this range would be equivalent to .002mg/kg to 2.445 mg/kg in humans [7,10,13]. In a 70kg (154lbs) adult human, the dosing range would be 171mcg to 171mg.

Typically, the most cited dosing range (anecdotally) is 10-30mg, up to 3 times per day, usually dosed sublingually or orally.

Patented in 1995, Noopept is a Nootropic substance that is a dipeptide similar in effect to Piracetam [3]; it is often cited as being 1000 times more potent (by weight) than Piracetam. Noopept has high oral bioavailability, and appears to potentiate its own effects with chronic administration. Noopept has shown promise in treating many different aspects of cognitive decline that warrants more research, especially in human models.

Noopept has been noted to have four main mechanisms of action; the first noted mechanism of action is antioxidation: in vitro studies of Noopept have shown signs that it operates on an antioxidative mechanism of action which protects neurons from apoptosis [4]. The second noted mechanism of action of Noopept is inhibition of glutamate neurotoxicity [1]; glutamate neurotoxicity leads to quick cell death, and is linked to a variety of neurological disorders such as autism and Alzheimers disease. The third mechanism of action of Noopept is increased neuronal plasticity [7], which can lead to greater adaptability in learning and memory. The fourth mechanism of action that has been noted in Noopept is increases expression of phenylacetic acid, prolyglycine, and cyclo-prolyglycine in the brain [12], which are endogenous Nootropics.

What makes Noopept an intriguing nootropic is its myriad of positive effects, lack of noted negative side effects, and its effectiveness in both chronic and acute usage. In both in vivo and in vitro models, Noopept was shown to have positive effects on all stages of memory, from learning to recall, as well as anxiolytic effects [1]. An in vitro study showed Noopept to be neuroprotective against the use of H2O2 in neuronal degradation, in both healthy brains as well as those with Downs Syndrome in a dose-dependent manner [4]. In rat models of memory impairment, Noopept was shown to improve memory retention and retrieval, and improve learning which was shown through the use of passive avoidance response testing [6]. Rats with ischemic lesions were treated with Noopept for nine days and then tested with the passive avoidance test; those rats that had been treated performed significantly better than the control group; Noopept was also shown to be neuroprotective through antioxidation in the rats who received treatment for nine days [7]. Studies also showed that rats given a single oral administration of Noopept showed improved scores on the passive avoidance test [10]. Another study showed that rats who had gone through olfactory bulbectomies showed Alzheimers like symptoms, but after 21 days of dosing Noopept, spatial memory improved greatly which was evidenced through the use of the Morris Water Maze test [13].

Two other interesting benefits of Noopept were noted; one dealing with BDNF and NGF, and the other dealing with the immune system. One study showed rats treated with Noopept, both chronically and acutely, were found to have a higher expression of mRNA BDNF and NGF; even more interestingly, after 28 days of treatment no tolerance towards Noopept was detected and there was some evidence the effects of Noopept potentiate the longer it is administered [8]. Another study looked at the effect of Noopept on immune deficient mice; the researchers found Noopept to have immuno-corrective properties [5].

Among the studies cited, doses up to 10mg/kg in rats have shown no toxicity, which when subjected to allometric scaling yields a dose of 2.445mg/kg in humans (or 171 mg for a 70kg person); in fact, Noopept has been shown to be neuroprotective at said dosage [7,10,13].

Support SmarterNootropics by purchasing from this product from one of our recommended suppliers:

USA and Worldwide: Absorb Health (Powder & Capsules) | Pure Nootropics (Powder & Capsules) | Nootropics Depot (Powder| Capsules)

European Union and United Kingdom: Intellimeds ( Powder|Capsules|10mg Tablets|20mg Tablets)

Ostrovskaia RU, Gudasheva TA, Voronina TA, Seredenin SB. The original novel nootropic and neuroprotective agent noopept. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2002 Sep-Oct;65(5):66-72. [1]

Neznamov GG, Teleshova ES. Comparative studies of Noopept and piracetam in the treatment of patients with mild cognitive disorders in organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology Volume 39, Issue 3 , pp 311-321. [2]

SEREDENIN SERGEI B, VORONINA TATIANA A, GUDASHEVA TATIANA A, OSTROVSKAYA RITA U,

ROZANTSEV GRIGORI G, SKOLDINOV ALEXANDER P, TROPHIMOV SERGEI S, HALIKAS JAMES A, GARIBOVA TAISIJA L. Biologically active n-acylprolydipeptides having antiamnestic, antihypoxic and anorexigenic effects. US5439930 (A) 1995-08-08. [3]

Alejandra P, Hoyo-Vadillo C, Gudasheva T, Serednin S, Ostrovskaya R, Busciglio J. GVS-111 prevents oxidative damage and apoptosis in normal and Downs Syndrome human cortical neurons. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, Vol 21 Issue 3 May 2003 Pages 117-124. [4]

Kovalenko, Shipaeva, Alekseeva, Pronin, Durnev, Gudasheva, Ostrovskaja, Seredenin. Immunopharmacological properties of noopept. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Volume 144, Issue 1 , pp 49-52. [5]

G. A. Romanova, F. M. Shakova, T. A. Gudasheva, R. U. Ostrovskaya. Impairment of Learning and Memory after Photothrombosis of the Prefrontal Cortex in Rat Brain: Effects of Noopept. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Volume 134, Issue 6 , pp 528-530. [6]

Ostrovskaya R, Romanova G, Barskov I, Shanina E, Gudasheva T, Victorov I, Voronina T, Seredenin S. Memory restoring and neuroprotective effects of the proline-containing dipeptide, GVS-111, in a photochemical stroke model. Behavioural Pharmacology: September 1999. [7]

R. U. Ostrovskaya, T. A. Gudasheva, A. P. Zaplina, Ju. V. Vahitova, M. H. Salimgareeva, R. S. Jamidanov, S. B. Seredenin. Noopept stimulates the expression of NGF and BDNF in rat hippocampus. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Volume 146, Issue 3 , pp 334-337. [8]

S. S. Boiko, R. U. Ostrovskaya, V. P. Zherdev, S. A. Korotkov, T. A. Gudasheva, T. A. Voronina, S. B. Seredenin. Pharmacokinetics of new nootropic acylprolyldipeptide and its penetration across the blood-brain barrier after oral administration. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Volume 129, Issue 4 , pp 359-361. [9]

R. U. Ostrovskaya, T. Kh. Mirsoev, G. A. Romanova, T. A. Gudasheva, E. V. Kravchenko, C. C. Trofimov, T. A. Voronina, S. B. Seredenin. Proline-Containing Dipeptide GVS-111 Retains Nootropic Activity after Oral Administration. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine Volume 132, Issue 4 , pp 959-962. [10]

Solntseva E, Bukanova J, Ostrovskaya R, Gudasheva T, Voronina T, Skrebitsky V. The effects of piracetam and its novel dipeptide analogue GVS-111 on neuronal voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System, Volume 29 Issue 1, July 1997. [11]

T. A. Gudasheva, S. S. Boyko, R. U. Ostrovskaya, T. A. Voronina, V. K. Akparov, S. S. Trofimov, G. G. Rozantsev, A. P. Skoldinov, V. P. Zherdev, S. B. Seredenin. The major metabolite of dipeptide piracetam analogue GVS-111 in rat brain and its similarity to endogenous neuropeptide cyclol-prolylglycine. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Volume 22, Issue 3 , pp 245-252. [12]

Ostrovskaya RU, Gruden MA, Bobkova NA, Sewell RD, Gudasheva TA, Samokhin AN, Seredinin SB, Noppe W, Sherstnev VV, Morozova-Roche LA. The nootropic and neuroprotective prolinecontaining dipeptide noopept restores spatial memory and increases immunoreactivity to amyloid in an Alzheimers disease model. J Psychopharmacol August 2007 vol. 21 no. 6 611-61

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Noopept | Smarter Nootropics

Procrastination and lack of productivity are some of the biggest issues of the modern individuals. In some cases, they can even make or break ones success. It is quite common for very intelligent persons to feel like failures due to these issues.

Have you ever felt that you just cant do anything right and in a timely manner? You are not alone in this. Many people struggle to be productive and they usually make little progress. But it is essential to know that there are ways to hack your brain and to stimulate yourself to be more productive than you imagined.

HERE ARE 50 WAYS TO TRAINYOUR BRAIN FOR UNLIMITED PRODUCTIVITY:

1. STOP SABOTAGING YOURSELF.

Instead of wasting time complaining, just start working and get things moving. Whining about the chores of the day will never solve anything and it will only delay you more.

2. STOP STRESSING OUT.

Stress can trigger lots of health-related issues. Not to mention that it will give you inconvenient body reactions such as headaches, nausea and all of these will make you less efficient.

3. DRESS NICE.

Clothing has more to do with productivity than you think. Get comfortable clothes that fit you nicely and look flattering. The right clothes will make you feel more confident.

4. CLEAN YOUR ROOM AND YOUR DESK.

You cant be productive when there is clutter all over the place and you waste time anytime you need something as you have no idea where it could be.

5. AVOID DISTRACTIONS.

Dont try to pamper yourself with Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or your favourite sites. You will end up forgetting how fast time goes by.

6. SET RULES FOR THE ONES AROUND YOU AS WELL.

Be very clear when you cant be disturbed unless it is something extremely important going on.

7. CREATE TO DO LISTS.

It only takes a few minutes to create To Do lists for a day, a week or for a whole month. In this way, you wont forget about the key matters that you have to solve in the future.

8. SET TIMETABLES.

Allot a certain amount of time for the tasks of the day and stick to the plan as much as possible. Make sure you include reasonably-timed necessary breaks too.

9. IDENTIFY THE TIME WASTERS.

Everyone has a few time wasting activities. Whether thats social media, taking way too much time for meals or gossiping, this has to stop.

10. BREATHE IN, BREATHE OUT.

When you feel overwhelmed, take a few minutes to focus on your breathing. Breathe in and out deeply several times until you feel less pressure.

11. PLACE PAPER POST-ITS.

Dont rely on apps as the information might remain there way after your deadlines. Use the good old paper post-its as reminders.

12. USE YOUR IMAGINATION.

If you get bored easily, get creative to make things more interesting.

13. ORGANISE YOUR BIG TASKS INTO SMALL ONES EASIER TO ACHIEVE.

When you accomplish small tasks, you will feel fulfilled and more motivated.

14. CLOSE YOUR EYES AND GET YOURSELF TOGETHER.

To regain your focus, forget about other tasks.

15. USE NOOTROPICS.

Special compounds can boost your brain health and cognitive abilities better than you think. Just make sure you choose top notch ones such as Modafy.

16. IDENTIFY WHETHER YOU ARE GOOD AT MULTITASKING.

Some do a great job as they feel stimulated, while others just cant manage several tasks in the same time. Find out whether multitasking works for you or not.

17. MAKE USE OF WISE QUOTES.

There are tons of motivational and inspiring quotes out there. Browse a bit and find those that appeal to you. Then apply that wisdom in your daily life.

18. FIND A GOOD STIMULANT.

Coffee might make you shaky and energy drinks might give you gastrointestinal distress. Dont try to hack your brain by consuming beverages that make you feel uncomfortable or downright sick. Its better to stick to nootropics as stimulants.

19. INVEST SOME EFFORT.

Force yourself to move faster and to be productive. When you have much time, you might tend to get a bit lazy.

Renowned author Cyril Northcote Parkinson formulated Parkinsons law, which states that work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion. It is known to be applicable in each and every life domain.

20. DONT OVERLOAD YOUR TO DO LIST.

If its not very important at the moment, dont let it waste your time. You can create separate To Do lists: mandatory and optional that you will complete when time allows you to.

21. EAT BREAKFAST.

It is the first opportunity to feed your body the nutrients it needs to function properly throughout the day. Dont skip it as you will tend to make poor nutrition choices that will only slow down your brain.

22. TAKE BREAKS WHEN YOU FEEL DRAINED OF ENERGY AND UNPRODUCTIVE.

Every now and then you really need a break. Stretch a bit, look out the window or get yourself a snack and a glass of water. But dont abuse breaks by turning them into hour-long gaps in your schedule.

23. EXERCISE.

Whether that is running, swimming, going to the gym or just having a walk, you need to wake up your body too. Physical exercise has positive effects over your whole body, so forget about getting lazy in front of the TV every time you have some time off.

24. LISTEN TO YOUR FAVOURITE SONGS BEFORE ENGAGING IN A TASK.

Go for highly energetic songs with a positive message that make you feel alive. Dont even think about songs that might trigger any kind of negative emotions.

25. HAVE REALISTIC EXPECTATIONS.

There might be a big difference between what you can do and what you want to do in a certain time frame. Remember that you are not a robot and stick to a realistic plan that will allow you to get proper rest too.

26. DONT GO OVERBOARD.

Exhausting yourself will only make you completely unproductive. Dont try to compensate inactivity with periods of time of highly intense long hours of work.

27. LEARN TIME MANAGEMENT.

The day has 24 hours for each and every person on this planet. Irrespective of your lifestyle, you can make time for nearly anything as long as you manage your time wisely.

28. TRY NAPPING.

A nap has the power to restart your system. But careful, some people might feel groggy after a nap. If u are one of them

29. DONT TAKE ON MORE RESPONSIBILITIES THAN YOU CAN HANDLE.

Saying yes to everyone every time might make your heart feel good but it will exhaust your brain.

30. FORGET ABOUT PERFECTION.

It is time to accept the fact that no matter how hard you will try, it is quite impossible to achieve perfection. Do your best to get the best result possible and dont freak out over tiny details that are irrelevant to the main purpose anyway.

31. KNOW YOUR BODYS TIMETABLE.

You might be a night owl or an early bird. Organise your day around these patterns. It is pointless to force yourself to be productive when your body simply isnt able to. Discover your bodys timetable and use it to your advantage.

32. PRIORITIZE.

Dont just make a mess out of everything by trying to accomplish as much as you can as humanly possible. Get the urgent things done soon then the ones that can wait.

33. SCHEDULE SIMILAR TASKS BACK-TO-BACK.

In this way the task will seem pretty repetitive and it feel easier as you will go into automate mode. It is best to take small breaks after accomplishing a set of tasks and not in the middle of it.

34. DO SOMETHING EVEN WHEN YOU ARE NOT IN THE MOOD.

So you just dont feel like doing anything. Get something easier done meanwhile or a task that you slightly enjoy doing. But that doesnt involve looking at cat videos or aimlessly browsing the Internet.

35. PLAN YOUR DAY AND EVEN YOUR WEEK.

Just make a rough draft and try to keep it. You can do this before you go to sleep or early in the morning before you start.

36. DONT OVERANALYSE THINGS.

Overanalysing could delay you a lot. You dont do yourself any favour by thinking for ages how to get something done without taking any real action. Take your time with essential matters but speed things up for the less important ones.

37. TURN OFF THE VOICES IN YOUR HEAD.

Everyone has an inner critic that thrashes down all the accomplishments. Just ignore that and focus on the tasks at hand.

38. GIVE YOUR BODY THE NUTRIENTS IT NEEDS.

This cant be emphasized enough. Say goodbye to highly processed foods that are full of additives. Add in your diet only healthy ones that ensure proper body functions.

39. LET THE SUN SHINE.

It is important to be exposed to natural light, otherwise you might feel groggy. The run rays will also stimulate your bodys natural rhythm

40. LEARN TO BE STRAIGHTFORWARD.

Dont spend time telling stories as you will only waste time and bore people. Keep things simple and go straight to the point.

41. USE MINDLESS ACTIVITIES TO LEARN.

Whenever you clean the house or do the laundry, you can listen to educational or motivational audios.

42. EDUCATE YOURSELF.

Never stop learning. There are tons of books that arent only good lecture, but contain different interesting points of view.

43. LET GO OF NEGATIVE EMOTIONS.

They can thrash your day and ruin your mood. Just banish them from your thoughts as much as possible.

44. ANALYSE THE TASKS AND TRIAGE THEM.

Some of them might be irrelevant. Spend your time with the ones that do matter as they are either highly important for work or for your personal life.

45. IDENTIFY THE ACTIVITIES THAT DONT BRING ANYTHING TO THE TABLE.

For example, commenting on YouTube videos or blogs and expressing an opinion that will either go unnoticed or start a fight is clearly pointless.

46. ACCEPT WHAT YOU CANT CHANGE.

Dont worry for other peoples problems if you cant do anything to help. This will only distract you from solving your own.

47. USE THE POMODORO TECHNIQUE.

It involves working for 25 minutes than having a 5-minute break. Stick to it to regain your discipline.

48. STOP COMPARING YOURSELF TO OTHERS.

Social media makes people always compare themselves to one another. Instead of whining because you are less successful than others, use that time to go to the next level yourself.

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Modafy Brain Stack | Accelerated Nootropics Formula

Nootropics Depot features an extensive range of dietary supplements and nootropic compounds. Nootropics Depot offers the best nootropics and natural extracts from industry leading manufacturers including Nammex, Verdure Sciences, Embria Health Science, and Ixoreal Biomed.

We provide a variety of dietary supplements and nootropic compounds in both capsule and powder forms, allowing you to develop the best nootropic stack.

From common cholinergics to whole fruiting body medicinal mushroom extracts and fish oil supplements, Nootropics Depot provides a wide range of dietary supplements and nootropic compounds. Sort our product selection by use such as nootropics, amino acid supplements, mushroom extract supplements, or increasingly popular ayurvedic supplements.

When you buy from Nootropics Depot, you can trust that you are getting a quality product that has undergone extensive testing for both purity and identity. Nootropics Depot routinely conducts in-house and third-party lab testing to ensure product authenticity and efficacy.

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See the latest updates to our nootropics blog below to begin exploring the vast world of nootropics and dietary supplements.

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NootropicsDepot - Official Site

Sceptics about the possibility of nootropics("smart drugs")are victims of the so-called Panglossianparadigm of evolution. They believe that our cognitive architecture has beenso fine-honed by natural selection that any tinkering with such a wonderfullyall-adaptive suite of mechanisms is bound to do more harm than good. Certainlythe notion that merely popping a pill could make you intellectually brighter sounds implausible - the sort of journalistic excess that sits more comfortably in thepages of Fortean Times than any scholarlyjournal of repute.

Yet as Dean,Morgenthaler and Fowkes'(hereafter "DMF") book attests, the debunkers are wrong. On the one hand, numerousagents with anticholinergicproperties are essentially dumb drugs.Anticholinergics impair memory, alertness, focus, verbal facility and creative thought. Conversely,a variety of cholinergic drugsand nutrients, which form a large part of the smart chemist's arsenal, can subtlybut significantly enhance cognitive performance on a whole range of tests. Thisholds true for victims of Alzheimer'sDisease, who suffer in particular from a progressive and disproportionateloss of cholinergic neurons.Yet, potentially at least, cognitive enhancers can aid non-dementedpeople too. Many members of the "normally" ageing population can benefit from an increasedavailability of acetylcholine,improved blood-flow to the brain, increased ATP production and enhanced oxygen and glucose uptake. Mostrecently, research with ampakines,modulators of neurotrophin-regulating AMPA-typeglutamate receptors, suggests that designer nootropics will soon deliver sharperintellectual performance even to healthy young adults.

DMFprovide updates from Smart Drugs (1) on piracetam,acetyl-l-carnitine,vasopressin, and severalvitamin therapies. Smart Drugs II offers profiles of agents such asselegiline (l-deprenyl), melatonin,pregnenolone,DHEA and ondansetron(Zofran). There is also a provocative question-and-answer section; a discussionof product sources; and aguide to further reading.

Sowhat's the catch? Unfortunately, there are many. Large, well-controlled, long-term trials of putative nootropics are scarce: the whole field of cognitive enhancement is rife with self-deception, snake-oil, hucksterism and (at best) publication bias. Another problem, to which not all authorities on nootropics giveenough emphasis, is the complex interplay between cognition and mood.Thus great care should be taken before tampering with the noradrenaline/acetylcholineaxis. Thought-frenziedhypercholinergic states,for instance, are characteristic of one "noradrenergic"sub-type of depression. A predominance of forebrain cholinergic activity, frequentlytriggered by chronic uncontrolled stress,can lead to a reduced sensitivity to reward,an inability to sustain effort, and behaviouralsuppression.

This mood-modulatingeffect does make some sort of cruel genetic sense. Extreme intensityof reflective thought may function as an evolutionarily adaptive response whenthings go wrong. When they're going right, as in optimal states of "flow experience", we don't need to bother. Hence boostingcholinergic function, aloneand in the absence of further pharmacologic intervention, can subdue mood. Cholinergics can even induce depression in susceptible subjects. Likewise, beta-adrenergic antagonists(e.g. propranolol(Inderal)) can induce depression and fatigue. Conversely, "dumb-drug" anticholinergicsmay sometimes have mood-brightening - progressing to deliriant- effects. Indeed antimuscarinic agents acting in the nucleus accumbens may eveninduce a "mindless" euphoria.

Now it might seem axiomaticthat helping everyone think more deeply is just what the doctor ordered. Yet our educationsystem is already pervaded by an intellectual snobbery that exalts academic excellenceover social cognition and emotional well-being. In the modern era, examinationrituals bordering on institutionalised child-abuse take a heavy toll on younglives. Depression and anxiety-disorders among young teens are endemic - and stillrising. It's worth recallingthat research laboratories routinely subject non-human animals to a regimen of"chronic mild uncontrolled stress" to induce depression in their captive animalpopulation; investigators then test putative newantidepressants on the depressed animals to see if their despair can beexperimentally reversed by patentabledrugs. The "chronic mild stressors" that we standardly inflict on adolescent humans can have noless harmful effects on the mental health of captive school-students; but in this case,no organised effort is made to reverse it. Instead its victims often go on toself-medicate with ethyl alcohol,tobacco and streetdrugs. So arguably at least, the deformed and emotionally pre-literate mindschurned out by our schools stand in need of safe, high-octane mood-brightenersmore urgently than cognitive tweakers. Memory-enhancers might be more worthwhile if we had more experiences worth remembering.

Onepossible solution to this dilemma involves taking a cholinergic agent such aspiracetam (Nootropil) or aniracetam(Draganon, Ampamet) that also enhances dopamine function. In the late twentieth century, many researchersbelieved that the mesolimbicdopamine system acts as the finalcommon pathway for pleasure in the brain. This hypothesis turned out to be simplistic at best. The mesolimbic dopamine system is most directly implicated in motivation and the capacity to anticipate future pleasures. The endogenous opioid system, and in particular activation of the mu opioid receptors, that mediates pure pleasure. Mesolimbic dopamine amplifies "incentive-motivation": "wanting" and "liking" may have different substrates, albeit intimately linked. Moreover mood-elevating memory-enhancers such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g. the selective PDE4 inhibitor rolipram) act on different neural pathways - speeding and strengthening memory-formation by prolonging the availability of CREB. In any event, severalof the most popular smart drugs discussed by DMF do indeed act on both the cholinergicand dopaminergic systems. In addition, agents like aniracetamand its analogs increase hippocampal glutaminergic activity. Hippocampalfunction is critical to memory- and mood. Thusnewly developed ampakines,agents promoting long-term potentiation of AMPA-typeglutamate receptors, are powerful memory-enhancers and future nootropics.

Another approach to enhancingmood and intellect alike involves swapping or combining a choline agonist with a different, primarily dopaminergic drug. Here admittedly there are methodological problems. The improved test score performances reported on so-called smart dopaminergics may have other explanations. Not all studies adequately exclude the confounding variables of increased alertness, sharper sensory acuity, greater motor activity or improved motivation - as distinct from any "pure" nootropic action. Yet the selective dopamine reuptake blocker amineptine(Survector) is both a mood-brightenerand a possible smart-drug. Likewiseselegiline, popularly known as l-deprenyl,has potentially life-enhancing properties. Selegiline is a selective, irreversibleMAO-b inhibitor with antioxidant,immune-system-boosting andanti-neurodegenerative effects. It retards the metabolism not just of dopaminebut also of phenylethylamine, atrace amine also found in chocolate andreleased when we're in love. Selegiline also stimulates the release of superoxidedismutase (SOD); SOD is a key enzymewhich helps to quench damaging free-radicals. Taken consistently in low doses,selegiline extends the life-expectancy of ratsby some 20%; enhances drive, libido and endurance; and independently improvescognitive performance in Alzheimer'spatients and in some healthy normals. It is used successfully to treat caninecognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS) in dogs. In 2006, higher dose (i.e. less MAO-b selective) selegiline was licensed as the antidepressant EMSAM, a transdermal patch.Selegiline also protects the brain's dopaminecells from oxidative stress. The brain has only about 400,000 - 600,000 dopaminergicneurons in all. We lose perhaps 13% a decade in adult life. An eventual70%-80% loss leads to the dopamine-deficiency disorder Parkinson'sdisease and frequently depression.Clearly anything that spares so precious a resource might prove a valuable toolfor life-enrichment.

In 2005, a second selective MAO-b inhibitor, rasagiline (Azilect) gained an EC product license. Its introduction was followed a year later in the USA. Unlike selegiline, rasagiline doesn't have amphetamine trace metabolites - a distinct if modest therapeutic advantage.

Looking further ahead, the bifunctional cholinesterase inhibitor and MAO-b inhibitor ladostigil acts both as a cognitive enhancer and a mood brightener. Ladostigil has neuroprotective and potential antiaging properties too. Its product-license is several years away at best.

Consider,for instance, the plight of genetically engineered "smartmice" endowed with an extra copy of the NR2Bsubtype of NMDA receptor.It is now known that such brainy "Doogie" mice suffer from a chronically increasedsensitivity to pain.Memory-enhancing drugs and potential gene-therapies targeting the same receptorsubtype might cause equally disturbing side-effects in humans. Conversely, NMDAantagonists like the dissociative anaesthetic drug ketamineexert amnestic, antidepressant and analgesic effects in humans and non-humansalike.

Amplified memory canitself be a mixed blessing. Even among the drug-nave and chronically forgetful,all kinds of embarrassing, intrusive and traumatic memories may haunt our lives.Such memories sometimes persistfor months, years or even decades afterwards. Unpleasant memories can sour thewell-being even of people who don't suffer from clinical PTSD.The effects of using all-round memory enhancers might do something worse thanmerely fill our heads with clutter. Such agents could etch traumatic experiencesmore indelibly into our memories. Or worse, such all-round enhancers might promotethe involuntary recall of our nastiest memories with truly nightmarish intensity. Ironically, a popular smart drug such as modafinil can be used experimentally to prevent long-term memory consolidation in animal models" - not quite the effect pill-popping students cramming for exams have in mind. Like most psychostimulants, modafinil may also have a subtle anti-empathetic effect.

By contrast, the design ofchemical tools that empower us selectively to forget unpleasant memoriesmay prove to be at least as life-enriching as agents that help us remember moreeffectively. Unlike the software of digital computers, human memories can't bespecifically deleted to order. But this design-limitation may soon be overcome.The synthesis of enhanced versions of protease inhibitors such as anisomycinmay enable us selectively to erase horrible memories. If such agents can be refinedfor our personal medicine cabinets, then we'll potentially be able to rid ourselvesof nasty or unwanted memories at will - as distinct from drowning our sorrows withalcohol or indiscriminatelydulling our wits with tranquillisers.In future, the twin availability of 1] technologies to amplify desirable memories,and 2] selective amnestics to extinguish undesirable memories, promisesto improve our quality of life far more dramatically than use of today's lame smartdrugs.

Such a utopianpharmaceutical toolkit is still some way off. Given our current primitive state of knowledge,it's hard to boost the function of one neurotransmitter signalling system or receptorsub-type without eliciting compensatory and often unwanted responses from others.Life's successful, dopamine-driven go-getters, for instance, whether naturallypropelled or otherwise, maybe highly productive individuals. Yet they are rarely warm, relaxed and sociallyempathetic. This is because, crudely,dopamine overdrive tends to impair "civilising serotonin" function. Likewise, testosterone functionally antagonises pro-social oxytocin in the CNS. Unfortunately,tests of putative smart drugs typically reflect an impoverished and culture-boundconception of intelligence. Indeed today's "high IQ" alpha males may strike posterity as more akin to idiot savants than imposing intellectual giants. IQ tests, and all conventional scholastic examinations,neglect creative and practical intelligence. IQ tests simply ignore social cognition.Social intelligence, and its cognate notion of "emotionalIQ", isn't some second-rate substitute for people who can't do IQ tests. Onthe contrary, according to the Machiavellianape hypothesis, the evolution of human intelligence has been driven by oursuperior "mind-reading" skills. Higher-order intentionality [e.g. "you believe that I hope that she thinks that I want...", etc] is central to the lives of advanced social beings. The unique development of human mind is an adaptationto social problem-solving and the selective advantages it brings. Yetpharmaceuticals that enhance our capacity for empathy,enrich our socialskills, expand our "state-space" of experience, or deepen our introspectiveself-knowledge are not conventional candidates for smart drugs. For such facultiesdon't reflect our traditional [male] scientific value-judgements on what qualifiesas "intelligence". Thus in academia, for instance, competitive dominance behaviour among "alpha" male human primates often masquerades as the pursuit of scholarship. Emotional literacy is certainly harder to quantifyscientifically than mathematical puzzle-solving ability or performance in verbalmemory-tests. But to misquote Robert McNamara, we need to stop making what is measurable important, and find ways to make the important measurable. By some criteria, contemporary IQ tests are better measures of high-grade autism than mature full-spectrum intelligence. So before chemically manipulating one's mind, it's worth criticallyexamining which capacities one wants to enhance; and to what end?

Inpractice, the first and most boring advice is often the most important.Many potential users of smart pills would be better and more simply advised tostop taking tranquillisers, sleeping tablets or toxic recreational drugs; practise good sleep discipline; eat omega-3 rich foods, more vegetables and generally improvetheir diet; and try more mentally challengingtasks. One of the easiest ways of improving memory,for instance, is to increase the flow of oxygenated blood to the brain. Enhanced cerebrovascular function canbe achieved by running, swimming, dancing, brisk walking, and more sex.Regular vigorous exercisealso promotes nervecell growth in the hippocampus. Hippocampal brain cell growth potentiallyenhances mood, memory andcognitive vitality alike. Intellectuals are prone to echo J.S. Mill: "Better to be an unhappy Socrates than a happy pig". But happiness is typically good for the hippocampus; by contrast, the reduced hippocampal volume anatomically characteristic of depressives correlates with the length of their depression.

In our current state of ignorance, homely remedies are still sometimes best. Thus moderateconsumption of adenosine-inhibiting,common-or-garden caffeineimproves concentration, mood and alertness; enhances acetylcholinerelease in the hippocampus; and statistically reduces the risk of suicide. Regular coffee drinking induces competitive and reversible inhibition of MAO enzymes type A and B owing to coffee's neuroactive beta-carbolines. Coffee is also rich in antioxidants.Non-coffee drinkers are around threetimes more likely to contract Parkinson's disease. A Michigan studyfound caffeine use was correlated with enhanced male virility in later life.

Before resorting to pills, aspiringintellectual heavyweights might do well to start the day with a low-fat/high carbohydratebreakfast: muesli ratherthan tasty well-buttered croissants. This will enhance memory, energy and bloodglucose levels. An omega-3 rich diet will enhance all-round emotional and intellectual health too. A large greasy fry-up, on the other hand, can easily leave onefeeling muddle-headed, drowsy and lethargic. If one wants to stay sharp, and toblunt the normal mid-afternoon dip, then eating big fatty lunches isn't a goodidea either. Fat releases cholecystokinin(CCK) from the duodenum. Modest intravenous infusions of CCK makeone demonstrably dopey and subdued.

To urgesuch caveats is not to throw up one's hands in defeatist resignation. Creativepsychopharmacology can often in principle circumvent such problems, even today.There may indeed be no safe drugs but just safe dosages.Yet some smart drugs, such as piracetam,are relatively innocuous. If the user doesn't like their effects, (s)he can simply stop taking them. Agents such as the alpha-1adrenergic agonist adrafinil (Olmifron) typicallydo have both mood-brightening and intellectually invigorating effects. Adrafinil,like its chemical cousin modafinil (Provigil),promotes alertness, vigilance and mental focus; and its more-or-less pure CNSaction ensures it doesn't cause unwanted peripheral sympathetic stimulation.

Unfortunately the lay public iscurrently ill-served, a few shining exceptions aside, by the professionals. A conditionof ignorance and dependence is actively fostered where it isn't just connivedat in the wider population. So there's often relatively little point in advisinganyone contemplating acting on DMF's book to consult their physician first. Forit's likely their physician won't want to know, or want them to know, in the firstinstance.

As traditional formsof censorship, news-management and governmental information-control break down,however, and the Net insinuates itself into ever more areas of daily life, moreand more people are stumbling upon - initially - and then exploring,the variety of drugs and combination therapies which leading-edge pharmaceuticalresearch puts on offer. They are increasingly doing so as customers,and not as patronisingly labelled role-bound "patients". Those outside the charmed circle havepreviously been cast in the obligatory role of humble supplicants. The more jaundicedor libertarian among the excluded may have felt themselves at the mercy of prescription-wielding,or -withholding,agents of one arm of the licensed drugcartels. So when the control of the cartels and their agents falters, thereis an especially urgent need for incisive and high-quality information to be madereadily accessible. Do DMF fulfil it?

SmartDrugs 2 lays itself wide open to criticism; but then it takes on an impossibletask. In the perennial trade-off between accessibility and scholarly rigour, compromisesare made on both sides. Ritual disclaimers aside, DMF's tone can at times seemtoo uncritically gung-ho. Their drug-profiles and cited studies don't always givedue weight to the variations in sample size and the quality of controls. Nor dothey highlight the uncertain calibre of the scholarly journals in which some ofthe most interesting results are published. DMFs inclusion of anecdote-studdedpersonal testimonials is almost calculated to inflame medical orthodoxy. Moreoverit should be stressed that the scientific gold-standard of large, placebo-controlled,double-blind cross-over prospective trialsare still quite rare in this field as a whole.

Looking ahead, this century'smood-boosting, intellect-sharpening,empathy-enhancingand personality-enriching drugs arethemselves likely to prove only stopgaps. This is because invincible, life-longhappiness and supergeniusintellect may one day be geneticallypre-programmed and possibly ubiquitous in our transhuman successors.Taking drugs to repair Nature's deficiencies may eventually become redundant.Memory- and intelligence-boosting gene therapies are already imminent.But in repairing the deficiencies of an educational system geared to producingdysthymic pharmacological illiterates, SmartDrugs 1 and 2 offers a warmly welcome start.

DP (1998, 2017).

Continued here:

nootropics / smart drugs

What a fun-looking word: nootropics. It refers to any type of compound or food that has the ability to improve your mental abilities, including your memory, ability to focus, motivation, or even mood. While the general category most definitely includes smart drugs, neuro-enhancing supplements fit the bill as well. Daily, neuroscientists are acquiring a more nuanced understanding of the brain, the result being many new pharmaceutical drugs which target exact regions of the brain are in the works. The very same knowledge, though, might reveal how particular supplements might do an equally good job of improving brain function over the long haul.

Why go for prescription-strength when you can get the same by shopping the vitamin aisle?

In that spirit, heres a list of dietary supplements you could investigate for their potential use as a nootropic. Remember: Do your research and ask a doctors advice before popping any pill, natural or not. More importantly, not all dietary supplements are created equal, with some brands including additives you may not want (or are allergic to), so its important to vet any unfamiliar manufacturers.

Creatine is an old favorite among gym rats, who use it to enhance their sports performance, but over the past decade or so, the supplements neuro-enhancing abilities have been demonstrated as well. In one placebo-controlled study, researchers tested the hypothesis that 5 grams a day for a six-week period would enhance intelligence test scores while also improving memory. They enlisted the help of 45 young adult, vegetarian subjects and found the supplement had a significant positive effect on both working memory and intelligence, particularly with regard to tasks that require speed of processing. Though they tested vegetarians, the researchers would expect to see a beneficial effect of creatine supplementation on brain performance in most omnivores apart from those who consume very high amounts of meat.

Theanine (or more commonly L-theanine) is found in green tea and mushrooms and also sold as a dietary supplement in the United States. In fact, the Food and Drug Administration has granted it GRAS status (generally recognized as safe). According to various scientific studies, theanine has been found to affect the levels of some neurotransmitters, to prevent beta-amyloid-induced brain dysfunction, and to protect against stroke. L-theanine is even said to improve sleep quality in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In terms of potential nootropic uses, several small studies indicate a combination of L-theanine and caffeine can improve cognitive performance, particular in the areas of focus and alertness. Apparently, though, the effects may not be long-lasting.

Passionflower is derived from the above ground parts of the plant. Primarily, people take it for its anti-anxiety effects, which have been proven in smaller scientific studies though not yet confirmed in large scale studies. Some other people use it to treat insomnia as well as neuralgia and withdrawal symptoms while coming off opiates or benzodiazepines. In patients undergoing surgery as well as those about to be treated by a dentist, passionflower has been effectively used to reduce apprehension.

DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid found in fish and seaweed, can improve your memory while protecting against certain psychiatric disorders. Various surveys of people with major depression indicate they have depleted levels of omega-3 fatty acids and one large study found depressive symptoms were significantly higher among infrequent fish consumers. However, no study has ever proven omega-3 fatty acid supplementation effective in relieving major, moderate, or even mild depression. That said, some data suggest it is a safe preventive measure and may reduce the risk of progression of certain psychiatric disorders. While one review of scientific studies found that DHA supplements significantly improves cognitive development in infants though does not improve cognitive performance in children, adults, or the elderly another review shows it can protect against mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and the risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease in the elderly.

Excerpt from:

Best Supplements For Your Brain: 4 Nootropics That Work ...

What a fun-looking word: nootropics. It refers to any type of compound or food that has the ability to improve your mental abilities, including your memory, ability to focus, motivation, or even mood. While the general category most definitely includes smart drugs, neuro-enhancing supplements fit the bill as well. Daily, neuroscientists are acquiring a more nuanced understanding of the brain, the result being many new pharmaceutical drugs which target exact regions of the brain are in the works. The very same knowledge, though, might reveal how particular supplements might do an equally good job of improving brain function over the long haul.

Why go for prescription-strength when you can get the same by shopping the vitamin aisle?

In that spirit, heres a list of dietary supplements you could investigate for their potential use as a nootropic. Remember: Do your research and ask a doctors advice before popping any pill, natural or not. More importantly, not all dietary supplements are created equal, with some brands including additives you may not want (or are allergic to), so its important to vet any unfamiliar manufacturers.

Creatine is an old favorite among gym rats, who use it to enhance their sports performance, but over the past decade or so, the supplements neuro-enhancing abilities have been demonstrated as well. In one placebo-controlled study, researchers tested the hypothesis that 5 grams a day for a six-week period would enhance intelligence test scores while also improving memory. They enlisted the help of 45 young adult, vegetarian subjects and found the supplement had a significant positive effect on both working memory and intelligence, particularly with regard to tasks that require speed of processing. Though they tested vegetarians, the researchers would expect to see a beneficial effect of creatine supplementation on brain performance in most omnivores apart from those who consume very high amounts of meat.

Theanine (or more commonly L-theanine) is found in green tea and mushrooms and also sold as a dietary supplement in the United States. In fact, the Food and Drug Administration has granted it GRAS status (generally recognized as safe). According to various scientific studies, theanine has been found to affect the levels of some neurotransmitters, to prevent beta-amyloid-induced brain dysfunction, and to protect against stroke. L-theanine is even said to improve sleep quality in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. In terms of potential nootropic uses, several small studies indicate a combination of L-theanine and caffeine can improve cognitive performance, particular in the areas of focus and alertness. Apparently, though, the effects may not be long-lasting.

Passionflower is derived from the above ground parts of the plant. Primarily, people take it for its anti-anxiety effects, which have been proven in smaller scientific studies though not yet confirmed in large scale studies. Some other people use it to treat insomnia as well as neuralgia and withdrawal symptoms while coming off opiates or benzodiazepines. In patients undergoing surgery as well as those about to be treated by a dentist, passionflower has been effectively used to reduce apprehension.

DHA, an omega-3 fatty acid found in fish and seaweed, can improve your memory while protecting against certain psychiatric disorders. Various surveys of people with major depression indicate they have depleted levels of omega-3 fatty acids and one large study found depressive symptoms were significantly higher among infrequent fish consumers. However, no study has ever proven omega-3 fatty acid supplementation effective in relieving major, moderate, or even mild depression. That said, some data suggest it is a safe preventive measure and may reduce the risk of progression of certain psychiatric disorders. While one review of scientific studies found that DHA supplements significantly improves cognitive development in infants though does not improve cognitive performance in children, adults, or the elderly another review shows it can protect against mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and the risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease in the elderly.

Continued here:

Best Supplements For Your Brain: 4 Nootropics That Work Like ...

Laguna Niguel, California - Looking to improve cognitive skills that have been lost? Look no further than Nootro Nerd. An online resource, they are now providing informative articles on nootropics a smart drug that has been created to allow improvement for peoples cognitive health and memory.

Many fear that they could be at risk of losing their cognitive capacity, especially if they have a family history of dementia or Alzheimers. Making sure that anyone can enhance their natural brain functions is the reason nootropics were created.

The brain is one of the hardest working organs in the body and sometimes it may not perform as well as someone wishes. Sometimes the brain needs a boost to get back up and working, and a great boost for the brain is nootropics. Nootropics are a supplement that are primarily used for the effects it has on the brains natural function. The primary brain functions that nootropics improve are memory, creativity, and motivation.

More than 5 million people in the United States have Alzheimers disease and dementia, but Nootropics can help decrease this because it helps the brain work in ways that it naturally would not do. The new articles on nootropics and cognitive enhancement methodsfeatured on Nootro Nerds go in-depth about nootropics, how these brains enhancing pill work, and which is the best type of nootropics for their readers to get.

The well-researchedpieces on their siteexplain the health benefits and address the safety concerns that anyone may have when considering taking this brain enhancing drug. They also explain how the pill is going to help those who are taking any type of nootropic.

Some may wonder why try nootropics? Nootropics are extremely effective in boosting brain power. The feeling is most effective when it hits the brain clearly. This pill performs like lifting a fog that has been over the brain. It helps the person taking it see clearly while they are doing whatever task at hand.

At Nootroo Nerd, they are reviewing new and popular brands of nootropics to make sure their readers are getting the most informative material possible and using the best brain boosting products. For those interested in increasing their cognitive function and learning more, check out http://nootronerd.com for a reliable source on nootropics and cognitive enhancement methods.

Media Contact Company Name: Nootro Nerd Contact Person: David Blanchard Email: david@nootronerd.com City: Laguna Niguel State: California 92677 Country: United States Website: http://nootronerd.com

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NootroNerd Website Offers Comprehensive Articles About Nootropics and Cognitive Enhancement Methods - Digital Journal

Hacking, a term now associated with technology, gained its current meaning in the 1950s when MIT students referred to working on technology as hacking. Today, the image of a hacker is often one of a computer programmer that is tapping into systems and accessing information they shouldnt, but in reality, a hacker is just someone who is cutting and splicing technology into new shapes and forms. Indeed, this idea of breaking things apart and putting them back together again ties into the original definition of hack, which is to cut or sever with repeated irregular or unskillful blows.

When it comes to biohacking, a more recent development in science, it involves combining the idea of hacking with biology. In todays world, biohacking falls into a few distinct categories: 1) grinders, who implant technology into their bodies, 2) health hackers, who use a combination of diet and activity to improve their bodies, 3) DIY biologists, who work in genetics and work on combining different species genetic codes, and 4) researchers and participants in nootropics, a field dedicated to improving cognitive function that is so new that a term like nootropicist has yet to be accepted.

So what does the biohacking industry look like in 2017? Here are four biohacking facts you should know about:

1. Grinders dont use anesthetic

Grinders have yet to receive widespread acceptance, but many of them are out there now. From a magnet in their finger to sense magnetic fields to thermometers to microchips that can act as key cards, grinders are implanting all kinds of technology into their bodies. However, none of these biohack implants are FDA-approved, so doctors arent performing the procedure. This means no anesthesia because whoever does the implanting likely wont have a medical license. Instead, grinders turn to tattoo artists or even do it themselves to get the job done. If you want to become a real-life cyborg, youll have to embrace some pain to get there.

2. Nootropics are all the rage in Silicon Valley

Always looking for the next life hack to boost productivity, entrepreneurs in San Francisco have taken to nootropics to get an edge over their competition and work longer, more productive hours in the hyper-growth tech industry. This behavior has been a trend ever since Bulletproof Coffee appeared in 2009: workers in the tech industry have turned to ingesting odd foods or even fasting once a week, all in the name of increasing productivity. Now entrepreneurs have taken to nootropics, untested cognitive enhancers that make them smarter. There are numerous companies selling nootropics, and some have raised substantial funding, such as Nootrobox, which received $2 million from Andreessen Horowitz. It remains to be seen whether different nootropics combinations of chemicals actually work, but people are nevertheless buying into them, believing that ingesting these chemicals will take their work day to the next level.

3. Scientists can make human tissue out of plants

Pelling Laboratory for Biophysical Manipulation at the University of Ottawa has managed to create a human ear out of a carved apple. In essence, the lab killed and sterilized the apple, leaving a cellulose structure with gaps where the apple cells used to be, and then carved it into the shape of a human ear. They then introduced human cells to the structure, which multiplied and filled it, creating a human-apple hybrid. This technology is in its earliest phase, but upon further development, this technology could become a new means of growing new tissue for grafts and replacing damaged tissue. The possibilities of Pellings technique become more profound when you consider that the cheapest option for growing tissue currently on the market is priced at roughly $800 per cubic centimeter. Pellings apple technique, on the other hand, costs less than 1 cent for the same amount, meaning that tissue replacement could suddenly become a feasible and affordable option for lower economic classes around the world.

4. Anyone can become a biohacker

Biohacking sounds complicated, and sure, creating an ear out of an apple is quite difficult, but anyone can be a biohacker. If youve ever tried cutting sugar or gluten out of your diet, youre a biohacker. Getting a pacemaker, contacts, or hearing aids, all mean that youre a biohacker. While some question whether biotechnology should be available to the masses, its currently possible to start your own lab and biohack genetic code. Projects like The ODIN connect aspiring scientists with affordable tools and everything they need to start their own lab in a garage, and its perfectly legal. Its incredibly difficult to create something dangerous by splicing together different genetic codes, so concern is low. Instead, this community of DIY geneticists and biologists are experimenting to drive progress forward and hopefully one day achieve enough small breakthroughs to change the biohacking industry as a whole.

Are you a biohacker yourself? Where do you think the industry is heading in the latter half of 2017? Leave a comment below!

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4 Biohacking Facts You Should Know About in 2017 - Techzone360

Theyre being called nootropics -- so called smart drugs that offer a shortcut to sharpen your focus and your thinking. Its an online sensation hitting the $30 billion dietary supplement industry.

Geoff Woo is the CEO of Nootrobox/HVMN, and he says hes sure he can make us smarter and quicker on our feet. Woos company and other competitors want us to think about supplements in a drastically new light.

Typical vitamins focus on micro nutrients, so these things are deficiencies in a persons normal diet, he said. What we look at our company is looking at things that can enhance human performance.

Since hes been taking his smart pills, Coleman Maher says his wrestling workouts are easier.

Its a really, really tough grind and its hard to stay focused or motivated sometimes, Maher said. So, having an energy boost is very valuable.

But beyond an energy boost, could these super supplements also boost our brain power? Piracetam is one smart drug gaining popularity. Its sold as a prescription in Europe, but over the counter here, Dr. Vinh Ngo says.

That one has a lot of research behind it, he said. I think theres a potentially huge audience for Nootropics. Anyone can benefit for having improved cognition.

Since supplements escape regulation by the FDA, doctors remind us to be cautious.

Ive tried to kind of clear up a lot of questions people have, make it safe for them to use, Dr. Ngo said.

So what should we be asking before giving them a try?

Just get some sound advice from a medical professional and do your homework, Dr. Ngo said.

While nootropics is not considered a field of medicine just yet, it has gained a huge following within Silicon Valley. Yahoos Marissa Mayer, and venture capitalist Marc Andreessen both are said to have invested in them. Some doctors point out that there can be a risk of high blood pressure and heart disease, and Dr. Ngo makes all of his patients sign waivers for certain nootropics programs.

NOOTROPICS: BOOST BODY AND BRAIN? REPORT #2445

BACKGROUND: Nootropics were first discovered in 1960s, and were used to help people with motion sickness and then later were tested for memory enhancement. In 1971, the nootropic drug piracetam was studied to help improve memory. Romanian doctor Corneliu Giurgea was the one to coin the term for this drug: nootropics. His idea after testing piracetam was to use a Greek combination of nous meaning mind and trepein meaning to bend. Therefore the meaning is literally to bend the mind. Since then, studies on this drug have been done all around the world. One test in particular studied neuroprotective benefits with Alzheimers patients. More tests were done with analogues of piracetam and were equally upbeat. This is a small fraction of nootropic drugs studied over the past decade. Studies were done first on animals and rats and later after results from toxicity reports, on willing humans. (Source)

A COGNITIVE EDGE: Many decades of tests have convinced some people of how important the drugs can be for people who want an enhancement in life. These neuro-enhancing drugs are being used more and more in the modern world. Nootropics come in many forms and the main one is caffeine. Caffeine reduces physical fatigue by stimulating the bodys metabolism. The molecules can pass through the blood brain barrier to affect the neurotransmitters that play a role in inhibition. These molecule messengers can produce muscle relaxation, stress reduction, and onset of sleep. Caffeine is great for shortterm focus and alertness, but piracetam is shown to work for long-term memory. Piracetam enhances brain oxygen supply and the removal of the inhibitory transmitter GABA, thus theoretically improving attention, memory, and learning. While, there are supplements such as alpha GPC or choline bitartrate for piracetam users, choline is also found in some foods such as vegetables and eggs leading to the theory that a vegetarian diet leads to mental acuity. Modafinil is a prescription drug traditionally used to treat narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is an uncommon neurological disorder where individuals are susceptible to repeated sleep throughout the day. Modafinil elevates levels of histamine in the hypothalamus. This leads to a greater amount of alertness. Military pilots have been given this medication for long missions. (Source 1, Source 2)

PRECAUTIONS: Nootropics are sold as nutritional supplements and natural products and refrain from making health claims causing them to avoid close government scrutiny. Piracetam is only one of many formulations in the racetam drug family. Newer ones include aniracetam, phenylpiracetam and oxiracetam and all are available on line where their efficacy and safety are debated and reviewed on message boards and in podcasts. If you are taking Adderall, albuterol or piracetam, you could be at risk for high blood pressure and heart problems. Vinh Ngo, MD, a San Francisco family practice doctor who specializes in hormone therapy, requires his patients to sign waivers acknowledging possible health risks in taking nootropics. While studies have found short-term benefits, Professor Murali Doraiswamy, who has led several trials of cognitive enhancers at Duke University Health System, told The New York Times there is no evidence that what are commonly known as smart drugs, of any type, improve thinking or productivity over the long run. Thats because when you up one circuit in the brain, youre probably impairing another system. (Source)

See original here:

Could new dietary supplements boost brain power? - WNDU-TV

SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif., Aug. 11, 2017 /PRNewswire/ --Due to high demand from consumers and popular media outlets, including Last Week Tonight with John Oliverand BuzzFeed, Labdoor tested Alex Jones's controversial Infowars supplements in the chemistry lab. Products tested to be "clean" based on drug and contaminant screenings, but claimed benefits were found to be highly misguided. Labdoor's full report on the testing is available here (http://ld2.us/LytksATX).

The following products were tested: Super Male Vitality, Super Female Vitality, Anthroplex, Child Ease, Survival Shield, and Oxy-Powder. All products were screened for heavy metals. Some were also tested for 200+ prohibited substances (including steroids, stimulants, abused drugs like cocaine, morphine, and ephedrine), sildenafil (Viagra) and related compounds, and/or caffeine. Oxy-Powder and Survival Shield's ingredients were also tested on the chance that they were actually those found in common supplements instead of the miraculous ingredients they claimed to be.

While products generally tested to be "clean", almost all of the products' claimed benefits were found to be implausible. For example, serving sizes were often magnitudes smaller than what they should be to accommodate effective levels of all their listed herbal ingredients. For Oxy-Powder and Survival Shield, marketed benefits were often false and even dangerous. Test results revealed that they were simply iodine and magnesium and come with risks of gastrointestinal distress and coma if they are taken unnecessarily.

Labdoor's mission is to give consumers unbiased, scientific information about the products that affect their health. As quoted in the report (http://ld2.us/LytksATX), Neil Thanedar, Labdoor's CEO states, "Labdoor is powered by consumer demand and scientific data, not marketing hype or political ideology Our testing focuses on what's inside the bottle, and our data is based on these results only."

Visit labdoor.com for more information and full reports on 900+ best-selling supplements. Coming up in Labdoor's testing pipeline are electrolytes and nootropics. Follow @Labdoor on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram for the latest news.

About Labdoor:Labdoor (https://labdoor.com) is a supplements marketplace featuring over 900 products and counting, alongside scientific reviews and lab testing results, so consumers can shop with simple, objective facts about the quality and safety of products they entrust with their health.

For Press Inquiries: Gabriel Colombo (415) 549-7339 rel="nofollow">press@labdoor.com

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SOURCE Labdoor

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Labdoor Special Report: We Tested the Infowars Supplements - Markets Insider

Anecdotal evidence suggests more people working in financial services are using smart drugs with the aim of boosting their professional performance. Real data is needed to understand this trend.

To that end, the Brain, Mind and Markets Laboratory at the University of Melbourne is conducting the first-ever survey of the use of smart drugs in the Australian financial services industry. The confidential and anonymous survey takes between 5 to 10 minutes to complete online.

This research is being jointly led by myself, Dr Carsten Murawski and Professor Peter Bossaerts, the two of whom established the Brain, Mind and Markets Laboratory in 2016 to bring together a multidisciplinary team to study financial decision-making and market behaviour.

Unique in the world, the lab brings together research in finance and economics, neuroscience, and computer science to better understand not just what influences individuals to make decisions, but also how markets process information and how humans and computer algorithms influence each other in decision-making environments.

Smart drugs or nootropics refer to medications or substances used to try to improve cognitive functions. The aim of people taking them might be to increase mental alertness and concentration, fight fatigue, focus attention, reduce anxiety and stress, or generally boost energy levels and wakefulness. The drugs the lab is interested in might be prescription-only medications such as Ritalin or Provigil, over-the-counter substances such as caffeine or nicotine, or illicit drugs such as cocaine or amphetamines.

While there has been some scientific research performed in controlled conditions on how these substances influence basic cognitive tasks, these studies often show quite mixed results in terms of effects on cognition. Of further concern is that many professional industries (such as medicine and finance) require far more creative and multidimensional approaches to what are often computationally complex and intractable problems. It is still unknown if these drugs can help or hinder this kind of problem-solving.

There have been studies, both in Australia and internationally, that have surveyed use of these drugs in populations such as university students, medical students and surgeons. However there has not yet been an investigation of the use of these medications in the highly competitive and diverse world of finance.

Our survey aims to develop a picture of how these kinds of drugs are used in different sectors of the financial industry, and perceptions of their positive and negative effects. We ask what people might know about the use of smart drugs in their working environment, and what kinds of effects they are thought to have. Different sectors of the financial industry require very different skill sets and approaches to problem solving, so interesting to see if different drugs are more or less frequently seen in these different sectors.

As modern professional workplaces strive to increase their intensity and productivity, and the popular profile of these drugs as treatments for conditions like ADHD increases, its not surprising that there is more interest in the use of these drugs by healthy people. And of course, their use raises many ethical questions around issues like competition, perceptions of fairness, and of personal choice. However, these issues cannot begin to be addressed without scientific evidence of their use and effects in the workplace. This survey is one of the first steps in acquiring this evidence.

We would like to invite Professional Planner readers to take part in this research by completing the confidential online survey. The survey has been approved by the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee, takes only 5 to 10 minutes to complete, and all responses are completely anonymous.

See the original post:

Smart drugs in financial services: A growing trend? - Professional Planner

In my previous article on the subject of nootropics, I was writing about brain enhancing effects of some medicines and natural compounds. There is, however, a large number of nootropics that received little recognition from official science and remain rather poorly studied. There is a good reason for this too these compounds tend to be addictive or hallucinogenic. This article aims to cover what is known about the effects of these substances.

Nicotine

It is rather curious that nicotine, a well-known addictive component of tobacco smoke, was confirmed to have nootropic effect. The research into this property of nicotine was triggered by observations that ex-smokers tend to complain about the lack of concentration and general decline in various aspects of cognitive abilities. It turned out that nicotine does improve episodic and working memory, as well as attention. Nicotine doses delivered via patches had positive effects (improved performance in cognitive tests) in adults with mild cognitive disorders, as well as in healthy non-smokers.

Cannabis/marijuana and cognitive processes

People of artistic professions often claim that smoking pot helps creativity. There is scientific evidence to substantiate these claims. Cannabinoids seem to temporarily increase communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain thus creating a state of hyperconnectivity and allowing a loose flow of associations. This may explain the heightened creativity individuals experience when using marijuana. Reports of positive benefits include improved mood, lower levels of anxiety, stress, and depression, improved focus and fewer distractions, improved reaction times, more creative thoughts, greater verbal fluency, and better calculative complexity. These effects are largely dose-dependent, and taking higher amounts may lead to the opposite effects including sluggishness, lack of focus, nervousness, and impaired memory formation and recall.

However, the negative long-term effects of cannabis on brain structure and function have been demonstrated beyond any reasonable doubt. In fact, cognitive decline associated with the use of cannabis is a serious medical problem, and lots of scientific research aims to gain insights into this problem and the potential approaches to reverse decline.

Grey area: Psychedelic drugs (LSD, mushrooms) in microdosing

Type psychedelics and microdosing in Google search, and you will be flooded with thousands of articles claiming that compounds like LSD and psilocybin (active component of magic mushroom) have almost miraculous effect on human cognitive abilities. It appears that many inventors, researchers and innovators use psychedelic compounds in very small doses, occasionally or regularly, to reach a state of enhanced consciousness, get into flow, and work more productively.

But here is a problem: not a single proper scientific publication supports these claims. There is a good reason for this: due to their well-known hallucinogenic properties and serious potential side effects, psychedelics like LSD are banned in most countries around the world. In fact, LSD was banned in the US and UK back in 1960s. This means that the only peer-reviewed published research that could inform on the actual measurable effects of psychedelics as a nootropic were done 50 years ago. The most commonly cited work (Harman, et. al. (1966) Psychedelic Agents in Creative Problem-Solving: A Pilot Study. Psychedelic Reports 19, 211-27.) was published in 1966. Although the findings reported in this publication are interesting, the quality of this work in terms of general organization, the use of suitable control subjects, and statistical power is hardly satisfactory.

The hallucinogenic properties of psychedelics are well documented. Microdosing of these compounds for enhancement of cognitive abilities, however, has not been investigated scientifically. This leave lots of space for imagination and conspiracy theories. There were repeated calls from the research community to lift the ban on research into psychedelics, but so far they seem to have fallen on deaf ears.

There are numerous evidences that psychedelics can be used to treat various psychiatric disorders. Some resent studies indicate that administration of psylobicin in moderate doses is not associated with any significant short-term or long-term risk. When it comes to cognitive enhancement, none of the available peer-reviewed scientific publications confirm or rule out such a phenomenon. One interesting resent publication claims that exposure to microdoses of psilocybin creates a state of hyperconnectivity in the brain. The findings from functional MRI experiments show:

that the structure of the brains functional patterns undergoes a dramatic change post-psilocybin, characterized by the appearance of many transient structures of low stability and of a small number of persistent ones that are not observed in the case of placebo. This means that the psychedelic state is associated with a less constrained and more intercommunicative mode of brain function, which is consistent with descriptions of the nature of consciousness in the psychedelic state.

In other words, the study indirectly points to the possibility of cognitive enhancement and creative stimulation under the influence of psychedelics. Nonetheless, a more definite confirmation of this phenomenon is yet to be published.

A word in defense of official science

People of a more adventurous nature tend to blame the science and medicine industry for slowness inrecognizing the benefits of smart drugs. But lets look at this problem from the perspective of researchers. Most drugs are safe, but from time to time people do experience serious side effects and even life-threatening complications. Nobody wants to be one of the unlucky few. If something goes wrong, youll have nobody but yourself to blame. Regulatory bodies can recommend any given substance for any particular use only when they have sufficient evidence thata) confirms its effectiveness andb) shows that its side effects are mild and manageable, and/or its benefits far exceed the potential complications associated with its use (i.e., the risk is worth taking).

Development of novel nootropics is hampered by research, validation, and regulatory challenges. The road from the research laboratory to FDA approval is difficult, long, and costly. Pharmacological enhancement of healthy populations is fraught with ethical and philosophical pushbacks. Therapeutic effects observed in cognitively impaired patients often contradict those in healthy populations. Even approved drugs have issues with side effects and large individual differences. The long-term effects of nootropics are typically unknown. Most importantly, there is still much to be learned about the cellular and molecular basis for the various aspects of cognition. Once they are better understood, pharmacologists will have much better ideas about the processes in the brain to target and how to do it.

It is easy to get carried away with the potential opportunities that nootropics might offer. But dont forget classical approaches: proper diet and exercise DO enhance brain functions. Many famous thinkers and creative people benefited from simple regular physical activities. Charles Dickens was spending several hours every day walking, sometimes for as much as 20 or 30 miles. Aristotle and Ludwig Van Beethoven are two other famous people who were known for their habit of wondering around while thinking. Physical activity pumps blood through your body and helps to deliver more oxygen to your brain. Regular exercise and healthy diet also keep your blood vessels healthy ensuring that this vital oxygenation is not reduced as you get older. Your normal lifestyle is responsible for your basic level of cognitive abilities. Smart drugs can be used to spike it up from time to time, but if the basic level is low, the spikes wont go that high anyway!

To sum it up, although an occasional joint may heighten your creativity, the regular use of cannabis is definitely not a good approach to enhance cognitive abilities. There is an acute lack of research on benefits (or absence of such) of psychedelics in cognitive enhancement. Virtually all online information on the benefits of psychedelics as cognitive enhancers are completely unsubstantiated by scientific evidence. Any positive or negative appraisals represent personal views of the articles authors rather than results of research studies. Your lifestyle influences you basic level of cognitive abilities dont ignore generally accepted good strategies.

References

Heishman SJ et al. (2010) Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance. Psychopharmacology (2010) 210: 453. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1

Newhouse P et al. (2012) Nicotine treatment of mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month double-blind pilot clinical trial. Neurology 78, 91-101. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823efcbb.

Wignall ND and de Wit H (2011) Effects of nicotine on attention and inhibitory control in healthy nonsmokers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 19, 183-191. doi: 10.1037/a0023292

Morgan CJ et al. (2010) Hyper-priming in cannabis users: a naturalistic study of the effects of cannabis on semantic memory function. Psychiatry Res 176, 213-218. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.09.002.

GiovanniBattistella G et al. (2014) Long-Term Effects of Cannabis on Brain Structure. Neuropsychopharmacology 39, 20412048; doi: 10.1038/npp.2014.67

Filbey FM et al. (2014) Long-term effects of marijuana use on the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111, 1691316918. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1415297111

Studerus E et al. (2010) Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies. Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, 1434 1452. doi: 10.1177/0269881110382466

Petri G et al. (2014) Homological Scaffolds of Brain Functional Networks. J R Soc Interface 11, 20140873. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0873

Image via Wunderela/Pixabay.

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Nootropic Effects of Psychedelic and Addictive Substances - Brain Blogger (blog)

The desire to tweak ourselves is embedded in nearly all of us. We try to tweak our appearance with our morning grooming and dressing rituals, we try to tweak our bodies with diets and exercise, and if that is not enough there is always plastic surgery to give nature a helping hand.

Tweaking our brain, on the other hand, is harder to realize and much harder to objectively quantify. When you go to the dentist and ask for a better smile, you can explain what you want, the dentist can visualize your expectations, and you can see and judge the result. But you cant go to a neurologist and say that you would like to be 10% smarter.

The brain is a complex and energy hungry organ, it represents around 2% of our body weight but uses 20% of our energy. When we talk about pimping our brain, we have to first decide what attribute we want to pimp, why we want to pimp it and then decide how, if at all possible, to pimp it.

There is a billion dollar industry built around supplements. It ranges from nootropics, that can help a student get a study edge, or enhance a fighter jet pilots combat abilities, to herbal based products, that promise a better memory or a better blood flow in our brains.

I had mentioned Modafinil, a popular nootropic, in a previous article. Apparently it is proven to have cognitive effects, like enhancing attention and concentration. If you search the internet there are a lot of first hand experiences of the drugs subjective effect on users; there are also studies about the measurable effect the drug has on our brains, so it is safe to say that it is not just a hype, but there are far too few studies on the long term effects to label the drug as harmless.

Prof. Con Stough, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology at Swinburne University, has been studying nootropics and their effects on the human brain for quite a while. In a Reddit AMA session, the professor discusses the effects, and side effects, of different drugs that he has studied. He confirms that there are measurable, positive cognitive effects from Modafinil, but he believes the enhanced ability to solve problems, is more a subjective feeling than an objective observation.

Interestingly he also admits to taking vitamin B6, B12 and antioxidants, Pycnogenol, as supplements. Insisting that he has not done any studies, only reviews, he is also convinced of the positive effects Bacopa and Ginseng, two popular plant-based supplements, have on our brains.

We have all heard it somewhere- The brain is like a muscle and can be trained.

A lot of us have been brought up believing that we are born with a limited number of brain cells, and with time, alcohol and stress, they will irreversibly die away, making us dumber by the day. That is not true, we constantly grow new brain cells, like all other cells, and taking your brain for a jog is not really a joke. Studies show that new muscles make new proteins that also stimulate the brain to grow.

Learning new motor skills, like juggling, or behavioral/ environmental changes, are known to encourage synaptogenesis. Adults with an increased number of synapses have a better cognitive functionality, and are less likely to suffer from neurodegeneration, compared to their peers with a lower synapses density.

What apparently does not help, is the sea of apps and computer programs that promise to improve your brain, in some way or the other, through regular training. One study

has shown that after six weeks training with diverse computer programs, there were measurable improvement in a number of benchmarking tests participants took before and after the training period, but it did not translate into an improvement of tasks that were not trained, even if they were cognitively similar. So you get better in what you are training but it doesnt mean that your brain will generally function better.

There are lots of methods to enhance your brain, some a little extreme and not yet recommendable, like implanting electrodes in your head and electrocuting your brain; and others more subtle, like association methods to help you remember things better. The question is: how much of what do you really need, and how do you measure intelligence? Is a bigot with a PhD. more intelligent, or a compassionate social worker with a high school diploma?

Read the original post:

Pimp my Brain: The Quest for Intelligence - TG Daily (blog)

Anecdotal evidence suggests more people working in financial services are using smart drugs with the aim of boosting their professional performance. Real data is needed to understand this trend.

To that end, the Brain, Mind and Markets Laboratory at the University of Melbourne is conducting the first-ever survey of the use of smart drugs in the Australian financial services industry. The confidential and anonymous survey takes between 5 and 10 minutes to complete online.

The research is being jointly led by Dr Carsten Murawski, Professor Peter Bossaerts and me. Murawski and Bossaerts established the Brain, Mind and Markets Laboratory in 2016 to bring together a multidisciplinary team to study financial decision-making and market behaviour.

Unique in the world, the lab brings together research in finance and economics, neuroscience and computer science to better understand not just what influences individuals to make decisions, but also how markets process information and how humans and computer algorithms influence each other in decision-making environments.

Smart drugs or nootropics refer to medications or substances used to try to improve cognitive functions. People taking them might be aiming to increase mental alertness and concentration, fight fatigue, focus attention, reduce anxiety and stress, or generally boost energy levels and wakefulness. The drugs the lab is interested in might be prescription-only medications such as Ritalin or Provigil, over-the-counter substances, such as caffeine and nicotine, or illicit drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines.

While there has been some scientific research performed in controlled conditions on how these substances influence basic cognitive tasks, these studies often show quite mixed results in terms of effects on cognition. Of further concern is that many professional industries (such as medicine and finance) require far more creative and multidimensional approaches to what are often computationally complex and intractable problems. It is still unknown if these drugs can help or hinder this kind of problem-solving.

There have been studies, both in Australia and internationally, that have surveyed the use of these drugs in populations such as university students, medical students and surgeons. However there has not yet been an investigation of their use in the highly competitive and diverse world of finance.

Our survey aims to develop a picture of how these kinds of drugs are used in different sectors of the financial industry and perceptions of their positive and negative effects. We ask what people might know about the use of smart drugs in their working environment and what kinds of effects they are thought to have. Different sectors of the financial industry require very different skill sets and approaches to problem solving, so it would be interesting to see if different drugs are more or less frequently seen in these different sectors.

As modern professional workplaces strive to increase their intensity and productivity and the popular profile of these drugs as treatments for conditions like ADHD increases, its not surprising that there is more interest in their use by healthy people. And, of course, their use raises many ethical questions on issues like competition, perceptions of fairness and of personal choice. However, these issues cannot begin to be addressed without scientific evidence of their use and effects in the workplace. This survey is one of the first steps in acquiring this evidence.

We would like to invite Investment Magazine readers to take part in this research by completing the confidential online survey. The survey has been approved by the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee, takes only 5 to 10 minutes to complete and all responses are completely anonymous.

Dr Elizabeth Bowman is a postdoctoral fellow in decision neuroscience in the Brain, Minds and Markets Laboratory in the faculty of business and economics at the University of Melbourne. Her current research looks at how humans make decisions in conditions of risk and uncertainty.

View post:

New study into 'smart drugs' in the finance industry - Investment Magazine

Within the nootropics world there are at least 2 - 3 new unique smart drugs released every month. Some are run of the mill and others are more sophisticated. Qualia was launched by the Neurohacker Collective in April 2016 and has grown rapidly since then. This Qualia supplement review provides a solid non-biased overview, but today were focusing more on the long-term nature of this brand and product.

Qualia and the Neurohacker Collective are positioning themselves to be revolutionary within the space, but is this simply good marketing or a sign of something more.

Qualia Supplement vs Unique Nootropic Blends

The Qualia nootropic supplement consists of 42 separate ingredients split into two stacks. A user of Qualia might balk at consuming 9 pills per day, but it seems the brand is more focused on comprehensive cognitive enhancement as opposed to just another product.

Compared to some of the other nootropic brands in the marketplace, this is quite a different approach. Alpha Brain, one of the most well-respected and popular nootropic stacks, is the product of Onnit, LLC. This product includes only 12 ingredients and many (like oat straw) are of dubious quality (or simply fillers).

Even though Alpha Brain is well-respected because of their placebo-controlled study at the Boston Center for Memory, the bacopa monnieri alone could have caused this result. Finally, Onnit has decided to hide the ingredients and their doses for Alpha Brain behind proprietary blends. This lack of transparency is a major weak point.

In comparison, the Neurohacker Collective has provided clear doses of all their ingredients in addition to utilizing mostly solid doses and ingredients.

Comparing Qualia with OptiMind shows similar disparities. Their product includes only 14 ingredients and some of which arent effective (GABA for example). Again, they too have created a nootropic stack that has grown in popularity, but with non transparent tactics. Their exact doses are hidden behind a proprietary focus blend.

From looking at these two most popular nootropic stacks, it is clear that the Neurohacker Collective is producing something to revolutionize the nootropic industry. Not only are they transparent and using quality ingredients, but they are also using ingredients of questionable status (such as noopept and centrophenoxine).

By pushing the envelope with their product, they are assuredly revolutionizing the nootropics industry.

Yet, they are doing far more than that...

Its hard for a supplement to be revolutionary unless the team behind the product is worthwhile. The management team at the Neurohacker Collective far exceeds that of most other nootropic blends.

Their team is both highly effective in different domains and forward thinking. Between the leadership and scientific expertise, this team is grounded in revolutionary ideas and their methods of operating the business reflect as much.

Jordan Greenhall - The CEO of the Neurohacker Collective has developed many disruptive technologies including DivX and many others. His interests in complex systems and artificial intelligence have led him to investments and projects that transcend mere brain supplements.

James Schmachtenberger - Another founder of the team, James has helped bring medical marijuana into California and has fought organizations that limited the spread of this useful plant.

Daniel Schmachtenberger - As the member of major think-tanks, Daniel has spent ample time disrupting industries and paving the way for radical change.

All three of these leaders, combined with scientists and doctors from Stanford University and others, are highly effective but forward thinking. Their interests with Neurohacker Collective transcend basic cognitive enhancement and hope to radically alter humankind.

This is clearly evidenced in their method o funding.

Most companies, especially in the supplement space, are not transparent at all let alone with their finances. The Qualia nootropic is one of the first to be crowdfunded at a later stage. Rather than simply launching a Kickstarter campaign, its possible to own equity in the Neurohacker Collective as a member of the public.

In a recent WeFunder campaign, the Neurohacker Collective opened up their books to provide consumers the opportunity to own the company they support. This is a revolutionary approach to business within the nootropics industry and is assuredly a sign of the team and their forward looking desires.

This is the final component suggesting that the Qualia nootropic, and the Neurohacker Collective, is more than just another nootropic. Only time will tell whether they are truly revolutionary, but they seem off to a good start.

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Is Qualia Revolutionary or Just Another Nootropic? - HuffPost

The use of smart drugs is becoming trendy. Lots of people are taking various substances regularly, many others try them from time to time. The idea of enhancing the brains ability, or tapping into its unused reservoir is definitely sexy, and many people are actively looking for information on this subject.

The shortage of scientifically verified information is exactly the reason Im writing this article. Although thousand of publications on smart drugs, cognitive enhancers, and nootropics etc. can be found online, the overwhelming majority of claims are unsubstantiated or unashamedly commercialized. This means that the info you come across mostly consists of descriptions of personal opinions or experiences, or compilations of facts published elsewhere, or just articles from popular media where people can write whatever they want.

Multiple websites publish all kind of rubbish just to convince you to buy yet another wonderfully effective smart drug. Few people make an effort to refer to their sources of information, not to mention to present scientific and statistical data backing their claims. This is particularly enigmatic when these articles provide recipes for various drug combinations and claim the superiority of some of these combinations/compounds over the others. However, even scientific data on the subject is rather incomplete. Many studies were done using only a small number of participants, or in the absence of any reasonable controls. On their own, studies of such kind are of little, if any, value.

Fortunately, several systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the use of nootropics were published in the last couple of years. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses combine data from multiple individual studies, thus making the data statistically significant. This is a better way of assessing the efficacy of different drugs in the general, healthy population, and these are the publications that I will mostly use as reference points in this article.

How to prove that a smart drug is really smart?

Smart drugs (e.g., nootropics and cognitive enhancers) are defined as substances that improve cognitive function, particularly executive functions, memory, creativity, or motivation, in healthy individuals. The last bit is important: there are many drugs that were specifically developed to enhance brain functions in people with various cognitive disorders or deficits. Such drugs wont necessarily smarten up healthy people, and when they do, they are not necessarily safe. Nootropics may come in many forms, from classical pharmaceutics in the form of pills to herbal supplements and functional foods.

There are only few smart drugs that are proven to improve some aspects of cognition. Proving that a compound has the properties of a nootropic is not a simple task. There is no straightforward way of measuring whatever cognitive enhancement you may experience once the pill is taken. The drug may indeed work and visibly increase your productivity. But it may also simply improve your mood if you anticipate a positive effect. On top of this, any given drug may work for some people and not work for others. Furthermore, the use of any drug is associated with potential side effects (e.g., headaches) that might eliminate its advantages in productivity and creativity. If the changes in productivity can be measured using some tests, creativity still remains something arguably impossible to quantify.

How smart drugs work?

There are several mechanisms that can be involved in the functioning of smart drugs. Some drugs can increase the blood flow (and thus oxygen supply) to the brain. Others can accelerate neuronal communication through increased release of certain neuromediators or through agonistic effects on the receptors of these neuromediators. Some compounds can serve as biochemical precursors of neuromediators, others may prevent oxidative damage to brain cells or provide them with a source of energy. Some of these changes can be achieved quickly making the drugs work almost instantly. Others, such as amendment/prevention of neuronal damage, manifest themselves only after prolonged use of the drug, thus making any changes in cognitive functions not so fast and not so obvious (although they can still be substantial).

Short overview of most popular nootropics

Amphetamines are a class of pharmaceuticals that include adderall, dextroamphetamine, and lisdexamphetamine. The drugs were developed to treat people with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and this is where their effects are the most prominent. The drugs were also demonstrated to improve episodic memory, working memory, and some aspects of attention in the general population. At low doses they improve memory consolidation, recall of information, and motivation to perform tasks that require high degree of attention. Ritalin is structurally different from amphetamines and works through different mechanisms, although produces similar effects. Both amphetamines and ritalin improve cognitive functions, albeit only at lower doses. At high doses they stimulate other neural pathways not involved in learning that effectively cancel their positive effects on cognition.

Wakefulness-promoting agents, such as modafinil and armodafinil, increase alertness, counteract fatigue, and increase productivity and motivation. Modafinil is praised for its ability to improve reaction time, logical reasoning, and problem-solving. The drug is clinically prescribed for a number of conditions including sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and shift work sleep disorder.

Compounds from the racetam family (piracetam, oxiracetam etc.) are more extensively studied compared than the newer nootropics. Piracetam was developed back in the 1960s and has an almost perfect safety profile. Convincingly, it was shown to improve cognitive abilities, particularly in older people and those with cognitive impairment. Although piracetam is officially recognized as a nootropic, its brain-enhancing effects in healthy people are considered to be moderate. There is a number of other derivatives from this group of drugs which, allegedly, work better. A good example is phenotropil. This compound was developed in Russia where it is available as a prescription drug. It was demonstrated to have a memory enhancing effect. The drug can be used as a stimulant and enhances resistance to extreme temperatures and stress. Due to its stimulating effect, phenotropil is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, which means that it cannot be used by athletes intending to compete in official events.

Xanthines, such as caffeine, are some of the most commonly used compounds with nootropic effects. In particular, they increase alertness and performance levels. Caffeine is not what comes to mind when we think of nootropics, but apparently its effect is comparable to many pharmaceuticals.

L-Theanine, a chemical component of green tea, is very well studied and its effects on promoting alertness and attention are confirmed by multiple research.

When it comes to nutraceuticals and herbal supplements, recent studies appear to be contradictory. Some data do support the memory-enhancing effects of such plants as Gingko biloba, Asian ginseng, and Bacopa monnieri, but systematic reviews do not find convincing evidence of their effectiveness. It is likely that herbal supplements may work well over longer periods of time and improve cognitive abilities, but in the short term their effects are not particularly obvious. The same applies to many vitamins, such as vitamin E and B group vitamins, as well as Omega-3 fatty acids: the evidence supporting their benefits are limited at the present time.

To conclude, only few drugs are scientifically proven to be associated with moderate cognitive enhancement effects in the healthy population. Being sceptical when assessing information on smart drugs from the internet is a good idea: lots of ridiculous rubbish is published online. Most nootropics are relatively safe, but side effects are always a possibility since the response to nootropics is highly individual.

References:

Spencer BC et al. (2015) The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex. Biological Psychiatry 77,940950. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013

Ilieva IP et al. (2015) Prescription Stimulants Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis. J Cogn Neurosci. 27, 1069-1089. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00776

Bagot KS and Kaminer Y (2014) Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review. Addiction 109, 547557. doi:10.1111/add.12460

Linssen AMW et al. (2014) Cognitive effects of methylphenidate in healthy volunteers: a review of single dose studies. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 17, 961-977. doi:10.1017/S1461145713001594

Urban KR and Gao WJ (2014) Performance enhancement at the cost of potential brain plasticity: neural ramifications of nootropic drugs in the healthy developing brain. Front. Syst. Neurosci.| doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00038

Winblad B (2005) Piracetam: a review of pharmacological properties and clinical uses. CNS Drug Rev. 11, 169-182. PMID:16007238

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Nootropics: How Smart Can You Get on Smart Drugs? - Brain Blogger (blog)

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True Focus is a dietary supplement marketed as a nootropic that provides neurotransmitter support in order to help improve users mental performance. This may include increasing thinking speed and accuracy and enhancing users attention span and ability to retain deep focus for longer periods of time.

It may also have applications for improving users mood and sense of mental well-being. True Focus uses several different antioxidants and anti-inflammatories that are designed to help prevent damage to the tissues of the brain, potentially helping lengthen the lifespan of its effectiveness and prevent conditions like Alzheimers disease and dementia.

The nootropic booster that has shown the most potent effects on their consumers is Memotenz. It is a powerful memory booster that has also shown applications for improving cognition, subjective well-being, and providing neural protection, even into old age. Click on this link to read our panel of experts full review of Memotenz to see if it might be effective for helping you meet your personal mental performance goals.

True Focus promotes their ingredients blend as containing a mixture of amino acids, grape seed extracts, and ginkgo biloba. While this is technically true, it is also somewhat misleading as the amino acids that they use are not the most effective aminos for nootropic products, and they also do not use a particularly effective dosage quantities of ginkgo.

Additionally, there are some other less-recommended ingredients that are found in their blend that they do not promote as heavily. Some of the main ingredients in their proprietary blend are:

L-Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized in the body or consumed in foods like cheeses and other dairy products, chicken, turkey, and certain types of nuts, beans, and fruits. Biologically, it plays a role as a building block for more complicated proteins in the body, including coenzyme Q10, and several different pigments, alkaloids, and phenols.

L-Tyrosine is part of the production of several different neurotransmitters in the brain including dopamine and epinephrine. It may have some benefits for improving alertness, attention, and focus in some people, however these effects will tend to be more noticeable in individuals that have L-Tyrosine deficiencies, either natural or dietary, that prevent them from getting even minimal amounts of the amino.

For L-Tyrosine deficient individuals the benefits will be dramatic, but in people who get enough L-Tyrosine the effects of additional supplementation will be very slight. It is not technically thought of as a performance booster in the majority of consumers.

L-Phenylalanine: Another amino acid that may be beneficial for the mental performance of some individuals. L-Phenylalanine is considered an essential amino acid that the body is incapable of manufacturing it on its own and needs to get its requisite amounts from outside sources.

L-Phenylalanine is used by the body to make proteins, certain types of chemical messengers, and as a neuromodulator that helps regulate nervous function. It is found commonly occurring in a number of different foods, especially meats and animal byproducts like chicken, liver, beef, and eggs.

L-Phenylalanine is also a precursor to L-tyrosine, so it has many of the same benefits and limitations when it comes to its abilities as a nootropic. In individuals with L-Tyrosine and L-Phenylalanine deficiencies it may have some very important benefits to their memory and cognition abilities, and in people who are consuming enough naturally then its effects will be relatively unnoticeable.

There are some more worries about potential side effects related to L-Phenylalanine than there are to most other amino acids, including the potential that excessive levels of it may start to interfere with serotonin and nitric oxide production, as well as disrupting the normal functioning of other aminos.

There are also a number of people that have a condition known as phenylketonuria (PKE), which is an inability to metabolize L-Phenylalanine. This is especially an issue with some pregnant women, who must carefully monitor their L-Phenylalanine intake.

Grape Seed Extract: A somewhat effective antioxidant derived from the seeds of the common vitis vinifera grape. Grape seed extracts are not known as particularly effective nootropic agents, but they may have some mild benefits for neuroprotection.

Grape seed extracts may potentially cause some side effects like gastro-intestinal issues or headaches, however they tend to be fairly mild in all respects. They are not thought to generally be able to harm most consumers, but they also may not be able to help them much either.

Ginkgo Biloba: One of the most potent herbal nootropic ingredients in the world and strongly recommended by our experts for use in over the counter mental performance boosters. It is especially thought to be beneficial for memory function, but it can also increase blood flow to the brain, improve cognition and energy levels, and may have some neuroprotectant capabilities as well.

Unfortunately, True Focus uses a very small dose of ginkgo biloba that is far lower than that found in the majority of effective nootropics that choose to include it. Our experts strongly recommend ginkgo biloba to our readers, however they would generally encourage them to find a product with a larger quantity of the potent herbal aid.

Follow this link to see which nootropic supplements were named to our team of experts top ten list.

When True Focus says in their advertising that they use amino acids in their blend, it would be easy to assume that they were referring to Acetyl L-Carnitine or L-Glutamine, as those are two aminos that are often found in nootropic products. Instead, they include only L-Tyrosine and L-Phenylalanine, which are not nearly as well regarded in products of this nature.

Additionally, they promote their use of ginkgo biloba, however their dose of ginkgo is far below our experts recommended levels. In general, the ingredients of True Focus seem to be beneficial for the body on its most basic levels, however they also seem incapable of offering much in the way of a specific increase in any traditional nootropic category. It seems unlikely that True Focus could be particularly effective as a study aid or short-term mental performance booster, though it may have some applications for regulating long term mental wellness.

Follow this link to read more reviews of the top nootropic products on the market today.

True Focus is not sold through their own unique webpage, nor are they sold through the web page of their manufacturer, NOW Foods. Instead, they are widely available through many physical retailers in the United States, as well as through several other third-party distributors that are found online.

The prices for True Focus that were being quoted by these online sellers tends to fall within this price range:

These prices are well below the average for products of this nature. This is in keeping with their low dosage amounts and unusual ingredients selection.

As mentioned above, True Focus is a product of NOW Foods, a fairly large and well known manufacturer of a wide variety of different vitamins and nutritional supplements. They list their contact information online as:

Phone Number: (888) 669-3663

Address: 244 Knollwood Drive

Bloomingdale, IL 60108

Email: NOW Foods does not publish an email address publically, however it does have a customer comment form on their contact page for all electronic inquiries.

EDITORS TIP: For the best results, our experts recommend using brain enhancement supplements for at least 3 months. Save your money by buying a few bottles at once.

The online reviews of True Focus are somewhat disappointing. Here are several comments that previous customers have left online:

Never noticed a thing. Total waste of my money.

I bought three months worth of True Focus, and after taking it every day for over a month and a half, I have yet to see any benefits. Not sure if Ill keep taking it until its gone or just throw the rest out now.

The majority of the critical reviews were similar to these in that it seems most customers expected more out of True Focus than they received.

To see which nootropic supplements are the most effective for increasing memory levels and attention span, just follow this link.

The advertising for True Focus boasts that it uses a potent blend of amino acids and the herbal brain booster ginkgo biloba in order to help boost its consumers mental performance in a variety of ways. Unfortunately, the amino acids that they are referring to are not thought to be the most potent on the market, and the dosage amount of ginkgo that they use is below industry standard.

The result is a supplement that can offer some benefits to its users, however far less than the benefits that most people will get from the majority of other nootropic products. Our research team encourages our readers to seek out a more effective mental performance booster than True Focus.

The product that they suggest our readers try is called Memotenz. It has a far more effective ingredients list, including a selection of amino acids like L-Carnitine that are much more traditionally used in product of this type.

It is effective as both a short-term study aid or performance booster and a long-term neuroprotectant capable of reducing the severity of cognitive decline. Click here to read testimonials from past Memotenz users to see if it sounds right for you.

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True Focus Review (UPDATED 2017): Don't Buy Before You Read This! - Diets In Review (blog)

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