Hidden In Plain Sight – 4 Movies That Expose The Globalist …

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by Gregg Prescott, M.S.Editor, In5D.com

While there are many movies that expose the globalist agenda, four movies particularly caught my attention.

There seems to be several agendas going on simultaneously, such as the alien agenda and the New World Order agenda, but one other agenda is being shoved down our collective throats for at least 30 years: The transhumanism agenda.

The premise of transhumanism dates as far back as mans first search for the elixir to immortality and in recent years has segued into glorifying the idea of combining man with machine.

IMDb describes Chappie as:

In the near future, crime is patrolled by an oppressive mechanized police force. But now, the people are fighting back. When one police droid, Chappie, is stolen and given new programming, he becomes the first robot with the ability to think and feel for himself. As powerful, destructive forces start to see Chappie as a danger to mankind and order, they will stop at nothing to maintain the status quo and ensure that Chappie is the last of his kind.

Chappie is glorifying the transhumanism agenda in conjunction with artificial intelligence where people will soon be offered to live as immortal gods in exchange for being hooked up to the matrix, which inevitably, will make these same people perpetual, subservient slaves.

We are starting to see the beginning of this through digital tattoos, smart tattoos, ingestible RFID chips, and nanoparticle RFIDs. Globalist shill Regina Dugan, former DARPA head who now leads advanced research for Motorola stated, It may be true that 10-20 year olds dont want to wear a watch on their wrists, but you can be sure that theyll be far more interested in wearing an electronic tattoo if only to piss off their parents.

For many people, The Matrix was just another science fiction movie but for even more people, this is the initial movie that truly woke the masses out of their collective stupor.

IMDb: A computer hacker learns from mysterious rebels about the true nature of his reality and his role in the war against its controllers.

Thomas A. Anderson is a man living two lives. By day he is an average computer programmer and by night a hacker known as Neo. Neo has always questioned his reality, but the truth is far beyond his imagination. Neo finds himself targeted by the police when he is contacted by Morpheus, a legendary computer hacker branded a terrorist by the government. Morpheus awakens Neo to the real world, a ravaged wasteland where most of humanity have been captured by a race of machines that live off of the humans body heat and electrochemical energy and who imprison their minds within an artificial reality known as the Matrix. As a rebel against the machines, Neo must return to the Matrix and confront the agents: super-powerful computer programs devoted to snuffing out Neo and the entire human rebellion.

More and more people are beginning to realize the many truths in this movie which basically shows how we are living in a simulated reality while our bodies are living as an energy source for our overlords.

Similar to Chappie, transhumanism takes precedent as a means of going in and out of the matrix. While caught within the matrix, we all assume that this is real but relatively few people question why we need to work for money and cannot comprehend the premise behind the question, If there was no such thing as money, what would you be doing with your life? Weve been brainwashed for millennia about living in this false reality constructed to keep us living in subservience, control and conformity to a system designed to keep us living in fear as economic slaves.

When you look at it from this perspective, does it make sense to waste the majority of your life working some job that you hate for a boss whos an a*hole, only to get that 1 or 2 weeks off a year to enjoy as a vacation while your literally recharge your battery? Theres a reason we look forward to the weekend because by the weekend, we are weakened.

Mark Passio does an amazing job analyzing The Matrix trilogy:

IMDbs description of Network: A television network cynically exploits a deranged former anchors ravings and revelations about the news media for its own profit.

In the 1970s, terrorist violence is the stuff of networks nightly news programming and the corporate structure of the UBS Television Network is changing. Meanwhile, Howard Beale, the aging UBS news anchor, has lost his once strong ratings share and so the network fires him. Beale reacts in an unexpected way. We then see how this affects the fortunes of Beale, his coworkers (Max Schumacher and Diana Christensen), and the network.

The star of the film, Howard Beale, even hinted at transhumanism:

The whole world is becoming humanoid creatures that look human, but arent. The whole world, not just us.

The bottom line is how the nightly news influences and persuades public opinion, even through blatant lies. Youll never feel good after watching the nightly news. Why? Because when you live in the lower vibration of fear, you can be easily controlled and manipulated. The current terrorist agenda is the perfect ploy by the globalists because its a war that can never be won. Additionally, people will gladly give up their civil liberties and freedom in exchange for perceived protection by the government to fight these non-existent entities.

David Icke calls this Problem. Reaction. Solution in which the government creates a problem through false flags, we react by saying the government needs to address the problem and the government has a solution to the problem, which ALWAYS involves the loss of civil liberties and freedom.

We are just starting to see a group of disgruntled reporters leave the industry because they do not agree with how the news is scripted or the propaganda that is being pushed by the CIA in order to influence public opinion regarding everything from how well the economy is doing to why we should start yet another war. Unfortunately, there are plenty of buffoons in search of fame and notoriety (ego) who are willing to take the places of these reporters who have left the business, and they will conform to whatever their overlords desire, even if that means hurting their friends and family by reporting lies to the masses.

John Carpenters 1988 cult classic, They Live combines an alien agenda with how the mainstream media is brainwashing the masses.

IMDb describes the movie as A drifter discovers a pair of sunglasses that allow him to wake up to the fact that aliens have taken over the Earth.

Nada, a down-on-his-luck construction worker, discovers a pair of special sunglasses. Wearing them, he is able to see the world as it really is: people being bombarded by media and government with messages like Stay Asleep, No Imagination, Submit to Authority. Even scarier is that he is able to see that some usually normal-looking people are in fact ugly aliens in charge of the massive campaign to keep humans subdued.

An intriguing part of the movie is when the aliens throw a party for their human collaborators who agree to push the alien agenda. This is very reminiscent of lobbyists who push agendas for Monsanto, Big Pharma, etc.. The bottom line is that if you support the alien agenda, you will be generously compensated to keep your mouth shut. Does this sound familiar to you?

The Terminator

IMDb:

A cyborg is sent from the future on a deadly mission. He has to kill Sarah Connor, a young woman whose life will have a great significance in years to come. Sarah has only one protector Kyle Reese also sent from the future. The Terminator uses his exceptional intelligence and strength to find Sarah, but is there any way to stop the seemingly indestructible cyborg?

Lucy

IMDb:

It was supposed to be a simple job. All Lucy had to do was deliver a mysterious briefcase to Mr. Jang. But immediately Lucy is caught up in a nightmarish deal where she is captured and turned into a drug mule for a new and powerful synthetic drug. When the bag she is carrying inside of her stomach leaks, Lucys body undergoes unimaginable changes that begins to unlock her minds full potential. With her new-found powers, Lucy turns into a merciless warrior intent on getting back at her captors. She receives invaluable help from Professor Norman, the leading authority on the human mind, and French police captain Pierre Del Rio.

While it may seem like a glamorous idea to have infinite knowledge, there will be a price to pay. For example:

Its not enough to expose these agendas. One needs to be cognizant of what is being forced upon us and be willing to make decisions that are proactive, such as refusing any RFID chip implantation or simply not buying into the false promises of how great your life will be as a cyborg. By choosing artificial intelligence, there is no spiritual progression for the soul, if any part of the soul remains.

The power of thought can also create the world you want to see. Try envisioning a world without transhumanism, money or globalist agendas. Replace the negative things in this world, such as nuclear energy, gas or coal, with free energy. We have the ability RIGHT NOW to create a world where everyone can live in abundance and prosperity without the need for economic subservience.

You were born as a PERFECT soul and upon returning to the Creator, you will remain in complete perfection without the need for artificial intelligence or transhumanism.

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About the Author:Gregg Prescott, M.S. is the founder and editor of In5D and BodyMindSoulSpirit. You can find his In5D Radio shows on the In5D Youtube channel. He is a visionary, author, a transformational speaker, and promotes spiritual, metaphysical and esoteric conferences in the United States through In5dEvents. His love and faith for humanity motivates him to work in humanitys best interests 12-15+ hours a day, 365 days a year. Please like and follow In5D on Facebook as well as BodyMindSoulSpirit on Facebook!

Tags: 4 Movies That Expose The Globalist Agenda, agenda, alien agenda, artificial intelligence, chappie, David Icke, gregg prescott, Hidden In Plain Sight, Hidden In Plain Sight - 4 Movies That Expose The Globalist Agenda, if there was no such thing as money, lucy, movie, movies, network, NEW WORLD ORDER, propaganda, RFID chip, the matrix, the terminator, they live, transhumanism, transhumanism agenda, vibration of fear

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Hidden In Plain Sight - 4 Movies That Expose The Globalist ...

Ethereum Price Forecast: Even JPMorgan Isn’t Sure What Happens Next

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Ethereum News Update
Reports surfaced on Friday that JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE:JPM) is thinking of spinning off its "Quorum" blockchain division into a separate company. Is this good for cryptocurrencies like Ethereum? Is it bad?

Let’s take a closer look…

Quorum is JPMorgan’s attempt to build a blockchain. You can think of it as a corporate version of Ethereum, with the noticeable difference being that Quorum is a permissioned blockchain and Ethereum is not. This subtle difference limits innovation on Quorum by dictating who can or cannot write to its blockchain.

JPMorgan is “still in the early days” of making this decision, but according.

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Ethereum Price Forecast: Even JPMorgan Isn’t Sure What Happens Next

Litecoin Price Prediction: 3 Great Reasons to Stay Bullish on Litecoin as Markets Tumble

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Daily Litecoin News Update
Cryptocurrency markets are taking another breather but if my analysis is correct, we may see another mini-rally over the weekend. Although erratic, price charts show that crypto prices have developed somewhat of a predictive pattern. It seems like prices crash through mid-week only to recover some of that drop over the weekends, as if all traders are driving the market in a concerted manner. But I wouldn't read too much into it.

I’ll be honest. Watching crypto prices swing back and forth on a daily basis is nauseating. So to keep my sanity intact, I try to focus on the long term. Try asking yourself, what would my Litecoins be worth a year from.

The post Litecoin Price Prediction: 3 Great Reasons to Stay Bullish on Litecoin as Markets Tumble appeared first on Profit Confidential.

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Litecoin Price Prediction: 3 Great Reasons to Stay Bullish on Litecoin as Markets Tumble

What is Social Darwinism

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QUESTION: What is Social Darwinism?

ANSWER:

Herbert Spencer, a 19th century philosopher, promoted the idea of Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism is an application of the theory of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues. In its simplest form, Social Darwinism follows the mantra of "the strong survive," including human issues. This theory was used to promote the idea that the white European race was superior to others, and therefore, destined to rule over them.

At the time that Spencer began to promote Social Darwinism, the technology, economy, and government of the "White European" was advanced in comparison to that of other cultures. Looking at this apparent advantage, as well as the economic and military structures, some argued that natural selection was playing out, and that the race more suited to survival was winning. Some even extended this philosophy into a micro-economic issue, claiming that social welfare programs that helped the poor and disadvantaged were contrary to nature itself. Those who reject any and all forms of charity or governmental welfare often use arguments rooted in Social Darwinism.

At its worst, the implications of Social Darwinism were used as scientific justification for the Holocaust. The Nazis claimed that the murder of Jews in World War II was an example of cleaning out the inferior genetics. Many philosophers noted evolutionary echoes in Hitler's march to exterminate an entire race of people. Various other dictators and criminals have claimed the cause of Social Darwinism in carrying out their acts. Even without such actions, Social Darwinism has proven to be a false and dangerous philosophy.

Scientists and evolutionists maintain that this interpretation is only loosely based on Darwin's theory of natural selection. They will admit to an obvious parallel between Darwin's theory of Natural Selection and Spencer's beliefs. In nature, the strong survive and those best suited to survival will out-live the weak. According to Social Darwinism, those with strength (economic, physical, technological) flourish and those without are destined for extinction.

It is important to note that Darwin did not extend his theories to a social or economic level, nor are any credible evolutionists subscribing to the theories of Social Darwinism. Herbert Spencer's philosophy is only loosely based on the premises of Darwin's work.

However, according to evolutionary theory, nature is a "kill-or-be-killed" system. Those that cannot keep up are either left behind or cut off. If evolution, through chance, is solely responsible for life as we now know it, why should that process be countered? If "survival of the fittest" or "kill or be killed" cannot apply in what we define as "decent society," then, which is wrong, society or evolution? If neither, then how do we explain morality, charity, and compassion? Why drain resources from the strong to support the weak? Certainly, we should be charitable and help those in need.

Though Darwin did not promote Social Darwinism, basic evolutionary theory raises some nagging questions.

What is your response?

Yes, today I am deciding to follow Jesus

Yes, I am already a follower of Jesus

I still have questions

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What is Social Darwinism

The Institute for Creation Research

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Introduction

The Darwinian worldview was critical, not only in influencing the development of Nazism and communism, but also in the rise of the ruthless capitalists that flourished in the late 1800s and early 1900s (Morris and Morris, 1996). A key aspect of this brand of capitalism was its extreme individualism which indicated that other persons count for little, and that it is both natural and proper to exploit "weaker" companies. The socalled robber barons often concluded that their behavior was justified by natural law and was the inevitable outcome of history (Josephson, 1934). Many were raised as Christians, but rejected their Christianity or modified it to include their socialist/Darwinian ideas. Gertrude Himmelfarb noted that Darwinism may have been accepted in England in part because it justified the greed of certain people.

Rachels noted that "the survival of the fittest" theory in biology was quickly interpreted by capitalists as "an ethical precept that sanctioned cutthroat economic competition" (1990, p. 63, see also Hs, 1986, p. 10). Julian Huxley and H. B. D. Kittlewell even concluded that social Darwinism "led to the glorification of free enterprise, laissez-faire economics and war, to an unscientific eugenics and racism, and eventually to Hitler and Nazi ideology" (in Huxley and Kittlewell, 1965, p. 81).

Darwinism helped to justify not only the ruthless exploits of the communists, but also the ruthless practices of capitalist monopolists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. Kenneth Hs (1986, p. 534) noted:

Like Stalin, Marx, Lenin, and Hitler, Carnegie also once accepted Christianity, but abandoned it for Darwinism and became a close friend of the famous social Darwinist, Herbert Spencer. Carnegie stated in his autobiography that when he and several of his friends came to doubt the teachings of Christianity,

Carnegie's conclusions were best summarized when he said:

John D. Rockefeller reportedly once said that the "growth of a large business is merely a survival of the fittest . . . the working out of a law of nature . . ." (Ghent, 1902, p. 29). The Rockefellers, while maintaining a Christian front, fully embraced evolution and dismissed the Bible's early books as mythology (Taylor, 1991, p. 386). When a philanthropist pledged ,000 to help found a university named after William Jennings Bryan, John D. Rockefeller Jr. retaliated the very same day with a ,000,000 donation to the openly anticreationist University of Chicago Divinity School (Larson, 1997, p. 183). Morris and Morris noted that the philosophy expressed by Rockefeller also was embraced not only by railroad magnate James Hill, but probably most other capitalists of his day (1996, p. 87). Morris and Morris have suggested that many modern evolutionists:

Morris and Morris also noted that both the left wing MarxistLeninism and the right wing ruthless capitalists were anticreationists and "even when they fight with each other, they remain united in opposition to creationism . . ." (p. 82). Many capitalists did not discard their Christianity, but instead tried to blend it with Darwinism. The result was a compromise somewhat like theistic evolution. Although most American businessmen were probably not consciously social Darwinists,

Several studies have documented the important contribution of Darwin to laissezfaire capitalism: An analysis of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission (1902-1903) hearings found:

Rosenthal (1997) showed that, historically, biogenetic doctrines had the effect of promoting an attitude of acceptance of the problems of racism, sexism, war, and capitalism. The field of biogenetics has offered no new scientific evidence that human social behavior has a biogenetic basis, or that business/social competition, male dominance, aggression, territoriality, xenophobia, and even patriotism, warfare, and genocide are genetically based human universals. Yet biogenetic doctrines have occupied a prominent place throughout most of American sociological history. Rosenthal noted that Cooley, Sorokin, Sumner, Ross, and even Park adhered to biological racist doctrines that in the past have signaled and encouraged reactionary social policy.

The Darwinian concept, applied to business, still is very much with us today. Robert Blake and his coauthors in their 1996 book, Corporate Darwinism, attempted to apply modern Darwinism to business. They concluded that business evolves in very predictable ways, specifically in defined stages very much like the stages of human evolution. This "business evolution" is natural; business in keeping with Darwinian principles either swallows the competition, or finds that it will be swallowed by that competition.

Darwin's ideas played a critically important role in the development and growth, not only of Nazism and communism, but also of the ruthless form of capitalism as best illustrated by the robber barons. While it is difficult to conclude confidently that ruthless capitalism would not have blossomed as it did if Darwin had not developed his evolution theory, it is clear that if Carnegie, Rockefeller, and others had continued to embrace the unadulterated JudeoChristian worldview of their youth and had not become Darwinists, capitalism would not have become as ruthless as it did in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Morris and Morris (p. 84) have suggested that other motivations (including greed, ambition, even a type of a missionary zeal) stimulated the fierce, unprincipled robber baron business practices long before Darwin. Darwinism, however, gave capitalism an apparent scientific rationale that allowed it to be taken to the extremes that were so evident in the early parts of last century.

Blake, Robert, Warren Avis and Jane Mouton. 1966. Corporate Darwinism. Houston, TX: Gulf Pub. Carnegie, Andrew. 1920. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie, ed. John C. Van Dyke. 1986; reprint, Boston: Northeastern University Press. Doukas, Dimitra. 1997. "Corporate Capitalism on Trial: The Hearings of the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, 1902-1903." Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 3(3):367-398. Ghent, William. 1902. Our Benevolent Feudalism. New York: Macmillan. Himmelfarb, Gertrude. 1962. Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution. New York: W.W. Norton. Hs, Kenneth. June 1986. "Darwin's Three Mistakes," Geology, (vol. 14), p. 532-534. Hs, Kenneth. 1986. The Great Dying: Cosmic Catastrophe, Dinosaurs and the Theory of Evolution. NY: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Huxley, Julian and H.B.D. Kittlewell. 1965. Charles Darwin and His World. New York: Viking Press. Josephson, Matthew. 1934. The Robber Barons. New York: Harcourt and Brace. Larson, Edward J. 1997. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America's Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion. New York: Basic Books. Morris, Henry and John D. Morris. 1996. The Modern Creation Trilogy. vol. 3. Society and Creation. Green Forrest, AR: Master Books. Oldroyd, D.R. 1980. Darwinian Impacts. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press. Rachels, James. 1990. Created from Animals: The Moral Implications of Darwinism. New York: Oxford University Press. Rosenthal, Steven J. 1977. Sociobiology: New Synthesis or Old Ideology? American Sociological Association. Taylor, Ian T. 1991. In the Minds of Men: Darwin and the New World Order. Minneapolis: TFE Publishing.

* Jerry Bergman, Ph.D., is on the Biology faculty at Northwest State College in Ohio.

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The Royal Society’s Evolution Meeting: James MacAllister …

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James MacAllister, curator of the Lynn Margulis archive at the University of Massachussetts Amherst. He wrote a thorough review of the London 2016 evolution conference at the Royal Society.

James MacAllister is the volunteer archivist for the Lynn Margulis archive at the University of Massachussetts-Amherst.

Jim runs envevo.org, the Environmental Evolution website. Lynn Margulis was the champion of Symbiogenesis theory.

She fought tremendous opposition from Neo-Darwinists to get the theory accepted. Today she is widely regarded as one of the greatest evolutionary biologists of all time.

I met Jim at the Royal Society evolution meeting in London, and in a very brief conversation discovered much in common. Jim runs envevo.org, the Environmental Evolution blog.

He wrote a fantastic synopsis of the Royal Society meeting. I encourage you to read his entire report. Meanwhile, some highlights:

The Modern Synthesis, while undoubtedly productive for a time, is a misconception of reality that has reached the limits of its explanatory power. The problems are fundamental. No amount of cosmetic surgery is going correct them.

Most of these new trends are not new nor are they trends. They have been known and studied quite apart from neo-Darwinism for a long time. Symbiosis and symbiogenesis, for example, have been investigated for over a century while being dismissed and discouraged by proponents of the Modern Synthesis.

Awareness or mentions of these processes by neo-Darwinists fall far short of serious investigation. It is true that these processes have been bolstered or confirmed by evidence from molecular biology, but that evidence generally contradicted the view of the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis is no longer synonymous with evolutionary biology, molecular biology, or any of the multiple disciplines currently contributing to our understanding of evolution.

Martin Brasier, the late Oxford paleontologist, defined science not as the revelation of underlying simplicity, laws or ideals, but as a unique system for the measurement of doubt. This is a helpful conception because it explains why science must be skeptical, but also measured in its skepticism. It avoids the temptation of certainty and leaves the mind open to surprise. Science measures. It compares tests to controls. Experiments and analyses are designed to minimize bias and expose logical fallacies. Results must be reproducible. Science questions unquestioned assumptions. Its theories must be predictive. It does not ignore anomalies, but acknowledges and investigates them.

There is also the current HBO series West World where the character of Dr. Robert Ford (played by Anthony Hopkins) explains to his assistant Bernard (played by Jeffrey Wright) that evolution forged all of sentient life on this planet using only one tool, the mistake.

The Modern Synthesis toolbox holds only one tool: the mistake, the blind random mutation. The organism is acted upon by the environmental elimination process: natural selection. No mention of new trends.

Lets not forget that Darwin himself had a better selection of tools in his On the Origin of Species toolbox. Now we are presented with a toolbox that holds many tools. Some vintage ones, such as symbiogenesis. And long recognized ones, such as horizontal gene transfer, that couldnt be swept under the rug. But wait theres more: interspecific hybridization, whole genome duplications, the movement of mobile genetic elements (natural genetic engineering), plasticity, and niche construction. Magically, we are told that all these fit in the The Selfish Gene toolbox. What ever happened to that little toolbox that only held one tool, the mistake?

John Hands has reported on the meeting in the BBC online Science Focus. During the first Round Table audience discussion, Hands introduced himself as the author of Cosmosapiens: Human Evolution from the Origin of the Universe (outstanding book by the way) and made the following comments.

Its appropriate that this meeting is being held at the Royal Society, whose motto, we were reminded yesterday, is Nullius in verba: Accept nothing on authority. The current paradigm in evolutionary biology, NeoDarwinism, also called the Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, has been the authority for some 65 years. It is, of course, a mathematical model based on several unquestioned assumptions, whose proof was given by 1940s game theory borrowed from economics.

What we have heard over the last 2 days is empirical evidence that new species arise rapidly, from such mechanisms as symbiogenesis, horizontal DNA transfer, hybridisation, whole genome duplication, interactive systems producing novel emergent properties, and other mechanisms described in Part 2 of my book. These mechanisms contradict the fundamental tenets of neo-Darwinism, namely:

To the contrary, Darwinian competition causes not the evolution of species but the destruction of species. It is collaboration in its various forms that causes biological evolution. Hence Im surprised by calls for extending the neo-Darwinian Evolutionary Synthesis. You cant extend something that is broken. Surely what is needed now, after 65 years, is using the empirical evidence to develop a new paradigm for biological evolution.

Read Jim MacAllisters entire report on the London evolution conference here.

To subscribe to Jims Environmental Evolution newsletter, send an email to jmacallister {at} environmentalevolution.org with the word subscribe in the subject field and please include your name and email address in the body.

Environmental Evolution, the first Big Earth History and Earth systems science course, was taught by Lynn Margulis at UMass from 1986-2010. Margulis was also the principle collaborator with James Lovelock on the Gaia hypothesis, the proposal that the entire earth can be understood as a single macro-organism.

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The Royal Society's Evolution Meeting: James MacAllister ...

Human Genetics Conferences | Genetics congress | Genomics …

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Sessions/Tracks for Human Genetics Meet 2018

Human genetics study is of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses varieties of overlapping fields including, genomics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, classical genetics, biochemical genetics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics, and genetic counseling. Genes can be the common factor of the qualities of most human-inherited traits.

8th Bacterial Diseases Conference August 06-08, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biomarkers Conference July 16-17, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 11th Regenerative Medicine Congress July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 18th Medicinal Conference July 19-21, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 5th Human Genetics Congress September 24-25, 2018, Berlin, Germany; 7th Gene Therapy Conference March 15-16, 2018, London, UK; 9th Tissue Engineering Conference April 23-24, 2018, Los Vegas, USA; Organ Transplantation congress August 24-25, 2018, Tokyo, Japan; Bioinformatics Expo November 02-03, 2018, Columbus, USA; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

European Society Of Human Genetics, American Society of Human Genetics ,German Genetics Society,International Society of Genetic Genealogy,The American Society of Hematology,ASGCT - American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy, International Society of Genetic Genealogy

Genetic diseases may be hereditary, passed down from the parents genes. In other genetic diseases, defects may be caused by new mutations or changes to the DNA. In that case, the defect will only be passed down if it occurs in the germ line. The same disease such as some forms of cancer may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people, by new Hereditary mutations in other people, and mainly by the environmental causes in other people. A genetic disease is a genetic problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome, especially a condition that is present from birth congenital. Most genetic diseases are quite rare and affect one person in every several thousands or millions.

Some of the Common Genetic Disorders:

2nd Radiology and Oncology Congress July 16-17, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biomarkers Conference July 16-17, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Stem Cell Conference, July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Molecular Diagnostics Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 7th Gene Therapy Conference March 15-16, 2018, London, UK; 9th Tissue Science Conference July 13-14, 2018, Sydney, Australia; 2nd Cell Metabolism Summit September 19-20, 2018, Philadelphia, USA; 2nd Cell Metabolism Summit September 19-20, 2018, Philadelphia, USA; 4th synthetic biology Conference June11-12, Rome, Italy; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

Association of Genetic Nurses and Counselors,International Society for Computational Biology: ISCB, The Genetics Society of Japan,Genetics Society of Canada,The UCLA Institute for Society and Genetics, Reproductive Biology and Genetic society, American Public Health Association,ASGCT - American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy

Sickle-cell disorder takes place when someone inherits two bizarre copies of the haemoglobin gene, one from each parent. This gene takes place in chromosome eleven. Several subtypes exist, relying on the exact mutation in every haemoglobin gene. An assault may be activate by using temperature modifications, strain, dehydration, and high altitude. A individual with a unmarried extraordinary reproduction does not commonly have symptoms and is stated to have sickle-cell trait.

Signs and symptoms

Genetics OF sickle Cell Anaemia

Pathophysiology of sickle-cell disease.

Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Diseases

8th Bacterial Diseases Conference August 06-08, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biomarkers Conference July 16-17, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 11th Regenerative Medicine Congress July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 18th Medicinal Conference July 19-21, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 5th Human Genetics Congress September 24-25, 2018, Berlin, Germany; 7th Gene Therapy Conference March 15-16, 2018, London, UK; 9th Tissue Engineering Conference April 23-24, 2018, Los Vegas, USA; Organ Transplantation congress August 24-25, 2018, Tokyo, Japan; Bioinformatics Expo November 02-03, 2018, Columbus, USA; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

European Society Of Human Genetics, American Society of Human Genetics ,German Genetics Society,International Society of Genetic Genealogy,The American Society of Hematology,ASGCT - American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy, International Society of Genetic Genealogy

Thalassemia is a genetic disorder which is caused as a result of abnormal haemoglobin production. Thalassemia are genetic disease inherited from a person's dad and mom. There are most important type, alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia. The severity of alpha and beta thalassemia relies upon on how among the four genes for alpha globin or two genes for beta globin are lacking.

3rd Molecular Diagnostics Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd molecular Medicine Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Stem Cell Conference, July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 11th Regenerative Medicine Congress July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 18th Medicinal Conference July 19-21, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 4th synthetic biology Conference June11-12, Rome, Italy; 10th Genomics Conference May 21-23, 2018, Barcelona, Spain; 12th Regenerative Medicine Conference June 04-06, 2018 , Prague, Czech Republic; 13th Tissue Engineering Conference July 13-14, 2018, Paris, France; Bioinformatics Expo November 02-03, 2018, Columbus, USA; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

ASGCT - American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy, The World Medical Association, National Society of Genetic Counselors, The Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution, International Society for Computational Biology: ISCB, American Public Health Association, Genetics Society kclsu, Genetics Society of Canada

Evolutionary genetics is the broad field of studies that resulted from the integration of genetics and Darwinian evolution, called the modern synthesis. The force of mutation is the ultimate source of new genetic variation within populations. Although most mutations are neutral with no effect on fitness or harmful, some mutations have a small, positive effect on fitness and these variants are raw materials for gradualist adaptive evolution. Within finite populations, random genetic drift and natural selection affect the mutational variation. Natural selection is the only evolutionary force which can produce adaptation, the fit between organism and environment, or conserve genetic states over very long periods of time in the face of the dispersive forces of mutation and drift

18th Medicinal Conference July 19-21, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd molecular Medicine Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 2nd Radiology and Oncology Congress July 16-17, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Stem Cell Conference, July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 9th Tissue Engineering Conference April 23-24, 2018, Los Vegas, USA; 20th biotechnology Congress March 05-07, 2018, London, UK; 9th Tissue Science Conference July 13-14, 2018, Sydney, Australia; 5th Human Genetics Congress September 24-25, 2018, Berlin, Germany; 7th Gene Therapy Conference March 15-16, 2018, London, UK; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

German Genetics Society, International Society for Forensic Society, International Society of Nurses in Genetics, Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis International Society, International Mammalian Genome Society, The American Society of Hematology, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis International Society

Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the processes of replication, transcription, translation, and cell function. Molecular biology concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between the biomolecules in various systems of a cell, gene sequencing and this includes the interactions between the DNA, RNA and proteins and their biosynthesis. In molecular biology the researchers use specific techniques native to molecular biology, increasingly combine these techniques and ideas from the genetics and biochemistry.

3rd Molecular Diagnostics Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd molecular Medicine Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Stem Cell Conference, July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 11th Regenerative Medicine Congress July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 18th Medicinal Conference July 19-21, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 4th synthetic biology Conference June11-12, Rome, Italy; 10th Genomics Conference May 21-23, 2018, Barcelona, Spain; 12th Regenerative Medicine Conference June 04-06, 2018 , Prague, Czech Republic; 13th Tissue Engineering Conference July 13-14, 2018, Paris, France; Bioinformatics Expo November 02-03, 2018, Columbus, USA; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

ASGCT - American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy, The World Medical Association, National Society of Genetic Counselors, The Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution, International Society for Computational Biology: ISCB, American Public Health Association, Genetics Society kclsu, Genetics Society of Canada

In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extra chromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from errors during DNA replication or other types of damage to DNA, which then may undergo error-prone repair or cause an error during other forms of repair, or else may cause an error during replication translation synthesis. Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics phenotype of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including functional diversity. The genomes of RNA viruses are based on RNA rather than DNA. The RNA viral genome can be double stranded DNA or single stranded. In some of these viruses such as the single stranded human immunodeficiency virus replication occurs quickly and there are no mechanisms to check the genome for accuracy.

3rd Stem Cell Conference, July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Molecular Diagnostics Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 11th Regenerative Medicine Congress July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 2nd Cell therapy Summit November 09-10, 2018, Atlanta, USA; 20th biotechnology Congress March 05-07, 2018, London, UK; Organ Transplantation congress August 24-25, 2018, Tokyo, Japan; 4th synthetic biology Conference June11-12, Rome, Italy; 9th Tissue Science Conference July 13-14, 2018, Sydney, Australia; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

American Public Health Association, Texas Genetics Society, The Genetics Society of Japan, The International Behavioral and Neural Genetics Society, British Society for Genetic Medicine, The UCLA Institute for Society and Genetics, Genetics Society kclsu

Molecular genetics is the sector of biology that research the structure and characteristic of genes at a molecular stage and hence employs strategies of each molecular biology and genetics. The study of chromosomes and gene expression of an organism can give insight into heredity, genetic variant, and mutations. This is useful in the observe of Developmental Biology and in expertise and treating genetic illnesses.

3rd Stem Cell Conference, July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Molecular Diagnostics Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 11th Regenerative Medicine Congress July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 2nd Cell therapy Summit November 09-10, 2018, Atlanta, USA; 20th biotechnology Congress March 05-07, 2018, London, UK; Organ Transplantation congress August 24-25, 2018, Tokyo, Japan; 4th synthetic biology Conference June11-12, Rome, Italy; 9th Tissue Science Conference July 13-14, 2018, Sydney, Australia; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

The International Behavioral and Neural Genetics Society, Primary Care Genetics Society: PCGS, Association for Clinical Genetic Science, Genetics Society of Thailand, Indian Society of Human Genetics, Genetics Society of Canada, The Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution

Bioinformatics is both an umbrella term for the body of biological studies that use computer programming as part of their methodology, as well as a reference to specific analysis "pipelines" that are repeatedly used, particularly in the field of genomics. Common uses of bioinformatics include the identification of candidate genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Often, such identification is made with the aim of better understanding the genetic disease, unique adaptations, and desirable properties in agricultural species, or differences between populations. In a less formal way, bioinformatics also tries to understand the organizational principles within nucleic acid and protein sequences, called proteomics.

Commonly used bioinformatics Tools

8th Bacterial Diseases Conference August 06-08, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 18th Medicinal Conference July 19-21, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 11th Regenerative Medicine Congress July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 5th Human Genetics Congress September 24-25, 2018, Berlin, Germany; 9th Tissue Engineering Conference April 23-24, 2018, Los Vegas, USA; 4th synthetic biology Conference June11-12, Rome, Italy; 10th Genomics Conference May 21-23, 2018, Barcelona, Spain; 6th Integrative Biology Conference May 21-23, 2018, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

European Society Of Human Genetics, The International Behavioral and Neural Genetics Society, Genetics Society kclsu, Texas Genetics Society, American Public Health Association, European Society Of Human Genetics, The Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution

Molecular modeling encompasses all methods, theoretical and computational, used to model or mimic the behavior of molecules. The methods are used in the fields of computational chemistry, drug design, computational biology and materials science to study molecular systems ranging from small chemical systems to large biological molecules and material assemblies. The simplest calculations can be performed by hand, but inevitably computers are required to perform molecular modeling of any reasonably sized system. The common feature of molecular modeling methods is the atomistic level description of the molecular systems.

8th Bacterial Diseases Conference August 06-08, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 18th Medicinal Conference July 19-21, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 11th Regenerative Medicine Congress July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 5th Human Genetics Congress September 24-25, 2018, Berlin, Germany; 9th Tissue Engineering Conference April 23-24, 2018, Los Vegas, USA; 4th synthetic biology Conference June11-12, Rome, Italy; 10th Genomics Conference May 21-23, 2018, Barcelona, Spain; 6th Integrative Biology Conference May 21-23, 2018, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

The Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution, The Genetics Society of Japan, Primary Care Genetics Society: PCGS, Genetics Society of Thailand, German Genetics Society, Reproductive Biology and Genetic society, European Society Of Human Genetics

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases is: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a strand of DNA. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery. Knowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for basic biological research, and in numerous applied fields such as medical diagnosis, biotechnology, forensic biology, virology and Primate systematics. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the sequencing of complete DNA sequences, or genomes of numerous types and species of life, including the human genome and other complete DNA sequences of many animal, plants, and microbial species.

Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 8th Bacterial Diseases Conference August 06-08, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Molecular Diagnostics Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd molecular Medicine Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Stem Cell Conference, July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 9th Tissue Engineering Conference April 23-24, 2018, Los Vegas, USA; 5th Human Genetics Congress September 24-25, 2018, Berlin, Germany; 10th Genomics Conference May 21-23, 2018, Barcelona, Spain; 2nd Cell Metabolism Summit September 19-20, 2018, Philadelphia, USA; 12th Regenerative Medicine Conference June 04-06, 2018 , Prague, Czech Republic; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

The World Medical Association, National Society of Genetic Counselors, The Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution, International Society for Computational Biology: ISCB, American Public Health Association,ASGCT - American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy,

Pharmacogenetics is the study of germ line mutations, the single-nucleotide polymorphisms affecting genes coding for liver enzymes responsible for drug deposition and pharmacokinetics, whereas pharmacogenomics refers to somatic mutations in tumoral DNA leading to alteration in drug response KRAS mutations in patients treated with anti-Her1 biologics. Pharmacogenetics is an inherited genetic difference in drug metabolic pathways which can affect individual responses to drugs, both in terms of therapeutic effect as well as adverse effects. The term Pharmacogenetics is often used interchangeably with the term pharmacogenomics which also investigates the role of acquired and inherited genetic differences in relation to drug response and drug behavior through a systematic examination of genes, gene products, and inter- and intra-individual variation in gene expression and function.

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Related Associations or Societies:

Primary Care Genetics Society: PCGS, Indian Society of Human Genetics, Genetics Society of Canada, The Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution, The American Society of Hematology, International Society for Forensic Society, Association of Genetic Nurses and Counselors, International Society of Genetic Genealogy

Immunogenetics is the branch of medical research that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics. Autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are complex genetic traits which result from defects in the immune system. Identification of genes defining the immune defects may identify new target genes for therapeutic approaches. Alternatively, genetic variations can also help to define the immunological pathway leading to disease.

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Related Associations or Societies:

Association for Clinical Genetic Science, Primary Care Genetics Society: PCGS, Indian Society of Human Genetics, International Society of Genetic Genealogy,The Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution,German Genetics Society

Epigenetics are stable heritable traits that cannot be explained by changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetics often refers to changes in a chromosome that affect gene activity and expression, but can also be used to describe any heritable phenotypic change that does not derive from a modification of the genome, such as prions. Such effects on cellular and physiological phenotypic traits may result from external or environmental factors, or be part of normal developmental program. Gene expression can be controlled through the action of repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA. These epigenetic changes may last through cell divisions for the duration of the cell's life, and may also last for multiple generations even though they do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism; instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to behave or "express themselves" differently.

8th Bacterial Diseases Conference August 06-08, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 11th Regenerative Medicine Congress July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Molecular Diagnostics Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Stem Cell Conference, July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 4th synthetic biology Conference June11-12, Rome, Italy; 2nd Cell Metabolism Summit September 19-20, 2018, Philadelphia, USA; 6th Integrative Biology Conference May 21-23, 2018, Barcelona, Spain; Organ Transplantation congress August 24-25, 2018, Tokyo, Japan; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

The Genetics Society of Japan, American Public Health Association, National Society of Genetic Counselors, International Mammalian Genome Society, British Society of Genetic Medicine, International Federation of Human Genetics Societies, Genetics society of America

Translational medicine is a rapidly growing discipline in biomedical research and aims to expedite the discovery of new diagnostic tools and treatments by using a multi-disciplinary, highly collaborative; "bench-to-bedside" approach. Within public health, translational medicine is focused on ensuring that proven strategies for disease treatment and prevention are actually implemented within the community. One prevalent description of translational medicine, first introduced by the Institute of Medicine's Clinical Research Roundtable, highlights two roadblocks that is distinct areas in need of improvement the first translational block (T1) prevents basic research findings from being tested in a clinical setting; the second translational block (T2) prevents proven interventions from becoming standard practice. The National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS) was established within the NIH to "transform the translational science process so that new treatments and cures for disease can be delivered to patients faster.

3rd Stem Cell Conference, July 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd Molecular Diagnostics Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 9th Tissue Engineering Conference April 23-24, 2018, Los Vegas, USA; 12th Regenerative Medicine Conference June 04-06, 2018 , Prague, Czech Republic; 13th Tissue Engineering Conference July 13-14, 2018, Paris, France; 2nd cell Signaling Summit September 19-20 2018, Philadelphia, USA; 20th biotechnology Congress March 05-07, 2018, London, UK; 9th Tissue Science Conference July 13-14, 2018, Sydney, Australia; Pediatrics Conference, Jan-29-Feb01, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

British Society of Genetic Medicine, The Society for Molecular Biology & Evolution, Association for Clinical Genetic Science,Primary Care Genetics Society: PCGS, The American Society of Hematology,American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. It may be autologous the patient's own stem cells are used, allogeneic the stem cells come from a donor or syngeneic from an identical twin. It is a medical procedure in the field of hematology, most often performed for patients with certain cancers of the blood or bone marrow, such as multiple myeloma or leukemia. In these cases, the recipient's immune system is usually destroyed with radiation or chemotherapy before the transplantation. Infection and graft-versus-host disease are major complications of allogeneic .

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains a dangerous procedure with many possible complications; it is reserved for patients with life-threatening diseases. As survival following the procedure has increased, its use has expanded beyond cancer, such as autoimmune diseases and hereditary skeletal dysplasias notably malignant infantile osteoporosis and mucopolysaccharidosis.

18th Medicinal Conference July 19-21, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 3rd molecular Medicine Conference April 19-20, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Rare Diseases Congress August 27-29, 2018, Dubai, UAE; 9th Tissue Engineering Conference April 23-24, 2018, Los Vegas, USA; Stem Cell Biology Congress September 03-04, 2018, Tokyo, Japan; 2nd cell Signaling Summit September 19-20 2018, Philadelphia, USA; 9th Tissue Science Conference July 13-14, 2018, Sydney, Australia; Biotechnology Conference, March 05-07, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Biotechnology Congress, June 25-27, 2018, Dubai, UAE; World Vaccines Congress, June28-30, 2018, Dubai, UAE; Advanced Diabetes Conference, April 27-28, 2018, Abu Dhabi, UAE

Related Associations or Societies:

International Society for Forensic Society, International Society of Nurses in Genetics, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), The Genetics Society of Japan, The World Medical Association, The American Society of Hematology

Related Research Institutes

Max Planck Gesellschaft | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS | Medical Research Council | Assistance Publique Hpitaux de Paris | Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute | Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam| Institut Pasteur | Jozef Stefan Institute | University Medical Center Groningen | Cancer Research Uk Cancer Charity | Helmholtz Zentrum fr Umweltforschung | University Hospital Leuven | Karolinska Institute & Karolinska University Hospital | Norwegian Institute of Public Health | Jorvi Hospital | University College London Hospitals | Mario Negri Institute Pharmacology Research | Danish Cancer Society | Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust | Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics| Tubitak Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey | Centre Hospitalier Rgional Universitaire Lille | Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics | Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics

Genetics and Molecular biology Laboratory Equipments

PCR | ELISA | Trans illuminators | 2-D Gel Electrophoresis | Spectrophotometry | Chromatography systems | Auto clave Sterilizers | Fermentation Equipment | pH meters and osmometers

Genetics do play a role in how you consciously or subconsciously manifest your true self | Your genetics load the gun. Your lifestyle pulls the trigger

Breast cancer is as a consequence of complicated interactions between a wide type of genetic variations and our surroundings. The inherited thing of breast cancer hazard is due to a aggregate of unusual versions in genes consisting of BRCA1 and BRCA2 that confer a immoderate risk of the sickness, and many commoner genetic variations that every confer most effective a small chance. The newly recognized danger areas nearly double the range which is probably already identified, thereby bringing the number of recognized commonplace variants associated with breast most cancers to around one hundred eighty.

By combining epidemiological facts with different data from breast tissue, the researchers have been capable of make conceivable predictions of the target genes in the big majority of instances. In addition, they showed for the primary time that those genes are often the same as the ones which can be altered in breast tumours - when a tumour develops, the DNA within the most cancers cells themselves mutates.

Around 70% of all cases of breast cancer are oestrogen-receptor advantageous, which means that the most cancers cells have a selected protein (known as a receptor) that responds to the woman intercourse hormone oestrogen, allowing the tumour to develop. However, no longer all most cancers cells deliver this receptor - those are known as oestrogen-receptor negative. The studies identified genetic regions particularly associated with either oestrogen-receptor effective or oestrogen receptor negative breast most cancers, underscoring the reality that these are biologically awesome cancers that expand otherwise.

Genetics is all about showcasing human beauty along with high quality performance

Researchers have grown gamete, which were removed from ovary tissue at their initial stage of development, to the point at which they are ready to be germinate.This could safeguard the pregnancy of girls with cancer ahead of potentially harmful medical treatment, such as chemotherapy. Immature eggs recovered from patients' ovarian tissue could be grown in the lab and stored for later fertilization.

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Cryptocurrency Market How To Create Life Changing …

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ATTENTION! Investors,Traders,Hedge Funds, Private Portfolio Managers, Professional Athletes, & Housewife Investors Who WantTo Make Life Changing ProfitsIn Cryptocurrency Investing! Finally, The Ultimate, Most Complete,& Highly Anticipated

In 2012, I discovered the bitcoin whitepaper while working at an energy brokerage firm that operated a bitcoin mining farm. I did not understand the computer math and coding in the whitepaper so I asked my good friendLeon Fu Dot Com (we call him that because he is a professional software engineer and a real nerdy techie) to help me verify that bitcoin really works.

Leon Fu Dot Com started investing in bitcoins and litecoins after reading the whitepaper and immediately made some really nice profits so that encouraged me to start investing in bitcoins as well. We realized it was like the internet dot com boom of the 1990s again and we wanted to get an early mover advantage to make some massive Life Changing Profits!

2. How did you learn to invest in cryptocurrencies?

Leon Fu Dot Com had dabbled instocks and options investing and I had experience in trading stocks, futures and the forex markets so we thought we had an advantage when we first started to invest in cryptocurrencies (aka, cryptos). We were totally wrong andgot slaughtered in 2013! We made a ton of ugly, reckless, & bonehead mistakes and almost lost everything and gave up on crypto but we had never seen an asset in human history grow over 1,000,000%before like bitcoin so we were determined not to give up!!!

Plus, we were passionately motivated to leave our 9 to 5 job and stop working for the man and be a slave to the almighty alarm clock again because working for an hourly wage was NOT the recipe to making Life Changing Moneyso wepushed ourselves to figure it out and learn from our past mistakes & failures which led us tosome BIG breakthroughs including:

Certain traditional investing strategies that worked in the stock marketwould cause you to lose bucket loads of money in crypto! Certain traditional investing strategiesworked amazingly better than others. Certain cryptos such as Ethereum displayed very obvious traits of success long before they became a big hit. Even better we noticed that when you combine certain investing strategies, it dramatically increased your profits!

After carefully analyzing our successes and failures, Leon Fu Dot Com and Icame across a HUGE game changer & discovered that there were 5 common traits to all the cryptocurrencies that hit it big like Ethereum, NEO, Cardano, Decred, etc.

Westarted to share our crypto insights and discoveries on YouTube and others started to follow and havetremendous success as well. Before you know it, we started to get thousands of newsubscribers and a flood of requests for us to teach what we know about cryptocurrency investing to others.

We never expected random strangers from around the world to contact us and ask us to invest their money for themafter watching us on YouTube so we had to respectfully decline everyones requests to manage their money sincewe are NOT licensed financial advisors. Afterwards, we started getting requests from viewers asking us to teach them privatelyabout cryptocurrency investing but we did nottake it seriously because we genuinely thought they were just joking around or trolling (harassing) us. However, after talking toseveral viewers who contacted us privately to seek coaching & mentoring, we started to realize that our viewers requests to teach them our crypto investing system and methodologies werereal and that is how we created theCryptocurrency Investing Bootcamp.

We did not realize that there were thousands of beginning,uneducated and uninformed crypto investors out there who were struggling to figure out cryptocurrency investinglike we did. Therefore, dont be frustrated if you are struggling with cryptocurrency investing because you are NOT alone! Its NOT just you! Our advice is to get properly educated so you cantake advantage of the Life Changing Profit potential in cryptocurrency investing before it becomes mainstream in 2-3 years and there is no opportunities left to make Life Changing Money anymore.

Absolutely we have proof that our system works! We have a firm belief that documentation trumps conversation! Let me show you the documentation (proof)so you can see that its not just all conversation.

PROOF #1 Here is a video documenting how Leon Fu Dot Com clearly predicted that Factom will reach $3.50 back when it was still only trading at a low of $1.20:

Factom exploded over 3,000% (30X) in growthfrom $1.20 to a high of $36.32 on June 23, 2017 just 15 months after we released the video price prediction above on April 13, 2016:

PROOF #2 Using the analysis strategies we teach in the bootcamp, Leon Fu Dot Com made an assessment that buyingEthereum Classic (ETC) in March 2017 was a better potential for profit than Ethereum (ETH) and it turned out to be true because ETC went up 327% (3X)while ETH only moved up 136%.

PROOF #3 Based on my analysis of bitcoin in Oct 2016 I suggested bitcoin was at a good buy level which grew a phenomenal 882% of Life Changing Profits in just 1 year!

PROOF #4Some folks missed the bitcoin buying opportunity I previously mentioned so I identified another opportunity for everyone which yielded a whopping 182% of Life Changing Profits in just 5 months:

PROOF #5Here is another tweet & chart documenting my analysis of Monero which resulted in a quick 1,226% of Life Changing Profits in just 10 months:

As you can see, this is just a small sample documentation to show that our crypto investing strategies work and that we are not just all conversation.

The Cryptocurrency Investing Bootcamp is a private, 4 day, hands on comprehensive crypto investing workshop whereLeon Fu Dot Com and I will personally hold your hand and teach you everything we know about how to get started and show you the best methods we know to reduce your risk and increase your potential to be a consistently profitable cryptocurrency investorby showing youexactly how to find the potentially profitable cryptocurrencies that will give you the highest potential to make Life Changing Profits. There will be lots of hands on practice so that we can check to make sure you do it correctly in front of us before you go home and safely do it on your own portfolio.

How to eliminate the 3 mental barriers to crypto investing success. The crypto investors worth following online. The 10 key advantages of investing in cryptos vs. traditional investing. The 7 key disadvantages of investing in cryptos vs. traditional investing. 9 stupid & silly myths that dont make you money in crypto investing. The 8 common traits of successful cryptocurrency investors. The 5 key components of the Cryptocurrency Investing Bootcamp that makes it different from any other program. How to AVOID these bonehead mistakes that cost us over $500k! The 6 foolproof ways to shortcut your way to crypto investing success. The 4 essential secrets to learning cryptocurrency investing fast!

How to choose the appropriate brand of computer for crypto trading/investing. How to select the appropriate RAM, Solid State Drive, CPU, hard drive connector, monitors, & necessary computer hardware for crypto investing, mining, & staking. How to choose thecorrect computer softwares such as operating systems, screenshot softwares, spreadsheets, etc. needed for crypto investing. Where to buy your computers & monitors to get the most value for your money.

How to choose the right cryptowallet based on your needs. How to choose the right cryptowallet based on your computing device. The 4 critical components to safely store & secure your cryptos. How to use a password manager to protect your crypto passwords. How to use two factor authentication to secure your cryptos. How to safely send & receive your first cryptos & NOT lose them. How to send and receive cryptos from another person. How to send and receive cryptos from an exchange. How to send and receive any crypto from anyone or anywhere.

The 5 types of crypto exchanges that every investor MUST use. The 5 criteria for selecting a good cryptocurrency exchange. How to set up a new cryptocurrency trading account. How to connect your bank account to your crypto account. How to test your new crypto account.

How to set up your cryptocurrency price charts & watchlists. How to choose & submit the correct BUY and SELL orders to get your orders filled correctly and not get slipped. Howto quickly get in and out of a trade during a fast moving market using a Hybrid Market Limit order. How to create automated set & forget BUY & SELL orders that will automatically buy or sell your cryptos for you even when you are asleep or away from your computer so that your crypto investments are protected. How to put in stop loss orders to protect your investments.

You will learn the traditional trading & investing tools that :

Work very well in the cryptocurrency market, Do NOT work very well in the cryptocurrency market, Needs to be avoided like the plague, or Needs to be modified to work effectively in the crypto market.

You will also learn the new and astonishing crypto analytical tools that we developed specifically just for the cryptocurrency market to help you:

Easily find low risk ENTRIES that minimize your risk & gives you an edge over everyone else as well as Effortlessly calculate high probability EXITS that gives you an unfair profit advantage.

You will learn how to systematically filter & tune out the market noise from hundreds of cryptocurrencies screaming for attention & choose the highest probability cryptocurrencies with the lowest risk and highest potential to generate massive Wall Street like profits by understanding the 5 Key Traits of a Profitable Cryptocurrency. This module is designed to pull you away from the blind, ignorant, uneducated, emotional & predictable, sheep like, herd like mentality of amateur crypto investors and place you in the realm of an educated, & systematic crypto investor who knows how to invest and make Life Changing Profits like the big boys on Wall Street. You will learn The VC MAN Method that we developed through trial and error that allows you to systematically identify the legitimate and A Gradecryptocurrencies worth investing in (that are not scams) by identifying the 5 Key Traits of a Profitable Cryptocurrency.

You will learn some highly effective & battle tested cryptocurrency investing strategies that you can constantly use over and over to generate potentially HUGE PROFITS because they have been proven to be consistently profitable! You will the difference between mining, staking, short term trading, long term trading, etc. Also, you will learn the silly crypto investing strategies that are highly discussed & debated in the crypto forums & troll boxes and appear to be very enticing, lucrative and profitable on the surface but do not really make you any money, creates a lot of frustration, will lose you a ton of money and just a plain waste of your time & capital. You want to AVOID these nasty & unprofitable crypto investing strategies at all cost! After the training in this module, you will have a proven, systematic, effective & potentially profitable, ready to go set of cryptocurrency strategies in your investing toolbox so you no longer have to waste time on the internet searching for gimmicky & unproven investing strategies during your bedtime and waste time wondering if they will work or not.

You will learn from our experience when is the best time to get in a trade to drastically reduce your risk using our proprietary & simple to learn, 4 StepEntry Method so that you have a methodical, consistent, and easy to understand approach to enter the market so that its not a guessing game. Learnhow to be precise & confident with your ENTRIES so you dont have to depend on others to figure it out for you. After the training, you will no longer need to ask annoying questions like, WHEN do I get in? or WHERE do I get in? anymore. Basically, you will be able to discover a goldmine of investment opportunities.

You will learn how much of your money you should invest into each cryptocurrency. In gambling terms, it is basically asking, WHAT is the correct bet size? Do you invest 100%, 50%, 10%, etc. of your portfolio on one crypto or do you spread it out across several cryptos? In other words, how much of your portfolio should be allocated to bitcoin, ethereum or a new and unproven crypto? We created an easy to use and easy to understand TaiFu RiskMatrix that automatically calculates your correct bet size based on your a) experience level and b) how much money you are working with. We lost a ton of money to field test the TaiFu Risk Matrix and well share it with you at the bootcamp so it will completely eliminate any guesswork for you when when you need to calculate how much risk you should take in an A-Grade, B-Grade, or C-Grade crypto.

You will learn to identify the 2 nasty market leeches in cryptocurrency investing that quickly suck & drain the money out of your account leaving you broke & clueless as to what just happened to my investing account?! (NO ONE IS IMMUNE TO THESE 2 VICIOUS MARKET LEECHES INCLUDING YOU! They sucked my account dry multiple times when I first got into trading! and it was nasty!) You will learn the 3 powerful investing shields that you can use to prevent these two nasty Market Leeches from draining money out of your accountbefore you even have a chance to make a profit! You will also learn how to properly exit a trade in the RIGHT way that will allow you to be profitable in cryptocurrency investing even when you are wrong on over 66% of your cryptocurrency picks! Imagine being RIGHT less than 34%of the time in your crypto investing and still be profitable! (This means you do not have to be RIGHT all the time to make money in crypto investing!) The beauty of these 3 powerful investing shields is that they are arithmetic based, easy to calculate (no calculator needed), requires very little booksmarts, and very easy to implement after you learn them.

You will learn how to systematically diagnose your crypto investing system to:

Troubleshoot whats causing your crypto investing system to be profitable so that you can CONTINUE doing it. Troubleshoot whats causing your crypto investing system to be unprofitable so that you can STOP doing it.

Our previous students consider this module to be the MOST CRITICAL component to cryptocurrency investing success & worth the bootcamp registration fee alone! Nothing is more annoying then putting your hard earned money to work for you and youre not making money and you dont even know WHY? This module is designed to troubleshoot and diagnose your cryptocurrency investing system to see why its not making you money. NOTICE: WE PROMISE YOU WILL NOT LEARN THIS SECTION ABOUT TRADING DIAGNOSTICS ANYWHERE ELSE! IF YOU DID IT WAS

PROBABLY FROM ONE OF OUR PREVIOUS BOOTCAMP ATTENDEES OR THEY STOLE IT FROM US!

How to legally pay the least amount of taxes on your crypto profits. How to calculate your potential tax liability before making a trade or investment. How to understand crypto tax guidelines. How to qualify your CPA to make sure they understand cryptotaxes. How to invest in cryptos in your retirement accounts. How to guesstimate your crypto taxes. How to record and document your crypto investments for tax purposes. Understanding Ordinary Income vs. Short & Long Term Capital Gains What is a 1031 Like For Like Exchange? Tax jurisdictions that are favorable to crypto traders and investors. Our analysis of the Puerto Rico tax benefits to crypto traders and investors.

You will be reviewed and tested to make sure you can clearlyperform the 6 key components of safe & successful crypto investing. Therefore, you will berequired todemonstrate that youcan clearly perform the following tasks:

1. You know how to confidently FIND CRYPTOSwith a high potential for Wall Street like profits.2. You know how to select the APPROPRIATE INVESTING STRATEGYfrom your strategy toolbox.3. You know how to identify a potentialLOW RISK ENTRY PRICE.4. You know how to correctly calculate the BET SIZE for each investment.5. You know how calculate your EXIT PRICE when you are wrong and when you need to take profits so its not a mystery.6. You know to how toDIAGNOSE your crypto portfolio and identify a) what is MISSING from your crypto investing system, or b) what needs to IMPROVE in your current crypto investing system.

You will learn how to access your monthly online follow ups to make sure you get continual training, new tools, & security updates, etc. since the crypto investing landscape changes very rapidly. Bootcamp summary & wrap up. Final bootcamp Q&A. Whats the next steps?

The TOTAL VALUE of the Cryptocurrency Investing Bootcamp is$95,930!

Obviously, the Cryptocurrency Investing Bootcamp is NOT a good fit for everyone

If you would rather struggle WORKING HARDandlose your hard earned moneyto figure it out on your own instead of learning to do it RIGHT from a team of grizzled & experienced crypto investors (like Leon Fu Dot Com and Tai Zen) who have already crossed the minefield of crypto investing terror then this bootcamp is NOT a good fit for you. If you have a tendency to be negative, stubborn, whine, bitch, complain, & youre difficult to work with, always want to be right, or blame outside circumstances for your results then this bootcamp is NOT a good fit for you. If you are NOT willing to be TEACHABLE, COACHABLE, TRANSPARENT & be held ACCOUNTABLE and would rather stay right where you are, instead of investing in skills that could potential help you make Life Changing Money FAST in crypto then this bootcamp is NOT a good fit for you. If you plan to sit on your butt and do absolutely nothing and you are NOT interested in doing the RIGHT action steps we show you that are necessary to REALLY Make it Happen! and give yourself a chance to possibly create Life Changing Money then dont bother registering for the bootcamp because its not the right fit for you. If you can IDENTIFYthe cryptos that can potentially create Life Changing Profits & already know the RIGHTTECHNICAL ANALYSIS TOOLSto identifyWHENto get IN and OUT then you dont need our bootcamp. If you dont believe there is a massive opportunity to create Life ChangingProfits in crypto investing as an early bird investor and alreadyhappy with makinga tiny1-10% profit in traditional stock investing then our bootcamp is not the right fit for you. If you have a spouse that doesnt UNDERSTAND the Life Changing Opportunities available in crypto investing and thinks you are wasting your money instead of seeing this bootcamp as an INVESTMENT in yourself & will be calling us up to nag, yell, bitch and complain about you attending our high value bootcamp then this bootcamp is NOT for you. Obviously, if you have to use your grocery or rent money to register for the bootcamp then this is not the right time for you. please come back later. Also, if you do not know how to: a) turn on a computer b) operate a computer mouse c) operate multiple windows on a computer d) search for a website on a browser, PLEASE DO NOT REGISTER FOR OUR BOOTCAMP! because we will REFUND you immediately the minute we find out you do not know how to use a computer! This is NOT a joke! Lastly, if your name happens to be Warren Buffet, Bill Gates, Michael Dell, Donald Trump, Satoshi Nakamoto or Vitalik Buterin, you probably wont even need the Cryptocurrency Investing Bootcamp!

On the other hand

If you have the burning desire to make Life Changing Money Faster Than You Ever Have and SICK & TIRED of struggling to figure things out alone & listening to bullshit from people who dont make a living from crypto investing then this bootcamp is a perfect fit for you. If you would like to have multi-millionaire crypto traders like Leon Fu Dot Com, myself (two of the most popular & trusted crypto investors online) and our team in your corner, holding your hand, & show you how we made Life Changing Money in crypto & quit our jobs & retired early then this bootcamp is a perfect fit for you. If you would like to spend 4 full days, in person, with Leon Fu Dot Com, myself and our team in a PRIVATE and INTIMATE setting and have us help you with any & ALL aspects of crypto investing followed by 1 FULL YEARof follow up & technical support then this bootcamp is really your ONLY choice! If youd like to be a part of a crypto investing Family where you get to meet AWESOME PEOPLE, create AMAZING friendships for life, who become LIFELONG & SUPPORTER then this bootcamp is a good fit for you. If you are DISGUSTEDwith the measly returns you are getting in your traditional stock investments and want to find opportunities in crypto that has a potential to make Wall Street like PROFITS then you definitely need to attend the bootcamp. If you realize you made some FAT PROFITS from investing in a random crypto such as Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ethereum, Factom, Monero, Dash, Stratis, NEO, Verge, Decred, Cardano, etc. off of pure luck and you want to hit it big again using REAL investing SKILLS only if you knew how to find the next big winner and not have to rely on luck again then be sure to register for the bootcamp immediately! If you want to GET RIDof the anxiety, nervousness, self-doubt, and FEAR of picking picking the wrong cryptocurrency and lose your hard earned money then dont think twice about it and register for the bootcamp today because its the perfect fit for you. If you are REGRETFUL that you didnt LOAD UP on certain cryptoswhen you had the opportunity because you were unsure or scared.. then register for the bootcamp now and dont wait.

Before you decide if theCryptocurrency Investing Bootcamp is for you or notI want to tell you why this program is vastly different from everything else thats ever been created on the topic of cryptocurrency investing.

Reason #1 This is the FIRST TIMEEVERthat a training program was designed specifically to help investors create Life Changing Profits and not just some EXTRAmoney or extra cash because we have not seen extra money make a significant change in anyones life.

Reason #2 This bootcampis co-created by the two highlyrecognized and world renowned multi-millionaire crypto investors on the internet (Tai Zen& Leon Fu Dot Com) who specialize in creating Life Changing Profits from cryptocurrency investing.

Reason #3 There will be no theorists or paper traders teaching the bootcamp! We have clearly documented all our crypto calls and picksBEFORE they happen on our YouTube channel for all to see, unlike many crypto investors who claim success after the fact.

Reason #4 This will be a condensed, high-impact, Best Of The Best, ground breaking, most comprehensive, step by step, crypto investing training of its kind andyou will have a complete A to Z method to systematically and effortlessly find potentially profitable cryptocurrencies, identify high probability entries, calculate the correct bet size, know when to get out if the investment goes against you, and know how to take profits when you are profitable so you are not scrambling around like a chicken with its head cut off asking your family and friends (who are uneducated about crypto) when to take profits.

Reason #5 We do not believe you should be in front of the computer all day making short term, in and out trades because that is no different than having a job working at home instead of at the office. After the bootcamp, you will learn how to PUT your money to WORK for YOU in the crypto market .

Reason #6 Its the first time that a program has ever been created SPECIFICALLY to help beginning & experienced crypto investors understand the true inner workings of the crypto market by two, highly experienced, multi-millionaire crypto traders.

There are plenty of bullshit investing tricks, gimmicks, magical softwares, paper trading techniques, investment advisors, newsletters, etc. that appear to work and if they did, you wouldnt be reading about our bootcamp right now.

If you want to be a consistently profitable crypto investor then youre going to have to becomean educated crypto investor and learn some REAL crypto investing SKILLS! We believe the more you learn, the more you earn and I seriously doubt you willfind anything else on the market that remotely comes CLOSE to the same level of high caliber training as our bootcamp!

This will be a private, intimate, and very hands on training bootcamp witha 40 Seat Limit! We only want a small number of students so thatwe have plenty of time to personally work with everyone during the bootcamp and the 1 year follow up.

The tuition for the Cryptocurrency Investing Bootcamp is $25,000.

You can register for the bootcamp using any cryptocurrency that trades over $1 million in volume per day according to http://www.CoinMarketCap.com. If you want to register using a crypto that trades less than $1 million per day, please email me at Tai@Cryptocurrency.Market and we can discuss it.

YES, there is a guarantee, if after attending the 1st day, you feel that Leon Fu Dot Com and I did not deliver on what is promised on this website, you can choose to turn in your materials and ask for a full 100% REFUND and youll get it (just make sure you have your crypto address handy because we will ONLY refund the cryptos back to the originalcrypto address).

Now theres no excuse for not attending. If youre serious about learning how we made Life Changing Money in crypto, then register ASAP before the limited number of seats are filled. Once the 40 seats are filled, the bootcamp registration will beclosed!

DURING the bootcamp you will receive:

1. Cryptocurrency Investing BootcampTraining Manual Version 2.0 ($995 value)2. 4 Days of Hands On Training With Tai Zen & Leon Fu Dot Com ($92,930 value)3. 2 Hardware Wallets To Store Your Cryptos Offline ($150 value)4. 115 Dell Latitude Business Class Laptop For Trading, Storing & Transferring Cryptos ($1,200 value)5. 115 Dell Latitude Business Class Laptop For Staking & Masternode Investing ($1,200 value)6. TaiFu Crypto Diagnostics Trade Log ($995 Value)

AFTER the bootcamp you will receive:

1. 90 Min Monthly Online Q&A Sessions Once A Month To Keep You On Track ($5,970 Value)2. Emergency Coaching Sessions When There Is A Major Crypto Security Alert (Online) ($5,970 Value)3. Cryptocurrency Investing Bootcamp Home Study Course ($15,960 value)4. Complimentary Access to the TaiFu Indexes for personal use only when it becomes available. ($995 Value)5. Complimentary Access to the TaiFu Portfolio Tracker for personal use only when it becomes available. ($995 Value)6. TaiFu Private Group Chat

Step #1 Click on the link below to register for the bootcamp:Click Here To Secure Your Bootcamp Seat Now!

Step #2 Pay your Bootcamp registration fee. We use Coinbase to process all Bootcamp registration fees. If you like to register for the Bootcamp using a different crypto please email me at Tai@Cryptocurrency.Marketwith your a) full name b) city, country c) phone number and a good time to call you so I can help you process the payment over skype.

Step #3 Book your flight & hotel for the Bootcamp using the hotel info we provide you.

Step #4 Complete the required computer security setup before attending the bootcamp.

If you have any questions about the Bootcamp registration process, please call our office at: (214) 233-6316 and ask for Tai.

None of the following subscribers have been paid by us to make the following comments. All they got from us was solid cryptocurrency investing knowledge!

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Cryptocurrency Market How To Create Life Changing ...

Ripple Price Prediction: Korean Pressure Isn’t Helping an XRP Recovery

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Ripple News Update
Ripple prices are down on Thursday, most likely as a result of the market-wide slump in cryptocurrency prices. But even without the macro pessimism, South Korea’s ongoing regulatory pressure might have held down XRP prices anyways.

What am I talking about?

Well, in January, the Korean government banned anonymous cryptocurrency trading. At first, it looked like officials might actually ban trading completely, but a public backlash forced the government to scale back its efforts.

So, Korean regulators settled on a compromise. Cryptocurrency exchanges and the banks that associate with them would have to follow anti-money laundering rules to stem the.

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Ripple Price Prediction: Korean Pressure Isn’t Helping an XRP Recovery

Ethereum Price Forecast: Crypto Recovery Falters at $350 Billion Level

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Ethereum News Update
Ethereum prices are down six percent on Thursday morning as the market slips back into angst and fear about upcoming regulations.

These gyrations have become a normal part of the Ethereum to USD exchange rate. They don’t surprise me. One number that did catch my eye, however, is the total cryptocurrency market cap—it fell below $350.0 billion...again.

After more than a week of treading water, the total market.

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Ethereum Price Forecast: Crypto Recovery Falters at $350 Billion Level

Litecoin Price Prediction: Jack Dorsey Needs to Consider Adding LTC to Cash App

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Daily Litecoin News Update
“The world ultimately will have a single currency, the internet will have a single currency. I personally believe that it will be bitcoin,” says the young entrepreneur Jack Dorsey, who is the architect and captain of two ships—Twitter Inc (NYSE:TWTR) and Square Inc (NYSE:SQ)—both of which sail in the crypto seas today. (Source: “Jack Dorsey expects bitcoin to become the world's 'single currency' in about 10 years,” CNBC, March 21, 2018.)

Jack Dorsey predicts that.

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Food Supplements | European Food Safety Authority

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Food supplements are concentrated sources of nutrients or other substances with a nutritional or physiological effect, whose purpose is to supplement the normal diet. Food supplements are marketed 'in dose' form, for example as pills, tablets, capsules or liquids in measured doses etc. Supplements may be used to correct nutritional deficiencies or maintain an adequate intake of certain nutrients. However, in some cases excessive intake of vitamins and minerals may be harmful or cause unwanted side effects; therefore, maximum levels are necessary to ensure their safe use in food supplements.

EU regulatory framework

The European Commission has established harmonised rules to help ensure that food supplements are safe and properly labelled. In the EU, food supplements are regulated as foods and the legislation focuses on vitamins and minerals used as ingredients of food supplements.

The main EU legislation is Directive 2002/46/EC related to food supplements containing vitamins and minerals.

The Directive sets out labelling requirements and requires that EU-wide maximum and minimum levels are set for each vitamin and mineral added to supplements. As excessive intake of vitamins and minerals may result in adverse effects, the Directive provides for the setting of maximum amounts of vitamins and minerals added to food supplements. This task has been delegated to the Commission and is currently ongoing.

In addition, its Annex II contains a list of permitted vitamin or mineral substances that may be added for specific nutritional purposes in food supplements. Annex II has been amended by Regulation 1170/2009 of 30 November 2009.

Vitamin and mineral substances may be considered for inclusion in the lists following the evaluation of an appropriate scientific dossier concerning the safety and bioavailability of the individual substance by EFSA. Companies wishing to market a substance not included in the permitted list need to submit an application to the European Commission.

A guidance by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2001 gives information on the data that should be provided in the dossier supporting the application for a new substance.

EFSAs role and activities

EFSA was asked by the European Commission to evaluate the safety and bioavailability of nutrient sources proposed for addition to the list of permitted substances in Annex II of the food supplements Directive. In July 2009, EFSA completed the first comprehensive assessment of substances used as sources of vitamins and minerals in food supplements, which are currently sold in the EU.

Based on EFSAs work, the European Commission reviewed the list of permitted vitamin or mineral substances that may be added in food supplements.

Between 2005 and 2009 EFSA examined a total of 533 applications. Of these, 186 applications were withdrawn during the evaluation process, and EFSA received insufficient scientific evidence to be able to assess around half of the remaining applications. Possible safety concerns were identified in relation to 39 applications.

The evaluations were carried out by thePanel on food additives and nutrient sources added to food (ANS). The Panels evaluations involved judging the safety of a nutrient substance at the intake levels suggested by the applicant based on best scientific knowledge available. The Panel also assessed the bioavailability of the nutrient from the source, which is the effectiveness with which the mineral or vitamin is released from the source into the tissues of the body. Previously the former Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (former AFC) was responsible for this work.

Moreover, EFSAs NDA Panel has preformed a comprehensive evaluation of the possible adverse health effects of individual micronutrients at intakes exceeding the dietary requirements and, where possible, established Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) for different population groups. ULs represent the highest level of chronic daily intake of a nutrient that is not likely to pose a risk of adverse health effects to humans. The ULs defined by the NDA Panel and by the former Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) are used as a reference by the ANS Panel in its evaluations of the safety of nutrient substances added to food supplements. Throughout this work EFSA will provide support to the European Commission in establishing maximum limits for vitamins and minerals in food supplements and fortified foods.

Further information:DG Health and Consumers: Food SupplementsDG Health and Consumers: Addition of vitamins and mineralsDG Health and Consumers: Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals

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Food Supplements | European Food Safety Authority

Democrat suggests ‘Second Amendment’ remedy vs. Trump …

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A New York Democratic congressman is being accused of promoting violence against President Trump after suggesting during a town hall that citizens may have to take up arms against the president if he doesnt follow the law.

I mean, this is where the Second Amendment comes in quite frankly, because you know, what if the president was to ignore the courts? What would you do? What would we do? Rep. Tom Suozzi, D-N.Y., said during a March 12 Q&A session with constituents in Huntington, on Long Island.

Its really a matter of putting public pressure on the president, he said.

The exchange was captured on a Facebook Live stream.

New York Democratic Rep. Tom Suozzi made the "Second Amendment" comment about Trump during a March 12 town hall meeting.(Screengrab from Facebook Live video)

After Suozzi referenced the Second Amendment, a constituent asked him to explain the amendment.

The Second Amendment is the right to bear arms, the Democrat said. Thats why we have it.

Republicans are accusing Suozzi of promoting violence.

"I mean, this is where the Second Amendment comes in quite frankly," said New York Democratic Rep. Tom Suozzi.

"When resistance and obstruction don't work out, Tom Suozzi proposes violence, National Republican Congressional Committee spokesman Chris Martin said in a statement. He's completely out of touch."

A spokesperson for Suozzi denied that the congressman was calling for "armed insurrection" against Trump.

Taking a page from such great Americans as Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, Congressman Suozzi explained why our founding fathers created the Second Amendment as a way for citizens to fight back against a tyrannical government that does not follow the rule of law,"senior adviser Kim Devlin said in a Monday statement to Fox News.

Devlin added: "To suggest his comments meant anything else or that he was advocating for an armed insurrection against the existing president is both irresponsible and ridiculous.

Suozzi made the comment about the Second Amendment when a constituent asked him a question about Trump and the United States constitutional system of checks and balances.

Suozzi predicted the issue could be going to the courts as well.

Suozzi, who served as Nassau County executive from 2002 to 2009, was elected to Congress in 2016 and is seeking re-election this fall.

Alex Pappas is a politics reporter at FoxNews.com. Follow him on Twitter at @AlexPappas.

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Democrat suggests 'Second Amendment' remedy vs. Trump ...

Congressman suggests Second Amendment as means of opposing …

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A Democratic congressman from Long Island implied that Americans should grab weapons and oppose President Trump by force, if the commander-in-chief doesnt follow the Constitution.

Rep. Tom Suozzi made the remark to constituents at a town hall last week, saying that folks opposed to Trump might resort to the Second Amendment.

Its really a matter of putting public pressure on the president, Suozzi said in a newly released video of the March 12 talk in Huntington. This is where the Second Amendment comes in, quite frankly, because you know, what if the president was to ignore the courts? What would you do? What would we do?

A listener then blurts out, Whats the Second Amendment?

The left-leaning Democrat says, The Second Amendment is the right to bear arms.

The spectators laughed some nervously. Republicans were not amused.

This video is incredibly disturbing. Its surreal to watch a sitting member of Congress suggest that his constituents should take up arms against the president of the United States, said National Republican Campaign Committee spokesman Chris Martin.

Suozzi political adviser Kim Devlin denied the pol was advocating for an armed insurrection.

But the Suozzi campaign at the same time seemed to double down on the comments, as they forwarded a line penned by Thomas Jefferson that called for armed resistance.

What country can preserve its liberties if their rulers are not warned from time to time that their people preserve the spirit of resistance. Let them take arms, the quote said.

Suozzis comment seems to conflict with his recent push for gun control following the Parkland, Florida, school shooting.

Suozzi even participated in the March 14 student walkout for gun control outside the US Capitol and called on the young people of his district to back tightened gun laws.

I think we should engage the high school students of #NY03, and all of Long Island, to promote gun violence prevention legislation, he said in a Feb. 21 tweet.

Trump himself has in the past used language similar to Suozzis. During the 2016 campaign, he told a crowd at a rally in North Carolina that if Hillary Clinton were elected and able to nominate a Supreme Court justice, there would be nothing that gun supporters could do. He then added: Although the Second Amendment people maybe there is, I dont know.

The remark was widely seen as a veiled call for violence, though Trump denied that was his meaning.

Suozzi, a first-term congressman elected in 2016, is seeking re-election this fall. He formerly served as Nassau County executive.

He is expected to easily win the Democratic primary and face GOP challenger Dan Debono, a former US Navy SEAL, in the general election.

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Congressman suggests Second Amendment as means of opposing ...

Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution …

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The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any search warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. It is part of the Bill of Rights. The Fourth amendment was adopted in response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, a type of general search warrant issued by the British government. It was a major source of tension in pre-Revolutionary America. The Fourth Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James Madison, along with the other amendments in the Bill of Rights.[1] They were proposed in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution.[2]

Congress sent 12 amendments to the states in August of 1789.[3] Of these, 10 were approved by the states. The last state, Virginia ratified the amendments (including the fourth amendment) on December 15, 1791.[3] On March 1, 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson announced the adoption of the amendment.

The Bill of Rights did initially apply to the states. Also, federal criminal investigations were less common in the first century of the nation's history. For these reasons there is little case law for the Fourth Amendment before the 20th century. The amendment was held to apply to the states in Mapp v. Ohio (1961).

Under the Fourth Amendment, search and seizure (including arrest) should be limited in scope to specific information supplied to the issuing court. This is usually by a law enforcement officer who has sworn by it. Fourth Amendment case law deals with three central questions. What government activities constitute "search" and "seizure"? What constitutes probable cause for these actions? How should violations of Fourth Amendment rights be addressed? Early court decisions limited the amendment's scope to a law enforcement officer's physical intrusion onto private property. But with Katz v. United States (1967), the Supreme Court held that its protections, such as the warrant requirement, extend to the privacy of individuals as well as physical locations. Law enforcement officers need a warrant for most search and seizure activities. But the Court has defined a series of exceptions for consent searches, motor vehicle searches, evidence in plain view, exigent circumstances, border searches, and other situations.

The exclusionary rule is one way the amendment is enforced. Established in Weeks v. United States (1914), this rule holds that evidence obtained through a Fourth Amendment violation is generally inadmissible at criminal trials. Evidence discovered as a later result of an illegal search may also be inadmissible as "fruit of the poisonous tree," unless it inevitably would have been discovered by legal means.

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Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution ...

Bitcoin Cash News: Visa Debit Card for Bitcoin Cash …

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Bitcoin Cash (BCC) is not about to let Bitcoin (BTC) take all the limelight amidst the CBOE futures launch, and Roger Ver, the most vocal advocate of BCC, has just Tweeted that Bitcoin.com is going to come out with a Bitcoin Cash Visa debit card.

The rivalry between Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash is well known now, as the latters proponent, Roger Ver, has continued to claim that Bitcoins August 1, 2017 fork BCC, is the real Bitcoin as per the original guidelines in the 2009 whitepaper by Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.

According to Roger, Bitcoin Core, the development team behind BTC has failed the cryptocurrency, as is evident from its high transaction fees and delays. He also regularly stresses on the need for a digital currency to be globally accessible and feasible to use, even in economically weak regions such as Africa.

His response to Bitcoins shortcomings is Bitcoin Cash, which has a larger block size (8MB compared to Bitcoins 1MB - making for a larger number of transactions to be processed within the 10-minute period it takes to process new blocks) and consequently smaller fees and faster transaction processing.

However, the Bitcoin community has not been very receptive to what they believe is an attempt to subvert the original coin, leading to a rift between supporters of Bitcoin and those of Bitcoin Cash.

Now, with a possible Visa debit card solution coming out, Bitcoin Cashs price is likely to surge as it becomes easily spendable something that cannot be said for Bitcoin, which was recently dropped by Steam, the game publishing portal, due to high fees and delays.

While there are other solutions (TenX and Monaco) for users looking to spend their digital currency via debit cards, a native solution provided by Bitcoin Cash may be what is needed to further crypto adoption and actual spending, which is considered healthy for the market.

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Bitcoin Cash News: Visa Debit Card for Bitcoin Cash ...

Marshall Space Flight Center – Wikipedia

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Coordinates: 343849N 864027W / 34.64688N 86.67416W / 34.64688; -86.67416

The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), located in Huntsville, Alabama, is the U.S. government's civilian rocketry and spacecraft propulsion research center.[1] The largest NASA center, MSFC's first mission was developing the Saturn launch vehicles for the Apollo moon program. Marshall has been the agency's lead center for Space Shuttle propulsion and its external tank; payloads and related crew training; International Space Station (ISS) design and assembly; and computers, networks, and information management. Located on the Redstone Arsenal near Huntsville, Alabama, MSFC is named in honor of General of the Army George Marshall.

The center also contains the Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC), a facility that supports ISS launch, payload and experiment activities at the Kennedy Space Center. The HOSC also monitors rocket launches from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station when a Marshall Center payload is on board.

After the end of the war with Germany in May 1945, a program was initiated to bring to the United States a number of scientists and engineers who had been at the center of Germany's advanced military technologies. The largest and best-known activity was called Operation Paperclip. In August 1945, 127 missile specialists led by Wernher von Braun signed work contracts with the U.S. Army's Ordnance Corps. Most of them had worked on the V-2 missile development under von Braun at Peenemnde. Von Braun and the other Germans were sent to Fort Bliss, Texas, joining the Army's newly formed Research and Development Division Sub-office (Rocket).

For the next five years, von Braun and the German scientists and engineers were primarily engaged in adapting and improving the V-2 missile for U.S. applications; testing was conducted at nearby White Sands Proving Grounds, New Mexico. Von Braun had long had a great interest in rocketry for space science and exploration. Toward this, he was allowed to use a WAC Corporal rocket as a second stage for a V-2; the combination, called Bumper, reached a record-breaking 250 miles (400km) altitude.[2]

During World War II, the production and storage of ordnance shells was conducted by three arsenals nearby to Huntsville, Alabama. After the war, these were closed, and the three areas were combined to form Redstone Arsenal. In October 1948, the Chief of Ordnance designated Redstone Arsenal as the center of research and development activities in free-flight rockets and related items, and the following June, the Ordnance Rocket Center was opened. A year later, the Secretary of the Army approved the transfer of the rocket research and development activities from Fort Bliss to the new center at Redstone Arsenal. Beginning in April 1950, about 1,000 persons were involved in the transfer, including von Braun's group. At this time, R&D responsibility for guided missiles was added, and studies began on a medium-range guided missile that eventually became the Redstone rocket.

Over the next decade, the missile development on Redstone Arsenal greatly expanded. Many small free-flight and guided rockets were developed, and work on the Redstone rocket got underway. Although this rocket was primarily intended for military purposes, von Braun kept space firmly in his mind, and published a widely read article on this subject.[3] In mid-1952, the Germans who had initially worked under individual contracts were converted to civil service employees, and in 1954-55, most became U.S. citizens. Von Braun was appointed Chief of the Guided Missile Development Division.[4]

In September 1954, von Braun proposed using the Redstone as the main booster of a multi-stage rocket for launching artificial satellites. A year later, a study for Project Orbiter was completed, detailing plans and schedules for a series of scientific satellites. The Army's official role in the U.S. space satellite program was delayed, however, after higher authorities elected to use the Vanguard rocket then being developed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL).

In February 1956, the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) was established; von Braun was the director of the Development Operations Division. One of the primary programs was a 1,500-mile (2,400km), single-stage missile that was started the previous year; intended for both the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy, this was designated the PGM-19 Jupiter. Guidance component testing for this Jupiter intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) began in March 1956 on a modified Redstone missile dubbed Jupiter A while re-entry vehicle testing began in September 1956 on a Redstone with spin-stabilized upper stages named Jupiter-C. The first Jupiter IRBM flight took place from Cape Canaveral in March 1957 with the first successful flight to full range on 31 May.[5] Jupiter was eventually taken over by the U.S. Air Force. The ABMA developed Jupiter-C was composed of a Redstone rocket first stage and two upper stages for RV tests or three upper stages for Explorer satellite launches. ABMA had originally planned the 20 September 1956 flight as a satellite launch but, by direct intervention of Eisenhower, was limited to the use of 2 upper stages for an RV test flight traveling 3,350 miles (5,390km) and attaining an altitude of 682 miles (1,098km). While the Jupiter C capability was such that it could have placed the fourth stage in orbit, that mission had been assigned to the NRL.[6][7] Later Jupiter-C flights would be used to launch satellites.

The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first man-made earth satellite, on October 4, 1957. This was followed on November 3 with the second satellite, Sputnik 2. The United States attempted a satellite launch on December 6, using the NRL's Vanguard rocket, but it barely struggled off the ground, then fell back and exploded. On January 31, 1958, after finally receiving permission to proceed, von Braun and the ABMA space development team used a Jupiter C in a Juno I configuration (addition of a fourth stage) to successfully place Explorer 1, the first American satellite, into orbit around the earth.

Effective at the end of March 1958, the U.S. Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC), was established at Redstone Arsenal. This encompassed the ABMA and its newly operational space programs. In August, AOMC and Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, a Department of Defense organization) jointly initiated a program managed by ABMA to develop a large space booster of approximately 1.5-million-pounds thrust using a cluster of available rocket engines. In early 1959, this vehicle was designated Saturn.

On April 2, President Dwight D. Eisenhower recommended to Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities, and on July 29, the President signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The nucleus for forming NASA was the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), with its 7,500 employees and Ames Research Center (ARC), Langley Research Center (LaRC), and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory (later LRC, then Glenn RC) becoming the initial operations of NASA.

Despite the existence of an official space agency, the Army continued with certain far-reaching space programs. In June 1959, a secret study on Project Horizon was completed by ABMA, detailing plans for using the Saturn booster in establishing a manned Army outpost on the moon. Project Horizon, however, was rejected, and the Saturn program was transferred to NASA.

The U.S. manned satellite space program, using the Redstone as a booster, was officially named Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. With a future goal of manned flight, monkeys Able and Baker were the first living creatures recovered from outer space on May 28, 1959. They had been carried in the nose cone on a Jupiter missile to an altitude of 300 miles (480km) and a distance of 1,500 miles (2,400km), successfully withstanding 38 times the normal pull of gravity. Their survival during speeds over 10,000 miles per hour was America's first biological step toward putting a man into space.

On October 21, 1959, President Eisenhower approved the transfer of all Army space-related activities to NASA. This was accomplished effective July 1, 1960, when 4,670 civilian employees, about $100 million worth of buildings and equipment, and 1,840 acres (7.4km2) of land transferred from AOMC/ABMA to NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. MSFC officially opened at Redstone Arsenal on this same date, then was dedicated on September 8 by President Eisenhower in person. The Center was named in honor of General of the Army George C. Marshall, Army Chief of Staff during World War II, United States Secretary of State, and Nobel Prize winner for his world-renowned Marshall Plan.

From its initiation, MSFC has been NASA's lead center for the development of rocket propulsion systems and technologies. During the 1960s, the activities were largely devoted to the Apollo Program man's first visit to the Moon. In this, the Saturn Family of launch vehicles were designed and tested at MSFC. Following the highly successful Moon landing, including initial scientific exploration, MSFC had a major role in Post-Apollo activities; this included Skylab, the United States' first space station. With a permanent space station as an objective, the Space Shuttle was developed as a reusable transportation vehicle, and with it came Spacelab and other experimental activities making use of the Shuttle cargo bay. These and other projects are described in a later section. But first, MSFC's present capabilities and projects are addressed.

Marshall Space Flight Center has capabilities and projects supporting NASA's mission in three key areas: lifting from Earth (Space Vehicles), living and working in space (International Space Station), and understanding our world and beyond (Advanced Scientific Research).[8]

MSFC is NASA's designated developer and integrator of launch systems. The state-of-the-art Propulsion Research Laboratory serves as a leading national resource for advanced space propulsion research. Marshall has the engineering capabilities to take space vehicles from initial concept to sustained service. For manufacturing, the world's largest-known welding machine of its type was installed at MSFC in 2008; it is capable of building major, defect-free components for manned-rated space vehicles.

In early March 2011, NASA Headquarters announced that MSFC will lead the efforts on a new heavy-lift rocket that, like the Saturn V of the lunar exploration program of the late 1960s, will carry large, man-rated payloads beyond low-Earth orbit. The Center will have the program office for what is being called the Space Launch System (SLS).[9]

Before it was cancelled by President Barack Obama in early 2010, the Constellation Program had been a major activity in NASA since 2004. In this program, MSFC was responsible for propulsion on the heavy-lift vehicles. These vehicles were designated Ares I and Ares V, and would replace the aging Space Shuttle fleet as well as transport humans to the Moon, Mars, and other deep-space destinations.[10]

Starting in 2006, the MSFC Exploration Launch Projects Office began work on the Ares projects. On October 28, 2009, an Ares I-X test rocket lifted off from the newly modified Launch Complex 39B at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) for a two-minute powered flight; then continued for four additional minutes traveling 150 miles (240km) down range.

MSFC had responsibility for the Space Shuttle's propulsion engines. On February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred, with the orbiter disintegrating during reentry and resulting in the death of its seven crew members. Flights of the other Shuttles were put on hold for 29 months. Based on a seven-month investigation, including a ground search that recovered debris from about 38 percent of the Orbiter, together with telemetry data and launch films, indicated that the failure was caused by a piece of insulation that broke off the external tank during launch and damaged the thermal protection on the Orbiter's left wing.

MSFC was responsible for the external tank, but few or no changes to the tank were made; rather, NASA decided that it was inevitable that some insulation might be lost during launch and thus required that an inspection of the orbiter's critical elements be made prior to reentry on future flights.

NASA retired the Space Shuttle in 2011, leaving America dependent upon the Russian Soyuz spacecraft for manned space missions.

The initial plans for the Space Station envisaged a small, low-cost Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) that would provide emergency evacuation capability. The 1986 Challenger disaster led planners to consider a more capable spacecraft. The Orbital Space Plane (OSP) development got underway in 2001, with an early version expected to enter service by 2010. With the initiation of the Constellation program in 2004, the knowledge gained on the OSP was transferred to Johnson Space Center (JSC) for use in the development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle. No operational OSP was ever built.[11]

The International Space Station is a partnership of the United States, Russian, European, Japanese, and Canadian Space Agencies. The station has continuously had human occupants since November 2, 2000. Orbiting 16 times daily at an average altitude of about 250mi (400km), it passes over some 90 percent of the world's surface. It weighs over 800,000 pounds (360,000kg), and a crew of six conducts research and prepares the way for future explorations.

NASA began the plan to build a space station in 1984. The station was named Freedom in 1988, and changed to the International Space Station (ISS) in 1992. The ISS is composed in modules, and the assembly in orbit started with the delivery of Russian module Zarya in November 1998. This was followed in December by the first U.S. module, Unity also called Node 1, built by Boeing in facilities at MSFC.[12]

As the 21st century started, Space Shuttle flights carried up supplies and additional small equipment, including a portion of the solar power array. The two-module embryonic ISS remained unmanned until the next module, Destiny, the U.S. Laboratory, arrived on February 7, 2001; this module was also built by Boeing at MSFC. The three-module station allowed a minimum crew of two astronauts or cosmonauts to be on the ISS permanently. In July, Quest air-lock was added to Unity, providing the capability for extra-vehicular activity (EVA).

Since 1998, 18 major U.S. components on the ISS have been assembled in space. In October 2007, Harmony or Node 2, was attached to Destiny; also managed by MSFC, this gave connection hubs for European and Japanese modules as well as additional living space, allowing the ISS crew to increase to six. The 18th and final major U.S. and Boeing-built element, the Starboard 6 Truss Segment, was delivered to the ISS in February 2009. With this, the full set of solar arrays could be activated, increasing the power available for science projects to 30kW. That marked the completion of the U.S. "core" of the station.

On 5 March 2010, Boeing turned over to NASA the U.S. on-orbit segment of the ISS.[13] It is planned that the International Space Station will be operated at least through the end of 2020. With the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet in 2011, future manned missions to the ISS will depend upon the Russian Soyuz spacecraft for the immediate future.

MSFC is involved in some of the most advanced space research of our time. Scientist/Astronaut researchers aboard the International Space Station are engaged in hundreds of advanced experiments, most of which could not be conducted except for the zero-gravity environment. The deep-space images from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory are made possible in part by the people and facilities at Marshall. The Center was not only responsible for the design, development, and construction of these telescopes, but it is also now home to the only facility in the world for testing large telescope mirrors in a space-simulated environment. Preliminary work has started on a Hubble successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST); this will be the largest primary mirror ever assembled in space. In the future, the facility will likely be used for another successor, the Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope (AT-LAST).

The National Space Science and Technology Center (NSSTC) is a joint research venture between NASA and the seven research universities of the State of Alabama. The primary purpose of NSSTC is to foster collaboration in research between government, academia, and industry. It consists of seven research centers: Advanced Optics, Biotechnology, Global Hydeology & Climate, Information Technology, Material Science, Propulsion, and Space Science. Each center is managed by either MSFC, the host NASA facility, or the University of Alabama in Huntsville, the host university.

The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in April 1990, but gave flawed images. It had been designed at MSFC, but used a primary mirror that had spherical aberration due to incorrect grinding and polishing by the contractor. The defect was found when the telescope was in orbit. The design was such that repairs were possible, and three maintenance missions were flown in Shuttles during the 1990s. Another servicing mission (STS-109) was flown on March 1, 2002. Each mission resulted in considerable improvements, with the images receiving worldwide attention from astronomers as well as the public.

Based on the success of earlier maintenance missions, NASA decided to have a fifth service mission to Hubble; this was STS-125 flown on May 11, 2009. The maintenance and addition of equipment resulted in Hubble performance considerably better than planned at its origin. It is now expected that the Hubble will remain operational until its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), is available in 2018.[14][15]

The Chandra X-ray Observatory, originating at MSFC, was launched on July 3, 1999, and is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. With an angular resolution of 0.5 arcsecond (2.4 rad), it has a thousand times better resolution than the first orbiting X-ray telescopes. Its highly eliptical orbit allows continuous observations up to 85 percent of its 65-hour orbital period. With its ability to make X-ray images of star clusters, supernova remnants, galactic eruptions, and collisions between clusters of galaxies - in its first decade of operation it has transformed astronomer's view of the high-energy universe.[16]

The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, initially called the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), is an international, multi-agency space observatory used to study the cosmos. It was launched June 11, 2008, has a design life of 5 years and a goal of 10 years. The primary instrument is the Large Area Telescope (LAT) that is sensitive in the photon energy range of 8 to greater than 300 GeV. It can view about 20% of the sky at any given moment.[17]

The LAT is complemented by the GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) which can detect burst of X-rays and gamma rays in the 8-keV to 3-MeV energy range, overlapping with the LAT. The GBM is a collaborative effort between the U.S. National Space Science and Technology Center and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany. MSFC manages the GBM, and Charles A. Meegan of MSFC is the Principal Investigator. Many new discoveries have been made in the initial period of operation. For example, on May 10, 2009, a burst was detected that, by its propagation characteristics, is believed to negate some approaches to a new theory of gravity.[18]

The Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), with Gerald J. Fishman of MSFC serving as Principal Investigator, is an ongoing examination of the many years of data from gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, and other transient gamma-ray phenomena.[19] The 2011 Shaw Prize, often called "Asia's Nobel Prize," was shared by Fishman and Italian astronomer Enrico Costa for their gamma-ray research.[20]

For 10 years, MSFC has supported activities in the U.S. Laboratory (Destiny) and elsewhere on the International Space Station through the Payload Operations Center (POC). The research activities include experiments on topics ranging from human physiology to physical science. Operating around the clock, scientists, engineers, and flight controllers in the POC link Earth-bound researchers throughout the world with their experiments and astronauts aboard the ISS. As of March2011[update], this has included the coordination of more than 1,100 experiments conducted by 41 space-station crew members involved in over 6,000 hours of science research.

Teams at Marshall manage NASA's programs for exploring the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and other bodies throughout our solar system. These have included Gravity Probe B, an experiment to test two predictions of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and Solar-B, an international mission to study the solar magnetic field and origins of the solar wind, a phenomenon that affects radio transmission on the Earth. The MSFC Lunar Precursor and Robotic Program Office manages projects and directs studies on lunar robotic activities across NASA.

MSFC also develops systems for monitoring the Earth's climate and weather patterns. At the Global Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC), researchers combine data from Earth systems with satellite data to monitor biodiversity conservation and climate change, providing information that improves agriculture, urban planning, and water-resource management.[21]

On November 19, 2010, MSFC entered the new field of microsatellites with the successful launch of FASTSAT (Fast, Affordable, Science and Technology Satellite). Part of a joint DoD/NASA payload, it was launched by a Minotaur IV rocket from the Kodiak Launch Complex on Kodiak Island, Alaska. FASTSAT is a platform carrying multiple small payloads to low-Earth orbit, creating opportunities to conduct low-cost scientific and technology research on an autonomous satellite in space. FASTSAT, weighing just under 400 pounds (180kg), serves as a full scientific laboratory containing all the resources needed to carry out scientific and technology research operations. It was developed at the MSFC in partnership with the Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation and Dynetics, Inc., both of Huntsville, Alabama. Mark Boudreaux is the project manager for MSFC.

There are six experiments on the FASTSAT bus, including NanoSail-D2, which is itself a nanosatellite the first satellite launched from another satellite. It was deployed satisfactorily on January 21, 2011.[22]

In addition to supporting NASA's key missions, the spinoffs from these activities at MSFC have contributed broadly to technologies that improve the Nation and the World. In the last decade alone, Marshall generated more than 60 technologies featured as NASA spinoffs. MSFC research has benefited firefighters, farmers, plumbers, healthcare providers, soldiers, teachers, pilots, divers, welders, architects, photographers, city planners, disaster relief workers, criminal investigators, and even video-gamers and golfers.[23]

The Space Shuttle is likely the most complex spacecraft ever built. Although MSFC was not responsible for developing the centerpiece the Orbiter Vehicle (OV) it was responsible for all of the rocket propulsion elements: the OV's three main engines, the External Tank (ET), and the Solid-Rocket Boosters (SRBs). MSFC was also responsible for Spacelab, the research facility carried in the Shuttle's cargo bay on certain flights. From the start of the program in 1972, the management and development of Space Shuttle propulsion was a major activity at MSFC. Alex A. McCool, Jr. was manager of MSFC's Space Shuttle Projects Office.

Throughout 1980, engineers at MSFC participated in tests related to plans to launch the first Space Shuttle. During these early tests and prior to each later Shuttle launch, personnel in the Huntsville Operations Support Center monitored consoles to evaluate and help solve any problems at the Florida launch that might involve Shuttle propulsion

On April 12, 1981, Columbia made the first orbital test flight of a full Space Shuttle with two astronauts. This was designated STS-1 (Space Transportation System-1), and verified the combined performance of the entire system. This was followed by STS-2 on November 12, also using Columbia, primarily to demonstrate safe re-launch of a Shuttle. During 1982, two more test flights (STS-3 & STS-4) were made. STS-5, launched November 11, was the first operational mission; carrying four astronauts, two commercial satellite were deployed. In all three of these flights, on-board experiments were carried and conducted on pallets in the Shuttle's cargo bay.[24]

Space Shuttle Challenger was launched on mission STS-51-L on January 28, 1986. (The sequential numbering changed after 1983, but otherwise this would have been STS-25). One-minute, 13-seconds into flight, the entire Challenger was enveloped in a fireball and broke into several large segments, killing the seven astronauts. Subsequent analysis of the high-speed tracking films and telemetry signals indicated that a leak occurred in a joint on one of the solid rocket boosters (SRBs), the escaping flame impinged on the surface of the external tank (ET); there followed a complex series of very rapid structural failures, and in milliseconds the hydrogen and oxygen streaming from the ruptured tank exploded.

The basic cause of the disaster was determined to be an O-ring failure in the right SRB; cold weather was a contributing factor. The redesign effort, directed by MSFC, involved an extensive test program to verify that the SRBs were safe. There were no Space Shuttle missions in the remainder of 1986 or in 1987. Flights resumed in September 1988, with sequential numbering starting with STS-26.

As a reusable space-launch vehicle, the space shuttles carried a wide variety of payloads from scientific research equipment to highly classified military satellites. The flights were assigned a Space Transportation System (STS) number, in general sequenced by the planned launch date. The Wikipedia list of space shuttle missions shows all flights, their missions, and other information.

The first orbital flight (STS-1) by Shuttle Columbia on April 12, 1981, did not have a payload, but all flights that followed generally had multiple payloads. Through 1989, there were 32 flights; this includes the one on January 28, 1986, when Challenger was lost, and the delay until September 29, 1988, when flights resumed. During the 1990s, there were 58 flights, giving a total of 95 successful flights through 1999.[25]

For the Magellan planetary spacecraft, MSFC managed the adaptation of the Inertial Upper Stage. This solid-rocket was used in May 1989 to propel the spacecraft from Orbiter Atlantis on a 15-month loop around the Sun and eventually into orbit around Venus for four years of radar surface-mapping.

Many Shuttle flights carried equipment for performing on-board research. Such equipment was accommodated in two forms: on pallets or other arrangements in the Shuttle's cargo bay (most often in addition to hardware for the primary mission), or within a reusable laboratory called Skylab. All such experimental payloads were under the general responsibility of MSFC.

Pallet experiments covered a very wide spread of types and complexity, but many of them were in fluid physics, materials science, biotechnology, combustion science, and commercial space processing. For some missions, an aluminum bridge fitting across the cargo bay was used. This could carry 12 standard canisters holding isolated experiments, particularly those under the Getaway Special (GAS) program. GAS flights were made available at low cost to colleges and universities, American industries, individuals, foreign governments, and others.

On some flights, a variety of pallet experiments constituted the full payload; examples of these include the following:

In addition to the pallet experiments, many other experiments were flown and performed using Spacelab. This was a reusable laboratory consisting of multiple components, including a pressurized module, an unpressurized carrier, and other related hardware. Under a program managed by MSFC, ten Europeans nations jointly designed, built, and financed the first Spacelab through the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO. In addition, Japan funded a Spacelab for STS-47, a dedicated mission.[26]

Over a 15-year period, Spacelab components flew on 22 shuttle missions, the last in April 1998. Examples of Spacelab missions follow:

In early 1990, MSFC's new Spacelab Mission Operations Control Center took over the responsibility for controlling all Spacelab missions. This replaced the Payload Operations Control Center formerly situated at the JSC from which previous Spacelab missions were operated.[27]

The advent of the Space Shuttle made possible several major space programs in which MSFC had significant responsibilities. These were the International Space Station, the Hubble Space Telescope, the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, and the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory. The latter three are part of NASA's series of Great Observatories; this series also includes the Spitzer Space Telescope, but this was not launched by a Space Shuttle and MSFC had no significant role in its development.

A manned space station had long been in the plans of visionaries. Wernhar von Braun, in his widely read Collier's Magazine 1953 article, envisioned this to be a huge wheel, rotating to produce gravity-like forces on the occupants.[28] In Project Horizon, prepared by the U.S. Army in 1959, a space station would be built by assembling spent booster rockets. Following this same basic concept, in 1973 MSFC used a modified stage of Saturn V to put into orbit Skylab, but this was preceded by the Soviet Union's Salyut in 1971, then followed by their Mir in 1986. Even during Skylab, MSFC began plans for a much more complete space station. President Ronald Reagan announced plans to build Space Station Freedom in 1984. Luther B. Powell was MSFC's space station program manager.

By the late 1990s, planning for four different stations were underway: the American Freedom, the Soviet/Russian Mir-2, the European Columbus, and the Japanese Kib. In June 1992, with the Cold War over, American President George H. W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin agreed to cooperate on space exploration. Then in September 1993, American Vice-President Al Gore, Jr., and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announced plans for a new space station. In November, plans for Freedom, Mir-2, and the European and Japanese modules were incorporated into a single International Space Station. Boeing began as NASA's prime contractor for U.S. hardware in January 1995.

The ISS is composed of a number of modules, sharing primary power from large arrays of solar power cells. The first module, Zarya from Russia, was delivered to orbit by a Proton rocket on November 20, 1998. On December 4, the first Anmerican component, Unity, a connecting module, was carried up by Space Shuttle Endeavour on flight STS-88; it was then joined with Zarya to form an embrionic ISS. Unity was built by Boeing in MSFC facilities. Additional building supplies were carried to the ISS in May 1999, aboard STS-96.

The ISS continued to be assembled throughout the next decade, and has been continuously occupied since February 7, 2001. In March 2010, Boeing completed its contract and officially turned over to NASA the U.S. on-orbit segment of the ISS.

Shortly after NASA was formed, the Orbiting Solar Observatory was launched, and was followed by the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) that carried out ultraviolet observations of stars between 1968 and 1972. These showed the value of space-based astronomy, and led to the planning of the Large Space Telescope (LST) that would be launched and maintained from the forthcoming space shuttle. Budget limitations almost killed the LST, but the astronomy community especially Lyman Spitzer and the National Science Foundation pressed for a major program in this area. Congress finally funded LST in 1978, with an intended launch date of 1983.

MSFC was given responsibility for the design, development, and construction of the telescope, while Goddard Space Flight Center (GFC) was to control the scientific instrument and the ground-control center. As the Project Scientist, MSFC brought on board C. Robert ODell, then chairman of the Astronomy Department at the University of Chicago. Several different people, at various times, served as the project manager. The telescope assembly was designed as a Cassegrain reflector with hyperbolic mirror polished to be diffraction limited; the primary mirror had a diameter of 2.4m (94in). The mirrors were developed by the optics firm, Perkin-Elmer. MSFC did not have a facility to check the end-to-end performance of the mirror assembly, so the telescope could not be totally checked until launched and placed in service.[29]

The LST was named the Hubble Space Telescope in 1983, the original launch date. There were many problems, delays, and cost increases in the program, and the Challenger disaster delayed the availability of the launch vehicle. Finally, on April 24, 1990, on Mission STS-31, Shuttle Discovery launched the Hubble telescope successfully into its planned orbit. Almost immediately it was realized that the optical performance was not as expected; analysis of the flawed images showed that the primary mirror had been ground to the wrong shape, resulting in spherical aberration.

Fortunately, the Hubble telescope had been designed to allow in-space maintenance, and in December 1993, mission STS-61 carried astronauts to the Hubble to make corrections and change some components. A second repair mission, STS-82, was made in February 1997, and a third, STS-103, in December 1999. For these repair missions, the astronauts practiced the work in MSFC's Neutral Buoyancy Facility, simulating the weightless environment of space.

Through the 1990s, the Hubble did provide astronomy images that had never before been seen. During the next decade, two additional repair missions were made (March 2002 and in May 2009), eventually bringing the telescope to even better that its initially intended performance.

Even before HEAO-2 (the Einstein Observatory) was launched in 1978, MSFC began preliminary studies for a larger X-ray telescope. To support this effort, in 1976 an X-Ray Test Facility, the only one of its size, was constructed at Marshall for verification testing and calibration of X-ray mirrors, telescope systems, and instruments. With the success of HEAO-2, MSFC was given responsibility for the design, development, and construction of what was then known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF). The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) partners with MSFC, providing the science and operational management.

Work on the AXAF continued through the 1980s. A major review was held in 1992, resulting in many changes; four of the twelve planned mirrors were eliminated, as were two of the six scientific instruments. The planned circular orbit was changed to an elliptical one, reaching one-third of the way to the Moon at its farthest point; this eliminated the possibility of improvement or repair using the Space Shuttle, but it placed the spacecraft above the Earth's radiation belts for most of its orbit.

AXAF was renamed Chandra X-ray Observatory in 1998. It was launched July 23, 1999, by the Shuttle Columbia (STS-93). An Inertial Upper Stage booster adapted by MSFC was used to transport Chandra to its high orbit Weighing about 22,700kg (50,000lb), this was the heaviest payload ever launched by a Shuttle. Operationally managed by the SAO, Chandra has been returning excellent data since being activated. It initially had an expected life of five years, but this has now been extended to 15 years or longer.[30]

The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) is another of NASA's Great Observatories; it was launched April 5, 1991, on Shuttle flight STS-37. At 37,000 pounds (17,000kg), it was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at that time. CGRO was 14 years in development by NASA; TRW was the builder. Gamma radiation (rays) is the highest energy-level of electromagnetic radiation, having energies above 100 keV and thus frequencies above 10 exahertz (1019 Hz). This is produced by sub-atomic particle interactions, including those in certain astrophysical processes. The continuous flow of cosmic rays bombarding space objects, such as the Moon, generate this radiation Gamma rays also result in bursts from nuclear reactions. The CGRO was designed to image continuous radiation and to detect bursts.

MSFC was responsible for the Burst and Transient Source Experiment, (BATSE). This triggered on sudden changes in gamma count-rates lasting 0.1 to 100 s; it was also capable of detecting less impulsive sources by measuring their modulation using the Earth occultation technique. In nine years of operation, BATSE triggered about 8000 events, of which some 2700 were strong bursts that were analyzed to have come from distant galaxies.

Unlike the Hubble Space Telescope, the CGRO was not designed for on-orbit repair and refurbishment. Thus, after one of its gyroscopes failed, NASA decided that a controlled crash was preferable to letting the craft come down on its own at random. On June 4, 2000, it was intentionally de-orbited, with the debris that did not burn up falling harmlessly into the Pacific Ocean. At MSFC, Gerald J. Fishman is the principal investigator of a project to continue examination of data from BATSE and other gamma-ray projects. The 2011 Shaw Prize was shared by Fishman and Italian Enrico Costa for their gamma-ray research.

Shortly before activating its new Field Center in July 1960, NASA described the MSFC as the only self-contained organization in the nation that was capable of conducting the development of a space vehicle from the conception of the idea, through production of hardware, testing, and launching operations.

Initially, engineers from Huntsville traveled to Florida to conduct launch activities at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The first NASA launch facility there (Launch Complex 39) was designed and operated by MSFC, then in on July 1, 1962, the overall site achieving equal status with other NASA centers and was named the Launch Operations Center, later renamed the Kennedy Space Center (KSC).

Another major NASA facility, the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) located near Houston, Texas, was officially opened in September 1963. Designated the primary center for U.S. space missions and systems involving astronauts, it coordinates and monitors crewed missions through the Mission Control Center. MSC was renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (JSC) in February 1973. Through the years, there have been a number of turf battles between MSFC and MSC/JSC concerning mission responsibilities.

When the Marshall Space Flight Center began official operations in July 1960, Wernher von Braun was the Director and Eberhard Rees was his Deputy for Research and Development. The administrative activities in MSFC were led by persons with backgrounds in traditional U.S. Government functions, but all of the technical heads were individuals who had assisted von Braun in his success at ABMA. The initial technical activities and leaders at MSFC were as follows:[31]

With the exception of Koelle, all of the technical leaders had come to the United States under Operation Paperclip after working together at Peenemnde. Von Braun knew well the capabilities of these individuals and had great confidence in them. This confidence was shown to be appropriate; in the following decade of developing hardware and technical operations that established new levels of complexity, there was never a single failure of their designs during manned flight.

The initial projects at MSFC were primarily continuations of work initiated earlier at ABMA. Of immediate importance was the final preparation of a Redstone rocket that, under Project Mercury would lift a space capsule carrying the first American into space. Originally scheduled to take place in October 1960, this was postponed several time and on May 5, 1961, astronaut Alan Shepard made America's first sub-orbital spaceflight. The delays led to a circumstance similar to that of the first satellite; on April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin had become the first person to orbit the Earth.

By 1965, MSFC had about 7,500 government employees. In addition, most of the prime contractors for launch vehicles and related major items (including North American Aviation, Chrysler, Boeing, Douglas Aircraft, Rocketdyne, and IBM) collectively had approximately a similar number of employees working in MSFC facilities.

Several support contracting firms were also involved in the programs; the largest of these was Brown Engineering Company (BECO, later Teledyne Brown Engineering), the first high-technology firm in Huntsville and by this time having some 3,500 employees. In the Saturn-Apollo activities, BECO/TBE provided about 20-million man-hours of support. Milton K. Cummings was the BECO president, Joseph C. Moquin the executive vice president, William A. Girdini led the engineering design and test work, and Raymond C. Watson, Jr., directed the research and advanced systems activities. Cummings Research Park, the second largest park of this type in the Nation, was named for Cummings in 1973.

On May 25, 1961, just 20 days after Shepard's flight, President John F. Kennedy committed the Nation to "achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth".[32] In what would be called the Apollo Program, the primary mission of MSFC was developing the heavy-lift rockets the Saturn family. This required the development and equalization of three new liquid-fueled rocket engines, the J-2, the F-1, and the H-1 (rocket engine); in addition, an existing engine, the RL10, was improved for use on Saturns. Leland F. Belew managed the Engine Development Office.[33] The F-1 engine was, and still is the most powerful single-nozzle liquid-fueled rocket engine ever used in service; each produced 1.5-million-pounds thrust. Originally started by the U.S. Air Force, responsibility for the development was taken over by ABMA in 1959, and the first test firings at MSFC were in December 1963.

The original vehicle, designated Saturn I, consisted of two propulsion stages and an instrument unit; it was first tested in flight on October 27, 1961. The first stage (S-I) had a cluster of eight H-1 engines, giving approximately 1.5-million-pounds thrust total. The four outboard engines were gimbaled to allow vehicle steering. The second stage (SIV) had six gimbaled LR10A-3 engines, producing a combined 90-thousand-pounds thrust. Ten Saturn Is were used in flight-testing of Apollo boilerplate units. Five of the test flights also carried important auxiliary scientific experiments.

The Saturn IB (alternatively known as the Uprated Saturn I) also had two propulsion stages and an instrument unit. The first stage (S-IB) also had eight H-1 engines with four gimballed, but the stage had eight fixed fins of equal size fitted to the sides to provide aerodynamic stability. The second stage (S-IVB) had a single J-2 engine that gave a more powerful 230-thousand-pounds thrust. The J-2 was gimbaled and could also be restarted during flight. The vehicle was first flight-tested on February 26, 1966. Fourteen Saturn 1Bs (or partial vehicles) were built, with five used in unmanned testing and five others used in manned missions, the last on July 15, 1975.

The Saturn V was the pinnacle of developments at MSFC. This was an expendable, man-rated heavy-lift vehicle that was the most vital element in the Apollo Program. Designed under the direction of Arthur Rudolph, the Saturn V holds the record as the largest and most powerful launch vehicle ever brought to operational status from a combined height, weight, and payload standpoint.

The Saturn V consisted of three propulsion stages and an instrument unit. The first stage (S-IC), had five F-1 engines, giving a combined total of 7.5-million-pounds thrust. These engines were arranged in a cross pattern, with the center engine fixed and the outer four gimballed. The second stage (S-II), had five J-2 engines with the same arrangement as the F-1s and giving a total of 1.0-million-pounds thrust. The third stage (S-IVB) had a single gimballed J-2 engine with 200-thousand-pounds thrust. As previously noted, the J-2 engine could be restarted in flight. The basic configuration for this heavy-lift vehicle was selected in early 1963, and the name Saturn V was applied at that time (configurations that might have led to Saturn II, III, and IV were discarded).

The Apollo Spacecraft was atop the launch vehicle, and was composed of the Lunar Module (LM) and the Command/Service Module (CSM) inside the Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter, with the Launch Escape System at the very top. The Apollo Spacecraft and its components were developed by other NASA centers, but were flight-tested on Saturn I and IB vehicles from MSFC.

While the three propulsion stages were the "muscle" of the Saturn V, the Instrument Unit (IU) was the "brains." The IU was on a 260-inch (6.6-m) diameter, 36-inch (91-cm) high, ring that was held between the third propulsion stage and the LM. It contained the basic guidance system components a stable platform, accelerometers, a digital computer, and control electronics as well as radar, telemetry, and other units. Basically the same IU configuration was used on the Saturn I and IB. With IBM as the prime contractor, the IU was the only full Saturn component manufactured in Huntsville.

The first Saturn V test flight was made on November 9, 1967. On July 16, 1969, as its crowning achievement in the Apollo space program, a Saturn V vehicle lifted the Apollo 11 spacecraft and three astronauts on their journey to the Moon. Other Apollo launches continued through December 6, 1972. The last Saturn V flight was on May 14, 1973, in the Skylab Program (described later). A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built; 13 functioned flawlessly, and the other two (intended as backup) remain unused.

Wernher von Braun believed that the personnel designing the space vehicles should have direct, hands-on participation in the building and testing of the hardware. For this, MSFC had facilities comparable with the best to be found in private industries. Included were precision machine shops, giant metal-forming and welding machines, and all types of inspection equipment. For every type of Saturn vehicle, one or more prototypes were fabricated in MSFC shops. Large, special-purpose computers were used in the checkout procedures.

Static test towers had been constructed at ABMA for the Redstone and Jupiter rockets. In 1961, the Jupiter stand was modified to test Saturn 1 and 1B stages. A number of other test stands followed, the largest being the Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand completed in 1964. At 475 feet (145m) in height, the entire Saturn V could be accommodated. Also completed in 1964, the S1C Static Test Stand was for live firing of the five F-1 engines of the first stage. Delivering a total of 7.5-million-pounds thrust, the tests produced earthquake-like rumbles throughout the Huntsville area and could be heard as far as 100 miles (160km) away.[34]

As the Saturn activities progressed, external facilities were needed. In 1961, The Michoud Rocket Factory near New Orleans, Louisiana, was selected as the Saturn production site. A 13,500 acres (55km2) isolated area in Hancock County, Mississippi was selected to conduct Saturn tests. Known as the Mississippi Test Facility (later renamed the John C. Stennis Space Center), this was primarily to test the vehicles built at the rocket factory.

On January 5, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon announced plans to develop the Space Shuttle, a reusable Space Transportation System (STS) for routine access to space. The Shuttle was composed of the Orbiter Vehicle (OV) containing the crew and payload, two Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs), and the External Tank (ET) that carried liquid fuel for the OV's main engines. MSFC was responsible for the SRBs, the OV's three main engines, and the ET. The Center also received responsibility for Spacelab, a versatile laboratory that would be carried on some flights within the Shuttle's cargo bay. Other assignments included the adaptation of the Inertial Upper Stage Booster, a two-stage rocket that would lift Shuttle payloads into higher orbits or interplanetary voyages.

The first test firing of an OV main engine was in 1975. Two years later, the first firing of a SRB took place and tests on the ET began at MSFC. The first Enterprise OV flight, attached to a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA an extensively modified Boeing 747), was in February 1977; this as followed by a free landings in August and October. In March 1978, the Enterprise OV was flown atop a SCA to MSFC. Mated to an ET, the partial Space Shuttle was hoisted onto the modified Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand where it was subjected to a full range of vibrations comparable to those in a launch. The second space shuttle, Columbia, was completed and placed at the KSC for checking and launch preparation. On April 12, 1981, the Columbia made the first orbital test flight.

From the start, MSFC has had strong research projects in science and engineering. Two of the early activities, Highwater and Pegasus, were performed on a non-interference basis while testing the Saturn I vehicle.

In Project Highwater, the dummy second stage was filled with 23,000 US gallons (87m3) of water as ballast, and, after burnout of the first stage, explosive charges released the water into the upper atmosphere. The project answered questions about the diffusion of liquid propellants in the event that a rocket was destroyed at high altitude. Highwater experiments were carried out in April and November,1962.

Under the Pegasus Satellite Program, the second stage was instrumented to study the frequency and penetration depth of micrometeoroids. Two large panels were folded into the empty stage and, when in orbit, unfolded to present 2,300-square-feet (210-m2) of instrumented surface. Three Pegasus satellites were launched during 1965, and stayed in orbit from 3 to 13 years.

The overall Apollo Program was the largest scientific and engineering research activity in history. The actual landing on the Moon led to investigations that could have only been conducted on location. There were six Apollo missions that landed on the Moon: Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17. Apollo 13 had been intended as a landing, but only circled the Moon and returned to Earth after an oxygen tank ruptured and crippled power in the CSM.

Except for Apollo 11, all of the missions carried an Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP), composed of equipment for seven scientific experiments plus a central control station (they were controlled from the Earth) with a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). Scientists from MSFC were among the co-investigators.

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Tianhe-I – Wikipedia

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Tianhe-1 and Tianhe-1AActiveTianhe-1 Operational 29 October 2009, Tianhe-1A Operational 28 October 2010SponsorsNational University of Defense TechnologyOperatorsNational Supercomputing CenterLocationNational Supercomputing Center, Tianjin, People's Republic of ChinaOperating systemLinux[1]Storage96 TB (98304 GB) for Tianhe-1,262TB for Tianhe-1ASpeedTianhe-1: 563 teraFLOPS (Rmax) 1,206.2 teraFLOPS (Rpeak),Tianhe-1A: 2,566.0 teraFLOPS (Rmax) 4,701.0 teraFLOPS (Rpeak)RankingTOP500: 2nd, June 2011 (Tianhe-1A)PurposePetroleum exploration, aircraft simulationSourcestop500.org

Tianhe-I, Tianhe-1, or TH-1 (Chinese: , [tjnxixau]; Sky River Number One)[2] is a supercomputer capable of an Rmax (maximum range) of 2.5 petaFLOPS. Located at the National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin, China, it was the fastest computer in the world from October 2010 to June 2011 and is one of the few Petascale supercomputers in the world.[3][4]

In October 2010, an upgraded version of the machine (Tianhe-1A) overtook ORNL's Jaguar to become the world's fastest supercomputer, with a peak computing rate of 2.57 petaFLOPS.[5][6] In June 2011 the Tianhe-1A was overtaken by the K computer as the world's fastest supercomputer, which was also subsequently superseded.[7]

Both the original Tianhe-1 and Tianhe-1A use a Linux-based operating system.[8][9]

On 12 August 2015, the 186,368-core Tianhe-1, felt the impact of the powerful Tianjin explosions and went offline for some time. Xinhua reports that "the office building of Chinese supercomputer Tianhe-1, one of the world's fastest supercomputers, suffered damage." Sources at Tianhe-1 told Xinhua the computer is not damaged, but they have shut down some of its operations as a precaution.[10] Operation resumed on 17 August 2015.[11]

Tianhe-1 was developed by the Chinese National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) in Changsha, Hunan. It was first revealed to the public on 29 October 2009, and was immediately ranked as the world's fifth fastest supercomputer in the TOP500 list released at the 2009 Supercomputing Conference (SC09) held in Portland, Oregon, on 16 November 2009. Tianhe achieved a speed of 563 teraflops in its first Top 500 test and had a peak performance of 1.2 petaflops. Thus at startup, the system had an efficiency of 46%.[12][13] Originally, Tianhe-1 was powered by 4,096 Intel Xeon E5540 processors and 1,024 Intel Xeon E5450 processors, with 5,120 AMD graphics processing units (GPUs), which were made up of 2,560 dual-GPU ATI Radeon HD 4870 X2 graphics cards.[14][15]

In October 2010, Tianhe-1A, an upgraded supercomputer, was unveiled at HPC 2010 China.[16] It is now equipped with 14,336 Xeon X5670 processors and 7,168 Nvidia Tesla M2050 general purpose GPUs. 2,048 FeiTeng 1000 SPARC-based processors are also installed in the system, but their computing power was not counted into the machine's official Linpack statistics as of October2010.[17] Tianhe-1A has a theoretical peak performance of 4.701 petaflops.[18] NVIDIA suggests that it would have taken "50,000 CPUs and twice as much floor space to deliver the same performance using CPUs alone." The current heterogeneous system consumes 4.04 megawatts compared to over 12 megawatts had it been built only with CPUs.[19]

The Tianhe-1A system is composed of 112 computer cabinets, 12 storage cabinets, 6 communications cabinets, and 8 I/O cabinets. Each computer cabinet is composed of four frames, with each frame containing eight blades, plus a 16-port switching board. Each blade is composed of two computer nodes, with each computer node containing two Xeon X5670 6-core processors and one Nvidia M2050 GPU processor.[20] The system has 3584 total blades containing 7168 GPUs, and 14,336 CPUs, managed by the SLURM job scheduler.[21] The total disk storage of the systems is 2 Petabytes implemented as a Lustre clustered file system,[2] and the total memory size of the system is 262 Terabytes.[17]

Another significant reason for the increased performance of the upgraded Tianhe-1A system is the Chinese-designed NUDT custom designed proprietary high-speed interconnect called Arch that runs at 160 Gbit/s, twice the bandwidth of InfiniBand.[17]

The system also used the Chinese made FeiTeng-1000 central processing unit.[22] The FeiTeng-1000 processor is used both on service nodes and to enhance the system interconnect.[22][23]

The supercomputer is installed at the National Supercomputing Center, Tianjin, and is used to carry out computations for petroleum exploration and aircraft design.[13] It is an "open access" computer, meaning it provides services for other countries.[24] The supercomputer will be available to international clients.[25]

The computer cost $88 million to build. Approximately $20 million is spent annually for electricity and operating expenses. Approximately 200 workers are employed in its operation.

Tianhe-IA was ranked as the world's fastest supercomputer in the TOP500 list[26][27] until July 2011 when the K computer overtook it.

In June 2011, scientists at the Institute of Process Engineering (IPE) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) announced a record-breaking scientific simulation on the Tianhe-1A supercomputer that furthers their research in solar energy. CAS-IPE scientists ran a complex molecular dynamics simulation on all 7,168 NVIDIA Tesla GPUs to achieve a performance of 1.87 petaflops (about the same performance as 130,000 laptops).[28]

The Tianhe-1A supercomputer was shut down after the National Supercomputing Center of Tianjin was damaged by an explosion nearby. The computer was not damaged and still remains operational.[29]

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