Dolphins’ undrafted free agent activity is latest sign of progress – Dolphins Wire

The Miami Dolphins NFL Draft is complete the team has successfully added 12 total talents to the roster (if you include RB Matt Breida) throughout the course of the last three days. It serves as the culmination of a difficult 2019 year in which the Dolphins willingly took a step back and decided to invest themselves into a rebuilding process. That rebuild isnt complete, but it sure as hell looks different now than it did this time last year and thats a great thing.

Consider this. The Miami Dolphins were a hotspot for undrafted free agents at the end of the 2019 NFL Draft. Why? Because this team was so barren and lost for talent that the team was a guarantee for snaps if you could make the roster. And from the Dolphins point of view, undrafted free agents were the lotterys equivalent to free scratch offs. Theyre super cheap and despite a low hit rate, theres enough there to keep you interested.

Sure enough, Miami got a few winning tickets out of the UDFA rat race last year. The most notable are WR Preston Williams and CB Nik Needham.

This years UDFA plan is much different for Miami. Its almost non-existent. The current undrafted free agents currently scheduled to be heading to Miami are as follows:

DL Ray Lima, Iowa StateDL Benito Jones, MississippiOG Donnell Stanley, South CarolinaDE Tyshun Redner, Middle Tennessee StateOL Nick Kaltmayer, Kansas StateWR Kirk Merritt, Arkansas StateWR Matt Cole, McKendreeTE/DE Bryce Sterk, Montana State

This group doesnt have hot, buzzy names. This group probably sees a practice squad stash and perhaps one player make the active roster. And that is the latest and greatest sign of progress yet. Because when UDFAs dont choose to come play for your team, it is typically for one of two reasons either your team is considered a complete disaster from a culture standpoint or it is because they dont feel they have a great chance to showcase themselves on your team.

We know the Dolphins are anything but a disaster, so what does that tell you about this modest crop of undrafted free agents?

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Dolphins' undrafted free agent activity is latest sign of progress - Dolphins Wire

Clive Cox pleased with the progress of Golden Horde and Positive – Racing TV

Clive Cox has plenty to look forward to when he is able to unleash Golden Horde and Positive this season.

The pair did very little wrong last year, with Richmond Stakes winner Golden Horde finishing third to Earthlight in the Prix Morny before closing the gap on Andre Fabres charge to a neck when second in the Middle Park Stakes at Newmarket.

Positive found only Pinatubo too good in the Vintage Stakes at Goodwood and came out on top in a strong renewal of the Solario Stakes at Sandown, where he accounted for subsequent Verterm Futurity Trophy hero Kameko among others.

Cox said: Theyve done very well over the winter and Im very happy with them. Obviously like everyone else were just looking for light at the end of the tunnel with exact targets and timings really, but they are two wonderful horses to have on our hands.

Were very pleased with their progress, but were in the same boat as everyone else really. As much as possible were excited at returning as and when its safe to do so.

Golden Horde is set to stick to the trip at which he excelled last year and has the Commonwealth Cup as a target, should Royal Ascot go ahead as planned in June, albeit behind closed doors.

Cox said: I think Im more inclined to be concentrating on six furlongs at the moment. Hes an absolute joy to deal with, hes very strong and mature and has done especially well over the winter.

It was far wetter than ideal for him in France, it was very testing ground and although he coped with it, he improved for better ground.

If that (Commonwealth Cup) is there, we will be.

Positive was sixth in the Dewhurst on his final start, but that was a run in which he encountered ground much softer than he had in his three previous outings.

Cox said: He was just uncomfortable on that ground, I think a drier surface with him is very important, but likewise he is a horse we love and hes done well through the winter.

Were open minded, Im sure hes going to perform at the highest level and seven furlongs or a mile is very much on the agenda.

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Clive Cox pleased with the progress of Golden Horde and Positive - Racing TV

Coronavirus hit to Australian economy to be outlined in budget progress report – The Guardian

The Morrison government will issue an unprecedented progress report on the budget, outlining the coronavirus pounding to the national economy and the huge outlay to deal with the pandemic.

The statement on 12 May the first day of parliaments return is being seen as a prelude to the federal and state governments easing restrictions on businesses.

But the statement, to be delivered by the treasurer, Josh Frydenberg, in the House of Representatives and finance minister, Mathias Cormann, in the Senate, will also use the magnitude of the economic crunch to underline that recovery will not be swift.

The near-term outlook depends critically on this ongoing success [in suppressing Covid-19] and our ability to gradually ease restrictions so people can return to work, the ministers said in a statement on Monday night.

It is reasonable to expect that the pace and scope of any easing in containment measures will become more clear in the period ahead while economic data on the current state of the economy will become more readily available.

The review of government finances before the 6 October budget will resemble a mid-year economic fiscal outlook (MYEFO) usually released in December, halfway through the financial year.

The government will be under pressure to nominate how it will pay for the $320bn in stimulus and safety-net schemes, representing 16.4% of annual economic output.

Labor is expected to support the decision to release a detailed statement.

Shadow finance minister, Katy Gallagher, warned on Friday the March monthly financial statement showed tax revenue was $4bn short of forecasts made less than four months ago.

With the budget not being held until October 2020 it is critically important that the government provide an economic update to the Australian people when the parliament returns in May, she said.

The ministers said the May statement would outline the impact of the coronavirus on the economy and the governments actions to date, to be reinforced by an update on the economic and fiscal outlook in June, following the release of the March quarter national accounts.

Those March quarter figures on economic growth could identify the start of a decline which might blend into a recession.

There are increasingly stark complaints from industry sectors that the business-led recovery the government wants is struggling to get under way.

Businesses are pressuring governments to reopen pubs, clubs and theatres before they are shut down for good.

They also want borders reopened.

Peak employer organisation the Australian Industry Group wants a first step to be the removal of restrictions on crossing state borders, imposed by governments in Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania.

Welcome talk of restarting NZ-Australia air travel raises the obvious question of why cant we reopen the borders between our own states immediately and take down the inconsistent and overly-cautious cross-border barriers, the Ai Group chief executive, Innes Willox, said on Monday.

It should not be easier to get from Sydney to Wellington than it is to get from Coolangatta to Tweed Heads.

And when we eventually can holiday again, wouldnt it be better for our local economy to take a break in Broome or the Flinders Ranges rather than go skiing in Queenstown?

Business also wants relief from limits on who could take to the roads.

Willox said members of his organisation reported nervous staff fearing police stops and potentially huge fines.

He sad freight was moving reasonably well after a difficult start.

But many Ai Group members working across borders do so under threat of self-isolation orders and financial penalties for non-compliance ranging from $13,335 in Queensland to $62,800 in the Northern Territory, he said.

Borders should be reopened fully with the continued understanding and strong messaging that the community and business are expected to adhere to all health and social distancing requirements.

Such healthy practices have become second nature to most of us now and we should have confidence in the community to do the right thing without threat.

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Coronavirus hit to Australian economy to be outlined in budget progress report - The Guardian

7 Stages to the New Normal, revisited the lack of progress haunts my thinking – Web In Travel

When I wrote the first version of the story that was published in WiT three weeks ago, I used less data than is now available. Now I think we have a better view of the situation. Thus I am revising my timeline and its not pretty.

Stage 3 wassupposed to end with March. There are still repatriation flights occurringacross the world. The UK is repatriating citizens from India. The Cyprusgovernment is helping to repatriate UK citizens back from the island nation.The US State Department is still getting people back from Africa. The vastmajority will be complete by the end of next week.

Stage 4, Ibelieved previously, would galvanise the stakeholders in the airline industry not least of which would be the governments to form consensus groups togetherto create solutions that would start the process of a planned return to somedegree of normalcy. Sadly, this is not happening.

Unlike theperiod after 9/11 when there was unprecedented cooperation between countriesand commercial stakeholders in support of the air transportation system, thereis little of that going on. Much criticism needs to be levelled at the USA forits failure to participate, let alone lead.

Thus Ibelieve now that Stage 4 will extend out for Europe and North America thiswill likely mean Stage 4 will last until September. Thus the Northern Europeansummer season is now shot. This recession, at least as far as the aviationmarket is concerned, is an abrupt L rather than the somewhat rosy view oftraditional economists who wrote reports showing V or U shaped recoverymodels.

I fully expect to see World Travel Market cancelled or drastically reduced in size. Other major events too will be cancelled and some events will never return. What happens in stage 4 and the extent of positive action will have a direct impact on the speed and slope of recovery. Chinas singular focus will pay dividends. USAs procrastination and stumbles will doom it to a long and painful period. The USA economy which depends so much on air travel will falter.

Stage 5 most of the airline industry has accepted this new truth which includes athree- to five-year recovery model, but the looming challenge is the cash burnof so many of the airlines will mean that many of them will now be facing downthe barrel of bankruptcy. The unevenness of the recovery will start to appear.

I believethat China and certain other countries such as Taiwan and South Korea will alsobe at the new normal a lot faster. The balance of this year (2020) willdissolve into recriminations, more bailouts and no cross industry solutions. Aswe enter the fourth quarter irrespective of the success of containment ofCovid-19 fears of the next wave of a virus-like disease will curtail anypossibility of recovery.

The sheermagnitude of the downturn will now start to dawn on the human race that theextent and length of the downturn will be three to five years, rather than justa correction. Stage 5 will occupy a time period now well into 2021. Alreadythere is some talk of the Olympics not making it even in 2021.

My view isthat the longer there is a delay in bold decision-making in Stage 4, thegreater the likelihood is of regulation and the more extensive its form. Recognitionthat the air transportation system is a strategic asset will see(re)nationalization of some airlines. And right in the cross-hairs is IATA.This venerable organization will have to face the reality of a massive cut inits budget. That impact will start to become apparent at the end of 2020.

Stage 6 the recovery will be slower and start a lot later. That gentle slope will hidethe extent of the re-crafting of the airline sector and the travel industry asa whole. We will see far fewer players. We will see higher prices andsubsidies. Travel will lose a lot of the edge of attractiveness. Withunemployment in many countries like USA hovering at an unprecedented 10% intolate 2021 or even into 2022; discretionary spending priorities will change fora very long time.

My sensenow is that the hard line between stages 6 and 7 will not be as apparent. Therewill be no cheering on reaching that milestone.

Whateverthe timeline we will have a lot more have vs have not discussions in thecoming years. Over capacity of supply, and over-tourism will be far less ofan issue.

The biggest change will be the revolution in the infrastructure of our industry. Digital will sweep away so much that is manual. Legacy structures will collapse in the face of the need for low cost solutions. Governments will have to step back in to regulate and preserve the system in ways they have not had to consider in now decades. I remain cautiously optimistic but the lack of progress haunts my thinking.

Timothy ONeil-Dunne is principal of 777 Partners

Featured image credit: LuckyTD/Getty Images

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7 Stages to the New Normal, revisited the lack of progress haunts my thinking - Web In Travel

Progress Made by States in 2019 Is Key to Increasing Broadband – The Pew Charitable Trusts

As the coronavirus forces millions of Americans to work, study, and socialize from home, the importance of broadband access has never been more keenly felt. But the issue is not new. The past several years have seen states pass a raft of broadband legislation, as policymakers have recognized the central role that broadband plays in providing people with education, health care, social connection, and economic opportunity. The 2019 legislative session was no different, as states took action to expand access to broadband, even before the coronavirus highlighted the need for more connectivity.

The Pew broadband research initiative has updated its State Broadband Policy Explorerto include laws enacted in 2019, a year in which, according to Pews data, states focused on three key areas for expanding broadband access: continuing to establish governance and funding structures; clarifying who can provide broadband; and addressing emerging digital issues and opportunities.

Establishing governance and funding structures: States continued to create new entities and funding streams to drive broadband policy, adding to the programs that Pew catalogedin 2018.

Broadband taskforcesgroups of stakeholders inside and outside governmentcan develop recommendations and establish governance structures that lead to the expansion of broadband access. In 2019, Idaho, Iowa, North Carolina, and Texas each created a broadband task force, and Louisiana established one in both the legislative and executive branches. States can also task an existing agency with responsibility for broadband or establish a new office to oversee broadband efforts. Thats what Washington did when it created the Statewide Broadband Office within the Department of Commerce.

Seven statesArizona, Wyoming, South Dakota, Washington, Vermont, Maryland, and Illinoisset up broadband funding structures in 2019. Although many states, prior to 2019, had established funds to expand access to high-speed internet, money was not always appropriated to those funds. However, the seven states with newly established funding mechanisms also allocated money, including Illinois $400 million statewide broadband deployment grant program.

Pews research has found that state broadband programs often play the important role of coordinating with other state agencies to support connectivity efforts. For example, Washingtons new broadband office works with the states Board of Public Works to administer a competitive grant and loan program.

By creating visible points of contact within state government, setting up stakeholder groups to guide policy, and allocating funds to bridge the divide, states are clarifying what they want to achieve and how they will get there.

Clarifying who can provide broadband service: States have taken steps to make clear which entities may provide broadband service. In 2019, six statesAlabama, Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texasenacted bills giving electric cooperatives the authority to provide broadband, either directly or through an affiliate, doubling the number of states that permit this approach. (North Carolina previously allowed only telephone cooperatives to provide broadband service, but passed legislation in 2019 allowing electric cooperatives to provide service as well.) Five of these statesGeorgia, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texasalong with Colorado, further clarified that electric cooperatives can use their existing electric easements for broadband service. This allowance prevents cooperatives from having to negotiate new easements with property owners, thus removing a barrier that can increase costs and time.

States clarifying which entities are allowed to provide broadband service is an important step forward in addressing the digital divide. In particular, specifying which entities are eligible for funding can offer new providers the opportunity to enter the market and clarifies the options that local leaders have to increase broadband access through public-private partnerships or by providing internet themselves.

Addressing emerging digital issues: While 2019 saw the continuation of trends from previous years in the form of governance and funding structures, as well as clarity in service provisions, there were also some new developments.

These included Colorado and Maine passing measures that require recipients of state broadband grant money to abide by net neutralitya requirement that internet service providers treat all internet traffic equally and not favor some content over other. Both those states, plus Vermont, also enacted provisions that encourage state contractors to follow net neutrality rules, either by requiring state agencies to give priority to contractors who agree to be net neutral, or by prohibiting agencies from contracting with companies that do not.

States also addressed issues related to 5G wireless technology, reflecting both growing interest in and concern about the role of this emerging technology for the future of broadband networks. Eleven statesArizona, Arkansas, Georgia, Kansas, Maine, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wisconsinpassed laws addressing the deployment of 5G networks, for example by outlining permitting processes for the installation of 5G and placing restrictions on the size of small cell wireless facilities. Connecticut and Alabama both created task forces to address issues related to 5G, while New Hampshire created a task force devoted specifically to studying the health effects of this new technology.

The 2019 legislative session also saw states exploring new roles for investor-owned electric utilities to expand middle mile infrastructure, the critical component for increasing last mile connectivity in homes and small businesses. Virginia, for example, established a three-year pilot program that allows these utilities to petition the states Corporation Commission to lease excess capacity on their fiber optic cables to internet service providers in unserved areas. Similarly, West Virginias law creates a process for electric utilities to conduct feasibility studies and get permission from the states Public Service Commission to build and lease middle mile fiber along their existing electric service delivery infrastructure.

By building on existing developments and exploring new approaches, governors and legislators continued to lead the effort to increase broadband access in 2019. From creating new programs and establishing broadband funds to removing regulatory barriers and providing policy leadership through task forces, state leaders took action on several fronts. These changes and many more are included in the updated edition of Pews State Broadband Policy Explorer.

Although states made important progress in 2019 expanding broadband access, there is still much work to do. That is why broadband policy continued to develop in 2020 before many state legislatures halted their schedules in response to the coronavirus epidemic. For example, Maine and Virginia substantially increased the money available for broadband in their states. Maine added $15 million to its ConnectMaine fund and Virginia appropriated $34.7 million to its broadband grant programs in each of the next two years. Additionally, states are considering legislation aimed at expanding access to broadband in response to the coronavirus, such as a proposal in Massachusetts that would require internet service providers to provide broadband access to students who lack connectivity and whose schools have closed.

State policymakers continue to play an increasingly important role in broadband policy, and their role will evolve and adapt as they confront new challenges and find new ways of expanding connectivity.

Kathryn de Wit is a manager, Anna Read is an officer, and Dan Kitson is a senior associate with The Pew Charitable Trusts broadband research initiative.

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Progress Made by States in 2019 Is Key to Increasing Broadband - The Pew Charitable Trusts

UPDATE: Police in Charles County Respond to Home Invasion in Progress, Shoot and Kill Armed Suspect | Southern Maryland News Net – Southern Maryland…

UPDATE: On April 26, 2020 at approximately 10:20 a.m., officers from the Charles County Sheriffs Office responded to the 10000 block of Spring Oak Court in La Plata for the report of a home invasion in progress.

As officers were responding, 911 received additional calls advising the suspect armed with a military-style long gun had approached several homes in the neighborhood. He broke out a window to one house and then walked to the front yard of another home where he fired multiple rounds at the residence. When officers arrived, they heard numerous gunshots and observed the man firing at the house, which they learned was occupied by several people including children. One of the officers discharged his firearm, which struck and disabled the gunman. The officers approached the man, secured the weapon and initiated CPR until paramedics arrived. The man was transported to Charles Regional Medical Center where he was pronounced deceased.

Anyone with additional information is asked to call Detective G. Higgs at (301) 609-6497. Tipsters wishing to remain anonymous may contact Charles County Crime Solvers by calling 1-866-411-TIPS. Tips can also be submitted online at http://www.charlescountycrimesolvers.com or by using the P3Intel mobile app. The investigation is ongoing.

4/26/2020 @ 10:45 a.m.: On Sunday, April 26, 2020, at approximately 10:33 a.m., police fire, and rescue personnel responded to Spring Oak Drive in La Plata, for the reported shooting.

Dispatchers told fire and rescue personnel the Charles County Sheriffs Office advised they had one gunshot victim, and to stay well away from the scene until deemed safe.

Police reported the first victim as a 39-year-old male with a gunshot wound to his shoulder. The second victim was described as the suspect, with police performing life-saving measures. All rescue personnel responded into the scene approximately 15 minutes after dispatch.

The 39-year-old male was transported to an area hospital with injuries believed to be non-life-threatening.

The second victim was transported to an area hospital with a reported gunshot to the head.

Police are currently on the scene, the incident is currently ongoing and under investigation. Updates and details will be provided when they become available.

This entry was posted on April 26, 2020 at 10:51 am and is filed under All News, Charles News, County, Fire & Rescue, Law Enforcement, Top News, z 600X120 Top Ad Bottom, z 600X120 Top Ad Top. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed.

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UPDATE: Police in Charles County Respond to Home Invasion in Progress, Shoot and Kill Armed Suspect | Southern Maryland News Net - Southern Maryland...

Construction crews making progress on Springfield schools with no students in class – KY3

SPRINGFIELD, Mo. (KY3) - No students in class means construction crews can get more work done on some Springfield schools.

The major renovations at several Springfield Public Schools are running on budget and on time, according to Director of Operations Travis Shaw. Some projects involve total building renovations, others include secure entrances.

"Nobody's in the building so we don't have to build temporary walls," Travis said. "We don't have deal with a lot of those preparatory things that we normally would. Not to mention they can fast track other items and get those projects moving at a more rapid pace."

There have been no students in school since March and teachers are expected to get their furniture out of Sunshine Elementary the end of this month. Shaw said that'll speed work up even more.

"They're realistically going to get an entire month of additional time to be able to work on the interior of that space that they didn't expect to get," Shaw said.

With no students in class at Sunshine Elementary, more construction progress is happening. Same goes with road work. With less traffic, crews have fewer things to worry about.

"It reduces the risk if you will. The less cars out there, the less opportunity for something unfortunate to happen," said Martin Gugle, with Springfield Public Works.

Back inside the school, crews are now wearing masks and taking more time to clean their work areas.

"Social distancing while you are on a construction site. That's a difficult thing to do," Shaw said.

Shaw said the coronavirus may have changed many things about construction, but getting students in their new classrooms has stayed at the forefront of Shaw's mind.

"It'll be a great day in Springfield schools and we've got a lot more projects to come that we'll get to experience that," Shaw said.

The next phase of projects at Springfield schools is set to start this summer, with a completion date of 2022.

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Construction crews making progress on Springfield schools with no students in class - KY3

Sanofi’s BTK Progress, And Other News: The Good, Bad And Ugly Of Biopharma – Seeking Alpha

Sanofi Shows Promising Results for BTK Inhibitors in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis

Sanofi (NASDAQ:SNY) reported positive results for its drug candidate SAR442168 in patients suffering from relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. The results pertained Phase 2b clinical trial of the drug. The study did not observe any new safety signals. Sanofi had acquired the global rights for the drug candidate from Principia Biopharma in November 2017 in a $76 million deal. Sanofi had been working actively to boost its multiple sclerosis development pipeline. The company paid $40 million in upfront payments for the deal.

The data showed that the BTK inhibitor significantly reduced disease activity associated with multiple sclerosis as measured using MRI. The Phase 2 study aimed to evaluate the dose-response relationship after 12 weeks of treatment with SAR442168. The measurement was done by determining the number of new brain lesions using MRI.

John Reed, MD, PhD, Sanofis Global Head of Research & Development said, "The effect on brain lesions seen in our Phase 2b study is encouraging. As we go forward, we will explore whether our brain-penetrant BTK inhibitor offers strong efficacy and exceptional safety for a broad spectrum of MS patients with either relapsing or progressive forms of disease. Our phase 3 program is moving rapidly to initiate four pivotal clinical trials." The BTK inhibitor regulates both adaptive i.e. B-cell activation and innate i.e. CNS microglial cells immune cells.

The trial studied the drug at four different doses ranging from 5mg to 60mg after 12 weeks. It also used placebo data collected at four weeks. The primary objective consisted of measuring the number of new Gd-enhancing T1 hyperintense lesions. The dose response data was analyzed using modeling and a multiple comparison procedure. At 60mg dose, there was 85% relative reduction of new Gd-enhancing T1 hyperintense lesions. The secondary objective involved the measurement of new or enlarging T2 hyperintense lesions. In this area, the drug candidate at 60mg dose showed 89 percent relative reduction compared to placebo.

The Phase 2b trial was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over, dose-ranging trial spread over a period of 12 weeks. One group consisting of 64 subjects received one of the four doses of the drug candidate for the first 12 weeks and then were turned to placebo arm for four weeks. The second group of 66 patients was given placebo for four weeks and then switched to dosing of SAR442168. This data was used for eliminating a dose response curve and for minimizing exposure to placebo.

SAR442168 is an oral, brain penetrant, selective small molecule inhibitor of BTK. During its Phase 1 study, the drug candidate demonstrated BTK binding and cerebrospinal fluid exposure. The company now plans to initiate late stage study for the drug. The main emphasis is to start four pivotal Phase III clinical trials.

Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ:KNSA) reported positive results for its lead drug candidate vixarelimab for treating moderate to severe prurigo nodularis. The results pertained to a Phase 2a clinical trial involving 49 patients. Prurigo nodularis is a condition where hard itchy lumps are formed on the skin that propagate when scratched.

The Phase 2a clinical trial met its primary endpoint which was related to the change from baseline in Worst Itch Numeric Rating Scale at week 8 in comparison to placebo. The mean reduction in the treatment arm was -50.6 percent compared to -29.4 percent in the control arm. Thus, the reduction in weekly-average WI-NRS from baseline at Week 8 was statistically significantly greater in patients who received vixarelimab versus those who received placebo.

The percentage of vixarelimab recipients achieved a PN-IGA score of 0/1 at Week 8 compared to placebo recipients was also observed to be statistically significant. The majority of the patients receiving the drug also showed a clinically meaningful greater-than-or-equal-to 4-point weekly-average WI-NRS reduction at Week 8. John F. Paolini, MD, PhD, Chief Medical Officer of Kiniksa said, The potential impact and differentiation of the OSMR mechanism was demonstrated: in addition to the nearly 70% reduction in the median weekly-average WI-NRS at Week 8, a disease severity benefit was seen, with approximately a third of vixarelimab-treated patients attaining a clear or almost clear lesion score by Week 8.

Vixarelimab is an investigational fully human monoclonal antibody that targets OSMR, which in turn is responsible for mediating signaling of two main cytokines implicated in pruritus, inflammation and fibrosis. These two cytokines are interleukin-31 (IL-31) and oncostatin M. The Phase 2a trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study aiming to test the efficacy, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and safety of vixarelimab in reducing pruritus in patients suffering from prurigo nodularis.

Immunomedics Inc. (NASDAQ:IMMU) reported receiving fast track approval for its lead drug candidate Trodelvy. The drug candidate is designed to treat adult patients suffering from metastatic triple negative breast cancer who have previously received at least two therapies for metastatic disease. Trodelvy is the first antibody-drug conjugate approved by the FDA especially for treating relapsed or refractory metastatic TNBC. It also has the distinction of being the first FDA-approved anti-Trop-2 ADC.

The drug candidate has been approved under the Accelerated Approval Program pathway of the FDA. Trodelvy was earlier given Breakthrough Therapy and Priority Review designations. The main criterion used for approval purpose are the Objective Response Rate and Duration of Response. Dr. Loretta M. Itri, Chief Medical Officer of Immunomedics said, This approval highlights the potential of our unique ADC platform and strengthens the premise that the Trop-2 antigen found in many solid cancers is an important target for drug delivery. We are committed to broadening the potential use of Trodelvy in other Trop-2-expressing cancers, especially those with unmet need. The drug comes with a black box warning pertaining severe diarrhea and neutropenia.

The Phase 2, a single arm study, showed that the drug candidate had an ORR of 33.3 percent while its median DoR stood at 7.7 months. These results were derived by local assessment of 108 adult patients suffering from TNBC. These patients had previously received a median of three systemic therapies in the metastatic setting.

Immunomedics recently reported that it has stopped the Phase 3 confirmatory ASCENT study of the drug candidate in patients suffering from metastatic TNBC. The study enrolled more than 500 patients and showed compelling efficacy across several endpoints, leading to earlier conclusion. The decision was taken upon the unanimous recommendation presented by the DSMC. Immunomedics expect the top-line data from the study to be available by mid-2020. The company believes that the drug candidate has the potential to become standard of care in the management of TNBC.

Thanks for reading. At the Total Pharma Tracker, we do more than follow biotech news. Using our IOMachine, our team of analysts work to be ahead of the curve.

That means that when the catalyst comes that will make or break a stock, weve positioned ourselves for success. And we share that positioning and all the analysis behind it with our members.

Disclosure: I/we have no positions in any stocks mentioned, and no plans to initiate any positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

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Sanofi's BTK Progress, And Other News: The Good, Bad And Ugly Of Biopharma - Seeking Alpha

EU’s chief Brexit negotiator cites "disappointing" progress in talks with UK – New Europe

EUs chief Brexit negotiator Michel Barnier criticised the lack of progress in post-Brexit talks with the UK, after the two sides concluded the second round of negotiations on Friday.

Barnier labelled the talks that were held through videoconference as so far, disappointing, citing that no significant progress was made in key areas, such as the level playing field, state aid, fisheries, the role of the European Court of Justice (ECJ).

The UK did not wish to commit seriously on a number of fundamental points, EUs chief Brexit negotiator added, while the British government said that there weresignificant differences of principle in several areas.

He also said a joint decision would be taken on 30 June about whether to extend the transition period scheduled for December 31, with the UKs Prime Minister Boris Johnson reiterating on Friday that no extension of the transition period will be requested, as a ban on such a request is also enshrined into the countrys national law.

The UK cannot refuse to extend the transition and at the same time slow down discussions on important areas, Barnier said, adding that the once again, the clock is ticking.

Earlier the same day, French European Affairs Minister Amelie de Montchalin said that the Coronavirus crisisdoes not change European priorities in the Brexit negotiations. Yet, the French Minister acknowledged the impact that a no-deal Brexit would have for Europe, as it would come on top of the Coronavirus crisis, stressing, however, that Britain would suffer the most.

The Coronavirus outbreak has forced the EU and the UK to postpone trade talks, as Barnier had tested positive for Covid-19 and his British counterpart, David Frost self-isolated after showing mild virus symptoms.

The next two rounds of talks are scheduled for May 11 and June 1.

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EU's chief Brexit negotiator cites "disappointing" progress in talks with UK - New Europe

Progress made on state unemployment claims, but thousands still waiting – ABC 12 News

SAGINAW (WJRT) (4/24/2020) - More than 1 million Michigan residents have filed for unemployment after losing their jobs during the coronavirus pandemic.

Most of them have received a share of $1.3 billion in unemployment assistance disbursed statewide, but thousands are starting to lose hope.

They are calling and emailing the Michigan Unemployment Insurance Agency every day, wondering when their benefits are going to reach them.

A Tuscola County man has been out of work for over a month and is still waiting for a check. Gov. Gretchen Whitmer has promised help for him and all other unemployed workers.

"Anytime you've still got thousands of people that haven't gotten the help they need, we have work to do," she said.

Whitmer's administration is working to get approximately 180,000 unemployed Michigan workers their money. Jordan Chapman of Vassar has been approved for unemployment, but has received nothing.

"I probably called 100, 200 times a day. I probably emailed 50 to 60 people," he said.

Whitmer has admitted the unemployment claims have overwhelmed the system, but the response times have improved.

"That's precisely why we have quadrupled the number of people who are working with us on the phones to help people navigate the system and get those checks out," she said.

Chapman said he can't wait any longer, he has bills to pay.

"I had to sell my boat so I could pay some bills. Thankful for friends to help me out," he said.

Chapman also hasn't received a stimulus payment either. Now he thinks he might get called back to work before he even sees a dime of unemployment benefits.

"I basically got to the point where I am ready to give up and just call it a loss because it's not worth the stress anymore," Chapman said.

Whitmer has been telling unemployed workers not to give up hope.

"I just hope that everyone who is tuning in who's frustrated, we are going to make sure that every person has the benefits that they've earned, and that is in the works," she said.

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Progress made on state unemployment claims, but thousands still waiting - ABC 12 News

False commentary and blinkered perspectives hampering TCO progress – EURACTIV

Never before has a situation demonstrated such a broad consensus for taking extra measures to regulate content online as the coronavirus has. At the same time, digital rights defenders and supportive MEPs are downplaying the use of automated tools in the fight against online terrorist content. EDRi (the digital rights advocacy group), with the support of the German Pirate MEP Patrick Breyer, have helped perpetuate myths surrounding the negotiations on the proposal to remove terrorist content online (TCO).

Breyer, the shadow rapporteur on the file for the Green Party, has taken to painting a misleading picture of the Council and European Commissions approach to content moderation and the terms being negotiated on the proposal to remove terrorist content online. Arguing against the deployment of automated tools to cut off the spread of harmful content online at the source in the noble pursuit of protecting the free internet is misleading. The internet is not free. What we see, and what influences our daily lives, is largely controlled by algorithms created and managed by digital platforms focused on their own revenue stream. At CEP, we continue to demonstrate the need for automated tools with human verification in order to ensure a safe and secure internet. But as a first step, how about an honest and open discussion about the situation as it stands and the obstacles we face in striving for an EU-wide response?

The proposal on preventing the dissemination of terrorist content online is stalled around two major sticking points the use of automated tools and cross border removal orders.

Despite the fact that the Council agreed that all tools deployed need to be proportionate to the problem, the size and capacity of the platform and subject to human review, as well as a Commission-funded Voxpol[1] study which proved the success of such tools, the European Parliament continues to insist without proposing any alternative solution that there should be no obligation to use automated tools.

The second issue causing undue delay is that the European Parliament cannot agree to cross-border removal orders, demanding that the host Member State is the only one that can issue orders against companies in their territory. De facto, the European Parliament seems to be of the view that Ireland should become the terrorist content police of the European Union. Interestingly, the Member States themselves agreed to cross-border removal orders thereby ensuring that terrorist content is really tackled by an efficient European solution based on mutual trust. So whose rights are the European Parliament protecting if even the Member States themselves are in agreement? The citizens are certainly not better protected if they exclusively have to defend their rights in Ireland.

The negotiations on these aspects of the file have unfortunately fallen foul of the reality of COVID-19. It seems that certain MEPs wish to slow the discussions down by refusing to interact with peers virtually and, instead, focus on peddling false narratives from their blogs. Claims that these issues will be more effectively dealt with under the new Digital Services Act just smack of delay tactics. Continuing to push this proposal down the priority list is an insult to victims of terrorism and their families all over Europe.

In Germany, recent CEP research on the notice and takedown procedures under the NetzDG found that the flagging systems deployed by platforms like Facebook and Instagram, to identify and remove terrorist content online were ineffective. CEPs snapshot analysis, which was conducted over a fortnight, showed that only 43% of the flagged content was blocked or removed. Of the 93 evidently illegal content items that were reported, 24 were blocked under the NetzDG process and 16 were removed under the platforms community guidelines.

Flagging systems are therefore not the most effective solution. We need EU wide removal orders to ensure companies are obliged to take down illegal content. Alongside this, companies need to deploy all measures in their toolbox, including automated tools with human verification, to keep users safe.

Now is not the time to delay and thus we urge MEPs to seize the opportunity to inform the debate on platform liability. CEP has extended an invitation to all MEPs working on the TCO and DSA to discuss the lessons that could be learned from the NetzDG and beyond. Now is the time to remain unified in showing the same transparency, oversight and accountability both CEP and MEPs would like from platforms.

[1] Vox-pol has studied the various tools used for content moderation, including human review and the use of automated tools, and finds that despite some challenges, automatic content detection tools are allowing more content to be removed, more quickly and with greater coverage. As a result, platforms using such tools have become a much more difficult place for terrorist organisations to operate.https://www.voxpol.eu/download/vox-pol_publication/DCUJ770-VOX-Extreme-Digital-Speech.pdf

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False commentary and blinkered perspectives hampering TCO progress - EURACTIV

Mixed reactions over Beloit casino progress – WMTV

BELOIT, Wis. (WMTV) -- Plans for a Ho-Chunk casino in Beloit are moving forward after the Bureau of Indian Affairs approved the Ho-Chunk Nation's application.

The project is nearly a decade in the making.

"We've waited years for the approval from the Bureau of Indian Affairs," said Celestino Ruffini, CEO of VIsit Beloit.

Rock County, the City of Beloit and the Ho-Chunk Nation initially approved plans for a casino in 2012.

The federal review process is usually long: In this case, it took eight years to get the green light. However, there are mixed reactions.

Opponents say Wisconsin does not need another casino, while supporters believe the project will be a major employer.

"We have a saturated market here, they're looking at, talking about building a Hard Rock Cafe just across the state line," said Lorri Pickens, executive director of Citizens Against Expanded Gambling.

Ruffini argued Beloit needs the jobs the project would bring.

"This casino resort will bring the jobs to this community that really and truly will make a difference in the livelihood and in the pocketbooks of our residents," he explained.

The Ho-Chunk Nation hopes to build the casino on the southeast corner of Willowbrook and Colley Road, near I-39/90. The project also includes a hotel, convention center and waterpark.

Opponents worry the large complex will hurt local businesses, while supporters believe the amenities will bring in business from across the region.

"People who go to this casino, there'll be a full service deal and then they'll leave and there'll be no extra money spent in the community," Pickens said.

Ruffini argued, "From the travel and tourism perspective, it's really the meetings, events and conventions that will be brought here to the city that will put us on the map."

Pickens and Ruffini are both waiting on the next step in the process, Governor Tony Evers' approval.

Pickens hopes the governor does not approve the plan, and she has encouraged opponents to reach out to Governor Evers' office. Ruffini said he hopes Evers makes a timely decision so there is a final resolution.

A spokesperson for Governor Evers' office told NBC15, "The governor will be carefully reviewing the application and listening to all sides of the issue to ensure fair consideration."

Even if the governor approves it, plans could be further delayed. Ho-Chunk Nation President WhiteEagle said the nation has taken a financial hit after closing the rest of its casinos during the COVID-19 pandemic, and he is not sure they will be able to shoulder the cost of the Beloit project right away.

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Mixed reactions over Beloit casino progress - WMTV

San Marcos officer injured in shooting moved from ICU after exceptional progress – KXAN.com

SAN MARCOS, Texas (KXAN) A San Marcos police officer with serious injuries following an ambush shooting over the weekend is improving, according to the police department.

Officer Justin Mueller was in critical condition and seriously wounded when he and other SMPD officers responded to a domestic violence call at a San Marcos apartment complex Saturday evening. In the shooting attack during the response, officer Justin Putnam, 31, was killed.

As of Wednesday, officer Mueller is making exceptional progress, walking around and has been moved out of the Intensive Care Unit, SMPD says.

Officer Franco Stewart was also seriously injured in the attack. SMPD reports Stewart remains in ICU for now. His team says he has improved drastically and making progress, police say.

Both officers were taken to Ascension Seton Hays in Kyle where they underwent surgery late on Saturday night.

The family of Justin Putnam hasnt made a decision on a funeral service for their fallen officer as of Wednesday, the City of San Marcos announced.

SMPD wanted to clarify that information following reports of misinformation on social media about the funeral. The City says when information becomes available, it will be posted on the city and police department websites.

SMPD says its thankful for the heartfelt support and love we receive daily.

Though our hearts are broken, we remain in awe of this community and the response from many across the country. There are no words to fully express our thanks to each of you. Cards and letters may be sent to SMPD,2300 South Interstate Highway 35, San Marcos, TX 78666, a SMPD Facebook post said.

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San Marcos officer injured in shooting moved from ICU after exceptional progress - KXAN.com

UNC Basketball: Anthony Harris appears to be making progress in his recovery – Tar Heel Blog

Anthony Harris had a rough introduction to college basketball. A left ACL tear suffered in high school caused him to miss the first month of the season. He made his debut on December 8th at Virginia, and it wasnt long before he began providing a spark for a team in desperate need of one. Just as it seemed Harris might be the answer to many of the Tar Heels problems, he went down again on December 30th against Yale. Early speculation was that it could be something serious and sure enough, Harris had another torn ACL, this time the right knee.

Understandably, the injury was both devastating and frustrating for Harris as he had been working like crazy to get back on the court. He even received unprecedented amounts of praise from Roy Williams, who compared his work ethic to that of Tyler Hansbrough.

Inside Carolina recently spoke with Harris father, Anthony Harris Sr., who seems pretty optimistic about his sons recovery. He explains how Harris knows more of what to expect this time around. He also notes his sons determination and willingness to put in the work as encouraging signs. Apparently, Harris has set a goal to try and get back to basketball activities by the time practice begins in September, but obviously he must be medically cleared first.

This update comes on the heels of some somewhat surprising news that Jeremiah Francis will be transferring schools. Similar to Harris, Francis has dealt with injuries since the second he arrived in Chapel Hill. Though he showed some nice promise in the minutes he saw this past season, his decision is understandable given the backcourt depth Carolina will have next season and beyond.

With that being said, it does put a little more pressure on guys like Harris. Despite the fact that hes only played in five games as a Tar Heel, hell still be one of the more experienced wing options this upcoming year. Hes someone who can guide talented newcomers such as Caleb Love and R.J. Davis and help them adjust to the college game.

In the little time that he was available this past season, Harris made his presence felt. He is a high energy player with great lateral quickness and instincts on defense. Though not necessarily known as much for his offensive abilities, he was able to provide some scoring production for a team that struggled mightily to put the ball in the hoop. The news of Harris injury was overshadowed a little by the anticipation of Cole Anthonys return, but in retrospect, I think his loss was much more significant than people realized.

Looking forward, its difficult to predict what exactly Harris role will be, at least not until we have a clearer idea of when hell return. I do know that when he is available, Coach Williams will find plenty of ways to utilize him.

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UNC Basketball: Anthony Harris appears to be making progress in his recovery - Tar Heel Blog

Ugandan military medics withdraw from main hospital after progress in COVID-19 fight – cgtn.com

FILE PHOTO: A man wearing a mask as a preventive measure against the spread of the Covid-19 coronavirus walks in an empty taxi park in Kampala, Uganda. PHOTO | BADRU KATUMBA | AFP

Dozens of military medical personnel on Monday withdrew from Ugandas national referral hospital after most of the COVID-19 patients admitted there completed their treatment and were discharged.

Byarugaba Baterana, executive director of Mulago National Referral Hospital, hailed the military personnel for the support they rendered when COVID-19 patients were admitted at the hospital.

Thank you for being disciplined and for fighting the pandemic. We have together reduced COVID-19 to the minimum, disabled it and actually defeated it with a heavy blow, Baterana was quoted as saying in a military statement issued in Kampala.

Out of the 23 COVID-19 patients admitted at Mulago National Referral Hospital, 21 have been since discharged while only two remain at the facility, she said.

Baterana said the two patients may be discharged on Tuesday.

Major General Ambrose Musinguzi, the chief of military medical services, said the army is mandated to support civil authority in cases of any catastrophe like the COVID-19 pandemic.

The military team would now be sent out to assist district task forces in the fight against the pandemic, Musinguzi said.

Uganda, according to the Ministry of Health, has so far reported 79 confirmed cases of COVID-19, of which 46 have been discharged. Some patients are admitted at Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital.

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Ugandan military medics withdraw from main hospital after progress in COVID-19 fight - cgtn.com

Report: COVID-19 threatens NY’s progress on universal pre-K – Times Union

The COVID-19 pandemic threatens to set back New York's campaign to make free, high-quality preschool available to all, according to new analysis from the National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER).

The state served more children and increasedpre-Kspending last year, although spending per child has failed to keep up with inflation,researchers write inNIEERsThe State of Preschool 2019 annual report.

New York enrolls 54 percent of its 4-year-olds and two percent of its 3-year-olds inpre-K. The state is considered a national leader on the issue as one of nine states in the country to serve more than half of its 4-year-olds. according to the report.

Now huge education budget cuts that include pre-K have been proposed and the rest of the state is at risk as well. Without federal assistance, quality and enrollment may be cut, the study's authors say.

Even when the economy has been strong, progress providing state pre-K has been slow and uneven, said Dr. Steven Barnett, NIEERs senior co-director and founder. With another recession likely, extraordinary state and federal action will be needed to ensure our youngest learners are not just protected, but better served.

The report finds that states invest more than $8.7 billion in pre-K, but progress has been uneven, exacerbating inequality in early education opportunities and widening gaps between the best and worst states for educating young children. The expected recession will make progress more difficult.

New York met seven of 10 minimum standards for high-quality preschool education and spent $6,668 in state funds per student. Ten states met fewer than half the minimum standards for quality. State spending per child varies by a factor of 10, from more than $10,000 to less than $1,000.

But while preschool access in New York City is strong, the Times Union has reported on patchy access in the rest of the state, with just 34 percent of superintendents of upstate districts indicating in a 2019 survey that community preschool needs were being met by public and private options.

New York City has led the way for universal access to high-quality, full-day pre-K. Expansion of high-quality pre-K is needed throughout the state, Barnett said. New York City recently increased salaries for public pre-K teachers in community-based organizations but a stronger commitment to parity is required for all pre-K teachers.

Despite the economic outlook, pre-K can be protected and advance because politicians from both sides of the aisle and states with very different political leanings have found common ground in offering high-quality education to young children, Barnett said.

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Report: COVID-19 threatens NY's progress on universal pre-K - Times Union

Germ Warfare: How Trump Is Weaponizing Covid-19 – Antiwar …

As the United Nations implores countries to cease hostilities and wars to help fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus that is causing the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States is finding ways to use the COVID-19 pandemic to fight its wars. While Saudi Arabia promises to begin a ceasefire in Yemen in response to the U.N. call for a global ceasefire, the United States has found four distinct ways to use the pandemic to further its belligerent foreign policy goals in four countries.

China: The Propaganda War

The first shot in the pandemic propaganda war against China was fired when Donald Trump renamed the virus the "Chinese virus". The G7 was stymied in its attempt to release a joint statement that would help the fight against the pandemic when the ministers from all the other countries refused to yield to U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeos insistence that the coronavirus be called the "Wuhan virus." Donald Trump then went on to threaten putting a hold on US funding of the World Health Organization (WHO) at a time when the 14.67% of funding the US provides is most crucial to the world. Amongst the reasons Trump listed was that the WHO was "China-centric." "I dont know," Trump said, "they seem to come down on the side of China." He added that "they dont report whats really going on" in China. The frequent US claim that China is deceptively reporting its number of deaths and that the number, in reality, is much higher has, at least in part, been debunked, but that didnt stop Trump from using the claim as propaganda to pressure the WHO. The pressure on the WHO may be because the US is using the pandemic in its propaganda war against China, and the WHO wont play ball. The WHO, not cooperating with the US, evaluated Chinas response as "perhaps the most ambitious, agile and aggressive disease containment effort in history." Dr. Bruce Aylward, the head of the WHO COVID-19 mission even said, "If I get COVID, Im going to China." The American strategy seems to be to withhold money from the WHO until the WHO eases Americas propaganda war on China.

Venezuela: Regime Change

The US is using the COVID-19 pandemic to push its stalled attempt at regime change in Venezuela. As US sanctions thwart Venezuelas efforts to fight the pandemic, the Trump administration revealed a plan that would only release Venezuela from the sanctions on the condition that President Maduro leave office. Though presented as a balanced transition, it is not, since Maduro would not be allowed to run in the upcoming election but US candidate Juan Guaido would. The US is holding the health of the Venezuelan people hostage and using the pandemic to blackmail Maduro into accepting the coup.

Iran: Economic Warfare

In China, its propaganda; in Venezuela its blackmail; in Iran, its economic warfare. The illegal US sanctions on Iran are devastating Irans efforts to fight the pandemic. Irans foreign minister Javad Zarif has called the deprivation of Iran at a time of pandemic "medical terrorism." Irans desperate appeal to the IMF is facing the threat of a US veto. Iran has called the veto "crimes against humanity," and President Rouhani again called the sanctions "economic and medical terrorism." In Iran, the COVID-19 pandemic is being exploited to intensify the economic war.

Israel: Face Masks

In Israel, the strategy is not deprivation, but supply. Despite Trumps insistence that the US not ship personal protective equipment to other countries in the midst of a US shortage, the Israeli press is reporting that the "A plane carrying over a million surgical masks for the IDF landed in Ben-Gurion airport Tuesday night, in an operation run by the US Department of Defenses Delegation of Procurement. It says that the masks are "for coronavirus use."

Four different countries, four different strategies. But in all of them the US is using the COVID-19 pandemic to wage war instead of heeding the UN call for a global cease fire.

Ted Snider writes on analyzing patterns in US foreign policy and history.

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Germ Warfare: How Trump Is Weaponizing Covid-19 - Antiwar ...

Germ Warfare – Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense

Germ Warfare traces the long, brutal story of those microscopic weapons. From the infected arrows of Bronze Age archers, to the plague factories of World War 2, up through the biological arms race of the Cold War into our modern age of genetically manipulated terrorism.

This graphic history is both a lesson from the past and a warning for the future. It reminds us never to take public health for granted, because we never know when, or how, the next pandemic will rise.

Max Brooks is the author of the novels World War Z, Minecraft: The Island and the graphic novel The Harlem Hellfighters. He is a non resident fellow at the Modern War Institute at West Point and the Atlantic Councils Brent Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security.

The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense was established in 2014 to comprehensively assess U.S. biodefense efforts and issue recommendations to foster change. The Commissions 2015 report, A National Blueprint for Biodefense: Leadership and Major Reform needed to Optimize Efforts, identified capability gaps and recommended changes to U.S. policy and law to strengthen national biodefense while optimizing resource investments. Former Senator Joe Lieberman and former Governor Tom Ridge co-chair the Commission, and are joined by former Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle, former Representative Jim Greenwood, former Homeland Security Advisor Ken Wainstein, and former Homeland Security and Counterterrorism Advisor Lisa Monaco. Hudson Institute is the Commissions fiscal sponsor.

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Germ Warfare - Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense

The havoc wrought by covid-19 will spark new concern over bio-weapons – The Economist

Apr 23rd 2020

Editors note: The Economist is making some of its most important coverage of the covid-19 pandemic freely available to readers of The Economist Today, our daily newsletter. To receive it, register here. For our coronavirus tracker and more coverage, see our hub

THE CORONAVIRUS that has killed over 180,000 people worldwide was not created with malice. Analysis of its genome suggests that, like many new pathogens, it originated by natural selection rather than human design. But if SARS-COV-2 had been deliberately engineered or launched into the world by malefactors, the consequences might have been much the same. Covid-19 has demonstrated the vulnerability of the US and global economy to biological threats, which exponentially increases the potential impact of an attack, says Richard Pilch of the Middlebury Institute of International Studies. Those concerns are prompting renewed interest in the threat from biological weapons, a lurid corner of warfare that normally languishes in happy obscurity.

In theory, bioweapons are banned. Most countries in the world are party to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) of 1975, which outlaws making or stockpiling biological agents for anything other than peaceful purposes. But some countries probably make them secretly, or keep the option close at hand. America accuses North Korea of maintaining an offensive biological-weapons programme, and alleges that China, Iran and Russia dabble in dual-use research. Toxins like ricin have also been bought and sold on shady recesses of the internet known as the dark web.

Germ warfare briefly rose to prominence in September 2001, when letters laced with anthrax spores were mailed to American news organisations and senators, killing five people. That was a wake-up call. Public health became part of national security. BioWatch, a network of aerosol sensors, was installed in more than 30 cities across America. But in recent years threats from chemical weapons, like the sarin dropped by Syrias air force and the Novichok smeared on door handles by Russian assassins, took priority.

Though the Trump administration published a national biodefence strategy in 2018, it shut down the National Security Councils relevant directorate and proposed cuts to the laboratories that would test for biological threats. Funding for civilian biosecurity fell 27% between fiscal years 2015 and 2019, down to $1.61bnless than was spent on buying Black Hawk helicopters. Its the kind of thing thats very easy to cut where you dont see the damage youre doing until youre in a situation like this, says Gigi Gronvall of the Johns Hopkins Centre for Health Security.

Biological weapons are now likely to rise up the agenda, though the lessons from covid-19 are not clear-cut. The Department of Homeland Security warns that extremist groups have sought to spread the virus deliberately, and Mr Pilch says that it has challenged some long-standing assumptions regarding what biological agent may be used as a weapon. Yet many pathogens used as weapons tend to differ from respiratory viruses in important ways.

Those like anthrax, caused by bacteria which form rugged and sprayable spores, but do not spread from human to human, have the advantage of minimising the risk of rebound to the attacker. With the notable exception of smallpoxa highly contagious and lethal virus that was eradicated in 1979 but preserved by the Soviet Union for use against America (but not Europe), and now exists only in two laboratories, in America and Russiamost biological weapons would therefore have more localised effects than the new coronavirus.

Even so, the slow and stuttering response to the pandemic has exposed great weaknesses in how governments would cope. This outbreak has put stress on pretty much every element you need to respond to a biological attack, says Gregory Koblentz of George Mason University, and yet what were seeing is every part of our public-health infrastructure is either broken or stretched to the max. The centrepiece of Americas biosurveillance programme, a network of laboratories designed for rapid testing, failed, says Mr Koblentz, while the national stockpile of face masks had not been substantially replenished in over a decade. Would-be attackers will take note.

Governments are also worried about a new generation of biological threats. In 2016 American intelligence agencies singled out genome editing as a national-security threat for the first time. Two years later a major study by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine warned that synthetic biology, a potent set of methods for tinkering with or creating organisms, could, in time, be used to re-create viruses like smallpox or make existing pathogens more dangerous, such as resistant to antibiotics.

In 2011 Dutch and Japanese scientists said that they had created a version of bird flu that could be transmitted between mammals by the respiratory routean announcement that prompted the Netherlands to treat the relevant academic papers as sensitive goods subject to export controls. In January Canadian scientists funded by an American biotech company used synthetic DNA from Germany to synthesise a microbe closely related to smallpox, indicating the ease with which it could be done. If a potential bad actor pursues a weapons capability using SARS-COV-2, the virus is now attainable in laboratories all around the world, and blueprints for assembling it from scratch have been published in the scientific literature, notes Mr Pilch.

The trouble is that biodefence has evolved slowly, says Dan Kaszeta, a former biological weapons adviser to the White House. Compact devices that can detect chemical threats and warn soldiers to don a gas mask have long been available. That doesnt exist for anthrax or any of the other aerosol pathogens, says Mr Kaszeta. Telling the difference between an anthrax spore and a bit of tree pollen is not something you can do in a couple of seconds.

Internationally, the issue is largely neglected. Theres no single facilitator in the UN system for a high-consequence biological event of unknown origin, says Beth Cameron of the Nuclear Threat Initiative, an NGO. The BWC, she says, operates on a shoe-string budget.

Military labs across the world are already heavily involved in the fight against covid-19, but government money is a drop in the ocean compared with the billions of dollars of private funds now being unleashed against the virus. One hope is that the crash efforts to develop better tests and a vaccine may yield so-called platform technologies that would have utility not only against coronavirus, but also a wide range of other biological threats. Anthrax, for instance, has a vaccine but requires a cumbersome five doses. The holy grail, says Mr Kaszeta, would be a broad-spectrum antiviral or vaccinea shield against natural and human foes alike.

Dig deeper:For our latest coverage of the covid-19 pandemic, register for The Economist Today, our daily newsletter, or visit our coronavirus tracker and story hub

This article appeared in the United States section of the print edition under the headline "Spore wars"

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The havoc wrought by covid-19 will spark new concern over bio-weapons - The Economist

A Fashion Historian on the Relationship Between Clothing and Disease – Hyperallergic

Dr. Alison Matthews David giving her presentation on Fashion Victims and Germ Warfare for the National Arts Club (all screenshots by Elisa Wouk Almino/Hyperallergic)

Clothing can both harm and protect us, says fashion historian and author Dr. Alison Matthews David. For centuries, accessories like hats and gloves have been used as shields and even tools of self-defense. But clothing has also been an insidious carrier of disease.

On Tuesday, Matthews David was invited by New York Citys National Arts Club to share her research in a Zoom talk titled Fashion Victims: Germ Warfare. (The presentation drew heavily from her book Fashion Victims: The Dangers of Dress Past and Present.) The topic is only timely, as we consider what to wear and how to protect ourselves during the COVID-19 pandemic. Do virus particles spread through clothes? Should we wash our clothes every time we leave the house?

These anxieties, Matthews David revealed, are nothing new. In Victorian times, people believed long skirts dragged all kinds of diseases a 1900 cartoon from Puck magazine shows a maid dusting off clouds of influenza and typhoid from one such skirt. (Typhus did, in fact, travel through clothes that couldnt be laundered.) To help combat this, in the early 20th century, women began carrying around skirt grips to hitch up the trailing fabric. Matthews David suspects that the switch to shorter skirts had at least something to do with paranoias around hygiene.

Large, voluminous skirts, known as crinolines, are also being revisited as early forms of social distancing. While this seems funny at first, Matthews David says that women really did think of the skirt that way it gave them space in public, so that people couldnt touch or grab them. Similarly, broad-rimmed hats created a kind of protective orbit, preventing people from encroaching (in one caricature, a woman pokes a man with her hatpin for sitting too close to her on the train). The hats and skirts were social measures reflective of their era, but their relevance to our current moment is hard to overlook. A hoop skirt might be useful on those infrequent grocery trips.

Today, in pandemic times, were all rethinking about what we touch, said Matthews David. Were asking ourselves things like, Should I wear gloves? According to the historian, if we were to time travel to the 1800s, any member of the elite class would probably be disgusted by the suggestion of leaving the house without gloves shaking with ones bare hands was considered downright dirty.

The other major clothing item were all thinking about is, of course, masks. In one of her cleverly illustrated slides, Matthews David compared the masks that plague doctors wore equipped with a beak infused with sweet smells, which were thought to be protective to the more modern prototypes being fabricated by the likes of Chanel.

Once upon a time, masks were considered fashion items to protect ladies from dust and wind, Matthews David pointed out. But today, in Western culture, masks have primarily become signs of suspicion and distrust (the masked bandit).

When I asked Matthews David if she had to predict one change in how we dress after this pandemic has hopefully passed, she asserted, Social practice around clothing will change [] From a Western consumer perspective, I imagine that the cloth mask will become a staple in many wardrobes, especially in urban areas and close quarters like supermarkets. Well start carrying them around with us and put them on when necessary.

Our relationship to clothing is arguably already evolving, as we share our work-from-home outfits and dress for comfort. In an email exchange, Matthews David shared that shes been thinking about all the women sighing with relief in terms of going braless and whether womens dress tends to shift more than mens after times of crisis. (Consider the 1920s, when womens dress radically changed after World War I.)

As she touched upon during her talk, there is a powerful link between our mental and psychological health and what we wear. Major shifts like the pandemic we are experiencing now make us grow more conscientious of this connection, as some of us find newfound pleasure in putting on a nice outfit to run a supermarket errand.

At the end of the talk, which you can watch in full on YouTube, a listener asked Matthews David what measures she takes, if any, to avoid the various dangers of fashion in our present moment and beyond. Her advice: Im very careful to launder everything before I wear it.

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A Fashion Historian on the Relationship Between Clothing and Disease - Hyperallergic