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Artificial Intelligence Ai Chatbots – Future For All

Posted on May 2, 2016 by Danzig

One definition of artificial intelligence is offered by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence -- "the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines".

Another definition I found sums up artificial intelligence as: "intelligent behavior in machines".

My own oversimplified version is "reasoning machines".

If I understand AI correctly, the ability to reach a new conclusion from what I have learned is one faculty that separates me from most "intelligent" machines today.

Artificial intelligence is difficult to describe because as humans, we still have not clearly defined what intelligence is. What is it that makes us, or any entity intelligent? Is it simply the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge? Is it consciousness? If so, can computer software be intelligent, a robot self-aware?

This remains to be seen. However, since related technologies such as computers and imaging are increasing rapidly if not exponentially, and there are so many levels of intelligence, I would take an uneducated guess that machine intelligence in some form will exist by 2025.

The technological singularity is the hypothesis that accelerating progress in technologies will cause a runaway effect wherein artificial intelligence will exceed human intellectual capacity and control, thus radically changing civilization in an event called "the singularity". Because the capabilities of such an intelligence may be impossible for a human to comprehend, the technological singularity is an occurrence beyond which events may become unpredictable, unfavorable, or even unfathomable. - Wikipedia

Futurists give varying predictions as to the date, cause and likelihood of such an event. My own take on the Singularity and its arrival can be found in an original FutureForAll.org article Surfing the Singularity

A chatbot is a computer program that is designed to simulate an intelligent conversation with humans. Many chat bots use artificial intelligence to interpret speech or text input and before providing a response. Some simply scan for keywords within the input and pull a matching reply from a database. Chatbots may also be referred to as talk bots, chatterbots, or chatterboxes. Chatbots

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Artificial Intelligence Ai Chatbots - Future For All

artificial intelligence programming language | Britannica.com

Posted on May 2, 2016 by Danzig

Artificial intelligence programming language, a computer language developed expressly for implementing artificial intelligence (AI) research. In the course of their work on the Logic Theorist and GPS, two early AI programs, Allen Newell and J. Clifford Shaw of the Rand Corporation and Herbert Simon of Carnegie Mellon University developed their Information Processing Language (IPL), a computer language tailored for AI programming. At the heart of IPL was a highly flexible data structure that they called a list. A list is simply an ordered sequence of items of data. Some or all of the items in a list may themselves be lists. This scheme leads to richly branching structures.

In 1960 John McCarthy, a computer scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), combined elements of IPL with the lambda calculus (a formal mathematical-logical system) to produce the programming language LISP (List Processor), which remains the principal language for AI work in the United States. (The lambda calculus itself was invented in 1936 by the Princeton University logician Alonzo Church while he was investigating the abstract Entscheidungsproblem, or decision problem, for predicate calculusthe same problem that the British mathematician and logician Alan Turing had been attacking when he invented the universal Turing machine.)

The logic programming language PROLOG (Programmation en Logique) was conceived by Alain Colmerauer at the University of Aix-Marseille, France, where the language was first implemented in 1973. PROLOG was further developed by the logician Robert Kowalski, a member of the AI group at the University of Edinburgh. This language makes use of a powerful theorem-proving technique known as resolution, invented in 1963 at the U.S. Atomic Energy Commissions Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois by the British logician Alan Robinson. PROLOG can determine whether or not a given statement follows logically from other given statements. For example, given the statements All logicians are rational and Robinson is a logician, a PROLOG program responds in the affirmative to the query Robinson is rational? PROLOG is widely used for AI work, especially in Europe and Japan.

Researchers at the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology in Tokyo have used PROLOG as the basis for sophisticated logic programming languages. Known as fifth-generation languages, these are in use on nonnumerical parallel computers developed at the Institute.

Other recent work includes the development of languages for reasoning about time-dependent data such as the account was paid yesterday. These languages are based on tense logic, which permits statements to be located in the flow of time. (Tense logic was invented in 1953 by the philosopher Arthur Prior at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.)

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artificial intelligence programming language | Britannica.com

Artificial Cell Building | Artificial Intelligence | Computer …

Posted on May 2, 2016 by Danzig

This months top preparation event for the New World Order, and news story, may be the creation of a Synthetic Artificial Cell that originates from computer science. A billionaire scientist has made a synthetic cell from scratch. News articles reveal that after 15 years and 27.7million, this synthetic Artificial Cell opens an ethical Pandoras box.

The creation of this Artificial Cell is generating an ethical controversy that the usage can be for the positive or negative. Programmable Artificial Cell Evolution (Pace) began April 2004 as a collaboration between Chalmers and 15 other partners in Europe and USA. Ten years ago a controversial subject was cloning, yet the subject faded out, but the research and technology continues. Artificial cell building will generate a controversy and fade out, but the preparation events for the New World Order continue.

All observers of the preparation stage of the New World Order should easily comprehend that creating an Artificial Cell through the manipulation of DNA, and the Artificial Intelligence of computer science parallels with the sinister agenda of the combined powers of the darkness.

It is pretty stunning when you just replace the DNA software in a cell and the cell instantly starts reading that new software and starts making a whole new set of proteins, and within a short while all the characteristics of the first species disappear and a new species emerges.

A program without a hard drive, the DNA doesnt do anything by itself. But, when the software is loaded into the computer in this case the second bacterium amazing things are possible.

The researchers constructed a bacteriums genetic software and transplanted it into a host cell.

The resulting microbe then looked and behaved like the species dictated by the synthetic DNA.

The creation of a Monster: The Daily Mail.

These range from the mundanely practical how will this be useful? to the profoundly philosophical will we have to redefine what life is?

Depending on your viewpoint, it is either a powerful testament to human ingenuity or a terrible example of hubris and the first step on a very dangerous road.

To understand what this development means, we need to discover who the team behind this innovation is.

It is led by Craig Venter, the worlds greatest scientific provocateur, a 63-year-old Utah-born genius, a Vietnam veteran, billionaire, yachtsman, and an explorer. Above all he is a showman.

The next step to produce a strong foundation for the New World Order is to create Artificial Intelligence (AI). Artificial Intelligence is a combination of computer science, physiology, and philosophy. AI is an area where computer science is focusing on by creating machines that can engage on behaviors that humans consider intelligent. The ability to create intelligent machines has intrigued humans since ancient times, and today with the advanced computer and 50 years of research into AI programming techniques, the dream of smart machines is becoming a reality. Researchers are creating systems which can mimic human thought, understand speech, beat the best human chessplayer, and countless other feats never before possible.

The element that the different fields of AI have in common is the creation of machines that can think. Artificial Intelligence has grown from a dozen researchers, to thousands of engineers and specialists, and from programs capable of playing checkers, to systems designed to diagnose disease.

In 1941 an invention revolutionized every aspect of the storage and processing of information. That invention, developed in both the US and Germany was the electronic computer. The first computers required large, separate air-conditioned rooms, and were a programmers nightmare, involving the separate configuration of thousands of wires to even get a program running.

The 1949 innovation, the stored program computer, made the job of entering a program easier, and advancements in computer theory lead to computer science, and eventually Artificial intelligence. With the invention of an electronic means of processing data, came a medium that made AI possible.

The military put AI based hardware to the test of war during Desert Storm. AI-based technologies were used in missile systems, heads-up-displays, and other advancements. AI has also made the transition to the home. With the popularity of the AI computer growing, the interest of the public has also grown. Applications for the Apple Macintosh and IBM compatible computer, such as voice and character recognition have become available. Also AI technology has made steadying camcorders simple using fuzzy logic. With a greater demand for AI-related technology, new advancements are becoming available. Inevitably Artificial Intelligence has, and will continue to affecting our lives.

Although computer science provided the technology necessary for AI, it was not until the early 1950s that the link between human intelligence and machines was really observed. Norbert Wiener was one of the first Americans to make observations on the principle of feedback theory. The most familiar example of feedback theory is the thermostat: It controls the temperature of an environment by gathering the actual temperature of the house, comparing it to the desired temperature, and responding by turning the heat up or down. What was so important about his research into feedback loops was that Wiener theorized that all intelligent behavior was the result of feedback mechanisms. Mechanisms that could possibly be simulated by machines. This discovery influenced much of early development of AI.

There should be no doubt of the villainous agenda of the combined powers of the darkness. Combining all the different aspects of the preparation events that are occurring can be challenging to identity for the casual reader. The truth is progressive for the seeker, thus the agenda of the darkness just becomes bigger. Within the world of the Darkness, mind control, host body Avatars, and master race DNA manipulation that includes advanced technology will correspond with the personification of greed, selfishness, and egotism. All humans that choose the New World Order, even though deceived, will be chipped slaves of the demonic lower entities and their Alien cohorts..

The Lower Entities will use the invented technology through the ET Alien Grays to inhabit human host bodies while the human soul is under complete mind control; the entity desires the artificial lazy life of tranced induced addictive lasciviousness. Inhabiting human bodies provides the entity to act-out their addictive perversions and will remove all traces of reality that can produce virtue. The prime reason for genetically modified foods, artificial cell producing life, and artificial intelligence correlates with a phony fake reality that roots out the heart and that feeds the five senses, and most importantly the brain.

As this world progresses toward the New World Order, the organized movements of duality, such as the patriot, tea party, new age, and any type of movement that embraces this world may serve as a trap. The powers of the darkness are addicted to war, thus, creating an opposition group that wholeheartedly supports this world and their country, but fails to progress spiritually, might be entrapped into the world of the darkness into a purposeless battle as rebels.

The powers of the darkness rely on the elements of the universe.

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Artificial Cell Building | Artificial Intelligence | Computer ...

Artificial Intelligence:Artificial intelligence

Posted on May 2, 2016 by Danzig

What is artificial intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is considered the development of machines such as robots and security systems to perform the job of humans. They even have feelings, thoughts, preferences and understand human speech.

Artificial Intelligence then and now

In 1941, the most intelligent machine was an invention in the form of the electronic computer. Who would have thought 60 years from then that the same computer would be perfected beyond leaps and bounds and be used to control other machines, as well as be part of day to day living? In 1956, John McCarthy, considered the father of Artificial Intelligence, organized a conference where intellectuals gathered to learn of this phenomenon. This laid the foundation for the advancements in artificial intelligence today.

Today artificial intelligence is used in our homes and sophisticated establishments such as military bases and the NASA space station. NASA has even sent out artificially intelligent robots to grace some planets and to learn more about their atmosphere and habitat, the intention being to investigate if there is a possibility of humans living on other planets.

There are many advantages and disadvantages of the use of artificial intelligence in business and in our day to day lives.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Machines can be used to take on complex and stressful work that would be otherwise performed by humans

Machines can complete the task faster than a human assigned to do the same task

Use of robotics to discover unexplored landscape, outer space and also be useful in our home activities

Less danger, injury and stress to humans as the work is done by a artificially intelligent machine

Aiding of mental, visually and hearing impaired individuals

Used for games to create a atmosphere where you don't feel like you are playing against just a machine

Understanding complex software can be made in to easy-to-understand types with the aid of artificial intelligence

Less errors and defects

Minimized time and resources. Time and resources are not wasted but effectively used to achieve the end goal

Their function is infinite

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Lacks the human touch. Human qualities are sometimes ignored

The ability to replace a human job. This gives rise to humans feeling insecure and may have the fear of losing their job

Human capabilities can be replaced using a machine and therefore can foster feelings of inferiority among workers and staff

Artificial Intelligence can malfunction and do the opposite of what they are programmed to do

May corrupt the younger generation

There is no filtering of information

This type of technology can be misused to cause mass scale destruction

Summery: This article describes what artificial intelligence is and how useful it is in our day to day lives, while also highlighting some of the disadvantages.

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Artificial Intelligence:Artificial intelligence

UCSD CSE – Artificial Intelligence

Posted on May 2, 2016 by Danzig

The Artificial Intelligence Group at UCSD engages in a wide range of theoretical and experimental research. Areas of particular strength include machine learning, reasoning under uncertainty, and cognitive modeling. Within these areas, students and faculty also pursue real-world applications to problems in computer vision, speech and audio processing, data mining, bioinformatics, and computer security. The Artificial Intelligence Group is part of a larger campus-wide effort in Computational Statistics and Machine Learning (COSMAL). Interdisciplinary collaborations are strongly supported and encouraged.

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M. Elkherj and Y. Freund. A system for sending the right hint at the right time. In ACM: Learning at Scale 2014 (L@S-14). Atlanta, Georgia. March 2014.

C.M. Kanan, N. A. Ray, D. Bseiso, J. Hsiao, and G. Cottrell, Predicting an observer's task using multi-fixation pattern analysis. In Proceedings of The Annual Eye Tracking Research & Applications Symposium (ETRA 2014), Saftey Harbor, FL, March 2014 (to appear)

K. Chaudhuri and S. Vinterbo. A stability-based validation procedure for differentially private machine learning . In Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), Lake Tahoe, NV. December 2013.

M. Telgarsky and S. Dasgupta. Moment-based uniform deviation bounds for k-means and friends . In Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), Lake Tahoe, NV. December 2013.

A. Balsubramani, S. Dasgupta, and Y. Freund. The fast convergence of incremental PCA . In Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), Lake Tahoe, NV. December 2013.

R. A. Cowell, and G.W. Cottrell. What evidence supports special processing for faces? A cautionary tale for fMRI interpretation. In Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25(11):1777-1793. November 2013.

Z. Ji and C. Elkan. Differential privacy based on importance weighting. Machine Learning 93(1): 163-183 October 2013.

A. D. Sarwate and K. Chaudhuri. Signal processing and machine learning with differential privacy: algorithms and challenges for continuous data In IEEE Signal Processing Magazine , September 2013.

A. Omigbodun, and G.W. Cottrell. Is facial expression processing holistic? In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX. July 2013.

P. Wang, and G.W. Cottrell. A computational model of the development of hemispheric asymmetry of face processing. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX. July 2013.

B. Cipollini, and G.W. Cottrell. Uniquely human developmental timing may drive cerebral lateralization and interhemispheric coupling. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Austin, TX. July 2013.

J. Hsiao, B. Cipollini, and G.W. Cottrell. Hemispheric asymmetry in perception: A differential encoding account. In Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25(7):998-1007. July 2013.

E. Coviello, A. Mumtaz, A. Chan, and G. Lanckriet. That was fast! Speeding up NN search of high dimensional distributions. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-13). Atlanta, GA. June 2013.

D.-K. Kim, G. M. Voelker, and L. K. Saul. A variational approximation for topic modeling of hierarchical corpora. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-13). Atlanta, GA. June 2013.

D. Lim, G. Lanckriet, and B. McFee. Robust structural metric learning. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-13). Atlanta, GA. June 2013.

A. Menon, O. Tamuz, S. Gulwani, B. Lampson, and A. Kalai. A machine learning framework for programming by example. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-13). Atlanta, GA. June 2013.

M. Telgarsky. Margins, shrinkage, and boosting. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML-13). Atlanta, GA. June 2013.

S. Dasgupta and K. Sinha. Randomized partition trees for exact nearest neighbor search. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory (COLT-13). Princeton, NJ. June 2013.

M. Telgarsky. Boosting with the logistic loss is consistent. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory (COLT-13). Princeton, NJ. June 2013.

A. Kumar, S. Vembu, AK Menon and C. Elkan. Beam search algorithms for multilabel learning. Machine Learning 92(1): 65-89 June 2013.

L. Yan, A. Elgamal, and G.W. Cottrell. A sub-structure vibration NARX neural network approach for statistical damage inference. In Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Special Issue on Dynamics and Analysis of Large-Scale Structures). 139(6):737-747. June 2013.

R. Huerta, F. J. Corbacho, and C. Elkan. Nonlinear support vector machines can systematically identify stocks with high and low future returns. Algorithmic Finance 2(1): 45-58 March 2013.

R. E. Schapire and Y. Fruend. Boosting: Foundations and Algorithms. R. E. Schapire and Y. Freund. MIT Press 2012.

K. Chaudhuri, A. Sarwate and K. Sinha. Near-optimal algorithms for differentially private principal components. In P. Bartlett, F. C. N. Pereira, C. J. C. Burges, L. Bottou, K. Q. Weinberger (eds.), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25, pages 998-1006. Lake Tahoe, CA. December 2012.

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R. Huerta, S. Vembu, J. M. Amigo, T. Nowotny, and C. Elkan. Inhibition in multiclass classification. Neural Computation 24(9):2473-2507. September 2012.

S. Kpotufe and S. Dasgupta. A tree-based regressor that adapts to intrinsic dimension. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 78(5): 1496-1515. September 2012.

A. Kumar, S. Vembu, A. K. Menon, and C. Elkan. Learning and inference in probabilistic classifier chains with beam search. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML/PKDD), pages 665-680. Bristol, UK. September 2012.

V. Ramavajjala and C. Elkan. Policy iteration based on a learned transition model. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML/PKDD), pages 211-226. Bristol, UK. September 2012.

I. Valmianski, A.Y. Shih, J.D. Driscoll, D.W. Matthews, Y. Freund, D. Kleinfeld, Automatic identification of fluorescently labeled brain cells for rapid functional imaging. J Neurophysiol. September 2012.

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UCSD CSE - Artificial Intelligence

Braina – Artificial Intelligence Software for Windows

Posted on May 2, 2016 by Danzig

Braina helps you do things you do everyday. It is a multi-functional software that provides a single window environment to control your computer and perform wide range of tasks using voice commands. It can take a dictation (speech to text), search information on the Internet, it can play the songs you want to hear, it can open or search files on your computer, it can set alarms and reminders, it can do mathematical calculations, remember notes for you, automate various computer tasks, read ebooks and much more.

Braina is a result of solid research work done in the field of artificial intelligence. We are working to make Braina a digital assistant that can understand, think and even learn from experience like a human brain. Braina does language understanding and learns from conversation as shown below.

Braina is a speech recognition software that converts your voice into text in any website and software (e.g., MS Word, Notepad etc.). It supports English, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Chinese and Japanese languages. It's fast, easy and accurate, helping you become more productive than ever before.

Play songs and videos using voice commands. Braina can search songs and videos both on your local drives and online platforms such as SoundClound, YouTube etc. You can also control the media playback and volume. Play Hips Don't Lie Play Akon Play Euphoria Search song blues Play video Thriller Search egg recipes on Youtube

Braina's Android app converts your Android smartphone or tablet into a wireless microphone to command Braina on your PC over a Wifi network. This means you don't need to sit in front of your computer to do tasks. For example, you can remotely command Braina to play songs from any place in your house. You can relax in your arm-chair and give voice commands to play your favorite songs.

Braina can read text aloud naturally. You can listen to e-books, emails, webpage content etc. You can even select different voices and adjust the reading speed.

Braina is a brilliant mathematician and a talking calculator. Ask your math problem and Braina will speak the answer back to you. Braina can solve problems of Arithmetic, Trigonometry, Powers & Roots, Prime Numbers, Percentage, Divisors, Set Theory, Mathematical definition and much more. 1 - 2 + 3 - 4 + 5 - 6 + 7 - 8 + 9 - 10 (10*2 + 5*4) / (10 - 2) Square root of 64 Is 31 a prime number? $2400 + 15% Is 7654 divisible by 43?

Find information about any person, place or thing from various online resources. Quickly perform searches on search engine like Google, Bing, Yahoo etc. Find information on Parkinson's disease Tell me something about Her movie Search Real Madrid score on Google Search for Albert Einstein on Wikipedia Who is Johnny Depp? Find Pizza restaurants near me Show map of USA Show images of cute puppies

Find definitions, antonyms, synonyms etc. of any word. It can also define medical terms. Define horripilation What is intelligence? Synonyms of shrewd Antonyms of good Words containing Apple

Open files, programs, websites, folders, games etc quickly. Braina also allows you to search files and folders 10 times faster on your PC. Search file awesome Search folder music Open notepad Open task manager Open my computer Open control panel Open network connections Open system information Open mouse properties Open Facebook Open E drive

Create Keyboard macros and automate keystrokes. Almost any repetitive tasks that can be performed using keyboard can be automated. Braina can be used for applications or web pages that needs you to sit and press keys to achieve your goals such as games. You can automate power point presentations, play games, automate webcams, refresh webpages, automatically fill forms in webpages etc.

Create your own customized voice commands and replies. You can also define hotkeys (also known as shortcut keys or keyboard shortcut) to automatically trigger a custom command action (such as launching a software, website, keyboard macro etc.)

Note down To-Do items, chat conversations, memos, website snippets, website bookmarks, contacts, ideas and other things. Note I have given 550 dollars to John Recall John Notes

Braina adds alarm functionality to your PC, letting you create multiple alarms that can wake you up or remind you when it's time to do something. Set alarm at 7:30 am Remind me to visit the doctor on 15th August at 11 am

Braina has various built-in commands that allows you to interact with any application window. Maximize Window Minimize Window Close Window Switch to notepad Scroll downScroll up Close notepad

Find today's and upcoming events happening in any city of the world! Today's events in Dubai

Trigger actions on computer startup and save your time. For example, Braina can open a set of frequently visited websites by you automatically on computer startup.

Make Skype calls Shutdown computer remotely Jokes and Quotes Change Braina's name - Give any name to Braina assistant. Give it name of artificial intelligence characters such as Jarvis (IronMan), HAL, Samantha (Her movie) or anything you wish. Voice Control PowerPoint Presentation and much more.

Braina - Artificial Intelligence Software for Windows

Artificial Intelligence/Definition – Wikibooks, open books …

Posted on May 2, 2016 by Danzig

Over the past few years, you might have come across the term artificial intelligence and have imagined it to be a vivid personification of extraterrestrial beings or robots. But, what is artificial intelligence in fact? In this section, we will explore the meaning and semantics of the term artificial intelligence.

Artificial intelligence is the search for a way to map intelligence into mechanical hardware and enable a structure into that system to formalize thought. No formal definition, as yet, is available for as to what artificial intelligence actually is. Over the course of this section, we will try to formulate a working definition, reasoning and articulating facts and preferences of various other authors and practitioners of the field. To start with, we would think of the word artificial and intelligence as main sources of inspiration and come up with a brief description of the same as follows:

With our first set of formal declaration of the concept, we tread gradually through different semantics of it and try to explore a much broader definition for AI. In their book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, authors Russell and Norvig tried to establish a clear classification of the definition of the field into distinct categories based on working definitions from other authors commenting on AI. The demarcation of concepts holds true to these clauses for systems that:

So, one would be tempted to improve upon the definition given above to include these facts into perspective such that the definition that we end up with says that:

There are numerous definitions of what artificial intelligence is.

We end up with four possible goals:

What is rationality? -> "doing the right thing" - simply speaking.

Definitions:

For (1.): "The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by humans" (Kurzweil). Involves cognitive modeling - we have to determine how humans think in a literal sense (explain the inner workings of the human mind, which requires experimental inspection or psychological testing)

For (2.): "GPS - General Problem Solver" (Newell and Simon). Deals with "right thinking" and dives into the field of logic. Uses logic to represent the world and relationships between objects in it and come to conclusions about it. Problems: hard to encode informal knowledge into a formal logic system and theorem provers have limitations (if there's no solution to a given logical notation).

For (3.): Turing defined intelligent behavior as the ability to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks, sufficient to fool a human person (Turing Test).Physical contact to the machine has to be avoided, because physical appearance is not relevant to exhibit intelligence. However, the "Total Turing Test" includes appearance by encompassing visual input and robotics as well.

For (4.): The rational agent - achieving one's goals given one's beliefs. Instead of focusing on humans, this approach is more general, focusing on agents (which perceive and act). More general than strict logical approach (i.e. thinking rationally).

A human judge engages in a natural language conversation with two other parties, one a human and the other a machine; if the judge cannot reliably tell which is which, then the machine is said to pass the test. It is assumed that both the human and the machine try to appear human.

Tried to debunk the claims of "Strong AI". Searle opposed the view that the human mind IS a computer and that consequently, any appropriately construed computer program could also be a mind.

A man who doesn't speak Chinese sits in a room and is handed sheets of paper with Chinese symbols through a slit. He has access to a manual with a comprehensive set of rules on how to respond to this input. Searle argues, that even though he can answer correctly, he doesn't understand Chinese; he's just following syntactical rules and doesn't have access to the meaning of them. Searle believes that "mind" emerges from brain functions, but is more than a "computer program" - it requires intentionality, consciousness, subjectivity and mental causation.

The problem deals with the relationship between mental and physical events. Suppose I decide to stand up. My decision could be seen as a mental event. Now something happens in my brain (neurons firing, chemicals flowing, you name it) which could be seen as a physical, measurable event. How can it be, that something "mental" causes something "physical". Hence it's hard to claim that both are completely different things. One could go on and claim that these mental events are, in fact, physical events: My decision is neurons firing, but I'm not aware of this - I feel like I made a decision independently from the physical. Of course this works the other way round too: everything physical could, in fact, be mental events. When I stand up after having made the decision (mental event), I'm not physically standing up, but my actions cause mental events in my and the bystanders minds - physical reality is an illusion.

It is the question of how to determine which things remain the same in a changing environment.

Occurs whenever an organism or artificial intelligence is at some current state and does not know how to proceed in order to reach a desired goal state. This is considered to be a problem that can be solved by coming up with a series of actions that lead to the goal state (the "solving").

In general, search is an algorithm that takes a problem as input and returns with a solution from the searchspace. The search space is the set of all possible solutions. We dealt a lot with so called "state space search" where the problem is to find a goal state or a path from some initial state to a goal state in the state space. A state space is a collection of states, arcs between them and a non-empty set of start states and goal states. It is helpful to think of the search as building up a search tree - from any given node (state): what are my options to go next (towards the goal), eventually reaching the goal.

Uninformed search (blind search) has no information about the number of steps or the path costs from the current state to the goal. They can only distinguish a goal state from a non-goal state. There is no bias to go towards the desired goal.

For search algorithms, open list usually means the set of nodes yet to be explored and closed list the set of nodes that have already been explored.

In informed search, a heuristic is used as a guide that leads to better overall performance in getting to the goal state. Instead of exploring the search tree blindly, one node at a time, the nodes that we could go to are ordered according to some evaluation function that determines which node is probably the "best" to go to next. This node is then expanded and the process is repeated (i.e. Best First Search). A* Search is a form of BestFS. In order to direct the search towards the goal, the evaluation function must include some estimate of the cost to reach the closest goal state from a given state. This can be based on knowledge about the problem domain, the description of the current node, the search cost up to the current node BestFS optimizes DFS by expanding the most promising node first. Efficient selection of the current best candidate is realized by a priority queue.

Finding Heuristics:

Minimax is for deterministic games with perfect information. Non-Deterministic games will use the expectiminimax algorithm.

For CSPs, states in the search space are defined by the values of a set of variables, which can get assigned a value from a specific domain, and the goal test is a set of constraints that the variables must obey in order to make up a valid solution to the initial problem.

Example: 8-queens problem; variables could be the positions of each of the eight queens, the constraint to pass the goal test is that no two queens can be such that they harm each other.

Different types of constraints:

In addition to that, constraints can be absolute or preference (the former rules out certain solutions, the latter just says which solutions are preferred). The domain can be discrete or continuous. In each step of the search, it is checked if any variable has violated one of the constraints - if yes: backtrack and rule out this path.

Forward checking checks if any decisions on yet unassigned variables would be ruled out by assigning a value to a variable. It deletes any conflicting values from the set of possible values for each of the unassigned variables. If one of the sets becomes empty - backtrack immediately.

There are also heuristics for making decisions on variable assignments.

Selecting the next variable:

After selecting the variable:

variables connected to the current variable through constraints.

CSP's that work with iterative improvement are often called "heuristic repair" methods, because they repair inconsistencies in the current configuration. Tree-structured CSPs can be solved in linear time.

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Artificial Intelligence/Definition - Wikibooks, open books ...

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach by Stuart Russell …

Posted on May 2, 2016 by Danzig

5 stars because there is, quite simply, no substitute.

Artificial Intelligence is, in the context of the infant science of computing, a very old and very broad subdiscipline, the "Turing test" having arisen, not only at the same time, but from the same person as many of the foundations of computing itself. Those of us students of a certain age will recall terms like "symbolic" vs. "connectionist" vs. "probabilistic," as well as "scruffies" and "neats." Key figures, events, and schools of thought

The major accomplishment, in my opinion, of AIMA, then, is that: Russell and Norvig take the hodge-podge of AI research, manage to fit it sensibly into a narrative structure centered on the notion of different kinds of "agents" (not to be confused with that portion of AI research that explicitly refers to its constructs as "agents!") and, having dug the pond and filled it with water, skip a stone across the surface. It's up to the reader whether to follow the arcs of the stone from major subject to major subject, foregoing depth, or whether to pick a particular contact point and concentrate on the eddies propagating from it. For the latter purpose, the extensive bibliography is indispensable.

With all of this said, I have to acknowledge that Russell and Norvig are not entirely impartial AI practitioners. Norvig, in particular, is well-known by now as a staunch Bayesian probabilist who, as Director of Search Quality or Machine Learning or whatever Google has decided to call it today, has made Google the Bayesian powerhouse that it is. (Less known is Norvig's previous stint at high-tech startup Junglee, which was acquired by Amazon. So to some extent Peter Norvig powers both Google and Amazon.) So one can probably claim, not without justification, that AIMA emphasizes Bayesian probability over other approaches.

Finally, as good as AIMA is, it is still a survey. Even with respect to Bayesian probability, the treatment is introductory, as I discovered with some shock upon reading Probability Theory: The Logic of Science. That's OK, though: it's the best introduction I've ever seen.

So read it once for the survey, keep it on your shelf for the bibliography, and refer back to it whenever you find yourself thinking "hey, didn't I read about that somewhere before?"

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach by Stuart Russell ...

Illinois Freedom of Information Act – University of Illinois

Posted on May 1, 2016 by Danzig

As of November 2011, all Freedom of Information requests to the University of Illinois administration or any of the three University campuses are processed by the Office for University Relations.

TheIllinois Freedom of Information Act(FOIA) provides public access to government documents and records. The Illinois FOIA notes that it is "the public policy of the State of Illinois that all persons are entitled to full and complete information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts and policies of those who represent them as public officials and public employees consistent with the terms of this Act. Such access is necessary to enable the people to fulfill their duties of discussing public issues fully and freely, making informed political judgments and monitoring government to ensure that it is being conducted in the public interest."

The IllinoisAttorney General office websiteprovides details about the act. The site includes an FAQ (frequently asked questions) document written by staff in the AG's office for individuals employed by "public bodies" such as the University of Illinois.

As a state institution, the University of Illinois issubject to the Illinois FOIA. Alog of all FOIA requests is maintained by the Office for University Relations, which manages the FOIA process for the U of I. Requests filed under the Freedom of Information Act, response letters, and responsive documents are themselves public records and subject to FOIA requests.

The University of Illinois provides countless documents and information without the requirement of filing a FOIA request. The FOIA process can be complicated and information can be provided without that step. However, some requestors -- or the University -- may determine that a formal request for records under FOIA is appropriate. In those instances, a thorough reading of the pages listed below will provide helpful information about the process, contact names, and how a request is handled.

For more detailed information, read:

If you have questions, please contact theOffice for University Relationsat 217-333-6400.

Illinois Freedom of Information Act - University of Illinois

Freedom Boat Club Chicago Illinois Freedom Boat Club

Posted on May 1, 2016 by Danzig

Welcome to Freedom Boat Club Chicago. We are the perfect alternative to boat ownership, or renting a boat on Lake Michigan. In fact, your monthly membership fee can be less than renting a boat for just one day in Chicago. The best part of being a member in Freedom Boat Club Chicago is that you dont have any of the hassles that come with owning a boat. You dont pay for insurance, docking fees, depreciation, maintenance, or storage. If you are looking to buy a boat to store in San Diego, or you like to rent boats multiple times per year, this is a new alternative without all the hassles that come with owning a boat. And, were adding new boats to our fleets all the time!

Your membership gives you access to our entire fleet in your membership class. New members also receive free basic training.

Membership in Freedom Boat Club Chicago is easy. You pay a one-time initiation fee, and then low monthly dues.

Whether you want to spend more time with your friends and family, want to dive Lake Michigan wrecks, love to fish, or just want to hang out in the Playpen, Freedom Boat Club Chicago has the boat in our fleet thats right for every occasion. The boat is waiting. Why are you? Join Freedom Boat Club Chicago and experience the smart alternative to boat ownership or renting! Start the process by emailing Michael Johnston today.

We are conveniently located on L Dock at Montrose Harbor, minutes from River North and many suburbs. Stop by the dock for a tour, or schedule an appointment to learn more by clicking here.

Get Pre-Approved for membership by clicking here.

Check us out on social media, too!

*we hate SPAM too, so we don't do it, period.

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Freedom Boat Club Chicago Illinois Freedom Boat Club

Artificial intelligence could help predict cyber attacks …

Posted on May 1, 2016 by Danzig

Cyber attacks have been in the news a lot lately. From cases of ransomware holding hospital records hostage to the hack that crippled Sony t0 the security breach that left VTech toys vulnerable, a lot of damage can be done if companies don't adequately protect their data. But oftentimes, signs that a system has been compromised are not clear until it's too late. Human analysts may miss the evidence, while automated detection systems tend to generate a lot of false alarms.

What's the solution? Cue the rise of artificial intelligence, or at least AI that can work in tandem with human analysts to spot digital clues that could be signs of trouble.

A research team from MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) and machine-learning startup PatternEx have developed an artificial intelligence platform called AI2 -- or AI "squared" -- that can predict cyber attacks 85 percent of the time, working together with input from human analysts. This is about three times better than benchmarks set by past systems, reducing the number of false positive results by a factor of five, the group said in a press release.

This system was tested on 3.6 billion pieces of data, or "log lines," that were produced by millions of users over a three-month period. AI2 sifts through all the data and then clusters them into patterns through unsupervised, machine-learning. Suspicious patterns of activity are sent over to human analysts who confirm whether or not these are actual attacks or false-positives. The AI system then takes this information and includes it in models to retrieve even more accurate results for the next data set -- so it gets better and better as time goes on.

Development of the system began two years ago, when PatternEx was founded. CSAIL research scientist Kalyan Veeramachaneni developed AI2 with Ignacio Arnaldo, a chief data scientist at PatternEx and a former CSAIL postdoc.

The goal was to figure out how to bring artificial intelligence technology to the infotech space, Veeramachaneni told CBS News.

"We looked at a couple of machine-learning solutions, and basically would go to the data and tried to identify some structure in that data. You are trying to find outliers and the problem was there were number of outliers that we were trying to show the analysts -- there were just too many of them," Veeramachaneni said. "Even if they are outliers, you know, they aren't necessarily attacks. We realized, finding the actual attacks involved a mix of supervised and unsupervised machine-learning. We saw that's what worked, and that's what was missing in the industry. We decided that we should start building such a system -- machine-learning that also involved human input."

If this collaboration between man and machine is so much effective at defending against cyber attacks, why was it missing from the industry? Veeramachaneni said that until very recently, artificial intelligence systems were just not advanced enough for this kind of prediction accuracy.

"One of the primary reasons this wasn't around was that now we have the storage and the infrastructure processing technologies. We have all of this big data processing now. The second thing was that we also now have the ability to get human input at the scale that was never imaginable before," he stressed. "You have seamless productivity with human input now. I mean the feedback you get from cellphones now, you didn't have five years ago. The third biggest piece is that machine-learning has really come to the forefront. That innovation has really jumped. All of those things came together in the last five years."

Veeramachaneni presented a paper about AI2 during the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Conference on Big Data Security last week in New York.

He said that, so far, the response from companies has been positive.

"Security has become a very very important issue for everyone. For every company. More of our data -- everything, really -- is online. The need for this kind of system has become even greater."

Where does he see artificial intelligence going five years from now?

"I think, like our system in that it is augmenting a process, AI will be about augmentation. It will be about making processes more efficient. They are going to make things more efficient so people can move on to more interesting things," he said. "If you ask me, I would love to see AI being used to tackle problems that have more of a survival impact. How can AI move in directions that address problems that have direct impacts on society."

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Artificial intelligence could help predict cyber attacks ...

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in …

Posted on April 29, 2016 by Danzig

Whether youre looking to become a physician, find a clinical fellowship or residency program, hoping to pursue a life of basic science research or aspiring to join one of the best medical art programs in the world, Johns Hopkins has what you are looking for. Our medical and graduate programs are ranked among the top in the nation and our teachers, scientists, and physicians are some of the worlds foremost experts in their fields. That's what gets people interested in coming to Johns Hopkins... but it's the culture here that gets people to stay. It's a culture of excellence and an aspiration to be the best in the world at what you do, mixed with friendliness, and a spirit of collaboration that make it all possible... and wonderful to be part of.

While we are steeped in history, having been the first institution of its kind to bring together patient care, research and education, youll find that we also have some of the most cutting-edge research happening here. We have biomedical engineers working side-by-side with surgeons developing mind-controlled prosthetic limbs; we have geneticists working with oncologists decoding cancer genomes and looking for drug targets; and we have students designing synthetic genomes to better understand the fundamentals of life. And you can be a part of this.

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The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in ...

Cellular & Gene Therapy Products

Posted on April 29, 2016 by Danzig

The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) regulates cellular therapy products, human gene therapy products, and certain devices related to cell and gene therapy. CBER uses both the Public Health Service Act and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act as enabling statutes for oversight.

Cellular therapy products include cellular immunotherapies, and other types of both autologous and allogeneic cells for certain therapeutic indications, including adult and embryonic stem cells. Human gene therapy refers to products that introduce genetic material into a persons DNA to replace faulty or missing genetic material, thus treating a disease or abnormal medical condition.

Although some cellular therapy products have been approved, CBER has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale. However, the amount of cellular and gene therapy-related research and development occurring in the United States continues to grow at a fast rate. CBER has received many requests from medical researchers and manufacturers to study cellular and gene therapies and to develop cellular and gene therapy products. In addition to regulatory oversight of clinical studies, CBER provides proactive scientific and regulatory advice to medical researchers and manufacturers in the area of novel product development.

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Cellular & Gene Therapy Products

Oregon Coast Information, Maps & Resources | Travel Oregon

Posted on April 29, 2016 by Danzig

If you brought a swimsuit to the Oregon Coast, dont worry, someone will loan you a sweater.

People dont come to the Oregon Coast to work on their tans. You wont see many bikinis on Cape Blanco or folks sitting idly with a book next to the Devils Punchbowl.

We dont even call it the beach. We dont come here seeking the sun. Sure, you might see it peeking through the old growth of Oswald West. But as soon as you hear the surf crashing into the cliffs, you stop paying attention to anything else.

Thats the moment you start to realize how big this all is. Troubles seem smaller and the little moments feel magnified. And as you splash in the tide pools, watch the whales, hunt for agates, explore lighthouses and wander all 363 miles of free and public coastline, you might be like, Im calling in sick tomorrow. Im learning to surf.

And someone will probably teach you, because Oregonians are just cool like that. Eventually you realize that your beach bod still looks pretty good under those layers of clothing.

Lots of places have a beach.

If you want to go to the Coast, you have to come to Oregon.

Bandon Beach

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Oregon Coast Information, Maps & Resources | Travel Oregon

Cannon Beach – Oregon Coast Visitors Association

Posted on April 29, 2016 by Danzig

Famous for Haystack Rock towering 235 feet from the edge of the shoreline, long sandy stretches of beach and beautiful State Parks nearby, Cannon Beach offers an exceptional Oregon Coast experience only 90 minutes from Portland. A walk along the beach is a visual treat, with ever-changing vistas of ocean, mountains and rugged coastal outcroppings including Haystack Rock, a National Wildlife Refuge where visitors will discover colorful tide pools and nesting seabirds including Tufted Puffins. Just minutes from downtown Cannon Beach is Ecola State Park, perched dramatically on the edge of a headland and offering panoramic coastal views, easy walking paths to scenic picnic areas and extensive hiking trails.

The picturesque small-town village by the sea is easily walkable and visitors can explore meandering pathways, enjoy public art and courtyards spilling over with flowers. Known as one of the Northwests top art towns, Cannon Beach is filled with art galleries, specialty shops, cafes and fine dining restaurants. Visitors can watch glassblowers at work in their studio or attend year-round live theater performances. A wide selection of luxurious oceanfront lodgings overlook this remarkable stretch of coastline, putting visitors just steps from scenic wonders and minutes from outstanding recreation areas and exceptional Oregon Coast sightseeing.

The beauty of Cannon Beach has not gone unnoticed. Featured in Stephen Leathermans book, Americas Best Beaches, Cannon Beach was rated Best Overall Beach in the state of Oregon. It was named one of Americas Best 100 Art Towns by author John Villani and National Geographic listed Cannon Beach as one of the worlds 100 most beautiful places in their June 2013 issue.

Major annual events include the Northwests longest running sandcastle contest; arts festivals including the Stormy Weather Arts Festival, Spring Unveiling and Plein Air & More; a yoga festival and the Savor Cannon Beach Wine & Culinary Festival.

Welcome to the most extensive kayaking guide service on the Oregon Coast! Kayak Tillamook County offers privately-scheduled Paddle Board and Kayak Tours for groups year-round. Choose from dozens of locations from Cannon Beach to Lincoln City. Our seven estuary systems offers flat-water paddling on six coastal bays, dozens of rivers, scores of intimate sloughs, backwater channels and fresh water lakes. We can satisfy practically any flat-water experience desired. Encounter river otters, harbor seals, mink, elk, raptors and seabirds while paddling your own kayak or sharing a tandem. We are professionally trained and certified staff, and registered with the Oregon State Marine Board. Beginners and novices welcome! From November to March individual thermoses of Hot Apple Cider are served, each with a fresh cinnamon stick inside.

West of Tillamook Head, this lighthouse was constructed on top of a rock 1.2 miles seaward off Tillamook Head in 1881. The construction of this particular lighthouse was thought to be incredibly risky, but its five workers beat the odds. Because this lighthouse was built on a rock, it is not accessible to the public. However, visitors can easily see it and a beautiful view of the surrounding ocean from Ecola State Park and Seaside. This lighthouse stands 133 feet above sea level with 62-foot-high tower on basalt rock islet. Exposure to storm waves led to the nickname "Terrible Tilly." It was replaced by a whistle buoy in 1957 and is the only privately owned Oregon coast lighthouse on the National Registry of Historic Places; now used as a columbarium, a storage place for ashes of the deceased.

Renowned for its legendary customer service, idyllic oceanfront locations and a newly updated look, the locally family-owned and operated, Hallmark Inns & Resorts, Inc., boasts two properties along the scenic Oregon coastin Cannon Beach and Newport, Oregon. The Hallmark Resort in Cannon Beach is the closest property to Haystack Rock and is the only hotel in Cannon Beach with a full spa. Many of the rooms at both properties include: kitchenettes, fireplaces, balconies, and two-person spa tubs. Both are pet and family friendly and feature indoor, heated salt-water pools with hot tubs, saunas and fitness rooms.

From cozy condos and cottages right in town to more spacious (and luxurious) oceanfront estates, you'll find your perfect Cannon Beach vacation home with Vacasa! Enjoy the comfort and convenience of a private home with easy access to the Oregon Coast's most desirable beachfront community. Every Vacasa home in Cannon Beach is unique, but many offer private hot tubs, full kitchens, fireplaces, WiFi, and pet-friendly policies. Find your ideal retreat todayvisit Vacasa.com for detailed descriptions and photos of each property, along with customizable search and easy online booking.

Master artists create monumental sculptures that are washed away by the next high tide at the Cannon Beach Sandcastle Contest, now more than a 50-year tradition in Cannon Beach. Its the oldest competition of its kind in the Pacific Northwest and the most popular event in this Oregon Coast town. Dozens of teams of professional sand sculpture artists, amateur groups and families will construct remarkable creations in the sand during the event which will celebrate its 52nd year in 2016. The Masters division teams compete for cash prizes and construct large, elaborate creations, often utilizing construction forms similar to those used for pouring concrete in order to accomplish their monumental size.

Although the sand sculpture contest on Saturday is the highlight of the weekend, visitors will find plenty of other activities to keep them busy. Weekend activities include a dinner, parade, concert, beach bonfire and a 5K fun run and walk.

The Cannon Beach Sandcastle Contest was recognized as an Oregon Heritage Tradition by the Oregon Parks & Recreation Department, making it one of just 11 events statewide to achieve such a designation. Make lodging reservations early for this popular weekend as hotels typically sell out all rooms in advance.

For more information on the Cannon Beach Sandcastle Contest or on how to participate, contact the Cannon Beach Chamber of Commerce at (503) 436-2623 or visit cannonbeach.org.

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Cannon Beach - Oregon Coast Visitors Association

Libertarian Republican – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Posted on April 28, 2016 by Danzig

A libertarian Republican is a politician or Republican party member who has advocated libertarian policies while typically voting for and being involved with the United States Republican Party.

Sometimes the terms Republitarian or liberty Republican are used as well. Libertarian Republicans' views are similar to Libertarian Party members, but differ in regard to the strategy used to implement libertarian policies.[citation needed]

Libertarian Republicans represent a political faction within the Republican Party. They are strong believers in the traditional Republican principle of economic libertarianism that was advocated by past and present presidential candidates such as former Senator Robert A. Taft, former Senator Barry Goldwater and former Representative Ron Paul and his son, current Senator Rand Paul. Individuals who self-identify as libertarian Republicans do not necessarily share the same political beliefs across the spectrum, though there do seem to be several issues that bind them together, including beliefs in fiscal conservatism, personal responsibility, and personal liberty.[citation needed]

The most common belief libertarian Republicans share is fiscal conservatism specifically, advocating for lower taxes at every level of government, a reduction in the level of spending in the federal budget, easing the burden of federal regulations on business interests, the reform of the entitlement system, and ending or making significant cuts to the welfare state. Additionally, they oppose budget deficits and deficit spending and work to minimize it as much as possible. Libertarian Republicans tend to support more fiscal conservatism than their mainstream counterparts in the party, and are less willing to abandon these principles for political expediency.[citation needed]

Libertarian Republicans often differ from traditional Republicans in their emphasis on protection of civil liberties.[1] It is distinct from the Republican Party because it sees state-enforced conservative social policies as encroachments on personal privacy and individual liberties.[1] Libertarian Republicans disagree with the activities of mainstream Republicans with regard to civil liberties since the September 11 attacks in 2001, opposing the PATRIOT Act, its reform the USA Freedom Act, REAL ID, and President George W. Bush's domestic intelligence program.[2]

Opposition to the use of the term libertarian Republican comes from the libertarian adherence to the Non-Aggression Principle, its core philosophy of voluntaryism and lack of force against individuals, to which the Republican Party platform or philosophy does not adhere.[3]

The Republican Liberty Caucus was founded in 1991 at a meeting of a group of Florida members of the Libertarian Republican Organizing Committee attending a Young Republicans Convention. They included Philip Blumel, Tom Walls, Eric Rittberg, and Rex Curry and decided to develop a national Republican Liberty Caucus organization.[4] The group represents the GOP's libertarian wing.

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Libertarian Republican - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Libertarian – Liberty Stickers

Posted on April 28, 2016 by Danzig

If voting changed anything they'd make it illegal

$3.99 ea. (USD)