Government employees clean oil from Japaratinga beach in Brazils Alagoas state (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

By China Dialogue Ocean 12-20-2019 02:00:00

[ByManuela Andreoni,Letcia Casado and Lo Malafaia]

After a long day collecting what felt like tonnes of crude oil from one of the most beautiful beaches in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco, Vandecio Sebastio Santana was tired and frustrated.

This oil is coming from the high seas. Not from near here, he yelled. Do you think our work here in the sand is enough? Its not.

Santana is one of thousands of volunteers who have been cleaning Brazils beaches since mysterious oil patches started staining them in late August. They have been battling to protect the ecosystem that gives them fish to eat and sell and beautiful scenery to attract tourists. Their oiled hands and legs have featuredin mediaacross the country and the world.

What looked at first like a small leak has now become one of Brazils most serious environmental disasters. Hundreds of beaches have been polluted in 11 states, covering more than half of the countrys coastline. At least 106 animals, mostly sea turtles, have died.

Investigators have come to believe that Venezuelan oil leaked from a ship travelling in international waters hundreds of kilometres off Brazils coast. But the culprit remains elusive.

Gaps in governance

The disaster has highlighted the challenge of enforcing global shipping industry rules across the vastness of the ocean. Leaking vessels have caused several catastrophes at sea.

In 2002, the oil tankerPrestige sankoff the coast of Spain, causing the worst environmental disaster the region had ever seen. In 2010, theDeepwater Horizonoffshore drilling rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, causing the largest-ever spill in US waters. Last year, an Iranian tanker carrying one million barrels of oilcrashed into a freighterin the East China Sea, raising fears for marine life.

A crab trapped in oil on Japaratinga beach, Alagoas state (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

While many experts agree the laws governing the global shipping industry are comprehensive, enforcement is highly fragmented. Inspecting ships is sometimes the responsibility of three separate countries: the flag state that registered the ship; the port state where the ship docks; and the state in whose waters the ship is sailing.

Its still common for vessel owners to go for a so-calledflag of convenience, which means registering the ship in a country with weak regulations. Many of these countries have vastly improved their inspections in recent years. But some of the most popular flag countries, such as Panama and Greece, have thousands of ships to inspect, which can overwhelm them.

The framework is pretty good, said James Kraska, a professor of international maritime law at the US Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Whats not good is compliance. There are a few problem states undermining the system. And then there are the illegal networks, the criminal networks.

These networks are commonly involved inillegal fishing. But they have also become a concern around countries suffering from trade sanctions, which have more reasons to turn a blind eye to smugglers.

The networks often usedark ships ships that turn off transponders to make themselves invisible to monitoring systems. They have been found smuggling Venezuelan oil to evade US sanctions, raising concerns among Brazilian officials that they may be behind the disaster.

But that is speculation. The origin of the spill remains a mystery. Leandra Gonalves, a researcher at the University of So Paulos Institute of Oceanography, says the fragmented system of governance means some problems, such as the leak, never get reported. Fixing it is key to strengthening the international safety net.

There is a gap in the international governance of oceans, she said. And this gap must be closed.

Stopping the black tide

Santana was born and raised in Cabo do Santo Agostinho, a small beach town in the northeast of Brazil. Aged 36, he works as a paddleboard teacher, catering to thousands of tourists each year.

Not everyone has studied [or] has a job here, he said. We depend on tourism.

Vandecio Sebastio Santana manually cleans oil from mangroves in the Massangana river estuary, Pernambuco state (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

When the China Dialogue team met Santana, he had been cleaning the beach for 17 days. Atop his paddleboard, he collected the oil wearing four pairs of gloves to avoid contamination.

The thousands of Brazilians that, like Santana, gathered to desperately clean beaches were mostly improvising. Without proper equipment or guidance, they struggled to clean blobs of highly viscous crude oil off the sand, mangroves and rocks.

Across the two states China Dialogue Ocean visited, there were dozens of empty fish stalls and restaurants. Sales, shop owners said, had dropped 80%.

Clients think the fish and shellfish are contaminated, Demtrio Melo, who works at a fishmongers in the city of Olinda, said. They are scared.

The problem is made worse because many fishermen here live in poverty and depend on the fish they sell. This is the case with Maria do Socorro, a 51-year-old who lives with her husband and daughter in a 20 square metre wooden house with a dirt floor in the beach town of Nova Cruz.

The fish are oiled, she said. No one will buy them.

The scale of the damage to the environment is still unknown, but more than 10 nationally-protectedenvironmental reserveshave been poisoned. Valmir Ramos da Silva, director of environment in the city of Barreiros, Pernambuco, left his office to help other residents clean up.

We are mostly worried about the river, the estuary, he said. This is one of the least polluted estuaries in Brazil. This wont only affect biodiversity, but also fishermen. That is their ncome.

An improvised floating barrier to block oil contaminating the Boca da Barra estuary, Pernambuco state (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

From August to late November, the oil has reached more than 800 beaches, little by little. On several, volunteers were able to clean most of the oil only to see it show up again a few weeks later.

As Santana worked under the sun with no pay, he watched many in his town go hungry because they couldnt fish. But he also knew nothing they did would be enough to stop the black tide.

This work we are doing needs to be the last one, Santana said. But we dont have vessels to go to the high seas. And we have no structure to hold off the oil that is coming.

Frustrationatslow government response

Fishermen, environmentalists and academics alike were frustrated with what they saw as government inaction.

Officials in cities werediscarding the oilcollected from the beaches in landfills and abandoned buildings, ignoring environmental standards. Volunteers didnt get medical attention and there wasnt enough equipment to clean up the oil.

Skips full of oil-contaminated sand collected on Boca da Barra beach, Pernambuco state (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

Many accused the government of far-right president, Jair Bolsonaro, of not doing enough. Bolsonaroonly orderedan investigation into the matter on 5 October, 41 days after the disaster began.

On18 October, federal prosecutors even went to court to force the government to act.

The government insists on saying everything is alright. Its not, prosecutor Ramiro Rockenback told reporters. Whats happening is very serious.

Mission impossible: finding the source

The source of an oil spill of this magnitude would seem easy to identify. Its pretty easy to see an enormous tanker struggling at sea as tonnes of oil spills out of it. Companies generally report it, and an aircraft would easily be able to see it.

Not this time. Researchers believe the spill happened roughly a month before it reached the Brazilian coast. By then, a ship, even if it was struggling, would already be gone.

The satellites that roam over us have a limited capacity for collecting and storing data. Over the high seas, their images cannot capture the surface in enough detail to reveal the texture of an oil spill. Anything smaller than 500 square metres is pretty much invisible.

Many, including Brazils national environmental protection agency, said it was impossible to catch the culprit using satellites. But some tried regardless.

Leonardo Barros runs a company called Hex that specialises in geospatial technology. He and his team volunteered to help the government.

There is no doubt the biggest challenge is the availability of data, Barros said. This makes the work more complex and even innovative.

Oil-covered boots used by volunteers at the governments clean-up base on Itapuama beach, Pernambuco state (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

Using models to determine the ocean currents and winds, they identified a rough area where the oil could have spilled: the South Equatorial Current, which comes from Africa and splits nearer Brazils eastern tip, travelling north and south of the coastline. Other researchers agreed.

They then collected the images of satellites belonging to Nasa and the European Space Agency, and processed them. Roughly 700km away from Brazils coast, they spotted an indication of a stain over 200km long, and a ship they couldnt identify.

The next step was to collect ship location data using the automatic identification system, which tracks all ships that have turned on their transponders, as they are obligated to do. Hex was able to find four ships in the area at the time they thought the spill occurred. Only one was carrying Venezuelan oil the Greek-flagged Bouboulina.

Hexs report was the basis for a federal police investigation in early November that fixed the Bouboulina as the main suspect. But the Greek company that owned it, Delta Tankers, strongly denied any oil had leaked from its ship.

A tourist tries to remove oil from her foot on Japaratinga beach, Alagoas state (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

This week, Pedro Binelli, a representative of Brazils environmental protection agency, Ibama, told Congress his team believes the stain spotted by Hex was nothing but chlorophyll, a green pigment that indicates the concentration of microscopic organisms called phytoplankton in the water.

Researchers, Binelli said, were now looking for the culprit even further away, closer to Africa.

The more time goes by, the harder it becomes to find the origin of the oil stains,he toldthe G1 news website.

Other researchers working independently came up with more theories. At theFederal University of Alagoas, a professor pointed to a ship called Voyager 1. The American NGOSkytruthlooked suspiciously at a ship called the Amigos. Both backtracked from their initial discoveries days later.

Barros explained his companys report was only one element to help the investigation, and that a dark ship could also have been the culprit.

In that time period, in that place there were four vessels, he said. Does that eliminate the possibility that an unidentified vessel was also there? No.

Who pays for the pollution?

The investigation seems stuck. But there are mechanisms to protect member states of a few international conventions against oil spills even when the source is unknown.

One of them, which establishes theInternational Oil Pollution Compensation Fund, guarantees payment of damages to countries that suffer from spills if the shipping company responsible cant pay or the victim cant find the guilty ship.

But Brazil has not ratified this convention, meaning if it doesnt find the guilty ship, it will get no compensation.

A soldier rests on Japaratinga beach in Alagoas state after working all morning clearing oil (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

Brazil lacks a robust monitoring system for its seas. In the Brazilian navy, many officials agreed that Brazil should have done a better job of protecting itself, but that would have cost billions.

Whose fault is it? What failed? Brazil is the victim of an assault, one official said, asking his name not to be printed. This could happen to any country.

Beyond national jurisdiction

While fishers and residents of hundreds of Brazils beach cities feel the effects of the spill, environmentalists are still struggling to measure its impact.

We cant estimate impact without knowing the location and the amount of oil that was spilled, said Thiago Almeida, who heads Greenpeaces climate and energy campaign in Brazil.

Despite the clear up effort, patches of oil continue to appear on the coast of Alagoas state. (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

Almeida explained coastal ecosystems are the most vulnerable, as they store most of the nurseries of marine life. But life in the high seas has likely been damaged too.

There, no one can claim compensation. Thehigh seaslie beyond the jurisdiction of any one country. They cover over half the planet and are home to 90% of marine life.

Countries are negotiating more protections to the high seas,through a UN treatythat would protect marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction.

Among other things, a treaty could increase the number of sanctuaries in the high seas; currently only 1% is protected. It could also create a framework for environmental impact assessments in international waters.

Though the world finally seems ready to talk about the ocean, damage to the high seas is largely absent from discussion of the spill in Brazil. That doesnt mean it wont affect humans for a long time to come.

Spots of oil stain the feet of a volunteer helping to clean oil near Suape beach, Pernambuco state. (Image: Lo Malafaia/China Dialogue)

Oil is extremely toxic and carcinogenic, Almeida said. It slowly dissolves and, as it does, its ingested by sea creatures, going up the food chain.

Meanwhile, Santana continues to clean his beach. He reported seeing a fresh batch of oil arrive in Cabo de Santo Agostinho only two weeks after China Dialogue Ocean visited the city.

Residents, he said, were fishing again, even as scientists warned the fish could be poisoned.People are fishing and eating the fish, he said. They arent experts. They dont want to believe.

This article appears courtesy of China Dialogue Ocean and may be found in its original form here.

The opinions expressed herein are the author's and not necessarily those of The Maritime Executive.

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Spill and Run: Brazil Struggles to ID Tanker Behind Oil Pollution - The Maritime Executive