What Is Malignant Mesothelioma? – American Cancer Society

Malignant mesothelioma is cancer that starts in cells in the linings of certain parts of the body, most commonly the linings of the chest or abdomen (belly).

Cancer starts when cells start to grow out of control. Cells in nearly any part of the body can become cancer. To learn more about how cancers start and spread, see What Is Cancer?

A layer of specialized cells called mesothelial cells lines the inside of your chest, your abdomen, and the space around your heart. These cells also cover the outer surface of most of your internal organs. The lining formed by these cells is called the mesothelium.

The mesothelium helps protect your organs by making a special lubricating fluid that allows organs to slide against each other. For instance, this fluid makes it easier for your lungs to move (expand and contract) inside your chest when you breathe. The mesothelium has different names in different parts of the body:

Mesothelial tumors can start in any of these linings. These tumors can be cancer (malignant) or not cancer (benign).

A cancer tumor of the mesothelium is called a malignant mesothelioma. This is often shortened to just mesothelioma. Mesotheliomas can start in 4 main parts of the body.

Malignant mesotheliomas are grouped into 3 main types based on how the cancer cells look:

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What Is Malignant Mesothelioma? - American Cancer Society

Mesothelioma.com Scholarship | Mesothelioma.com

When I got sick, our world as we knew it crumbled. I had to quit my job as a salon owner and stylist and concentrate on treatment. Our income was instantly cut. Cameron, my husband, knew that he had to get his degree to do better for our family, including our newborn daughter Lily.

As soon as I finished treatment, he enrolled in school. For two years, his typical day started at 6 a.m., driving a delivery truck for a local courier company. He then would go directly from work to school, have class until 10, do homework until 1 a.m. and start the process all over again five hours later.

Im very proud to say he got his Bachelors of Science in Information Technology, graduated with full honors, and never missed a day of school. His instructors and dean were so impressed they asked him to give the graduation speech. Ive never been as proud of my husband as that moment. To overcome so much, in such a short amount of time, and come out with a degree and a great job, makes me know that he can accomplish anything he sets his mind to. Next up is his Masters degree in Information Technology Management, which he hopes to start soon.

Furthering ones education is something Cam and I are incredibly passionate about, and we know from experience how hard it is to balance family, jobs, and school (not to mention a wife whos fighting cancer). But while it can be difficult, the rewards are too numerous to count. Hopefully, this scholarship can give a little extra help to someone in a time of need.

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Mesothelioma.com Scholarship | Mesothelioma.com

Minnesota Mesothelioma Victims Center is Urging the Family of a Construction Worker who Has Just Been Diagnosed with Mesothelioma to Call the Team at…

MINNEAPOLIS, June 28, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- According to the Minnesota Mesothelioma Victims Center, "If your husband or dad has just been diagnosed with mesothelioma anywhere in Minnesota and he is or was a construction or skilled trades worker such as a plumber, electrician, welder, carpenter, laborer, or mechanic please make his financial compensation a top priority and call the remarkable team at the law firm ofDanziger&De Llano at 800-864-4000 to ensure a top compensation result. Frequently mesothelioma compensation for a person like this might be in the millions of dollars. Mesothelioma compensation for a person with this rare cancer is based on the specifics of how they were exposed to asbestos.

"If a person with mesothelioma would like to receive the very best possible financial compensation it is incredibly important--they try to make a list of how, where and when they were exposed to asbestos at work and or for Veterans while in the service. It is this incredibly vital information that will become the basis for their mesothelioma compensation as the team at the law firm of Danziger&De Llano is always happy to discuss at 800-864-4000."

"For more information about how the mesothelioma compensation process works along with extremely good advice please call the remarkable legal team at the law firm ofDanziger&De Llano at 800-864-4000. We are very certain you will be glad you did."https://meso.dandell.com

The Minnesota Mesothelioma Victims Center wants to emphasize their statewide initiative is focused on people with mesothelioma anywhere in Minnesota, including communities such as Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Rochester, Duluth, Bloomington, Brooklyn Park, Plymouth, or Saint Cloud.

For the best possible mesothelioma treatment options in Minnesota, the Minnesota Mesothelioma Victims Center strongly recommends the following heath care facilities.

High-risk work groups for exposure to asbestos in Minnesota include Veterans of the US Navy, power plant workers, shipyard workers, factory workers, welders, industrial workers, plumbers, electricians, auto mechanics, machinists, iron ore miners, and construction workers. Typically, the exposure to asbestos occurred in the 1950's, 1960's, 1970's, or 1980's.https://meso.dandell.com

According to the CDC the states indicated with the highest incidence of mesothelioma include Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, Louisiana, Washington, and Oregon.

However, based on the calls the Mesothelioma Victims Center receives a person with mesothelioma or asbestos exposure lung cancer could live in any state including New York, Florida, California, Texas, Iowa, Indiana, Missouri, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Idaho, or Alaska.https://meso.dandell.com

For more information about mesothelioma, please refer to the National Institutes of Health's website related to this rare form of cancer:https://www.cancer.gov/types/mesothelioma

Media Contact:

Michael Thomas202-422-2069[emailprotected]

SOURCE Minnesota Mesothelioma Victims Center

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Minnesota Mesothelioma Victims Center is Urging the Family of a Construction Worker who Has Just Been Diagnosed with Mesothelioma to Call the Team at...

Mesothelioma Victims Center Now Urges Former Construction Worker with Mesothelioma Anywhere in the USA to Call the Lawyers at Danziger & De Llano…

WASHINGTON, June 22, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The Mesothelioma Victims Center says, "We have recently endorsed, and we recommend the remarkable compensation team at the law firm of Danziger & De Llano for a construction worker or skilled trades worker with recently diagnosed mesothelioma anywhere in the USA. The remarkable legal team at the law firm of Danziger & De Llano has been assisting people with mesothelioma for over two decades nationwide and they are responsible for billions of dollars in mesothelioma compensation for their clients---with the key being a very focused effort to ensure the best compensation results for each client as they are always happy to discuss at 800-864-4000.

"Most construction workers or skilled trades workers like an electrician, carpenter, plumber, roofer or insulator probably had routine exposure to asbestos in the 1960s, 1970s or 1980s. There were no national guidelines on asbestos exposure until the early 1980s.

"If your husband, dad or grandfather is a current or former construction worker and or any type of skilled trades worker and he has just been diagnosed with mesothelioma anywhere in the United States please make his financial compensation a top priority and call the remarkable compensation team at the law firm of Danziger & De Llano at 800-864-4000. They consistently overachieve when it comes to client compensation, and they will make the process as easy as possible for you or your loved one." https://meso.dandell.com/

According to the CDC the states indicated with the highest incidence of mesothelioma include Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota, Louisiana, Washington, and Oregon.

However, based on the calls the Mesothelioma Victims Center receives a person with recently diagnosed mesothelioma could live in any state including New York, Florida, California, Texas, Illinois, Ohio, Iowa, Indiana, Missouri, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Idaho, or Alaska. https://meso.dandell.com/

High-risk work groups for exposure to asbestos include US Navy Veterans, power plant workers, shipyard workers, oil refinery workers, steel mill workers, manufacturing/factory workers, pulp or paper mill workers, plumbers, electricians, auto mechanics, machinists, miners, construction workers, insulators, railroad worker, roofers, or firemen. As a rule, these types of workers were exposed to asbestos in the 1950's, 1960's, 1970's, or 1980's. US Navy Veterans make up about one-third of all US Citizens who are diagnosed with mesothelioma each year. https://meso.dandell.com/

For more information about mesothelioma please refer to the National Institutes of Health's web site related to this rare form of cancer: https://www.cancer.gov/types/mesothelioma

Media Contact:Michael Thomas202-422-2069[emailprotected]

SOURCE Mesothelioma Victims Center

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Mesothelioma Victims Center Now Urges Former Construction Worker with Mesothelioma Anywhere in the USA to Call the Lawyers at Danziger & De Llano...

Enlivex Presented Substantial Survival Benefit of Allocetra in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in Mesothelioma Cancer Study at the…

Nes-Ziona, Israel, May 09, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Enlivex Therapeutics Ltd. ( ENLV, the Company), a clinical-stage macrophage reprogramming immunotherapy company, announced the poster presentation of a substantial survival benefit of AllocetraTM combined with immune checkpoint inhibition in a preclinical mesothelioma study at the International Society of Cell and Gene Therapy Annual 2022 Meeting. The poster was titled, Allocetra-OTS, an Early Apoptotic Cellular Therapy Synergize with Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy or Immune Check Point Inhibitor Against Peritoneal Solid Tumor.

Mesothelioma, Treatment Landscape, and Macrophage-Solid Tumor DynamicsMesothelioma is one of the deadliest solid cancers with few treatment options, all of which have limited efficacy. People who are most at risk to develop mesothelioma generally have had long-term exposure to asbestos (e.g., construction workers, pipe fitters, and shipyard workers). It takes many years for mesothelioma to develop; it can appear 30 years after asbestos exposure. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA4 and PD1 are FDA-approved as first-line treatments for patients with unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma.

In mesothelioma and in some other solid cancers, tumor cells, as part of their defense mechanisms, facilitate the recruitment of macrophages which become pro-tumor tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) rather than anti-tumor macrophages. The TAMs typically form a physical layer on top of the solid tumor, and induce immunosuppression in the solid tumor microenvironment. This in-turn promotes tumor growth and metastasis and makes it very difficult for the immune system or any anti-cancer drug to efficiently attack the cancerous cells. Allocetra is a cell therapy in development that is targeted at these TAMs, and its proposed mechanism of action is to change the balance of macrophage populations to skew towards anti-tumor macrophages and away from pro-tumor macrophages.

The Mesothelioma Model

To test the potential effect of cell therapy-induced macrophage reprogramming on difficult-to-treat solid tumors, Enlivex ran preclinical studies in which five groups of mice were implanted with mesothelioma cancer cells. The difference between the groups was the treatment given, which started on day 12 after the cancers initial growth period.

Results from multiple studies strongly support the potential of AllocetraTM to assist in the process of macrophage reprogramming in the solid tumor microenvironment and significantly change survival outcomes. As expected, only 1/16 (6%) of the untreated mice remained alive at day 42 (that one last remaining mouse died on day 65), compared with up to 25% survival for the mice in the group that was treated with the anti-CTLA4 immune checkpoint inhibitor. Surprisingly, AllocetraTM as a stand-alone treatment provided comparable survival rates as anti-CTLA4 monotherapy, with a 28.5% survival rate and a delayed cancer growth rate observed. Notably, the synergistic effect of treating with both drugs resulted in up to 100% survival with complete disappearance of the cancer. The effect was correlated with the AllocetraTM treatment dose. A lower dose of AllocetraTM provided slightly lower survival and cancer complete remission rates (67% complete remission for the low-dose treatment vs. up to 100% for the higher dose). The attached chart provides a visual guide to the progressions/regression of the mesothelioma cancer in the different groups, as recorded for study mesothelioma AB12 137.

Across multiple studies of the AB12 mesothelioma model, anti-CTLA4 therapy significantly improved survival duration from mean 349 to 44.9 20 days (p<0.05). Allocetra as a stand-alone therapy improved survival duration to 52.3 20 days (p<0.02). The synergistic effect of the combination therapy of anti-CTLA4 + AllocetraTM improved survival duration to 86.720 days (p<0.0001) with complete cancer remission in 60-100% of mice, depending on the dose administered.

Prof. Dror Mevorach, Chief Scientific Officer of Enlivex, stated: This reproducible and statistically significant data strongly support Allocetras proposed therapeutic mechanism of action of reprogramming macrophages in solid tumors. We believe that, in contrast to CAR-T, CAR-NK and other anti-cancer cell therapies directed at tumor antigens, AllocetraTM restores macrophage homeostasis in the tumor environment via reprogramming of pro-tumor macrophages. This may ultimately allow immune checkpoint inhibitors to be exponentially more effective.

Oren Hershkovitz, Ph.D., CEO of Enlivex, added: Based on these results, Enlivex is planning to initiate a series of clinical trials during 2022 that are designed to evaluate Allocetra in combination with FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies in patients with advanced-stage solid tumors. To date, we have infused AllocetraTM in dozens of hospitalized patients in fragile condition resulting from sepsis and COVID-19-related organ dysfunction. We believe that the proposed differentiated mechanism of action of AllocetraTM, together with the safety and tolerability it has demonstrated in these prior studies, as well as the encouraging efficacy results of our preclinical solid tumor models, highlight an intriguing opportunity for Enlivex to provide another layer of life-saving therapy for patients who have few available options.

ABOUT ALLOCETRA

Allocetra is being developed as a universal, off-the-shelf cell therapy designed to reprogram macrophages into their homeostatic state. Diseases such as solid cancers, sepsis, and many others reprogram macrophages out of their homeostatic state. These non-homeostatic macrophages contribute significantly to the severity of the respective diseases. By restoring macrophage homeostasis, Allocetra has the potential to provide a novel immunotherapeutic mechanism of action for life-threatening clinical indications that are defined as "unmet medical needs", as a stand-alone therapy or in combination with leading therapeutic agents.

ABOUT ENLIVEX

Enlivex is a clinical-stage macrophage reprogramming immunotherapy company developing Allocetra, a universal, off-the-shelf cell therapy designed to reprogram macrophages into their homeostatic state. Resetting non-homeostatic macrophages into their homeostatic state is critical for immune system rebalancing and resolution of life-threatening conditions. For more information, visit http://www.enlivex.com.

Safe Harbor Statement: This press release contains forward-looking statements, which may be identified by words such as expects, plans, projects, will, may, anticipates, believes, should, would, could, intends, estimates, suggests, has the potential to and other words of similar meaning, including statements regarding expected cash balances, market opportunities for the results of current clinical studies and preclinical experiments, the effectiveness of, and market opportunities for, ALLOCETRATM programs. All such forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may affect Enlivexs business and prospects, including the risks that Enlivex may not succeed in generating any revenues or developing any commercial products; that the products in development may fail, may not achieve the expected results or effectiveness and/or may not generate data that would support the approval or marketing of these products for the indications being studied or for other indications; that ongoing studies may not continue to show substantial or any activity; and other risks and uncertainties that may cause results to differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. The results of clinical trials in humans may produce results that differ significantly from the results of clinical and other trials in animals. The results of early-stage trials may differ significantly from the results of more developed, later-stage trials. The development of any products using the ALLOCETRATM product line could also be affected by a number of other factors, including unexpected safety, efficacy or manufacturing issues, additional time requirements for data analyses and decision making, the impact of pharmaceutical industry regulation, the impact of competitive products and pricing and the impact of patents and other proprietary rights held by competitors and other third parties. In addition to the risk factors described above, investors should consider the economic, competitive, governmental, technological and other factors discussed in Enlivexs filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including in the Companys most recent Annual Report on Form 20-F filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date the statements were made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements, except as required under applicable law.

ENLIVEX CONTACT Shachar Shlosberger, CFO Enlivex Therapeutics, Ltd. [emailprotected]

INVESTOR RELATIONS CONTACTEric RibnerLifeSci Advisors[emailprotected]

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Enlivex Presented Substantial Survival Benefit of Allocetra in Combination with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in Mesothelioma Cancer Study at the...

SELLAS Life Sciences Reports Encouraging Updated Clinical Data Indicating Increased Survival from Ongoing Phase 1 Mesothelioma Study of Galinpepimut-S…

NEW YORK, June 08, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- SELLAS Life Sciences Group, Inc. ( SLS) ("SELLAS" or the Company), a late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company focused on developing novel therapies for a broad range of cancer indications, today announced encouraging updated clinical data from a Phase 1 investigator-sponsored clinical trial of its lead clinical candidate, galinpepimut-S (GPS), combined with the checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab (Opdivo) in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) who were either refractory to or relapsed after at least one line of the standard of care therapy.

Data from eight patients enrolled in the study have been analyzed, with final data in the clinical trial expected by the end of 2022. Of the eight patients, seven received at least three doses of GPS, the last of which was given in combination with nivolumab. All enrolled patients have received and progressed with, or were refractory to, frontline pemetrexed-based chemotherapy.

The study details are as follows:

This updated data is very encouraging, as it not only confirms our data reported in June 2021, but now reflects an increased survival benefit even though almost all additionally enrolled patients had Grade III and IV malignant mesothelioma, said Angelos Stergiou, M.D., Sc.D. h.c., President and CEO, SELLAS. This increase in survival appears to be consistent with long term immunity-mediated antitumor effect with this immunotherapy combination and it reinforces the data we unveiled earlier this year from the Phase 1/2 clinical trial of GPS in combination with another checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab, in relapsed and refractory ovarian cancer patients, in which GPS showed a superior disease control rate compared to that seen with checkpoint inhibitors alone.

Of additional importance is the fact that both trials addressed patients with bulky active disease, the setting in which other cancer vaccines have historically had very little effect. We believe that the results of both studies demonstrate the potential effectiveness of GPS as a combination therapy, concluded Dr. Stergiou.

About MPMWith approximately 3,300 cases in the United States each year, accompanied by a rising incidence in developing countries, MPM is notoriously difficult to treat and can lead to poor clinical outcomes with respect to both OS and PFS, especially for those patients with the sarcomatoid variant who show a median OS of approximately 4.0 to 5.0 months. In relapsed and refractory patients who progressed after the first line standard of care pemetrexed, a similar patient population to that in the GPS nivolumab combination trial, the common treatment regimen is vinorelbine and OS in those patients is reported to be between 4.5 and 6.2 months. In patients treated with other chemotherapy regimens, such as carboplatin and irinotecan, median OS is reported to be approximately 7.0 months.

About SELLAS Life Sciences Group, Inc.SELLAS Life Sciences Group, Inc. ( SLS) is a late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of novel therapeutics for a broad range of cancer indications. SELLAS lead product candidate, GPS, is licensed from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and targets the WT1 protein, which is present in an array of tumor types. GPS has potential as a monotherapy or in combination with other therapies to address a broad spectrum of hematologic malignancies and solid tumor indications. The Company is also developing GFH009, a small molecule, highly selective CDK9 inhibitor, which is licensed from GenFleet Therapeutics (Shanghai), Inc., for all therapeutic and diagnostic uses in the world outside of Greater China.

For more information on SELLAS, please visit http://www.sellaslifesciences.com.

Opdivo is a registered trademark of Bristol Myers Squibb, and is not a trademark of SELLAS. The manufacturer of this brand is not affiliated with and does not endorse SELLAS or its products.

Forward-Looking StatementsThis press release contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements, including those relating to future events. In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as plan, expect, anticipate, may, might, will, should, project, believe, estimate, predict, potential, intend, or continue and other words or terms of similar meaning. These statements include, without limitation, statements related to the clinical development of GPS for MPM, and the potential for GPS as a drug development candidate. These forward-looking statements are based on current plans, objectives, estimates, expectations, and intentions, and inherently involve significant risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of these risks and uncertainties, which include, without limitation, risks and uncertainties associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the Companys clinical plans, risks and uncertainties associated with immune-oncology product development and clinical success thereof, the uncertainty of regulatory approval, and other risks and uncertainties affecting SELLAS and its development programs as set forth under the caption Risk Factors in SELLAS Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2022 and in its other SEC filings. Other risks and uncertainties of which SELLAS is not currently aware may also affect SELLAS forward-looking statements and may cause actual results and the timing of events to differ materially from those anticipated. The forward-looking statements herein are made only as of the date hereof. SELLAS undertakes no obligation to update or supplement any forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, new information, future events, changes in its expectations or other circumstances that exist after the date as of which the forward-looking statements were made.

Investor ContactAllison SossKCSA Strategic CommunicationsEmail: [emailprotected]Phone: 212.896.1267

Media ContactsRaquel Cona / Michaela FawcettKCSA Strategic CommunicationsEmail: [emailprotected]Phone: 212.896.1204

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SELLAS Life Sciences Reports Encouraging Updated Clinical Data Indicating Increased Survival from Ongoing Phase 1 Mesothelioma Study of Galinpepimut-S...

Download free Chess Engines – Komodo 11, Houdini

Chess engine is the unique software which is built into the program shell (e.g. "Fritz", "Arena", "Shredder") thus multiplying the force of the game shell. For example, "Kasparov Chess" is very good and clever shell. The maximum rating which can be set in it is 2600. And the rating of the chess engines reaches 3000-3200. That is why the chess engines are so popular. Where do the chess engines originate from and who makes them? This question is not trivial, vice versa it is quite actual, so it is worth talking about.

The first record of the chess engine was made about 20 years ago. That was just the time when the UCI standard was developed - the universal chess interface, allowing the chess engine to be connected to the graphic interface of the program shell. The engine made to this standard can be easily connected to any chess program. The standard was worked out by Stephan Meyer-Kahlen, German programmer, who was born in 1968 in Dusseldorf. He is also the founder of one of the most famous chess programs - Shredder, which is the 12-times world champion among chess machines. The UCI standard was presented to the world by Rudolf Huber. The standard has great advantages. For example, if the engine does not save the database of the games played (although it is better if this task is performed by the engine), then one can easily manage this database by UCI. As the UCI protocol is absolutely free, it gives it the advantage over the other protocols. It can be used for private purposes and as the open-source as well. This protocol was used by only a few programs until Chessbase Company (producing Fritz) began to support this protocol in 2002. Nowadays, this protocol is used by about 100 chess programs.

The majority of the chess engines are made very thoroughly and published in the net absolutely free of charge. In Russia there are the developers making engines, as well. E.g. SmarThink developed by Sergey Markov, GreKo developed by Vladimir Medvedev, Strelka developed by Yuri Osipov. These engines, as well as many others, can be downloaded from our website. As the number of the chess engines is growing, we chose the best ones, as there is simply no possibility to present all of them here.

Komodo 13.01 Version Windows

Komodo 11 Version Windows 64

Komodo 10 2016 - Developer Mark Lefler. Version for Android, Linux, OSX, Windows ALL.

Houdini - Developer Robert Blow (Belgium). Houdini 6 x64 x32 UCI

Houdini - Developer Robert Blow (Belgium). 5.01 UCI Chess Engines [Full]

Komodo 8 - Champions 2015 - Developer Mark Lefler. Version for Android, Linux, OSX, Windows 7, 8 (32/64).

Houdini 4 PRO - Developer Robert Blow (Belgium). Version 4 PRO.

Houdini 2.0 - Developer Robert Blow (Belgium). Version 2.0. To date, the best engine. And you can Download Houdini 2.0 for a direct link.

Deep Rybka 4 - developer Vas Rajlich. Version 4 (w32)

Stockfish - Developers Tord Romstad, Marco Kostalba Kiiski and Joon. Version 2.11

Critter - Developer Richard Vida. Version 1.1.37

Naum - Developer Alexander Naumov (Canada). Version 4.2

Spark - Version 1.0

WildCat - Developer Igor Korshunov (Belarus). Version 8.0

SmarThink - Developer Sergei Markov (Russia). Version 0.17a

SOS - Designer Rudolf Huber (Germany). Version 11.99

Zchess - Designer Franck Zibi (France). Version 2.22

Gromit - Developers Frank Schneider and Kai Skibbe (Germany). Version 3.0

Ufim - Developer Niaz Hasanov (Russia). Version 8.2

Mustang - Developer Alex Korneichuk (Belarus). Version 4.97

GreKo - Developer Vladimir Medvedev (Russia). Version 8.2 + sour

Kaissa2 - Developer Vladimir Elin (Belarus). Version 1.8a

Adamant - Developer George Varentsov (Russia). Version 1.7

Booot - Developer of Alexei Morozov (Ukraine). Version 5.1.0 + sources

Eeyore - Developer Meidel Anton (Russia). Version 1.52 (32 & 64bit)

Zeus - Developer Vadim Bykov (Russia). Version 1.29

Arics - Developer Vladimir Fadeev (Belarus). Version 0.95a

Anechka - Developer Sergey Nefedov (Russia). Version 0.08

Patriot - Developer Vladimir Elin (Belarus). Version 2006

AlChess - Developer Alex Lobanov (Russia). Version 1.5b

OBender - Designer Evgeny Kornilov (Russia). Version 3.2.4x

Counter - Developer Vadim Chizhov (Russia). Version 1.2

Strelka - Designer Yuri Osipov (Russia). Version 2.0B + sources

Belka - Developers Yuri Osipov, Igor Korshunov (Russia - Belarus). Version 1.8.20

Ifrit - Developer Brenkman Andrew (Russia). Version 4.4 + source

Bison - Developer Ivan Bonkin (Russia). Version 9.11 + sour

Uralochka - Developer Ivan Maklyakov (Russia). Version 1.1b

Marginal - Designer Alexander Turikov (Russia). Version 0.1

Chess - Designer Evgeny Kornilov (Russia). Version 3

Woodpecker - Designer Evgeny Kornilov (Russia). Version 2

Gull - Developer Vadim Demishev (Russia). Version 1.2

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Download free Chess Engines - Komodo 11, Houdini

Stockfish – Chess Engines – Chess.com

The most powerful chess engines of all time are all well-known to most chess players. If you are wondering which available engine is the strongest, then look no furtherStockfish is the king of chess engines.

Let's learn more about this mighty engine. Here is what you need to know about Stockfish:

Stockfish is the strongest chess engine available to the public and has been for a considerable amount of time. It is a free open-source engine that is currently developed by an entire community. Stockfish was based on a chess engine created by Tord Romstad in 2004 that was developed further by Marco Costalba in 2008. Joona Kiiski and Gary Linscott are also considered founders.

Stockfish is not only the most powerful available chess engine but is also extremely accessible. It is readily available on many platforms, including Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, iOS, and Android.

Stockfish's accomplishments are more impressive than those of any other chess engine. It has won eight Top Chess Engine Championships (TCEC) through 2020. Stockfish has also dominated Chess.com's Computer Chess Championship since 2018, winning the first six events and more.

Stockfish had firmly established itself as the strongest chess engine in the world before 2017, which is why the chess world was shaken to its core when it lost a one-sided match to a neural network computer program called AlphaZero. This loss to AlphaZero led to the development of other neural network projects (most notably Leela Chess Zero,Leelenstein, and Alliestein).

Although Stockfish has kept its spot atop the chess engine list, the neural network engines had been getting closer and closer to Stockfish's strength. In September 2020, Stockfish 12 was released, and it was announced that Stockfish had absorbed the Stockfish+NNUE project (NNUE stands for Efficiently Updatable Neural Network). What does this move mean? Well, now the raw power of the traditional brute-force Stockfish has been improved by the evaluation abilities of a neural network enginea mind-boggling combination!

As of October 2020, Stockfish is the highest-rated engine according to the computer chess rating list (CCRL) with a rating of 3514it is the only engine with a rating above 3500. According to the July 2020 Swedish Chess Computer Association (SSDF) rating list, Stockfish 9 is ranked #3, Stockfish 10 is ranked #2, and Stockfish 11 is ranked #1 with a rating of 3558. Taking the top three spots with three different versions is quite impressive.

According to this great video on the strongest chess engines of all time (based on the SSDF rating lists), Stockfish is the strongest engine of all timea sentiment that is widely shared in the chess community.

As mentioned, Stockfish has dominated the TCEC since it started participating. It has won eight TCEC championships and also has six second-place finishesit has placed first or second in every season it has participated since 2013 with only one exception. From 2018-2020 it won seven out of nine TCEC seasons ahead of Komodo, Leela Chess Zero, Shredder, Houdini, and other top-level engines.

Stockfish also won the 2014 TCEC Fischer Random tournament, the TCEC season 10 Rapid tournament, and three TCEC cups (in 2018, 2019, and 2020 respectively).

Chess.com's Computer Chess Championship has also been a common winning ground for Stockfish. It has won eight of the 13 events through 2020 and placed second in four others. Stockfish continues to defeat the neural network engines in most competitions.

The first game example is from the 2018 Stockfish-AlphaZero match. Stockfish wins quickly and easilycan you ask for more than defeating the strongest chess entity that the world has ever seen in a mere 22 moves?Stockfish sacrifices a pawn early in the opening and gains a large advantage after 13. Rd3. After 18. Rh4, all of Stockfish's pieces are active and developed, while all of AlphaZero's pieces are on the back rank (except for the queen):

The sacrifices with 19. Bc4! and 20. Nce4! are powerful and finish the game quickly.

In this second game example, we see Stockfish dispatch another famous chess engine that stood atop the chess engine world for years: Rybka. Stockfish gains a nice advantage out of the opening that it keeps throughout the game. The fireworks start with Stockfish's 28. Bxh6+!

Stockfish keeps up the pressure with an exchange sacrifice on move 31 and dominates the rest of the game after Rybka's 33...Kh7:

In this fantastic video by Chess.com's NM Sam Copeland, Stockfish+NNUE dismantles the neural network engine Stoofvlees:

Stockfish is the engine for analysis on Chess.com. It is very easy to use on this site in several ways. One is to go to Chess.com/analysis and load your PGN or FEN:

Another easy-to-use method of analyzing your games on Chess.com with Stockfish is to select "Analyze" after you complete a game in Live Chess.

Yet another way to analyze your games with Stockfish on Chess.com is with Chess.com's analysis board. Simply go to Live Chess and select the drop-down menu below the Tournaments tab:

After you select this menu, simply press "Analysis Board." Then you can analyze with Stockfish!

The Analysis Board is very easy to use and can help you with any phase of the game. This article explains how to use it.

In this video, Chess.com's IM Danny Rensch explains some of the Stockfish analysis features available on Chess.com:

You now know what Stockfish is, why it is important, how to analyze with Stockfish on Chess.com, and more. Head over to Chess.com/CCC to watch Stockfish and other top engines battling at any time on any day!

Originally posted here:

Stockfish - Chess Engines - Chess.com

Top Chess Engine Championship – Wikipedia

Unofficial World Computer Chess Championship

Top Chess Engine Championship, formerly known as Thoresen Chess Engines Competition (TCEC or nTCEC), is a computer chess tournament that has been run since 2010. It was organized, directed, and hosted by Martin Thoresen until the end of Season 6; from Season 7 onward it has been organized by Chessdom. It is often regarded as the Unofficial World Computer Chess Championship because of its strong participant line-up and long time-control matches on high-end hardware, giving rise to very high-class chess.[1][2][3] The tournament has attracted nearly all the top engines compared to the World Computer Chess Championship.

After a short break in 2012,[4] TCEC was restarted in early 2013 (as nTCEC)[5] and is currently active (renamed as TCEC in early 2014) with 24/7 live broadcasts of chess matches on its website.

Since season 5, TCEC has been sponsored by Chessdom Arena.[6][7]

The TCEC competition is divided into seasons, where each season happens over a course of a few months, with matches played round-the-clock and broadcast live over the internet. Each season is divided into several tournaments, a Leagues Season, a Cup, a Swiss tournament, and a Fischer Random Chess tournament.

Prior to season 21, there was originally one tournament in each season. This tournament consisted of several qualifying stages and one "superfinal", and the winner of the superfinal is called the "TCEC Grand Champion" until the next season. Prior to season 11, the tournament used a cup format, while starting in Season 11, the tournament used a division system. Starting in season 13, there was also a cup tournament consisting of the top 32 engines in the main tournament, resulting in a 5-round single elimination tournament.[8]

Pondering is set to off. All engines run on mostly the same hardware[9] and use the same opening book, which is set by the organizers and changed in every stage. Large pages are disabled, but access to various endgame tablebases is permitted. Engines are allowed updates between stages; if there is a critical play-limiting bug, they are also allowed to be updated once during the stage. In previous seasons, if an engine crashes 3 times in one event, it is disqualified to avoid distorting the results for the other engines; however starting in TCEC Season 20, an engine is allowed to crash as many times as possible without being disqualified from the current event; however, the engine will still be disqualified from future events unless the crash is fixed.[10] TCEC generates an Elo rating list from the matches played during the tournament. An initial rating is given to any new participant based on its rating in other chess engine rating lists.

There is no definite criterion for entering into the competition, other than inviting the top participants under active development from various rating lists which can run on their Linux platform. Originally, TCEC used Windows instead of Linux. In addition, either XBoard or UCI protocol are required to participate.

Usually chess engines that support multiprocessor mode are preferred (8-cores or higher), and engines in active development are given preference. Since TCEC 12, engines like LCZero which use GPUs for neural processing were supported.

Initially, the list of participants was personally chosen by Thoresen before the start of a season. His stated goal was to include "every major engine that is not a direct clone".[11] In TCEC 13, DeusX was banned due to being a clone of Leela, and in TCEC 20, Houdini, Fire, Rybka (engine in Fritz up to TCEC 16), and Critter were banned due to allegations of plagiarism.

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021)

Starting in season 21, each season has been expanded to include the Cup, a Fischer Random Chess tournament, and a Swiss tournament, and thus the original tournament has been renamed to the Leagues Season.[12]

The structure of the TCEC VSOB varies from event to event. Most of them have been in a round-robin format.

However, the latest VSOB event, VSOB 21, has a different format, where each opening gets tested to see how unbalanced the position is, and then assigned to a pair of engines depending on the strength differential between the pair of engines: equal positions were assigned to a pair of engines where one engine was vastly stronger than the other, while heavily unequal positions were assigned to a pair of engines about roughly equal strength.

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Houdini has been disqualified since TCEC season 20 and its results in previous seasons have been nullified.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022)

The tables display the results of each TCEC Season that was a multi-stage tournament.

The tables display the results of each TCEC Season that was a league system.

After season 20, each season was expanded to include the Swiss, the Cup, and the FRC tournament, and so the original event is now called the Leagues Season.[13]

TCEC allows viewers to submit chess openings to TCEC, upon which the openings will be played by various engines in a series of exhibition games.

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Houdini has been disqualified since TCEC season 20 and its results in previous seasons have been nullified.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022)

This table includes Main/Leagues, Cup, FRC and Swiss results.[15]

Read the rest here:

Top Chess Engine Championship - Wikipedia

Best Free Chess Engines Every Chess Player Should Download

ProjectResolute has been a chess fan since he was a kid. He now enjoys playing on chess (dot) com and various computer chess programs.

These chess engines are super powerful! You'll love these!

sk

Chess engines are a great tool to have. Whether they are used for analyzing games, accurately converting a large advantage into a win, studying openings, or watching cyber chess warfare, if they are used correctly, they can help any chess player improve.

Any avid chess player can and should download at least one strong chess engine. However, there are thousands of engines out there and not all of them are created equal. Some of them have a fairly good rating on various chess engine rating lists, but they dont function well. Some have various problems such as the inability to set search depth, searches longer than the set time limit, or crashes every now and then.

This can be a pain, although most engines that have these issues are free for anyone to download. To avoid this potential frustration, Ive decided to make a list of the five best free chess engines. These engines all follow the Universal Chess Interface protocol (UCI for short), and can be used in any UCI-compatible chess program.

All of these engines are 100% functional and have quite a few configurations to play with. They are also all extremely strong, although some can be set to play at a more human level, too. Please note that the rating given to these UCI chess engines arent mine, but I get them from a 3rd-party source, which tests hundreds of chess engines and apply a rating to them. The link above will take you to the rating list I used for this article.

Okay, Ive blabbered around long enough! Lets continue to see what some of the best free chess engines are.

Rating3339

Stockfish is the strongest free chess engine. Stockfish 7, the latest version as of this moment of writing, has a rating of 3339. Although computer rating lists and official rating lists dont necessarily match up, it is easy to say that Stockfish 7 is well beyond the skill of any grandmaster. It is also about 40 points above the next best chess engine!

The main co-authors of this engine are Tord Romstad, Marco Costalba, Joona Kiiski, and Gary Linscott. It must be noted that although these four are the main developers, this engine is open-sourced and thus was developed by a whole community of people. It is licensed under GPLv3, which basically means you can share to anybody, sell it as part of a larger project, and change the source code, as long as you either point back to where you got it, or supply the original source code.

The Stockfish project is actually a fork off of a chess engine called Glaurung, which is also open-sourced. People gradually started moving to stockfish, until finally Glaurung was abandoned altogether. It is interesting to note that the Glaurung chess engines rating is 2902, so Stockfish has improved upon its predecessor by 430 rating points.

Stockfish has several interesting configurations; the most noticeable in my opinion is the ability to scale down the skill level, so an average human can beat it. It has 21 different playing levels, and at level 0, although I have to think, I can beat it.

Another configuration that caught my eye is contempt. This setting is to make it play more risky moves. A setting of zero is default and considered neutral, a positive number up to 100 is more aggressive setting, and a setting of below zero up to -100, it will play for a draw.

While Stockfish is undeniably a strong engine, it is not the strongest. There is one engine that is stronger than stockfish according to most rating lists.

Scroll to Continue

Rating3296

Komodo chess engine is actually the strongest chess engine in the world. The reason why it isnt first place in the list is because the latest version isnt free. The most recent version of this engine is Komodo 10.1, which costs $59.96. This version has a current rating of 3379, which is 40 points above its archenemy, Stockfish.

However, with every new version of Komodo that is unveiled, there also becomes a past version available for free. Currently, Komodo 8 is available without charge, and this version has a rating of 3296. The free version is about 40 points below Stockfish 7 and 80 points below Komodo 10.1. So even with Komodo 8, youre going to have a world-class chess engine.

The thing I wish Komodo would have but doesnt is a setting to weaken its play. This is true for all versions. It is a minor inconvenience though because I mostly use UCI chess engines for game analysis, and if I want to, I can still limit its skill by search depth, which when set to one ply, plays quite stupidly.

Komodo 8 does have a configuration to control its aggressiveness, called draw score. The default setting is -7, and if you set it lower, (i.e. -15) it will play more aggressively, and if higher, it will try to play for a draw more often.

So, although the free Komodo chess engine isnt quite as strong as Stockfish 7, I cant think of a reason why one wouldnt want to take time and download the chess engine. In fact, I bought the engine back when it was the latest and the greatest, and although it was a while back, its still among the strongest.

Andscacs Logo

Rating3211

The Andscacs chess engine was first released in September of 2013. Since then, its only grown in strength. Its current release, Andscacs 0.872, has a rating of 3211 according to CCRL and has participated in stage 3 of season 9, where it came in 5th place.

The creator of this chess engine, Daniel Jos Queralt, lives in the country Andorra. Hence the name of the engine, Andscacs, And for his country, scacs for the Catalan word escacs, meaning chess. Daniel got his inspiration for creating this chess engine from a variety of open-source engines such as Stockfish and Gull.

Unfortunately, this chess engine is no longer available for download. That said this article is long overdue for an update, and I will do so very soon.

Rating3208

Fire is another one of the top free chess engines. Originally called Firebird, this chess engine is usually among the top 10 in many rating lists. It's debatable whether Fire or Andscacs is the better engine since they are within 10 points difference in the CCRL rating list.

It originally started out as an open-source project, but later the code became closed. However, there is a fork off of fire 2.2, which has been rename Firenzina, which is still open-sourced. When the Fire chess engine became closed, the code was completely rewritten and doesn't contain any code from the chess engine Ippolit, as the original open-source version did.

Rating3197

The Houdini chess engine is a very popular chess engine even though it is a distant 3rd place on most chess engine rating lists. Houdini 4 is the most recent version and it has a rating of 3255 on CCRL. It is a 3 time champion in the TCEC tournaments, which is considered by many to be the world computer chess championship. Only Komodo holds as many titles.

Rumor has it that Houdini 5 will be released for the final stages of TCEC season 9. Houdini 4 improved upon its predecessor by approximately 50 elo points. Will this Houdini 5 have a rating of around 3300? Were going to have to wait and see. I personally have my doubts, since at the moment Im writing this, Stage 3 of season 9 is already under way, and theres no sign of Houdini 5 as of yet.

Whether or not a new version will ever be released, the free Houdini chess engine is also very strong. With a rating of 3197, Houdini 1.5a is a chess engine that a human will never stand a chance at winning. Whats more is that Houdini has an interesting style of play. Many chess players have remarked that this chess engine has a very romantic style of play, similar to such players like Paul Morphy and Mikhail Tal.

Rybka Chess Logo

Rybka

Rating3024

I know that the Rybka chess engine is fairly outdated. Rybka 4, the last release, has a rating of 3160. This is around 30 points lower than the free version of Houdini! However, the latest release is still available for sale on Amazon & Chessbase. On Amazon, the engine costs about $50 and on Chessbase it costs a whopping $90.75! Even the latest version of Komodos cheaper!

Thankfully, theres a free version too Rybka 2.3.2a which has a relatively minuscule rating of 3024. So, why am I recommending this engine as one that every chess player should have? Because of a configuration that I think is quite handy! You can set the rating at which it works. With a range of 1200 to 2400, the lower one sets this rating the more mistakes they make.

The rating will not match up with a Fide rating though, so dont go into a tournament saying that you have a rating of 1300 because you beat Rybka at that rating. That said, if you win a game at 1200, your rating will likely be higher than this. I have trouble defeating it at this level, and my rating on chess.com is around 1600!

Thus ends my listing of some of the best free chess engines. Although the article is now drawing to a close, I encourage you to check back, since Im planning on adding more engines to this page.

2016 ProjectResolute

Sorrowdy on April 24, 2020:

And where is Raubfisch? According my engine tournaments it is the best engine ever. And it's also free.

noob on March 10, 2020:

It's 2020 and this article makes zero mention of the new Neural Network engines Lc0, Leelenstein, Stoofvlees, all of which are significantly better than every engine above except Stockfish.

Chess Player on February 25, 2018:

Thanks! Good Job for the Source!

Erik on November 26, 2017:

Thanks, good job. Nice would be comparing chess GUIs, too.

Erik

Really? on October 27, 2017:

Check your spelling and grammar. Nothing added here beyond a rating list and some nonsense. You can find actual reviews elsewhere online, and links that aren't "hard to find." A chess "fan," really? Not a player, a fan? lol

ciarli on September 29, 2017:

what about 'demon' engine! I heard that it is prohibited because he can make any move and win again and is insulting Godmaster way of thinking!

Md. Shahinur Islam on August 30, 2017:

Whats the position of Chessmaster & Fritz in terms of ratings??

Reign Tibudan on July 27, 2017:

Thank you, you are so helpful

Kainoa Thomas Henao on May 24, 2017:

Great idea

Hal on April 01, 2017:

Thank you.. 🙂

Thomas on October 23, 2016:

Very nice and competent review of the best chess programs - thanks! I wonder, however, if the new version of Houdini is not even stronger given it's current performance in TCEC Rapid - perhaps 100 -150 Elo points over version 4? Anyway - we'll see in the TCEC Super Final! Best Regards Thomas

Read the original here:

Best Free Chess Engines Every Chess Player Should Download

Free UCI-Compatible Chess Programs for the Stockfish Engine

ProjectResolute has been a chess fan since he was a kid. He now enjoys playing on chess (dot) com and various computer chess programs.

Discover more about UCI chess engines.

Luiz Hanfilaque via Unsplash

Computers rule and humans drool in the world of chess. Since the moment Deep Blue beat Garry Kasparov, the abyss of skill between human and computers has been getting wider. Nowadays, every avid chess enthusiast can download a chess program and watch intense chess battles being played with precision and skill beyond the dreams of even the top grandmasters, and it can easily be done for free (provided you already have a computer and an internet connection).

When I first downloaded a UCI chess engine, I was a bit confused as to how it all worked. I Googled something along the lines of, best free computer chess program, clicked the first thing that caught my eye, and before I knew it, I had a file named Stockfish 5 64 bit.exe that could play at super grandmaster strength. I wanted a challenge, and it seemed that I had one! I excitedly double-clicked the file and, alas, a black window popped up with the three names of the programmers who wrote the marvelous piece of code but nothing else.

What I didnt know was that I had to have separate software to use the chess engine, something called a GUI. GUI is short for graphical user interface, and though it was a little confusing at first, I eventually got Stockfish running and got the worst whipping in my life.

The concept of an interaction between a chess engine and its GUI is really quite easy to understand. Here's an analogy that best explains it: Lets say this UCI chess engine was a car engine. This engine wouldn't do any good without the rest of the car. You need wheels, a place to sit, a steering wheel, brakes, etc., or it would just be a worthless piece of junk. The same goes for the UCI chess engine. The GUI program provides a way for the user to interact with the engine, which does all the work and is always 2030 moves ahead of you.

There are many different GUIs to choose from, some paid and some free. This article focuses on the free ones. Remember that all GUIs have their own pros and cons. I personally use all of the GUIs mentioned here, because I like to use at least a feature or two on each one:

Here's a screenshot of the UCI Chess Engines in Lucas GUI.

The Lucas Chess GUI is a UCI-compatible chess program created by Lucas Monge and others. It is an open-sourced project, and its likely that many different people lent a hand in creating this software.

An outstanding feature of this GUI is the number of chess engines that it comes with. The website says there are over 30 different engines that have a variety of skill levels. This is a huge plus for users who dont want to go through the hassle of installing a chess engine. However, as with almost all GUIs, users can install as many other chess engines into Lucas Chess as they want.

Another big plus is Lucas Chess has training positions preinstalled, including everything from tactical problems to endgames. There are enough puzzles to last you for months, if not years. I am not sure exactly how many puzzles there are, but I know its in the tens of thousands. If thats not enough puzzles, you can also manually set up your own chess puzzles to practice. If you have a tactical chess puzzle book handy, you could easily copy those over as well (although I discovered it can take time).

What I like most about this software is its analysis feature. I can analyze any game I put into Lucas Chess with a chess engine. I put the game into the program, hit analyze, set the time per move I want it to analyze, and it scrolls through each individual move and color codes which ones are excellent, good, neutral, mistake, or just plain bad! I then click on a move the chess engine deemed bad, and I can see the move the chess engine would have played along with the move I played and what it predicted would've happened afterward.

I wish Lucas Chess offered the ability to print out stored games on a scoresheet, so I could have a nice-looking hard copy of all my favorite games. I did find this feature in another program, Chessbase Reader 2013. However, it would save time when playing a game in Lucas Chess to not have to copy and paste the game over to another program.

The program is only available for Windows OS. However, I believe that it's possible to use on Linux by compiling the program yourself if you're a computer whiz. Another option is using WINE, which lets you run Windows applications on Mac and Linux.

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Here is Arena chess program's engine menu.

The Lucas Chess GUI program is useful for analyzing games, practicing tactics, and playing against various chess engines. However, the Arena Chess GUI program is my go-to chess software when experimenting with various chess engines, and I do have quite a few.

One thing that I love doing is pitching engine vs engine tournaments, and Arena makes this quite easy to do. All you need to do is select the engine menu and hit tournament, select which engines to use and length of time to think, and hit start. The GUI will handle everything else (scoring, pairing, saving the games played, etc.). Its quite fascinating to watch!

Its worth noting that the Lucas Chess GUI can also handle engine vs. engine tournaments, but it doesnt have nearly as many options as Arena. With Arena, you can set the skill level by search depth, time to think per move, and blitz. With Lucas chess, only blitz is allowed. If you want to pitch engine vs. engine chess battles, Arena is the preferred choice among the free GUIs.

Another thing that I love about the Arena GUI is the ability to see the UCI engines current search depth, nodes (means positions) per second its searching, and much more. If you love computers and chess as much as I do, it can become quite hypnotizing!

Another feature that's worth noting is it's possible to limit an engines playing strength by a certain percentage of the time allowed to calculate. For example, if it has calculated for two minutes on one position, and I set it at 50%, it really would only have calculated for one minute.

This is something I discovered just recently, and the reason Im excited about this is that even at a skill level of one second per move, I still cant ever hope to beat Komodo 10. However, at 1% of a second, this computer chess titan is much more manageable. Although I havent yet beaten him at this setting, it doesnt leave me feeling like a complete moron at the end of a game. That is, as long as I dont think too much about how little time it has to think about a move.

The only con I can think of that applies to the Arena chess GUI is with all its bells and whistles, it can be quite daunting to learn to use. For me, I love figuring out software, but I understand if some people just dont want to take the time. If this sounds like you, scroll down because the next chess software will make you smile!

Chess GUI Arena is available only in the Windows format. However, it should run in the WINE software for Mac and Linux. The program comes with two opening books, a game database, several engines, and Gaviota 3-man endgame tablebase.

Here is a picture of the Tarrasch Chess Program.

The Tarrasch chess GUI is named after a great chess legend, Siegbert Tarrasch, who lived in the 1800s/1900s. Many of the great chess players of the time criticized his ideas, and he was greatly underappreciated by the chess world. Thus, the developer decided to name this chess software after him as a commemoration to him and to rebalance this injustice.

As I hinted at earlier, the main benefit of this chess program is its simplicity. The Tarrasch chess GUI is very intuitive by design. For example, there are two options to move the pieces with the mouse:

This feature isnt the only thing I like about this chess software. I read a lot of chess ebooks, and Tarrasch is the perfect assistant. Not only can I quickly set up a chess position from the chess book on the GUI, but I can also copy and paste a string of moves from the ebook into the GUI if the moves are written in algebraic notation.

If there are no moves entered into the game yet, the Tarrasch chess program will automatically assume the moves are the moves of the game. However, if there are moves already in the moves box, the text pasted will be as a comment, and one has to promote a comment to variation via the edit menu.

Currently, two versions of the Tarrasch Gui are available for download. Unfortunately, it's only available for Windows OS.

Here's the tree window in SCID vs PC (note the opening statistics!).

Theres no denying that SCID vs. PC is a very powerful piece of software. If I spend a bit of time experimenting with it, the GUI could very well replace Arena. The reason why I dont use it very often is that to me its more confusing than any of the other UCI-compatible chess programs I've tried.

That said, it doesn't stop me from using the program to go through large pgn databases of say, 1000+ games. This is really what the developers were focusing on when creating this program. Its primary function is as a database manager, and its evident through the following features:

The options and features mentioned here are by no means exhaustive; I've only just begun to scratch the surface. If anyone has a lot of games they would like to analyze and sort through, this is probably the best choice of free chess software.

As far as playing against a chess engine and/or analyzing your games for blunders, this will work, but there are better choices, and Id recommend the Lucas Chess program for that. For pitching chess engine tournaments and whatnot, Arena still has the most configurations, even though SCID vs PC has the capability to do blitz tournaments.

This program has versions available both for Windows and Macintosh (Mac). Linux users can use this program also (click the installation tab for instructions).

The Chessbase Reader is another UCI-Compatible chess program.

The ChessBase Reader 12 is the only chess software GUI that is available for free from ChessBase. The others youre going to have to spend some money to obtain, such as Fritz 15. I personally downloaded the freeware to get some decent printouts of some of my favorite chess games and was quite impressed with the scoresheets it created from my pgn files.

This is by no means the only thing this UCI-compatible chess program can be used for. It can also be used with any of the lessons for sale on its website. I personally cant tell you the quality of the lessons, nor can I tell how well the ChessBase reader displays the lessons primarily because I dont have any lessons from the site.

The free version of ChessBase is only available in Windows, and since it was at one time a commercial program, I'm not sure how well it'll run in WINE.

Now that I have listed the top five UCI-compatible chess programs, which one do I recommend downloading? In all honesty, all of them! They are all free, so why not? They all have their unique pros and cons, and once you learn to use all of them, there really isn't anything you cant do!

There is a lot of other chess software that is available for free, and if anyone can think of one that isn't mentioned on this page and is comparable to the top 5 listed above, please let me know. Here are several:

2016 ProjectResolute

TOTTO210 on December 11, 2017:

ARENA IS THE BEAST!

Read the original here:

Free UCI-Compatible Chess Programs for the Stockfish Engine

Chennai Chess Olympiad and AI – Analytics India Magazine

In 2021, Nikhil Kamath, founder of Zerodha, defeated five-time world champion Vishwanathan Anand in chess with the help of computers (he confessed later on) at a celebrity fundraiser. The controversy sparked discussions around the use of AI in the game of chess.

As India is all set to host the 44th edition of the Chess Olympiad in Mahabalipuram starting on July 28, lets look at how AI has impacted the game of chess.

The earliest mention of technology in chess can be traced back to the 18th century when Austrian empress Maria Theresa commissioned a chess-playing machine. Many players competed against the Mechanical Turk, thinking it was an automated machine. However, it turned out to be a scam. A human hidden inside the machine was operating it.

In the mid-1940s, British mathematician Alan Turing began theorising how a computer could play chess against a human. In 1949, Claude Shannon published a seminal paper describing a potential program to do exactly that. In 1950, Alan Turing created a program capable of playing chess. Soon after, the Dietrich Prinz and Bernstein chess program burst into the scene.

Computer chess appeared for the first time in the 1970s. MicroChess, the first commercial chess program for microcomputers, in 1976; Chess Challenger in 1977; and Sargon, which won the worlds first computer chess tournament for microcomputers, in 1978.

The robotic chess computers came about in the 1980s. Boris Handroid, Novag Robot Adversary and Milton Bradley Grandmaster are some examples. The most popular was Chessmaster 2000, which ruled the chess video and computer games industry for the next two decades.

As chess computers were gaining popularity in the 1980s, Gary Kasparov, the then world chess champion, claimed AI-driven chess engines could not defeat top-level chess grandmasters. However, in 1989 and 1996, Kasparov beat IBMs powerful chess engines, Deep Thought and Deep Blue.

Things started to change in the late 1990s. In 1997, Deep Blue defeated Kasparov. A year later, Kasparov came up with the idea of Cyborg chess or centaur chess, in which human and computer skills are combined to up the level of the game. The first cyborg chess was held in 1998.

In 2017, AlphaZero, a computer program developed by DeepMind, defeated the worlds strongest chess engine Stockfish. AlphaZero used the reinforcement learning technique in which the algorithm mimicked humans learning process to train its neural networks.

In 2018, TalkChess.com released Leela Chess Zero, developed by Gary Linscott (who also developed Stockfish). Without having any chess-specific knowledge, Leela Chess Zero learned the game based on deep reinforcement learning using an open-source implementation of AlphaZero.

In 2019, DeepMind came up with another algorithm based on reinforcement learning called MuZero.

Chess players use AI-driven chess engines to analyse their and competitors games. As a result, AI has helped in improving the quality of games.

Post pandemic a lot of chess competitions were moved online. In the European Online Chess Championship, as many as 80 participants were disqualified for cheating. FIDE, the international chess body, has approved an artificial intelligence-driven behaviour-tracking module for the FIDE Online Arena games. Chess.com, an internet chess server, uses a cheat detection system to assess the probability of a human player matching the moves of a chess engine or surpassing the games of some of the greatest chess players with the help of a statistical model. DeepMind is also working to develop a new cheat detection software.

AI has also brought down the cost and effort of training and helped develop new chess strategies.

AI has indeed changed the dynamics of the game. However, using AI in chess has raised a few issues. Computer chess engines have significantly improved gameplay. However, people have also raised concerns that players of this age depend too much on machine-driven analysis.

Even when it comes to detecting cheating, AI poses a few issues. First, there is a possibility a player might be wrongly red-flagged by AI. For example, a Chess.com player and grandmaster, Akshat Chandra, was banned after a win against Hikaru as his moves supposedly matched Komodo, a strong positional chess engine. Though Chandra has been proved innocent, his reputation took a hit.

Chess engines and deep learning-based neural networks present enormous possibilities. Moreover, the complex nature and the strategic orientation of the game have provided a ground for assessing any progress in the field of artificial intelligence. They (games) are the perfect platform to develop and test ideas for AI algorithms. Its very efficient to use games for AI development, as you can run thousands of experiments in parallel on computers in the cloud and often faster than real-time, and generate as much training data as your systems need to learn from. Conveniently, games also normally have a clear objective or score, so it is easy to measure the progress of the algorithms to see if they are incrementally improving over time, and therefore if the research is going in the right direction, said DeepMind cofounder Demis Hassabis.

Read more:

Chennai Chess Olympiad and AI - Analytics India Magazine

Go! Guide July 23 – The Republic

Bartholomew County Public Library is the hub for many free events for all ages and interests.

The Republic file photo

Kids and teens

BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY, 536 Fifth St., Columbus. Scheduled: Library Babies, 10 a.m., June 23, 30; Block OClock, 11 a.m., June 23, 30; Storytime: Ages 1-5, 1 p.m., June 23, 30; Teen Thursgame: Pirate LARP, 3 p.m., June 23; Reading with Lottie, 3:45 p.m., June 23, July 7; Paint Along with Greg Potter, 6 p.m., June 23; Kids Art Studio, 12:30 p.m., June 24, July 1, 8; Teen DIY: Sea Slime, 3 p.m., June 24; Origami Workshop, 4 p.m., June 24; Bermuda Triangle Escape Room, 10 & 11:30 a.m., June 25; Teen Bermuda Triangle Escape Room, 2 p.m., June 25; Mondays at Mill Race Storytime, 10 a.m., June 27; D.I.G. Time, 2 p.m., June 27; Teen Poetry Workshop: Zines!, 3 p.m., June 27; Drama Club, 4 p.m., June 27; Storytime, 6 p.m., June 27; Toddler Time, 10 a.m., June 28; Storytime, 11 a.m., June 28; Patio Playdate, 11:30 a.m., June 28; Teen Pride Month Book Club, 4 p.m., June 28; Game Time, 12:30 p.m., June 29, July 6; Cardio Drumming, 4 p.m., June 29; Watch-It WednesGAY: Heartsopper, 4 p.m., June 29; Teen Thursgame: Happy Little Dinosaurs, 2 p.m., June 30; Teen DIY: Moss Ball Habitats, 3 p.m., July 1; Builders Guild, 4 p.m., July 1; Artistic Tuesday, 12:30 p.m., July 5; Teen STEAM: Gardening, 4 p.m., July 5; Watch-It Wednesday: Jaws, 4 p.m., July 6; French Storytime, 4 p.m., July 7: Thursgame: Casino Nite, 4 p.m., July 7; Table Toppers, 4 p.m., July 8; Stitching is Fun for Everyone, 10 a.m., July 9; Teen Pro Gamer Club, 3 p.m., July 9.

STORYTIME WITH MR. DAVE!, 10 to 10:30 a.m., Thursdays, June 23, 30, Hope Town Square, 635 Harrison St., Hope. Call Mr. Dave at 812-546-5310 for more information.

THE GREAT BRICKISH MAKE-OFF CHALLENGE, through June 25, Bartholomew County Public Library, 536 Fifth St., Columbus. Its time for the Summer 2022 Great Brickish Make-Off Challenge! We invite you to use brick-style blocks to create an original design inspired by this years theme: oceans! You can use your own bricks at home, or you can use Legos provided at the library. Entries will be displayed in the library where they are submitted, and a fan favorite and up to three entries per age group will be chosen to win a new Lego set! Pick up an information sheet and a registration form at the library. Submissions accepted through June 25. Voting period June 27-July 9. Prize winners notified July 15.

STONE BELT ART DISPLAY, all day, to July 31, Bartholomew County Public Library, 536 Fifth St., Columbus. Come and enjoy artwork created by artists at Stone Belt Disability Services by visiting an ocean- and environmental-themed exhibition at BCPL.

Music and theater

STELLAR SUMMER NIGHTS, 6 p.m., June 24 and the fourth Friday of July and August, Stellar Plaza, downtown North Vernon. Live music, entertainment and more sponsored by Main Street North Vernon. Free and open to the public.

Educational

FOUNDERS FRIDAYS, 8 to 9 a.m., Fridays through Aug. 29, Lucabe Coffee Co., 310 4th St., Columbus. Each week, one business founder shares the ups and downs of his or her entrepreneurial journey. The free event is held each Friday (with the exception of July 1) in the meeting room at Lucabe Coffee Co. Coffee will be provided. The event is open to the public. Participants enjoy the opportunity for questions and answers from the areas leading innovators in a relaxed environment.

PRESERVE IT NOW ENJOY IT LATER, 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., July 8, Columbus East High School, 230 S. Marr Road, Columbus. Learn the basics of safe home canning: pressure canner & boiling water canner. Lecture/resources with hands-on practice and take home product. Presenters are Purdue Extension Mastering Home Food Preservation Instructors. Cost is $50. Register online by July 5 at cvent.me/kagOyz. For registration questions, contact [emailprotected]

Sports, exercise, wellness

FAMILY FUN RUN/WALK, 6 p.m., June 23, White River Running, 325 Fifth St., Columbus. Choose from a one- or three-mile loop. Summer raffle entry available. More information: flourishcolumbus.com.

AMERICAN RED CROSS BLOOD DRIVE, 1 to 6 p.m., July 5, Bartholomew County Public Library, 536 Fifth St., Columbus. Your blood donation matters. Register at redcrossblood.org.

BLACKWELL PARK STORYWALK, Blackwell Park, 1550 Whitney Court, Columbus. Enjoy some fresh air while strolling the Bartholomew County Public Librarys StoryWalk. Together with the Columbus Parks and Recreation Department, the library is excited to bring you Dont Worry, Little Crab by Chris Haughton in June and Marlo by Christopher Browne in July. The StoryWalk is located along the People Trail near the Pollinator Park in Blackwell Park.

LEARN TO PLAY HOCKEY, 4:15 to 5:15 p.m., most Saturdays through Oct. 1, Hamilton Community Center and Ice Arena, 2501 Lincoln Park Dr., Columbus. A noncompetitive environment in which children ages 4 to 10 can learn the basic skills of hockey without distractions that are often associated with an overemphasis on winning. Free equipment is available to use. Cost is $5 per child. Arrive 30 minutes early to get fitted for equipment.

GIRLS HOCKEY, 6 to 7 p.m., Mondays, through Oct. 10, Hamilton Community Center and Ice Arena, 2501 Lincoln Park Dr., Columbus. Are you a girl interested in hockey? Come join us for a girls-only hockey class and learn the fundamentals and basic skills of hockey. For ages 7-16. $10 drop in fee.

SWIMMING FOR EXERCISE, Foundation for Youth, 405 Hope Ave., Columbus. Lap swimming, water aerobics and public swim are available. You must preregister for current swim sessions. Information: foundationforyouth.com.

Seasonal

COLUMBUS FARMERS MARKET, 9 a.m. to 12:30 p.m., Saturdays through Sept. 17, south of Columbus City Hall, 123 Washington St., Columbus. The market averages more than 100 full- and part-time vendors offering a range of plants, made-to-order food, lotions/soaps, coffee, honey, crafts, meats, eggs, baked goods, produce and more! More details can be found at columbusfarmersmarket.org or follow on Facebook for weekly entertainment updates.

JENNINGS COUNTY FARMERS MARKET, 8 a.m.-noon, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays through mid-October, North Vernon City Park, 604 N. State St. More information is available on the Jennings Countys Farmers Market Facebook page.

Miscellaneous

BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY, 536 Fifth St., Columbus. Scheduled: Paint Along with Greg Potter, 6 p.m., June 23; Bermuda Triangle Escape Room, 3:30 p.m., June 25; Adult Craft Night, 6 p.m., June 27; All Bookd Book Club, 5:30 p.m., June 28; Dementia Friends Information Session, 2 p.m., July 1; Cbus Chess Crew, 2 p.m., July 2; Stitching is Fun for Everyone, 10 a.m., July 9.

STATE STREET TACO TOUR, 5 to 8 p.m., June 25, State St., Columbus. Are you ready for cilantro, onion, and your favorite Mexican meat all bundled up in a warm tortilla drizzled with your favorite salsa topped with a fresh juicy lime? Join us this year as we host the third annual Taco Tour on State Street! More details will be added to the Facebook event site so stay tuned for more info at facebook.com/events/332477205448914/.

PANCAKE AND SAUSAGE BREAKFAST, 6 to 11 a.m., July 4, North Vernon Fire Department, 2000 N. Madison Ave., North Vernon. North Vernon/Center Township Fire Department is hosting an annual pancake & sausage breakfast with a free will donation.

ELKS LODGE BINGO, 6:30 p.m. Friday and 12:30 p.m. Sunday, Elks 521 Lodge Bingo Hall, 4664 Ray Boll Blvd., Columbus. Doors open at 5 p.m. on Friday and 11 a.m. on Sunday. The first game is at 6:30 p.m. on Friday and 12:30 p.m. on Sunday. Open to the public. Information: 812-379-4386.

VFW POST 1987 BINGO, 215 N. National Road, Columbus. Monday and Wednesday from 5 to 9:30 p.m. (doors open at 5 p.m.), second Saturday of the month from 2 to 6 p.m. (doors open at noon). Open to the public.

AMERICAN LEGION BINGO & KARAOKE, American Legion Post 25, 2515 25th St., Columbus. Bingo is on Tuesdays starting at 6 p.m. Karaoke is on Wednesdays starting at 6 p.m.

COLUMBUS CHESS CLUB, 5 to 9 p.m., Thursdays, Lewellen Chapel, corner of Middle Road and Grissom Street, Columbus. Equipment is furnished. Open to chess players 16 and older. Information: 812-603-3893.

COLUMBUS AREA RAILROAD CLUB OPEN HOUSE, noon to 4 p.m. July 16 and the third Saturday of each month. Trains will be operating layouts in four scales HO, N, O, and On30. The club is located at the Johnson County Park headquarters building adjacent to Camp Atterbury. Information: Greg Harter, 812-350-8636, columbusarearailroadclub.com, or on Facebook at Columbus Area Railroad Club.

AMERICAN SEWING GUILD NEIGHBORHOOD MEETING, 9 to 11:30 a.m., July 2 and the first Saturday of each month, Bartholomew County REMC, 1697 W. Deaver Road, Columbus. Each monthly meeting focuses on learning a new sewing/creative skill or group sewing on a philanthropic project. Sewing enthusiasts of all ages and skills are welcome. Contact Marilyn at [emailprotected] with questions.

GRACES TABLE DRIVE-IN FREE MEAL, 5 p.m., second Sunday of each month, East Columbus United Methodist Church, 2439 Indiana Ave., Columbus. Drive-in free meal as well as music and storytelling. Enter the church parking lot on Indiana Avenue. Tables are available for walk-ups.

Galleries, museums, exhibits

BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 524 Third St., Columbus. The museum is open Tuesday through Thursday from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. BCHS hosts two permanent exhibits that share the history and heritage of Bartholomew County. Learn about our county through interactive, hands-on exhibits that include a map table, notable people, county timeline, Then and Now, Did You Know, early industrialists and videos of Reeves steam engines. The historical society also hosts rotating exhibits throughout the year featuring items from their extensive collection. Information: 812-372-3541, bartholomewhistory.org.

GALLERY 506, Columbus Indiana Visitors Center, 506 Fifth St., Columbus. Open Monday through Saturday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.

YELLOW TRAIL MUSEUM/VISITOR CENTER, west side of Hope Town Square, 644 Main St., Hope. The museum is open on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 1 to 5 p.m. and Saturdays from Noon to 4 p.m. or by appointment. Cruise-ins will be July 1 and the first Friday of August and September. The Research Center is open on Monday and Wednesday from 10 a.m. to noon or by appointment. Contact the museum at 812-546-8020. Follow the Facebook page Yellow Trail Museum/Hope Visitors Center for updated information.

ATTERBURY-BAKALAR AIR MUSEUM, located at Columbus Municipal Airport, 4742 Ray Boll Blvd., Columbus, is open 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Special tours may be scheduled by calling 812-372-4356. The museum preserves the history of the former Atterbury Army Air Field, later named Bakalar Air Force Base. Free admission. Visit the museum online at atterburybakalarairmuseum.org and on Facebook.

T.C. STEELE STATE HISTORIC SITE, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., Wednesday through Sunday, 4220 T.C. Steele Road, Nashville. Staff is offering special indoor tours each with a limited number of people. Tours are included with site admission, but preregistration is recommended by calling 812-988-2785. Information: indianamuseum.org/tcsteele.

TRI-STATE ARTISANS, 422 Washington St., Columbus. Handmade retail gallery of more than 60 local artisans. Unique gifts, fine art, art classes for youth and adults, youth art programs, art parties and home parties. Gallery hours are 11 a.m. to 8 p.m. Wednesday through Saturday and 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Sundays. Information: tsartisans.com.

JENNINGS COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY AND MUSEUM, 335 Brown St., Vernon. Museum hours are Wednesday through Friday from 11 a.m.-4 p.m. or by appointment. Information: 812-346-8989, jenningscounty.org.

BROWN COUNTY ART GUILD, 48 S. Van Buren St., Nashville. Monday through Saturday, 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. and noon to 4 p.m. Sundays. Featuring Art in the Garden, 5-8 p.m. June 25, a fundraiser benefitting Brown County Art Guild. Enjoy an evening of live music, heavy hors doeuvres, drinks and plein air painting and fine art demonstrations in the gardens of a longtime Brown County resident. Tickets are $100 per person. More information and tickets are available at browncountyartguild.org/product/art-in-the-garden-ticket.

THE REPUBLIC BUILDING GALLERY, 333 Second St., Columbus. The gallery is open Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

411 GALLERY, 411 Sixth St., Columbus. 411 is a community arts gallery and cultural space for exhibitions, events and collaborations with Columbus arts and cultural organizations. Learn more about the current exhibition and artists at http://www.artsincolumbus.org/411.

HOOSIER ARTIST GALLERY, 45 S. Jefferson St., Nashville. Hoosier Artist Gallery is open daily from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Masks are required. Information: hoosierartist.com.

BROWN COUNTY ART GALLERY, 1 Artist Drive, Nashville. Open 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday and noon to 5 p.m. Saturdays and Sundays. COVID-19 protocols are in place, with masks required. Information: 812-988-4609, [emailprotected], browncountyartgallery.org.

CHARLENE MARSH STUDIO & GALLERY, 4013 Lanam Ridge Road, Nashville. Hours are 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Saturday and Monday, noon to 5 p.m. on Sunday. For more information, please call the studio/gallery at 812-988-4497 or visit charlenemarshstudio.com.

Ongoing

FABULOUS FIRST FRIDAYS WITH MISS POLLY, 12:15 p.m. the first Friday of each month. Viewpoint Books, 548 Washington St., Columbus. Information: 812-376-0778.

FOUNDATION FOR YOUTH BOYS & GIRLS CLUB, 405 Hope Ave., Columbus. The Boys & Girls Club is open to children ages 5-18. Information: 812-372-7867.

KIDSCOMMONS, 309 Washington St., Columbus. Ongoing activities are all free with museum admission. Information: 812-378-3046.

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Go! Guide July 23 - The Republic

Does CBD Kill Bacteria? What to Know – Healthline

When it comes to cannabis, most attention centers around two parts of the plant: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the component that produces the high sensation, and cannabidiol (CBD), the part typically used for medicinal purposes.

As you might already know, CBD enjoys a lot of popularity in the wellness field. Its widely used as an alternative remedy for conditions ranging from nausea to chronic pain. Some people even find it helpful for easing mental health symptoms like anxiety.

Until 2018, it was difficult to get government approval to study CBD, so most of the research exploring its uses is quite new. One emerging area of study thats gathered a lot of excitement? CBDs antimicrobial traits.

As it turns out, CBD actually does a pretty good job killing bacteria even some strains that are resistant to traditional antibiotics. Having a potential weapon against these supergerms could save a lot of lives.

Read on to learn what experts know about CBDs ability to kill bacteria and what this means for you.

CBD can kill both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Both types of bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics. However, Gram-positive bacteria usually prove much harder to kill because they have thicker protective membranes.

According to a 2021 study, it takes very little CBD to kill most Gram-positive bacteria. CBD can even destroy species that have developed resistance to multiple drugs, such as:

Among the Gram-negative bacteria also studied, 20 species survived CBD exposure. This wasnt too surprising, since scientists havent come up with any new classes of antibiotics to treat Gram-negative bacteria since 1962.

What the researchers did find surprising? CBD could kill four kinds of Gram-negative bacteria, all of which have a history of drug resistance and can be life-threatening:

Overall, CBD seems to show promise as a versatile antimicrobial agent.

That said, the researchers did reported numerous conflicts of interest, the main one being that the pharmaceutical company Botanix funded much of the study. Botanix makes a topical CBD formula thats currently undergoing clinical trials.

However, other studies without conflicts of interest have reported similar findings. For example, a 2022 study found CBD can fight Salmonella typhimurium, a Gram-negative bacteria that attacks your stomach and intestines. Around 59 percent of salmonella infections resistant to ampicillin (a specialized antibiotic used to treat salmonella) involve the typhimurium strain.

CBDs ability to fight bacteria is potentially a huge deal. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimate 2.8 million people develop an antibiotic-resistant infection each year, and around 35,000 people die from these infections.

Cannabidiol appears to kill many of the more harmful bacteria species, including:

These numbers come from the 2019 CDC report Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States.

MRSA, in particular, appears to have a much harder time mustering resistance against CBD than against antibiotics. The 2021 study measured drug resistance by growing MRSA in petri dishes and measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), or amount of substance needed to kill all the bacteria in the dish.

The antibiotic daptomycins MIC increased 26-fold over 20 days of exposure. In other words, the MRSA bacteria developed so much drug resistance after 20 days that it took 26 times the original amount of daptomycin to kill it.

Meanwhile, cannabidiols MIC only increased by a factor of 1.5. Relatively speaking, MRSA barely developed any resistance against CBD.

CBD isnt avoiding resistance just because its new to the bacteria battlefield. Theres something special about how CBD functions that makes it harder for bacteria to adapt.

Many drug-resistant bacteria defend themselves by preventing antibiotics from entering their cells. Common antibiotic-fighting tactics include:

Yet CBD doesnt need to enter the bacteria to kill it. Instead, it attacks bacteria membranes, popping cells like microscopic water balloons. Bacteria cells dont have defined organelles the way animal and plant cells do. Their innards are more like a soup that just spills out into the void, once something destroys the membrane keeping everything together.

But some traditional antibiotics, like penicillin, also kill bacteria by destroying their membranes. Further research may help experts determine which specific molecules CBD targets and why CBD appears more effective than antibiotics at breaking down certain kinds of bacterial membranes.

Despite this encouraging lab performance, CBD is far from ready to be used as antimicrobial treatment in the real world. This substance has a major weakness that keeps it from becoming a miracle drug: It binds to protein very easily.

When CBD enters your bloodstream, most of it will latch on to proteins in your plasma. CBD doesnt kill human proteins like it does germs, but it does become glued to those cells. Only 10 to 14 percent of CBD will remain floating free and available to attack bacteria. Even if the CBD does reach the site of the infection, other tempting proteins might lure it away.

In a nutshell, taking cannabis or CBD oil most likely wont help you fight off an infection. CBD spreads too much through the body to launch a targeted attack against bacteria. And you cant exactly flood your system with CBD without risking an overdose.

Scientists continue to study ways to take advantage of CBDs bacteria-fighting potential. Possibilities include formulas to transport CBD directly to the bacteria in an infection, or synthetic CBD that ignores human proteins and focuses only on attacking bacteria.

Animal and human studies to date have found the most success with oral formulas. Rather than an injection, future CBD treatments may take the form of a nasal spray or pill.

In short, while CBD gummies cant currently treat infection, its possible you could take an antimicrobial CBD gummy in the future.

You may not be able to harness CBDs antimicrobial potential just yet. Still, you might notice some benefits when using CBD for pain or anxiety.

A few helpful reminders before you try CBD:

CBD has the ability to kill certain species of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Even so, it likely wont replace antibiotics anytime soon.

Experts need to conduct more research to determine exactly how CBD functions in the human body before they can put it to use as a treatment for infections.

Emily Swaim is a freelance health writer and editor who specializes in psychology. She has a BA in English from Kenyon College and an MFA in writing from California College of the Arts. In 2021, she received her Board of Editors in Life Sciences (BELS) certification. You can find more of her work on GoodTherapy, Verywell, Investopedia, Vox, and Insider. Find her on Twitter and LinkedIn.

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Does CBD Kill Bacteria? What to Know - Healthline

Must Employers Ignore Positive Drug Tests Caused By CBD Use? – JD Supra

In recent years, we have advised employers whose employees tested positive for marijuana, but the employee claimed that the positive test resulted from their use of legal CBD oil or related products. Some employers have explicitly warned employees about the risk of using CBD products that contain detectible amounts of THC, the active ingredient in marijuana. What happens, however, when an employee claims that excusing the positive result is a required accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities Act?

In a recent federal district court decision in Louisiana, the judge denied the employers motion for summary judgment in a case in which an employee alleged that she was using CBD oil under a doctors prescription to treat chronic migraines. The employer terminated her employment after testing positive for THC, citing a government contract that mandated such testing. The employee claimed that excusing the positive test was a form of required accommodation under the ADA.

In her decision, the district court judge concluded that a jury should determine whether the employer should have accommodated this request. She rejected the employers argument that the federal governments listing of marijuana as a Schedule I controlled substance automatically removes persons who test positive from the ADAs protections. The court also appeared to draw a distinction between CBD and THC, even if the former substance can contain trace amounts of THC.

This decision was made by a district court and does not have a binding effect on other courts or employers. If the matter goes to trial, the jury may conclude that the request to ignore the drug test result was an undue hardship on the employer under the ADA. Regardless, this decision calls into question employers assumption that employees who test positive for marijuana cannot claim CBD use as a legal excuse. As more cases on this issue arise, employers should modify their drug testing policies to follow the guidance provided by federal courts.

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Must Employers Ignore Positive Drug Tests Caused By CBD Use? - JD Supra

How to fry cannabis leaves (yes, thats a thing) – GreenState

(Photo by LILLIAN SUWANRUMPHA/AFP via Getty Images)

Looking for an especially dope party snack for this 4th of July? Nothing says freedom like fried cannabis leaves.

More and more states are passing legislation allowing people to have cannabis on their person or at home. This has become even easier with the advent of CBD oil and other products derived from cannabis.

RELATED: Cooking with Cannabis: Curb Your Hunger with Cannabis Chili

If you grow legal cannabis, you can easily render your cannabis leaves into surprisingly tasty and truly unique treats that you can enjoy all day, every day.

While frying cannabisleaves wont get you high, theyre a super tasty snack that will leave you wanting more.

Read on to learn more about how to fry cannabis leaves, and for some delicious recipes that incorporate this ingredient.

Though they sound like a novelty in the U.S., fried cannabis leaves are a relatively popular delicacy in Thailand.

Cannabis was only just recently decriminalized in the country, but many Thai restaurants have been incorporating fried cannabis leaves in multiple delicious menu offerings for many years. Restaurant-goers can slurp soup garnished with dried marijuana leaves or crunch deep-fried bread topped with pork and deep-fried marijuana leaves.

MaeKhrua Hua Pa is considered thefirst Thai cookbook to contain a recipe for tender ganja leaves, and it was published in 1908.

RELATED: Cooking with cannabis: Melt-in-your-mouth cannabis chocolate

Its pretty simple. Just follow these six easy steps.

Fried cannabis leaves are delicious to eat by themselves, but if youre craving something more filling, here are some equally scrumptious and slightly more savory options:

Whats better than soft, pillowy potato pieces with fried sage and cannabis leaves? Cannabis leaf frying just went to a whole other carb-filled level.

The recipe is super easy; just be sure that your cannabis and sage leaves are very dry for optimum crispiness.

The Crazy Happy Pizza is a popular menu offering in Thailand, and you can make it at home, too!

To amp up the cannabis flavor, infuse cannabis oil into the dough of your pizza and top it with your favorite toppings. While your pizza is in the oven, fry up an entire cannabis leaf and place it on top once fully cooked.

A Thai-style omelet is as easy to make as it sounds.

Whisk eggs with fish sauce, soy sauce, and pepper. Pour the mixture into a frying pan and place a whole cannabis leaf on top. Fry in a pan until the edges crisp up.

You can also fry upyour cannabis leaves separately and sprinkle them on top, along with fried shallots or chives.

RELATED: Cooking with Cannabis: Wacky Mac n Cheese

If you have some leftover leaves in your kitchen, now is the time to fry them up.

For more summer cannabis recipe inspiration, you can check out these popular cannabis cooking shows streaming right now. Happy chef-ing!

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How to fry cannabis leaves (yes, thats a thing) - GreenState

Posthumanism – Wikipedia

Class of philosophies

Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is a term with at least seven definitions according to philosopher Francesca Ferrando:[1]

Philosopher Ted Schatzki suggests there are two varieties of posthumanism of the philosophical kind:[15]

One, which he calls 'objectivism', tries to counter the overemphasis of the subjective or intersubjective that pervades humanism, and emphasises the role of the nonhuman agents, whether they be animals and plants, or computers or other things.[15]

A second prioritizes practices, especially social practices, over individuals (or individual subjects) which, they say, constitute the individual.[15]

There may be a third kind of posthumanism, propounded by the philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd. Though he did not label it as 'posthumanism', he made an extensive and penetrating immanent critique of Humanism, and then constructed a philosophy that presupposed neither Humanist, nor Scholastic, nor Greek thought but started with a different religious ground motive.[16] Dooyeweerd prioritized law and meaningfulness as that which enables humanity and all else to exist, behave, live, occur, etc. "Meaning is the being of all that has been created," Dooyeweerd wrote, "and the nature even of our selfhood."[17] Both human and nonhuman alike function subject to a common 'law-side', which is diverse, composed of a number of distinct law-spheres or aspects.[18] The temporal being of both human and non-human is multi-aspectual; for example, both plants and humans are bodies, functioning in the biotic aspect, and both computers and humans function in the formative and lingual aspect, but humans function in the aesthetic, juridical, ethical and faith aspects too. The Dooyeweerdian version is able to incorporate and integrate both the objectivist version and the practices version, because it allows nonhuman agents their own subject-functioning in various aspects and places emphasis on aspectual functioning.[19]

Ihab Hassan, theorist in the academic study of literature, once stated:

Humanism may be coming to an end as humanism transforms itself into something one must helplessly call posthumanism.[20]

This view predates most currents of posthumanism which have developed over the late 20th century in somewhat diverse, but complementary, domains of thought and practice. For example, Hassan is a known scholar whose theoretical writings expressly address postmodernity in society.[21] Beyond postmodernist studies, posthumanism has been developed and deployed by various cultural theorists, often in reaction to problematic inherent assumptions within humanistic and enlightenment thought.[4]

Theorists who both complement and contrast Hassan include Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, cyberneticists such as Gregory Bateson, Warren McCullouch, Norbert Wiener, Bruno Latour, Cary Wolfe, Elaine Graham, N. Katherine Hayles, Benjamin H. Bratton, Donna Haraway, Peter Sloterdijk, Stefan Lorenz Sorgner, Evan Thompson, Francisco Varela, Humberto Maturana, Timothy Morton, and Douglas Kellner. Among the theorists are philosophers, such as Robert Pepperell, who have written about a "posthuman condition", which is often substituted for the term "posthumanism".[5][8]

Posthumanism differs from classical humanism by relegating humanity back to one of many natural species, thereby rejecting any claims founded on anthropocentric dominance.[22] According to this claim, humans have no inherent rights to destroy nature or set themselves above it in ethical considerations a priori.[23] Human knowledge is also reduced to a less controlling position, previously seen as the defining aspect of the world. Human rights exist on a spectrum with animal rights and posthuman rights.[24] The limitations and fallibility of human intelligence are confessed, even though it does not imply abandoning the rational tradition of humanism.[25]

Proponents of a posthuman discourse, suggest that innovative advancements and emerging technologies have transcended the traditional model of the human, as proposed by Descartes among others associated with philosophy of the Enlightenment period.[26] In contrast to humanism, the discourse of posthumanism seeks to redefine the boundaries surrounding modern philosophical understanding of the human. Posthumanism represents an evolution of thought beyond that of the contemporary social boundaries and is predicated on the seeking of truth within a postmodern context. In so doing, it rejects previous attempts to establish 'anthropological universals' that are imbued with anthropocentric assumptions.[22] Recently, critics have sought to describe the emergence of posthumanism as a critical moment in modernity, arguing for the origins of key posthuman ideas in modern fiction,[27] in Nietzsche,[28] or in a modernist response to the crisis of historicity.[29]

Although Nietzsche's philosophy has been characterized as posthumanist,[30][31][32] the philosopher Michel Foucault placed posthumanism within a context that differentiated humanism from enlightenment thought. According to Foucault, the two existed in a state of tension: as humanism sought to establish norms while Enlightenment thought attempted to transcend all that is material, including the boundaries that are constructed by humanistic thought.[22] Drawing on the Enlightenment's challenges to the boundaries of humanism, posthumanism rejects the various assumptions of human dogmas (anthropological, political, scientific) and takes the next step by attempting to change the nature of thought about what it means to be human. This requires not only decentering the human in multiple discourses (evolutionary, ecological, technological) but also examining those discourses to uncover inherent humanistic, anthropocentric, normative notions of humanness and the concept of the human.

Posthumanistic discourse aims to open up spaces to examine what it means to be human and critically question the concept of "the human" in light of current cultural and historical contexts.[4] In her book How We Became Posthuman, N. Katherine Hayles, writes about the struggle between different versions of the posthuman as it continually co-evolves alongside intelligent machines.[33] Such coevolution, according to some strands of the posthuman discourse, allows one to extend their subjective understandings of real experiences beyond the boundaries of embodied existence. According to Hayles's view of posthuman, often referred to as technological posthumanism, visual perception and digital representations thus paradoxically become ever more salient. Even as one seeks to extend knowledge by deconstructing perceived boundaries, it is these same boundaries that make knowledge acquisition possible. The use of technology in a contemporary society is thought to complicate this relationship.[34]

Hayles discusses the translation of human bodies into information (as suggested by Hans Moravec) in order to illuminate how the boundaries of our embodied reality have been compromised in the current age and how narrow definitions of humanness no longer apply. Because of this, according to Hayles, posthumanism is characterized by a loss of subjectivity based on bodily boundaries.[4] This strand of posthumanism, including the changing notion of subjectivity and the disruption of ideas concerning what it means to be human, is often associated with Donna Haraways concept of the cyborg.[4] However, Haraway has distanced herself from posthumanistic discourse due to other theorists use of the term to promote utopian views of technological innovation to extend the human biological capacity[35] (even though these notions would more correctly fall into the realm of transhumanism[4]).

While posthumanism is a broad and complex ideology, it has relevant implications today and for the future. It attempts to redefine social structures without inherently humanly or even biological origins, but rather in terms of social and psychological systems where consciousness and communication could potentially exist as unique disembodied entities. Questions subsequently emerge with respect to the current use and the future of technology in shaping human existence,[22] as do new concerns with regards to language, symbolism, subjectivity, phenomenology, ethics, justice and creativity.

Sociologist James Hughes comments that there is considerable confusion between the two terms.[36][37] In the introduction to their book on post- and transhumanism, Robert Ranisch and Stefan Sorgner address the source of this confusion, stating that posthumanism is often used as an umbrella term that includes both transhumanism and critical posthumanism.[36]

Although both subjects relate to the future of humanity, they differ in their view of anthropocentrism.[38] Pramod Nayar, author of Posthumanism, states that posthumanism has two main branches: ontological and critical.[39] Ontological posthumanism is synonymous with transhumanism. The subject is regarded as an intensification of humanism.[40] Transhumanist thought suggests that humans are not post human yet, but that human enhancement, often through technological advancement and application, is the passage of becoming post human.[41] Transhumanism retains humanism's focus on the Homo sapiens as the center of the world but also considers technology to be an integral aid to human progression. Critical posthumanism, however, is opposed to these views.[42] Critical posthumanism rejects both human exceptionalism (the idea that humans are unique creatures) and human instrumentalism (that humans have a right to control the natural world).[39] These contrasting views on the importance of human beings are the main distinctions between the two subjects.[43]

Transhumanism is also more ingrained in popular culture than critical posthumanism, especially in science fiction. The term is referred to by Pramod Nayar as "the pop posthumanism of cinema and pop culture."[39]

Some critics have argued that all forms of posthumanism, including transhumanism, have more in common than their respective proponents realize.[44] Linking these different approaches, Paul James suggests that 'the key political problem is that, in effect, the position allows the human as a category of being to flow down the plughole of history':

This is ontologically critical. Unlike the naming of postmodernism where the post does not infer the end of what it previously meant to be human (just the passing of the dominance of the modern) the posthumanists are playing a serious game where the human, in all its ontological variability, disappears in the name of saving something unspecified about us as merely a motley co-location of individuals and communities.[45]

However, some posthumanists in the humanities and the arts are critical of transhumanism (the brunt of Paul James's criticism), in part, because they argue that it incorporates and extends many of the values of Enlightenment humanism and classical liberalism, namely scientism, according to performance philosopher Shannon Bell:[46]

Altruism, mutualism, humanism are the soft and slimy virtues that underpin liberal capitalism. Humanism has always been integrated into discourses of exploitation: colonialism, imperialism, neoimperialism, democracy, and of course, American democratization. One of the serious flaws in transhumanism is the importation of liberal-human values to the biotechno enhancement of the human. Posthumanism has a much stronger critical edge attempting to develop through enactment new understandings of the self and others, essence, consciousness, intelligence, reason, agency, intimacy, life, embodiment, identity and the body.[46]

While many modern leaders of thought are accepting of nature of ideologies described by posthumanism, some are more skeptical of the term. Donna Haraway, the author of A Cyborg Manifesto, has outspokenly rejected the term, though acknowledges a philosophical alignment with posthumanism. Haraway opts instead for the term of companion species, referring to nonhuman entities with which humans coexist.[35]

Questions of race, some argue, are suspiciously elided within the "turn" to posthumanism. Noting that the terms "post" and "human" are already loaded with racial meaning, critical theorist Zakiyyah Iman Jackson argues that the impulse to move "beyond" the human within posthumanism too often ignores "praxes of humanity and critiques produced by black people", including Frantz Fanon and Aime Cesaire to Hortense Spillers and Fred Moten. Interrogating the conceptual grounds in which such a mode of beyond is rendered legible and viable, Jackson argues that it is important to observe that "blackness conditions and constitutes the very nonhuman disruption and/or disruption" which posthumanists invite. In other words, given that race in general and blackness in particular constitutes the very terms through which human/nonhuman distinctions are made, for example in enduring legacies of scientific racism, a gesture toward a beyond actually returns us to a Eurocentric transcendentalism long challenged. Posthumanist scholarship, due to characteristic rhetorical techniques, is also frequently subject to the same critiques commonly made of postmodernist scholarship in the 1980s and 1990s.

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Posthumanism - Wikipedia

What is Post-Humanism? – Ethics Explainer By The Ethics Centre

In reality, though, Sophia was not a breakthrough in AI. She was just an elaborately made puppet that could answer some simple questions. But the debate Sophia provoked about what rights robots might have in the future is a topic that is being explored by an emerging philosophical movement known as post-humanism.

In order to understand what post-humanism is, its important to start with a definition of what it is departing from. Humanism is a term that captures a broad range of philosophical and ethical movements that are unified by their unshakable belief in the unique value, agency, and moral supremacy of human beings.

Emerging during the Renaissance, humanism was a reaction against the superstition and religious authoritarianism of Medieval Europe. It wrested control of human destiny from the whims of a transcendent divinity and placed it in the hands of rational individuals (which, at that time, meant white men). In so doing, the humanist worldview, which still holds sway over many of our most important political and social institutions, positions humans at the centre of the moral world.

Post-humanism, which is a set of ideas that have been emerging since around the 1990s, challenges the notion that humans are and always will be the only agents of the moral world. In fact, post-humanists argue that in our technologically mediated future, understanding the world as a moral hierarchy and placing humans at the top of it will no longer make sense.

The best-known post-humanists, who are also sometimes referred to as transhumanists, claim that in the coming century, human beings will be radically altered by implants, bio-hacking, cognitive enhancement and other bio-medical technology. These enhancements will lead us to evolve into a species that is completely unrecognisable to what we are now.

This vision of the future is championed most vocally by Ray Kurzweil, a chief engineer of Google, who believes that the exponential rate of technological development will bring an end to human history as we have known it, triggering completely new ways of being that mere mortals like us cannot yet comprehend.

While this vision of the post-human appeals to Kurzweils Silicon Valley imagination, other post-human thinkers offer a very different perspective. Philosopher Donna Haraway, for instance, argues that the fusing of humans and technology will not physically enhance humanity, but will help us see ourselves as being interconnected rather than separate from non-human beings.

She argues that becoming cyborgs strange assemblages of human and machine will help us understand that the oppositions we set up between the human and non-human, natural and artificial, self and other, organic and inorganic, are merely ideas that can be broken down and renegotiated. And more than this, she thinks if we are comfortable with seeing ourselves as being part human and part machine, perhaps we will also find it easier to break down other outdated oppositions of gender, of race, of species.

So while for Kurzweil post-humanism describes a technological future of enhanced humanity, for Haraway, post-humanism is an ethical position that extends moral concern to things that are different from us and in particular to other species and objects with which we cohabit the world.

Our post-human future, Haraway claims, will be a time when species meet, and when humans finally make room for non-human things within the scope of our moral concern. A post-human ethics, therefore, encourages us to think outside of the interests of our own species, be less narcissistic in our conception of the world, and to take the interests and rights of things that are different to us seriously.

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What is Post-Humanism? - Ethics Explainer By The Ethics Centre

The Arnold P. Gold Foundation

The Arnold P. Gold Foundation champions humanism in healthcare, which we define as compassionate, collaborative, and scientifically excellent care. This Gold standard of care embraces all and targets barriers to such care. We empower experts, learners, and leaders to together create systems and cultures that support humanistic care for all.

The Gold Foundation is pleased to announce the six winners of the 2022 Hope Babette Tang Humanism in Healthcare Essay Contest: three by medical students and three by nursing students. First place is awarded to Mason Blacker of the NYU Grossman School of Medicine and nursing student Jessica Pierce of the Oregon Health & Science University. This years winning essays all tell the story of the moments that take us back to our own humanity.

17 medical students have been selected as 2022 Gold Student Summer Fellows, launching summer projects to magnify humanism in healthcare and help address health inequities. Each of the 9 projects was selected for their focus on underserved communities.

The Annual Gala was June 9th in New York City, a celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Gold Humanism Honor Society and the 5th anniversary of the Gold Corporate Council. Check back next week for a recording of the full 90-minute event. Thank you to all who joined us, and congratulations to the gala honorees!

Advancing Healthcare Equity with Medical Humanities is an illuminating webinar series that spans 10 sessions, all of which further dialogue on the timely issue of health equity across the healthcare ecosystem. CME credits are available for $10 / 1 hour per webinar.

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1.How did humanism affect the Enlightenment? A. It led people to return …

1.How did humanism affect the Enlightenment?

A. It led people to return to traditional religious beliefs.

B. It led people to turn away from scientific explanations of events.

C. It led people to apply logic and reason to understand the world.

D. It led to an increase in absolute monarchies in Europe.

2.What does the quote We should regard all men as our brothers describe?

A. feminism

B. tolerance

C. separation of powers

D. natural rights

3.Rousseau's idea of (tolerance, the social contract, natural rights, or separation of powers)[choose one] stood in direct contrast to the previous idea of a king's right to rule by divine right. Under Rousseau's theory, a government gets its power from(the people, a constitution,god,or the natural order of things)[choose one]rather than from (the people, a constitution, god,or the natural order of things)[choose one] .

4.The framers of the United States Constitution used Montesquieu's idea of (free markets, the social contract, natural rights, or a separation of powers)[choose one] when they gave (the free market,the people, the president, or congress)[choose one] the ability to create laws and (the free market,the people, the president, or congress)[choose one] the ability to carry out the laws..

Someone here will be able to check what YOU THINK the answers are once you post them.

1. C - It led people to apply logic and reason to understand the world.2. B - Tolerance3. The social contract, the people, God4. a separation of powers, Congress, the president

Megan is correct

thanks megan

The answers are 1.C 2.the social contract, the people,god 3.a separation of powers,Congress,president 4.B

Megan is a lifesaver with the correct answers and Nick took her correct answers and placed them in the correct order and for that... Thanks to the both of you!

nick is correct because he has the social contract instead of Megan as tolerance because she got them all mixed up. so GG my guy

Nick is right. Thanks!

thanks Nick

CABD

Thanks Nick and Megan, you two are lifesavers

t r a s h

im confused

XD One minute after you " "

Morningfrost

The girl that gave the questions didn't give em in order like the lesson did. that's why some of you guys got It wrong LOL

But who asked though

totally.not.jett

thx Megan

1:C2: the social contract, the people, god3: a separation of powers, Congress, president 4:B

Social Studies

1:C2: the social contract, the people, god3: a separation of powers, Congress, president4: B

no

Still correct for connexus1:C2: the social contract, the people, god3: a separation of powers, Congress, president4:B

Megan is correct. BTW thanks megan :>

creepy mcnugget

Nick is correct thanks

Mitsuki Nakamura

Dattebama!It is correct!

Menma Uzumaki

@Nick is correct for Connexus

YouDontNeedToKnowMyName

I used Nick's answers and they were correct, thx bro! also to clear up some confusion, ''connexus'' and ''connections'' are the same!

Megan is right just in a different order good job

Thx @Nick

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1.How did humanism affect the Enlightenment? A. It led people to return ...