Rising Star: Astronomer Wins Prestigious Early-Career Sloan Research Fellowship

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Newswise The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation has named University of Virginia astronomer Shane Davis as a Sloan Research Fellow for 2015. Davis, an assistant professor of astronomy, is a theoretical astrophysicist who is an expert on using large computer simulations to model complex systems in the universe.

He is a major user of U.Va.s new Rivanna supercomputer cluster and, since coming to the University last fall, has given momentum to computational sciences and Data Science Institute research at the University.

Awarded annually since 1955, Sloan Research Fellowships honor early-career scientists and scholars whose achievements and potential identify them as rising stars the next generation of scientific leaders. Fellows, drawn from a diverse range of fields, receive $50,000 to further their research. This year, the foundation selected 126 researchers from 57 institutions in the U.S. and Canada.

Becoming a Sloan Research Fellow means joining a long and distinguished tradition of scientific explorers who have gone on to make the most meaningful and significant discoveries, Daniel L. Goroff, director of the fellowship program, said.

Past Sloan Research Fellows have developed notable careers and include such intellectual luminaries as physicist Richard Feynman and game theorist John Nash. Forty-three fellows have received a Nobel Prize in their respective field, 16 have won the Fields Medal in mathematics, 65 have received the National Medal of Science, and 14 have won the John Bates Clark Medal in economics.

Before arriving at U.Va., Davis was a senior research associate at the Canadian Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics. Prior to that, he was a NASA Chandra Fellow and member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of California at Santa Barbara.

Shane is very deserving of the Sloan Research Fellowship, which is one of the highest honors in the U.S. for a junior faculty member in the sciences, said U.Va. astronomy department chair Craig Sarazin. He has done particularly important work on how black holes produce the light which allows us to detect them, and he already is one of the worlds most productive theoretical astrophysicists. I believe that Shane is now the leading expert in the world on calculating the spectra of accretion disks around black holes.

Sarazin noted that Daviss expertise on computer modeling fits well with existing strengths in the astronomy department; for example, U.Va.s John Hawley won the 2013 Shaw Prize in Astronomy for his computer simulations of material flowing into black holes.

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Rising Star: Astronomer Wins Prestigious Early-Career Sloan Research Fellowship

Innovations: Googles artificial intelligence mastermind responds to Elon Musks fears

Demis Hassabis is an impressive guy. A former child prodigy, a chess master at 13 and the founder of DeepMind Technologies, a British artificial intelligence company that Google acquired last year. Now 38, hes at the forefront of an emerging technology with an unmatched potential for good and bad.

Hassabis and his researchers published a landmark paper this week, creating an algorithm that learns in a human-like manner. Observers of artificial intelligence have warned that advances like this are a step toward potentially destroying civilization.

Elon Musk, a DeepMind investor he says the better to keep an eye on them has led the charge, calling artificial intelligence mankinds greatest threat. Stephen Hawking and Bill Gates have also issued warnings.

At a news conference Tuesday Hassabis addressed Musks concerns:

Were many, many decades away from anything, any kind of technology that we need to worry about. But its good to start the conversation now and be aware of as with any new powerful technology it can be used for good or bad, Hassabis said.

He was also quick to downplay any rift with DeepMind and Musk.

Were good friends with Elon and hes been a big supporter of ours for a number of years, Hassabis said. And hes fascinated, loves the potential of artificial intelligence.

Elon Musk loves artificial intelligence? Never wouldve guessed that.

Related: Googles breakthrough in artificial intelligence, and what it means for self-driving cars

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Innovations: Googles artificial intelligence mastermind responds to Elon Musks fears

Artificial intelligence program teaches itself to play Atari games and it can beat your high score

Artificial intelligence program deep Q-network teaches itself to play classic Atari games like Space Invaders. Video courtesy Google DeepMind with permission from Square Enix Ltd.

A new artificial intelligence program from Google DeepMind has taught itself how to play classic Atari 2600 games. And it can probably beat your high score.

Deep Q-network, or DQN, can play 49 Atari games right out of the box, says Demis Hassabis, world-renowned gamer and founder of DeepMind. Overall, it performed as well as a professional human video game tester, according to a study published this week in Nature. On more than half of the games, it scored more than 75 percent of the human score.

This isnt the first game-playing A.I. program. IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997. In 2011, an artificial intelligence computer system named Watson won a game of Jeopardy against champions Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter.

Watson and Deep Blue were great achievements, but those computers were loaded with all the chess moves and trivia knowledge they could handle, Hassabis said in a news conference Tuesday. Essentially, they were trained, he explained.

But in this experiment, designers didnt tell DQN how to win the games. They didnt even tell it how to play or what the rules were, Hassabis said.

(Deep Q-network) learns how to play from the ground up, Hassabis said. The idea is that these types of systems are more human-like in the way they learn. Our brains make models that allow us to learn and navigate the world. Thats exactly the type of system were trying to design here.

To test DQNs ability to learn and adapt, Hassabis and his team at DeepMind tried Atari 2600 games from the late 1970s and early 1980s. Atari games had the right level of complexity for the DQN software, Hassabis said. The software agent had access to the last four images on the screen and its score.

By looking at the pixels on the screen and moving the controls, DQN taught itself to play over the course of several weeks, said Vlad Mnih, one of the authors on the paper, at Tuesdays conference. Its a process called deep reinforcement learning, Mnih said, where the computer learns through trial and error the same way humans and other animals learn.

We are trying to explore the space of algorithms for intelligence. We have one example of (intelligence) the human brain, Hassabis said. We can be certain that reinforced learning is something that works and something humans and animals use to learn.

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Artificial intelligence program teaches itself to play Atari games and it can beat your high score

AI masters 49 Atari 2600 games without instructions

The venerable Atari 2600.

Artificial intelligence, machines and software with the ability to think for themselves, can be used for a variety of applications ranging from military technology to everyday serviceslike automated telephone systems. However, none of the systems that currently exist exhibit learning abilities that would match the human intelligence. Recently, scientists have wondered whether an artificial agent could be given a tiny bit of human-like intelligence by modeling the algorithm on aspects of the primate neural system.

Using a bio-inspired system architecture, scientists have created a single algorithm that is actually able to develop problem-solving skills when presented with challenges that can stump some humans. And then they immediately put it to use learning a set of classic video games.

Scientists developed the novel agent (they called it the Deep Q-network), one that combined reinforcement learning with what's termed a "deep convolutional network," a layered system of artificial neural networks. Deep-Q is able to understand spatial relationships between different objects in an image, such as distance from one another, in such a sophisticated way that it can actually re-envision the scene from a differentviewpoint. This type of system was inspired by early work done on the visual cortex.

Scientists considered tasks in which Deep-Q was able to interact with the environment through a sequence of observations, actions, and rewards, with an ultimate goal of interacting in a way to maximize reward. Reinforcement learning systems sound like a simple approach to developing artificial intelligenceafter all, we have all seen that small children are able to learn from their mistakes. Yet when it comes to designing artificial intelligence, it is much trickier to ensure all the components necessary for this type of learning are actually included. As a result, artificial reinforcement learning systems are usually quite unstable.

Here, these scientists addressed previous instability issues in creatingDeep-Q. One important mechanism that they specifically added to Deep-Q was experience replay. This element allows the system to store visual information about experiences and transitions much like our memory works. For example, if a small child leaves home to go to a playground, he will still remember what home looks like at the playground. If he is running and he trips over a tree root, he will remember that bad outcome and try to avoid tree roots in the future.

Using these abilities, Deep-Q is able to performreinforcement learning, using rewards to continuously establishvisual relationships between objects and actions within the convolution network. Over time, it identifiesvisual aspects of the environment that would promote good outcomes.

This bio-inspired approach is based on evidence that rewards during perceptual learning may influence the way images and sequences of events or resulting outcomes are processed within the primate visual cortex. Additionally, evidence suggests that in the mammalian brain, the hippocampus may actually support the physical realization of the processes involved in the experience replay algorithm.

It takes a few hundred tries, but the neural networks eventually figure out the rules, then later discover strategies.

Scientists tested Deep Qs problem-solving abilities on the Atari 2600 gaming platform. Deep-Q learned not only the rules for a variety of games (49 games in total) in a range of different environments, but the behaviors required to maximize scores. It did so with minimal prior knowledge, receiving only visual images (in pixel form) and the game score as inputs. In these experiments, the authors used the same algorithm, network architecture, and hyperparameters on each gamethe exact same limitations a human player would have, given we can't swap brains out. Notably, these game genres varied from boxing to car-racing, representing a tremendous range of inputs and challenges.

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AI masters 49 Atari 2600 games without instructions

Innovations: 5 classic Atari games that totally stump Googles artificial intelligence algorithm

Computers are better than us at chess, Jeopardy and now plenty of Atari games, following Googles breakthrough in artificial intelligence. But there are still a few games were Googles impressive new algorithm is largely clueless. Of the 49 games it attempted, here are the five it struggled with the most:

5. Asteroids (1979): Googles professional human game testers did 93 percent better than the algorithm.

4. Frostbite (1983): To win this game you jump on ice blocks to help build igloos, which the algorithm couldnt master. The human testers did 94 percent better than Googles algorithm.

3.Gravitar (1982):Human testers were 95 percent better.

2. Private eye (1983): Googles humans were 98 percent better at this than the algorithm.

1. Montezumas Revenge (1984): Googles algorithm couldnt even score a single point, making the game its very worst performance of 49 games it tried.

Related: 22 Atari games where humans are no match for Googles algorithm

Googles breakthrough in artificial intelligence, and what it means for self-driving cars

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Innovations: 5 classic Atari games that totally stump Googles artificial intelligence algorithm

Vector Aerospace Joins Greenwich AeroGroup Dealer Network for LiveAero

WICHITA, Kan., February 24, 2015 Vector Aerospace Helicopter Services has joined Greenwich AeroGroups LiveAero Broadband SATCOM systems dealer network.

Vector Aerospace Helicopter Services North America, based in British Columbia, Canada is an industry-leading provider of maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) services for helicopter operators around the globe. The dealership agreement enables Vector Aerospace Helicopter Services in British Columbia to offer certification and installation services for the LiveAero system.

We are delighted to add such a renowned helicopter service provider to the LiveAero dealer network, said Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Greenwich AeroGroup Daniel Lafrance. Vectors global rotorcraft market reach is an ideal platform to promote and support LiveAero.

At Vector Aerospace we strive to offer our customers a multitude of leading edge technologies so they can excel in their market, says Vice President of Operations Elvis Moniz, at Vector Aerospace in Langley, BC. We are pleased to add LiveAero to our enhanced helicopter mission and communication solutions.

LiveAero, developed by LiveTV Satellite Communications, a Thales company, is the only fixed wing and rotorcraft data broadband solution that works everywhere in the world, including remote, oceanic and polar regions, for passengers requiring smartphone, tablet or laptop connectivity.Based upon the Iridium OpenPortTM broadband technology, the system has Wi-Fi enabled, bi-directional data effective speed of up to 300 kbps through network built in optimization. The system also includes three separate voice lines for calls to be placed anywhere in the world. Connectivity is available in the air or on the ground and is not impaired by helicopter rotors or weather conditions.

Greenwich AeroGroups current dealers for the LiveAero product include Greenwich AeroGroups Summit Aviation in Middletown, Del.; and Western Aircraft in Boise, Idaho; Banyan Air Service in Fort Lauderdale, Fla.; Spirit Avionics in Columbus, Ohio; Jet Aviation in Basel, Switzerland, Dubai and Singapore; West Star Aviation in Grand Junction, Colo., East Alton, Ill., Columbia, S.C.: Pro Star Aviation in Londonderry, N.H; Aviation Partners Group with capabilities in Punta Gorda, Fla., Moscow, Russia and Kiev, Ukraine, and IDG Europe in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

About Greenwich AeroGroup

Greenwich AeroGroup Inc., owns and operates providers of general, commercial, government and military aviation services including: maintenance, avionics and interior refurbishments; fixed base operations; aircraft sales, charter and management; manufacturing; component repair and overhaul and parts distribution. Current locations include: Aero Precision Industries, located in Livermore, Calif.; DAC International, located in Austin, Texas; Professional Aircraft Accessories, located in Titusville, Fla.; Professional Aviation Associates, located in Atlanta, Ga.; NASAM, located in South San Francisco, Calif.; Summit Aviation, located in Middletown, Del.; TruAtlantic Mfg., located in Kernersville, N.C.; and Western Aircraft, located in Boise, Idaho. Additionally, Greenwich AeroGroup owns an interest in Helivia Aero Taxi located in Rio de Janeiro. News and information are available at http://www.greenwichaerogroup.com.

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Vector Aerospace Joins Greenwich AeroGroup Dealer Network for LiveAero

Agnosticism | Inters.org

I. Agnosticism as a Philosophical Position

1. Definition. The term agnosticism, as well as other modern words (Fr. agnosticisme, It. agnosticismo, Germ. agnostizismus), has its etymological roots in the Greek word gnostos, that is, unknowable. Although agnosticism as a philosophical school of thought has a long history and has been described from time to time with diverse connotations, it was the English naturalist Thomas H. Huxley (1825-1895) who coined the term agnosticism as an antithesis to the gnostic of Church history. Huxley saw the gnostic as someone who claims to know much about things which another does not. (cf. Collected Essays, V, London, 1898, pp. 237-245). Huxley coined the term in the context of a congress of the Metaphysical Society of London in 1869 and later re-iterated the same in his work Agnosticism in 1889. It is important to point out the antithesis posed by Huxley between a religious gnosis, which would claims to know the unknowable, and the agnosticism of the scientist, which refuses to determine a priori the solution to the problems that form the object of his or her research. In fact, it is within this refusal that the meaning of modern agnosticism resides inasmuch as it does not wish to be, in the majority of cases, a hostile refutation of metaphysical or religious topics as in the case of atheism but rather a suspension of judgment in regard to the question of God and of the Absolute. The question of God and of the Absolute is neither denied nor affirmed by agnosticism in order to allow scientific research to be uninhibited. Whereas atheism holds that God does not exist, agnosticism limits itself to affirming that we do not possess above all from a scientific and cognitive point of view adequate rational instruments to affirm or negate the reality of God or of the Absolute. In a letter of 1879, C. Darwin declared himself an agnostic in the same sense as coined by Huxley. Similarly, H. Spencer, maintaining in his work First Principles (1862) the impossibility of scientifically demonstrating the mysterious force that sustains natural phenomena, was classified as an agnostic. The physiologist Raymond Du-Boys in his work The Seven Enigmas of the World (1880) held that in front of the great enigmas of the world and of existence, it is most responsible for man, and above all for the scientist, to pronounce an ignorabimus (we will not know), since those enigmas go beyond the realm of scientific knowledge. One may conjecture that modern agnosticism, which is not to be confused with the agnostic tendencies that have been around even from the origins of the history of philosophy, predominantly has a scientific background and is motivated in particular by the imposition Kantian criticism gave to the metaphysical question.

2. The Critique of the Principle of Causality. In fact, the most rigorous modern formulation of metaphysical agnosticism was formulated by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kants metaphysical agnosticism has decisively influenced both philosophical and scientific agnosticism as well as the religious agnosticism of the 19th and 20th centuries. In The Critique of Pure Reason (1781), especially in the third part (Transcendental Dialectics), and in The Critique of Practical Reason (1788), Kant clearly shows how the presuppositions of metaphysical agnosticism derive, on the one hand, from the empiricism of David Hume (1711-1776), particularly from his critique of the metaphysical concept of causality, and on the other hand from the idea of ratio separata proper to modern rationalism. The empiricism of Hume did indeed affirm as absolute the principle of experience, already formulated by John Locke (1632-1704) in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1688) and later elaborated by George Berkeley (1685-1753) in A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge (1710) with the famous statement esse est percipi (to be is to be perceived). Basing himself upon the principle of experience, in A Treatise of Human Nature (1740) and later in his Exposition Concerning Human Understanding (1748), Hume denies that abstract ideas have truth-value corresponding to experience, including even the idea of matter. It follows then that both the idea of cause and the consequent metaphysical principle of causality, according to which ontological causes are the foundation of physical causes, must be rejected as deceptive because they are contrary to the principle of experience. The distinction between ideas and impressions leads Hume to sustain that only those ideas which make reference to immediate impressions have truth-value. Now since the idea of cause makes reference only to an impression of sequences of events, it signifies only the order of this succession, and not the inference of a causal principle other than experience. The idea of cause then, Hume concludes, is only something that one feels, or rather a belief, which arises in ones consciousness because one observes the repetition in the experience of sequences that tend to repeat. These repetitions mistakenly lead one to believe in the possibility of locating in one of the elements of the sequence the cause, and in the other the effect (cf. A Treatise of Human Nature, Book I, part III, 14-15; cf. also part II, 6 and part IV, 2).

The demolition of the idea of cause based upon the radicalization of the principle of experience formulated by Hume inevitably led to the elimination of the very foundation of metaphysics. Starting from the second period of Platos works (cf. Phaedo, 79a, 98c-e, 99e, 100c-d) and later with the Metaphysics of Aristotle (cf. Books I and II), metaphysics had made precisely the principle of causality the cornerstone of ontology, setting out from there to a knowledge that would no longer limit itself to observing effects, but rather would be capable of rising to the fundamental causes of being.

1. Kant and Metaphysical Agnosticism. From Humes critique of the idea of cause, Immanuel Kant knew in effect how to draw out all the essential gnoseological consequences in order to formulate his critical evaluation of metaphysical knowledge. Already Sextus Empiricus (180-220), in Outlines of Pyrrhonism, had criticized the principle of causality, just as would some of the representatives of nominalism do much later in the Middle Ages, in particular, Nicholas DAutrecourt (1300-1350), Pierre DAilly (1350-1420), and William Ockham (1280-1349). Yet, as already observed, in the Kantian metaphysical agnosticism such critique joins itself to that acceptance of the primacy of experience proper to empiricism, as well as to the recognition of the value of the autonomous activity of the intellect proper to modern rationalism.

For the philosopher of Knigsberg, all knowledge that would have truth-value must be modeled upon the type of knowledge that makes science possible. In other words, only knowledge that results from the synthesis between matter, constituted by phenomena as the proper object of empirical observation, and the action of forms a priori, through which those phenomena are grasped by a specific category of our intellect, would have truth-value. So, for Kant, one is dealing with the examination of the nature of synthetic a priori judgments, in which he reforms the foundation not only of scientific knowledge, but also of all knowledge valuable for humanity. All knowledge that one desires to have the character of science must therefore be the result of a synthesis between matter, offered from the vastness of phenomenal experience, and an a priori form, given by the intellect. In as much as the I think is fount and root of every a priori category of the intellect, it therefore constitutes the transcendental condition of all knowledge, and such knowledge must be understood as the transcendental constitution of experience. As a result, philosophical knowledge is modeled after scientific knowledge, which in turn will become the paradigm of all sensible knowledge. Post-Kantian philosophy will often recognize solely itself as the methodology of science or epistemology, i.e., as a reflection on the scientific status of the theories of science. Thus, philosophy progressively loses its nature as knowledge in order to become a reflection on the modalities of knowledge. It is clear then that metaphysics, which claims to go beyond the appearance of experience (phenomenon) to grasp the essence of things in themselves (noumenon), which are not subject to experience, becomes, in a Kantian scheme, a knowledge that has no object, and therefore cannot claim to be a well-founded knowledge. According to the image of the same Kant, metaphysics appears outside the realm of experience as a dove that seeks to fly without air beneath its wings. For this reason, when metaphysics asks questions about the existence of God, of the soul, of the world, of freedom all realities that escape from a phenomenal type of experience it falls into insurmountable antinomies (cf. Kant, The Critique of Pure Reason, I, 2, ch. 2: The Antinomy of Pure Reason). Metaphysical agnosticism, therefore, consists not in the a priori denial of such realities, but in the thesis that one cannot attain any metaphysical knowledge, because it lies outside the domain of phenomenal experience.

2. Kant and Scientific Agnosticism. Numerous philosophies were inspired by the Kantian model of knowledge in the 19th and 20th centuries, and have dealt with all the implicit consequences of metaphysical agnosticism expressed in The Critique of Pure Reason. One can say that scientific agnosticism constitutes the flip side of metaphysical agnosticism, in as much as it presupposes it and radicalizes it by affirming the primacy of an agnostic scientific knowledge, being indifferent in principle to the great themes of metaphysics, particularly those of religion. Thus is the positivism of Auguste Comte (1798-1857), which considers as the only truth facts, i.e., that which can be described according to concrete experience and, similarly to Kant, judges all research of the metaphysical causes of the facts themselves to be without foundation (cf. Discourse on the Positive Spirit, 1844; Course of Positive Philosophy, 1830-42). And by applying the principles of Comtes positivism in the study of primitive peoples, it will be the French sociological school (E. Durkheim, M. Mauss, L. Lvy-Bruhl), that will bring about a strong critique of religion by affirming that the religious dimension manifested by a specific people is nothing other than the fruit of an imposition exerted by the dominant part of the group (cf. E. Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, 1912).

A particular type of scientific agnosticism was represented by Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). In his work The Factors of Organic Evolution (1887), Spencer maintains that all of nature and the entire cosmos are regulated by an evolutionistic principle which is not finalistic (seefinalism), in the sense that, departing from the study of natural phenomena, it would not be possible to infer the existence of God as creator and orderer of the cosmos. Nonetheless, for this reason alone such existence cannot be denied, in as much as the same Spencer holds that at the confines of human experience and of scientific knowledge, there exists the Unknowable, which is precisely that which is beyond the confines of experience and science (cf. System of Synthetic Philosophy, London 1858). The Unknowable is for Spencer that which metaphysics and religion have called God and which, even though it is not a part of the cognitive categories of science, nonetheless cannot be denied by them, as scientific atheism on the other hand would claim to do.

Contemporary epistemology, developing after the crisis of scientific positivism, which had attributed to scientific knowledge a paradigmatic value, subjected this latter to a dense critique on the part of authors such as Poincar, Boutroux, Duhem, Mach, Bergson, Hilbert, Peano, and Frege. Numerous scientific discoveries as well as the progress made in mathematics and logic and in the new relative paradigms of interpretation formulated in the 20th century drove scientists and philosophers of science towards a conception of the laws of nature formulated from scientific theories, one no longer static and mechanistic, but dynamic and probabilistic, marked by unpredictability because it had been opened to the emergence of complexity. Such rethinking gave birth to diverse epistemological currents: neo-positivistic logic (Schlick, Carnap, Ayer, Russell), according to which only experimental propositions or factual propositions have scientific value, or those whose content is empirically verifiable; the metaphysics of science (Meyerson, Eddington), according to which all science implies a metaphysics, and the same scientific knowledge must be understood as a progressive discovery of reality, able again to find its ultimate foundation in a metaphysics; scientific rationalism (Popper, Feyerabend), according to which science is nothing other than a rational construction of man and the observed facts nothing other than elements dependent upon the scientific theories utilized to organize them, whereas the theories themselves are, in their turn, responses to preceding theoretical problems and, in an ultimate analysis, systems of rash conjectures to which the experiment adds nothing true. If the scientific theory is the elaboration of a theory capable of resolving unresolved problems, the experimental verification plays then the role of a continuous control of the theory itself, with the warning of Karl Popper (1902-1994), that one ought not to speak of a verification in a positivistic sense, but rather of a falsification, because every scientific theory is not definitive, but provisional, subject to being falsified on the part of a better theory.

Although contemporary epistemology has strongly contested the Kantian and positivistic conception of knowledge, it did not know how to remove from scientific agnosticism its implications. In effect, the Kantian anti-metaphysical prejudice has remained present in almost all forms of contemporary epistemology, in the sense that although science itself evolves and the same evaluation of objective value of scientific theories transforms itself, science nonetheless continues to be considered the sole area of knowledge valuable for humanity. The questions that go beyond the domain of science the problem of God in particular can at most be accepted as questions that, as in Kant, have sense for the existence of man, but not for his knowledge. Scientific agnosticism consists precisely in dismissing the idea that science, however one understands it, represents an area where metaphysical and religious questions can be formulated or at least recognized as significant, i.e., have the sense of a question and the value of knowledge.

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Recruiting Better Talent With Brain Games And Big Data

With the technology to conduct more nuanced tests, some companies say they can provide more useful detail about how people think in dynamic situations. Marcus Butt/Getty Images/Ikon Images hide caption

With the technology to conduct more nuanced tests, some companies say they can provide more useful detail about how people think in dynamic situations.

The job interview hasn't changed much over the years. There are the resumes, the face-to-face meetings, the callbacks and the agonizing wait, as employers decide based on a hunch about who's best suited for the job.

Some companies are selling the idea that new behavioral science techniques can give employers more insight into hiring.

For most of her life, Frida Polli assumed she'd be an academic. She got her Ph.D, toiled in a research lab and started a post-doctorate program before she realized she'd been wrong.

Polli didn't want to study neuropsychology she wanted to use it in business.

"People have always wanted to find a way to assess someone's cognitive and emotional traits in an objective way that might give them a sense of: What is this person really ideally suited for?" she says.

So Polli co-founded Pymetrics, which uses brain games to measure things like attention to detail and risk tolerance factors that she says can help determine a good job fit. Polli says her own results were accurate.

"It told me that I was a little bit impulsive which I'm definitely impulsive. And entrepreneurship was my top match, so I was pretty happy about that. It was a relief because, you know, otherwise I'd have to consider a different job," she says.

Tests for intelligence and personality traits have been around for a century. But with big data and the technology to conduct more nuanced tests, some firms say they can provide more useful detail about people's innate abilities. They say a better gauge of personality traits can help increase productivity and reduce turnover.

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Recruiting Better Talent With Brain Games And Big Data

Black children finding identity in media

An exhibition of African American childrens literature stands at the forefront of the Education and Behavioral Science sector at Penn States Paterno Library.

For Black History Month, the conglomeration of literary works displays a spectrum of book titles from Sharon G. Flakes The Unstoppable Octobia May to Deborah Wiles Revolution.

Steven Herb, an education librarian at the EBS library, said the collection of books covers widespread topics, but largely focus on famous African Americans or common black experiences. Herb, who is also an affiliate of the United States Library of Congress and the director of the Pennsylvania Center for the Book, said the childrens books are also about kids who just happen to be black, kids who are set up in fictional domains where race is not the central topic of the stories.

Herb said a lot of the black child characters in the EBS collection have lives like plenty of other children. The librarian said the black children build snowmen and ride bikes just like many other young individuals.

Herb brought up the idea of books being sources for racial and cultural identification.

One of the philosophies we follow is that every child should find themselves in books. In addition, all kids should find others, Herb said.

The book collector said one of the things his staff spends time doing is making sure they have wide cultural representation present in their archives, regardless of the time of the year.

Were in better shape than we ever were in collecting black literature, Herb said.

Although the works focus on the circumstances of children of color, Herb said the exhibit is open to be read and observed by all. He said there are a number of books that serve as educational tools for researchers, human development and family studies majors, African American studies majors, student teachers, homeschooling populations, faculty, visiting children and others.

In regards to the point of having a black kids book collection in the midst of a primarily non-black collegiate populace, Herb said differentiating culture expands peoples horizons.

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Black children finding identity in media

Global Wellness Institute and Scientific American Worldview Hold Roundtable on the Science of Wellness

New York, NY (PRWEB) February 25, 2015

The Global Wellness Institute (GWI) in partnership with Scientific American Worldview recently held an invitation-only roundtable on the topic of The Science of Wellness: Hype or Hope? Leaders from the medical, science, business, technology, research, media, workplace wellness and hotel/spa worlds gathered on February 11 at the Everyday Health headquarters in Manhattan for a wide-ranging conversation on the many ways that science and evidence-based medicine are impacting the wellness industry, and how wellness (and the growing medical evidence for wellness approaches) is impacting people, traditional medicine, private companies and public policy.

The discussion, co-moderated by Jeremy Abbate, VP, Global Media Alliances, Scientific American; Publishing Director, Scientific American Worldview and Susie Ellis, president and CEO of the GWI, included executives and experts from American Public Media, Cornell and Rutgers Universities, Delos, Everyday Health, The International Heart and Lung Institute Center for Restorative Medicine, Optum, Paramedical Consultants, Inc. (PCI), Patients Beyond Borders, Pegasus Capital Advisors, Six Senses, SRI International and Viacom Media Networks.

The leaders assembled identified numerous best steps forward to build a healthier world: from the need for powerful public health marketing campaigns around obesity and sedentary lifestyles - to a much more intense focus on cognitive/behavioral psychology to identify a science of lifestyle change for a world getting fatter and sicker to a call for more (and more appropriately designed) clinical trials on wellness approaches.

A more detailed report on the recommendations emerging from this roundtable will soon be available at: http://www.globalwellnessinstitute.com/

Top Ten Recommendations - Experts gathered argued we need

Simple, Provocative Public Wellness Campaigns: Some of the biggest wellness successes of the last century have involved powerful marketing messages (like the anti-smoking, stop littering, or wear seatbelts campaigns of the 20th century or more recent ads visualizing how many packets of sugar reside in a can of soda). We need new health campaigns and public service announcements around weight loss/obesity and sedentary lifestyles that are simple, inspiring and are repeated over and over.

More Behavioral Sciences Research to Create a Science of Lifestyle Change: While medical research on the benefits of wellness approaches grabs headlines, the key to healthy populations is to begin to crack the code on helping people start, and sustain, lifestyle change. We know so little, and a more intense focus on, and new research in, the behavioral sciences and cognitive psychology (from brain plasticity to choice architecture) is critical if we ever want to create an evidence-based science of lifestyle change and willpower.

More, better-funded studies on wellness approaches: Clinical studies on wellness approaches represent the under-resourced David to Big Pharmas Goliath. Average R&D costs for a new drug have reached $2.9 billion,* while funds for wellness clinical trials are drastically less (often under $100,000) and the GWI estimates that (Stage 3) drug trials have around 100 times the participants: roughly 50 for a wellness study, vs. 4,000 for a drug trial. Without more, better-funded trials, highly respected medical organizations like Cochrane will continue to withhold positive recommendations in their meta-reviews on practices like meditation or yoga, even when theres positive, preliminary evidence.

A Better Understanding of and More Appropriately Designed - Wellness Studies: Clinical trials on wellness approaches often have unique qualities, and superimposing the double-blind model can be like fitting an apple into an orange. Placebo models dont work when participants know theyre experiencing things like meditation or exercise, and wellness approaches often involve practitioners, so cant be uniformly replicated (or regulated) like a pill. Short studies fail to capture the most meaningful outcomes for long-term, prevention-focused approaches, and all personalized medicines, like TCM and Ayurveda, defy the randomized trial model entirely. Another problem: most current studies on wellness approaches are performed on sick people (in the hospital setting), providing a limited view of their efficacy. Greater openness to analyzing (and valuing) outcomes from studies that cant fit perfectly into double blind, or even randomized, trial designs is needed.

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Global Wellness Institute and Scientific American Worldview Hold Roundtable on the Science of Wellness

Scientists Make Million Dollar Bet Who Will Die Last

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Two prominent anti-aging scientists are betting the farm over who will buy the farm first.

Dmitry Kaminskiy, a senior partner at Deep Knowledge Ventures in Hong Kong, and Alex Zhavoronkov, Ph.D., the CEO of the anti-aging drug company Insilico Medicine Inc. in Russia, signed a wager last month at a large anti-aging science conference stating that the one who died first owed the other a million dollars in stock or cash.

If one of the parties passes away before the other, $1 million in Insilico Medicine stock will be passed to the surviving party, the agreement stated, adding that if the company is no longer in existence the other has to pony up the dollar amount in cash.

This life-or-death gamble will kick in on Feb. 24, 2079, Zhavoronkovs hundredth birthday -- he turned 36 today and is just over a year younger than Kaminskiy. Zhavoronkov said the competition came about as a way combat psychological aging and ensure each mans continued desire to live.

Zhavoronkov told ABC News that there are a few ground rules for the bet.

We are not allowed to contribute to each others demise and I cannot recommend any treatments to Dmitry, he said. Each one of us will have his own strategy for testing the various interventions.

Kaminskiy could not be reached for comment.

Zhavoronkov is supremely confident he will win the bet.

He has been taking low-dose aspirin since 1998 plus an anti-aging cocktail of statins and other supplements for over four and a half years. Hes had an HPV shot to prevent cancer and takes other drugs to avoid getting the flu. He has a diagnostics lab on speed dial to quickly triage any signs of health trouble.

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Scientists Make Million Dollar Bet Who Will Die Last

Japanese media self-censorship seen growing during Abes reign

Worries are growing in Japan about a trend of media self-censorship as journalists and experts say news organizations are toning down criticism of Prime Minister Shinzo Abes government for fear of sparking ire and losing access to sources.

No one is accusing Abes administration of overt meddling in specific news coverage, but media insiders and analysts say the governments message is getting through.

The media did, in recent years, play a much more positive role in making people in power squirm. In the Abe era, they have begun pulling back, said Jeffrey Kingston, director of Asian studies at Temple Universitys Japan campus.

There is a chilling atmosphere that encourages media organizations to exercise self-restraint.

The conservative Abe, who returned to office in 2012, had fraught media ties during his first term, which ended when he quit in 2007 after a year of scandals and ill-health.

This time, Abe wants to avoid the same mistake, experts say.

His appointee as chairman of NHK, Katsuto Momii, raised doubts about the respected broadcasters independence when he told his first news conference in early 2014: We cannot say left when the government says right.

Late last year, a ruling party aide to Abe wrote to television broadcasters ahead of an election demanding fair coverage. Many journalists took the letter as a signal they should dampen criticism or risk losing access to officials.

There have been cases of media self-restraint in the past, but they usually involved the Imperial family, or, as after the 2011 tsunami and nuclear disaster, when media adopted a sober tone, said Shinichi Hisadome, a foreign news editor at the Tokyo Shimbun, a feisty metropolitan daily regarded in media circles as less submissive than national media.

I think this is the first time that criticism of the government itself has been so restrained, Hisadome said.

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Japanese media self-censorship seen growing during Abes reign

Snowden: Spy Agencies Screwed All of Us in Hacking Crypto Keys

NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden didnt mince words during a Reddit Ask Me Anything session on Monday when he said the NSA and the British spy agency GCHQ had screwed all of us when it hacked into the Dutch firm Gemalto to steal cryptographic keys used in billions of mobile SIM cards worldwide.

When the NSA and GCHQ compromised the security of potentially billions of phones (3g/4g encryption relies on the shared secret resident on the sim), Snowden wrote in the AMA, they not only screwed the manufacturer, they screwed all of us, because the only way to address the security compromise is to recall and replace every SIM sold by Gemalto.

Gemalto is one of the leading makers of SIM cards used in billions of mobile phones around the world to secure the communications of telecom customers of AT&T, T-Mobile, Verizon, Sprint and more than 400 other wireless carriers in 85 countries. Stealing the crypto keys essentially allows the spy agencies to wiretap and decipher encrypted phone communications at will without the assistance of telecom carriers or the oversight of a court or government. The keys also allow the agencies to decrypt previously intercepted messages they hadnt been able to crack.

But in stealing the keys with the aim of targeting the communications of specific customers, the spy agencies undermine the security of billions of other customers.

Our governments should never be weighing the equities in an intelligence gathering operation such that a temporary benefit to surveillance regarding a few key targets is seen as more desireable than protecting the communications of a global system Snowden wrote.

As The Intercept reported last week, the spy agencies targeted employees of the Dutch firm, reading their siphoned emails and scouring their Facebook posts to obtain information that would help the agencies hack the employees. Once on employee systems, the spy agencies planted backdoors and other tools to give them a persistent foothold on the companys network. We believe we have their entire network, the author of a PowerPoint slide, leaked by Snowden to journalist Glenn Greenwald, boasted about the hack.

Snowden commented on the story after being asked what he thought about recent revelations from Kaspersky Lab that it had uncovered a spy module, believed to belong to the NSA, designed for hacking the firmware of hard drives. Snowden said the firmware hacking was significant but even more significant was the theft of the crypto keys.

[A]lthough firmware exploitation is nasty, Snowden responded, its at least theoretically reparable: tools could plausibly be created to detect the bad firmware hashes and re-flash good ones. This isnt the same for SIMs, which are flashed at the factory and never touched again.

Julian Sanchez of the Cato Institute shared Snowdens sentiments about the crypto theft.

We hear a great deal lately about the value of information sharing in cybersecurity, he wrote in a blog post about the hack of Gemalto. Well, heres a case where NSA had information that the technology American citizens and companies rely on to protect their communications was not only vulnerable, but had in fact been compromised.[T]his is one more demonstration that proposals to require telecommunications providers and device manufacturers to build law enforcement backdoors in their products are a terrible, terrible idea. As security experts have rightly insisted all along, requiring companies to keep a repository of keys to unlock those backdoors makes the key repository itself a prime target for the most sophisticated attackerslike NSA and GCHQ.

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Snowden: Spy Agencies Screwed All of Us in Hacking Crypto Keys

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