Rangel was Black. Buckley was white. Rangel had demonstrated a lifelong commitment to the full equality of Black people. Buckley had repeatedly stood athwart civil-rights advances, yelling Stop! Yet on debate night in 1991, the Democratic representative was the one arguing that the arrest and mass incarceration of Americans caught possessing or selling drugs should continue. And the Reaganite conservative was the one insisting that the human costs of a law and order approach were too steep to bear, citing roughly 800,000 Americans arrested that year.

Lets do what we can for those who are afflicted short of sending them to jail, Buckley said. I want to hear from you whether you want a society based on, say, the Malaysian or the Singapore model in whichand Im not exaggeratingpeople get publicly flogged and they get hanged and they get their fingers chopped off. Is this what you want to do in order to accomplish your aims? he asked Rangel. If not, what is it that you want to do that were not doing already?

Rangel acknowledged that the criminal-justice system has not worked and has not been a deterrent to drug abuse in this country. He added, I still believe that it should be there, because in order to fight this war, you need all of these factors working together. We should not allow people to be able to distribute this poison without fear that maybe they might be arrested and put in jail. In fact, Rangel clarified, if somebody wants to sell drugs to a child, they should fear that they will be arrested and go to jail for the rest of their natural life. Thats what Im talking about when I say fear. Then he suggested that America should tap the generals who won the Gulf War to intensify the War on Drugs. What were missing: to find a take-charge general like Norman Schwarzkopf, like Colin Powell, to coordinate some type of strategy so that America, who has never run away from a battle, will not be running away from this battle, he said. Lets win this war against drugs the same way we won it in the Middle East.

What insights can todays War on Drugs abolitionists take from this story?

First, that in politics and policymaking, neither all good nor all bad things go together. A person might care deeply about racial equality, as Rangel did, yet support a policy that fuels racial disparities. A rival might reject anti-racist politics, even siding with white supremacists on some issues, as Buckley did, while fighting to abandon a ruinous policy that has disproportionately harmed generations of Black people. It is outrageous to live in a society whose laws tolerate sending young people to life in prison because they grew, or distributed, a dozen ounces of marijuana, Buckley wrote to the New York Bar Association in 1995 as part of his ongoing advocacy. I would hope that the good offices of your vital profession would mobilize at least to protest such excesses of wartime zeal, the legal equivalent of a My Lai massacre. And perhaps proceed to recommend the legalization of the sale of most drugs, except to minors. In 1996, National Review joined him, editorializing that the war on drugs has failed, that it is diverting intelligent energy away from how to deal with the problem of addiction, that it is wasting our resources, and that it is encouraging civil, judicial, and penal procedures associated with police states.

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