Jane Austen and the Second Amendment

No, this isnt about the arsenal you should have to fight the zombie invasion, but rather about punctuation. The Second Amendment famously reads (at least in its official version):

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Whats with those commas after Militia and Arms? Well, as Steven Pinkers superb new The Sense of Style: The Thinking Persons Guide to Writing in the 21st Century notes, the famous first line of Pride and Prejudice likewise reads,

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.

The commas in this sentence are likewise odd to the modern eye, but that just reflects a shift in comma use from 200 years ago: Around 1800, commas were used in large part to indicate the flow of a spoken sentence: Pinker notes that [w]riters used to place them wherever a pause felt natural, regardless of the sentences syntax. Today, though, commas are generally used to demarcate particular syntactic features of the sentence; they arent used just to indicate pauses (though sometimes the syntactic comma does fall in a place where an oral pause would also be normal).

The Constitution itself offers many more examples of commas in places where we wouldnt see them today, for instance,

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof .

[N]o Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office .

Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort.

Nor does this just reflect some general comma before shall' rule; the Constitution often uses no comma in front of similar shall constructions. Rather, the function of a comma seems to have more broadly changed (and largely narrowed) since 1791 and 1813.

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Jane Austen and the Second Amendment

Second Amendment – Web Mashup for Second, Amendment …

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Bill of Rights | LII / Legal Information Institute First Amendment [Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, Petition (1791)] (see annotations) Second Amendment [Right to Bear Arms (1791)] (see annotations) http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.billofrights.html

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Volokh Conspiracy: Jane Austen and the Second Amendment

No, this isnt about the arsenal you should have to fight the zombie invasion, but rather about punctuation. The Second Amendment famously reads (at least in its official version):

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Whats with those commas after Militia and Arms? Well, as Steven Pinkers superb new The Sense of Style: The Thinking Persons Guide to Writing in the 21st Century notes, the famous first line of Pride and Prejudice likewise reads,

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.

The commas in this sentence are likewise odd to the modern eye, but that just reflects a shift in comma use from 200 years ago: Around 1800, commas were used in large part to indicate the flow of a spoken sentence: Pinker notes that [w]riters used to place them wherever a pause felt natural, regardless of the sentences syntax. Today, though, commas are generally used to demarcate particular syntactic features of the sentence; they arent used just to indicate pauses (though sometimes the syntactic comma does fall in a place where an oral pause would also be normal).

The Constitution itself offers many more examples of commas in places where we wouldnt see them today, for instance,

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof .

[N]o Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office .

Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort.

Nor does this just reflect some general comma before shall' rule; the Constitution often uses no comma in front of similar shall constructions. Rather, the function of a comma seems to have more broadly changed (and largely narrowed) since 1791 and 1813.

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Volokh Conspiracy: Jane Austen and the Second Amendment

How to get around gov't curbs on the Internet

Robert Epstein, senior research psychologist at the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, recommended using a program called Tor, an open network software program that lets users surf the web anonymously. Epstein suggested putting the program on a flash drive or SD card rather than on hardware.

"That way, even if your computer is inspected, there will be no sign of Tor on it," he told CNBC.

Once in the program, double-click on "Start Tor Browser" to open a special version of Firefox that gives secure access to any website. Tor works by relaying users' request to visit a site through multiple computers around the world. To speed up that process, click on the tools tab in the upper-left corner of the browser and "change your identity" to reroute and thus get faster access.

"No matter what country you are in, if you want to preserve your privacy online, you should probably never go directly to Google.com through a conventional browser," he said. A proxy from Google known as http://startpage.com is, along with Tor, "for almost anyone, anywhere, the safest ways to access the Internet at the moment."

Reuters contributed to this report.

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How to get around gov't curbs on the Internet

Get past government Internet blocks

Robert Epstein, senior research psychologist at the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, recommended using a program called Tor, an open network software program that lets users surf the web anonymously. Epstein suggested putting the program on a flash drive or SD card rather than on hardware.

"That way, even if your computer is inspected, there will be no sign of Tor on it," he told CNBC.

Once in the program, double-click on "Start Tor Browser" to open a special version of Firefox that gives secure access to any website. Tor works by relaying users' request to visit a site through multiple computers around the world. To speed up that process, click on the tools tab in the upper-left corner of the browser and "change your identity" to reroute and thus get faster access.

"No matter what country you are in, if you want to preserve your privacy online, you should probably never go directly to Google.com through a conventional browser," he said. A proxy from Google known as http://startpage.com is, along with Tor, "for almost anyone, anywhere, the safest ways to access the Internet at the moment."

Reuters contributed to this report.

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Get past government Internet blocks

Navigating the cryptocurrency minefield

Contrary to popular belief, virtual currency is actually extremely secure

The online payments industry is in a phase of change with developments coming thick and fast in how payments are made, on what devices and in what form.

Understandably, many businesses trying to navigate the online payments industry are finding it hard to know which direction to take in these turbulent times.

However, the variety of new payment opportunities also makes it an exciting time for those who are willing to take a gamble and ride the rapids, so to speak.

One of the most intriguing developments in the payments industry is the rise of cryptocurrencies, which have the potential to completely alter the landscape of the industry as we know it.

>See also:Something you didn't notice in the Chancellor's Budget 2015: a step forward for bitcoin

Free from any banking or state authority, and designed for the world of online payments, cryptocurrencies are arguably the next step in the evolution of money. Yet, despite all its revolutionary potential, this is a payment option that many businesses are wary of.

The big concern with cryptocurrency is how secure an investment it is without the same levels of regulations in place, and with no insurance, how can you guarantee your money will retain its value, or be there at all?

Moreover, only years into the short history of cryptocurrency there are already real-life examples of how it can go terribly wrong.

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Navigating the cryptocurrency minefield

Bitcoin Foundation new boss looks to crowdfunding to secure future

The Bitcoin Foundation's new chief says that crowdfunding could help secure the future of the group that promotes the development of the digital currency.

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Bruce Fenton, once a Morgan Stanley stockbroker, has just been appointed executive director, according to the foundation's blog, replacing Patrick Murck, who was interim executive director.

The foundation faces financial problems linked to the drop in the value of its bitcoin holdings.

"I'm confident that we can run a lean and effective foundation and run at a budget surplus by using our resources carefully," Fenton said via email, adding he has not had a chance to review the foundation's assets in detail yet.

"I'd also like to see us use more decentralized tools like crowdfunding," Fenton said. Crowdfunding can be a creative way for members to support the projects they care about, he added.

He also stressed the need for feedback and engagement from corporate and individual members of the foundation.

Fenton, founder of investment firm Atlantic Financial in Massachusetts, worked at Morgan Stanley in the 1990s, specializing in emerging technologies. He is a member of the Bitcoin Association, another bitcoin promotion group, and has organized the Dubai Bitcoin Conference and advised bitcoin startups.

Fenton takes the helm of an organization marked by controversy. His appointment follows the rejection of board member Olivier Janssens' claim that it is effectively bankrupt.

Among its founding members are Charlie Shrem, who pleaded guilty to transmitting money linked to the Silk Road online drugs site, and Mark Karpeles, who presided over the collapse of MtGox, once the world's largest trading place for bitcoin. Board members have quit in frustration or spoken out against the foundation.

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Bitcoin Foundation new boss looks to crowdfunding to secure future

New Bitcoin Foundation chief eyes crowdfunding

The newly appointed head of the Bitcoin Foundation, a group that promotes development of the digital currency, believes crowdfunding is one part of the solution for its troubled finances.

A one-time Morgan Stanley stockbroker, investment advisor Bruce Fenton was appointed executive director based on a vote of five ayes to one abstention by the groups board of directors, the foundation wrote on its blog. He replaces Patrick Murck, who was interim executive director.

The move follows an admission by the foundation that it faces large financial problems linked to the drop in the value of its bitcoin holdings. It rejected board member Olivier Janssens claim that it is effectively bankrupt.

Im confident that we can run a lean and effective foundation and run at a budget surplus by using our resources carefully, Fenton said via email, adding he has not had a chance to review the foundations assets in detail yet.

Id also like to see us use more decentralized tools like crowdfunding, Fenton said. Crowdfunding can be a creative way for members to support the projects they care about, he added.

He also stressed the need for feedback and engagement from corporate and individual members of the foundation.

Fenton, founder of investment firm Atlantic Financial in Massachusetts, worked at Morgan Stanley in the 1990s, specializing in emerging technologies. He is a member of the Bitcoin Association, another bitcoin promotion group, and has organized the Dubai Bitcoin Conference and advised bitcoin startups.

Fenton takes the helm of an organization marked by controversy. Among its founding members are Charlie Shrem, who pleaded guilty to transmitting money linked to the Silk Road online drugs site, and Mark Karpeles, who presided over the collapse of MtGox, once the worlds largest trading place for bitcoin. Board members have quit in frustration or spoken out against the foundation.

Tim Hornyak reports on IT, telecommunications, science, and technology in Japan for the IDG News Service. More by Tim Hornyak

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New Bitcoin Foundation chief eyes crowdfunding

Paedophiles sell child abuse images for bitcoin

Bitcoin is completely decentralised, which means that no single authority can prevent trades from being made, or blacklist buyers and sellers. Photograph: Siegfried Layda/Getty Images

Paedophiles are using the digital currency bitcoin to buy child sexual abuse images online, according to the Internet Watch Foundation.

In its annual report for 2014, the group, which is tasked with attacking the problem of child abuse images online, said a number of the most prolific commercial child sexual abuse websites started accepting the currency as a payment for images last year. It discovered 37 websites selling the images for bitcoins between January and April 2014.

The group said that illegal content was being sold in folders on legitimate websites which had been hacked, and that URLs for the websites were distributed via spam emails.

Bitcoin has a number of properties which make it well suited for trading illegal material such as child sex abuse images. The cryptocurrency is completely decentralised, which means that no single authority can prevent trades from being made, or blacklist buyers and sellers.

It is also largely pseudonymous, and there is nothing inherent to a bitcoin wallet that links it to any real-world individual. When the currency is used with care, it can be nearly impossible to discover the people behind online trades a fact which was responsible for bitcoins first major real-world use, underpinning the online drugs marketplace the Silk Road.

But while the currency is often described as anonymous and untraceable, there are a number of elements to its design which law enforcement authorities have been able to use to track down people attempting to use bitcoin illegally. The decentralised nature of the currency means that every single transaction is made in public, and in order to convert bitcoins into a conventional currency, they must typically be bought and sold through a bitcoin exchange. Those exchanges are often legally required to keep detailed records on customers, in order to comply with money-laundering regulations.

The IWF said it was working with several of the worlds largest bitcoin exchanges to share intelligence and develop strategies for preventing the currency being used by distributors of child sexual abuse images.

Emma Hardy, the IWFs director of external relations, said: One area we look at in particular is the commerciality of child sexual abuse images and videos people who want to buy and sell this type of content online.

We noticed for the first time ever last year that cryptocurrency or bitcoin was being used.

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Paedophiles sell child abuse images for bitcoin

Beyond bitcoin and the blockchain to booming business

Editors note: this post is part of our investigation into the future of money. The full video compilation from our first event, Bitcoin & the Blockchain, is now available.

The vision for bitcoin and the blockchain is unabashedly optimistic, though already it is being realized. More and more technologists, venture capitalists, financial institutions, and even regulators are seeing its long-term potential to transform industries, from financial services to data management to the Internet of Things. In the medium term, there remain hurdles to overcome before blockchain technology can offer sufficiently compelling solutions for the complex financial and technological world we live in, but there is progress to date and its promising.

Blockchain-based remittance vehicles offered by Coins.ph, BitPagos, and BitPesa, though early stage, aim to take a chunk of the $450 billion remittance industry by offering speedier, more efficient, and cheaper alternatives to traditional solutions. BitPay offers bitcoin/fiat payment processing for merchants as well as bank integration. Increasingly, private investors are diversifying their portfolios by purchasing bitcoin alongside traditional assets. Most recently, Coinbase even received funding from a group of blue-chip investors, including the New York Stock Exchange, and launched its own exchange, signaling both greater acceptance by the financial services industry as well as confidence in its future value. Ripple Labs has taken a very different approach with its protocol, permitting the decentralized transmission of practically any currency type cryptographic or fiat like an SMTP for money, and circumventing traditional payment networks. And to this end, its already inked agreements with Cross River Bank (New Jersey), CBW Bank (Kansas), and Fidor Bank (Germany), with more on the horizon.

Whats more, the U.S. regulatory regime is warming to digital currency. New Yorks Department of Financial Services has been engaged and is using its BitLicense to chart a path for regulating and ensuring public trust in the industry. The same attitude has been reflected by both FinCEN and the SEC as well. California recently lifted its bitcoin ban and has followed New Yorks footsteps by proposing its own (albeit problematic) BitLicense. Since last spring, the Federal Election Committee has allowed limited donations in bitcoin to political candidates. And in response, the digital currency industry has been more than cooperative, working hard to protect consumers, abide by Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) laws, and iterate quickly following security snafus. We still await good federal legislation to replace the unwieldy state-by-state regulatory pastiche that seems to be forming, but its coming the regulatory picture is becoming clearer. For potential investors, clients, and business partners, the assurance that digital currency companies are legitimate is an important step.

These developments undoubtedly portend a promising future, though we still have a long way to go. Perhaps surprisingly, the non-monetary applications of bitcoins technology might be the most interesting thing about it. The coin itself, after all, is merely a cryptographic asset whose content specifications and applications can be retooled for a range of purposes. Companies like Filament and IBM, for example, have begun exploring how the specially designed decentralized ledgers can be used to enable devices to communicate service needs and other information among their owners and vendors for household, commercial, and industrial purposes. Similarly, Factom, Maidsafe, and Storj are solving how the blockchain can be used to cryptographically secure, store, and update data not only to improve the protection of data from loss or theft, but also to protect owner privacy. The range of use cases and benefits is hard to overstate: connected automobiles or industrial equipment that could report repair needs and schedule maintenance, washing machines that can order more detergent when levels are low, more standardized and secure electronic medical records systems, and more.

Moreover, existing digital currency protocols are evolving to become properly useful to the financial services industry, though there is progress to be made, too. Remittance, payments, and exchange services are important; however, financial instruments such as complex debt instruments that depend upon mortgages and fractional reserve lending are financial services lifeblood, yet today are technically impossible. Blockchain 2.0-type projects like Ethereum and Ripples Codius hold real promise in this regard, but they are still under development. And once these developments can be readily deployed, they should offer a truly unprecedented range of new financial, legal, and commercial possibilities fueled by vast libraries of decentralize apps (DApps), including self-executing smart contracts, smart oracles, and more.

In getting there, the digital currency world and established industries need each other now more than ever. On the one hand, older industries undoubtedly have much to gain by actively participating in the ongoing blockchain development process. IBM, mentioned earlier, has most definitely realized this with the contribution of its ADEPT protocol; MasterCard has kept its options open in this direction, too, with the inclusion of digital currency in its proposed Global Shopping Cart. Banks, telcos, home electronics companies, shipping companies, and auto manufacturers should all follow suit. All have something to gain by not only investing in new blockchain technologies, but helping new companies understand and navigate their landscapes more effectively in order to produce truly transformative products.

It behooves many in the digital currency community to seek out financial relationships early on to bridge the knowledge gap.

The blockchain and digital currency worlds, in turn, have much to gain from better understanding the deep needs and inefficiencies of the sectors theyre entering. Finance is one looming example. A common and disconcerting refrain among the financial services professionals I interact with is that, although there are certainly exceptions, many developers dont sufficiently understand a number of the financial processes they intend to disrupt e.g., how credit cards work, how and why the Federal Reserve moves interest rates, how derivatives work, how equities trades are cleared, why fractional reserve banking is essential, etc. Thats hardly surprising given finances complexity, but it ultimately means that some innovations either arent as useful as some hope or they create more problems than they solve. For that reason, it behooves many in the digital currency community to seek out financial relationships early on to bridge the knowledge gap and invent even more disruptive products and processes. Mutatis mutandis, the same could be said for any other industry.

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Beyond bitcoin and the blockchain to booming business

Curing Psoriasis Naturally Week 29, GUESS THE SONG, BLOOD RAIN IS COMING and MORE PENNY TIME – Video


Curing Psoriasis Naturally Week 29, GUESS THE SONG, BLOOD RAIN IS COMING and MORE PENNY TIME
A fantastic week, skin is doing very well. The UK weather has been absolutely stunning this week and the sun has been very warm. This has helped a lot I think, I #39;ve even got a slight tan! ...

By: Jon Maddison

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Curing Psoriasis Naturally Week 29, GUESS THE SONG, BLOOD RAIN IS COMING and MORE PENNY TIME - Video

Crysis 3 Walkthrough Gameplay Part 1 – Post Human – (Xbox 360) – Video


Crysis 3 Walkthrough Gameplay Part 1 - Post Human - (Xbox 360)
Crysis 3 Walkthrough Gameplay Part 1 - Post Human - (Xbox 360) Crysis 3 Walkthrough Gameplay Part 1 This video includes the 1st part of Crysis 3 that is played on the Xbox 360. Crysis 3 is...

By: BasicHaddock4

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Crysis 3 Walkthrough Gameplay Part 1 - Post Human - (Xbox 360) - Video

AT WTTC Summit, Sustainable Travel International Announces Campaign to Rally the Industry Around Monitoring …

MADRID, April 14, 2015 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ --At the World Travel & Tourism Council 2015 Global Summit in Madrid, the NGO Sustainable Travel Internationalhas unveiled an industry-wide campaign entitled 10 Million Betterto monitor and scale up social and environmental benefits from travel and tourism.

The ten-year initiative convenes leading tourism corporations, organizations, and destinations around the goal of tracking and demonstrating improvements in the lives of at least 10 million people and their families by 2025, including growth in income and opportunity, and better protection of destinations' natural, cultural and heritage sites.The campaign will create and distribute an accessible, open-source impact monitoring tool designed to overcome existing barriers and allow all kinds of destinations and businesses to monitor tourism's benefits, establish a baseline, aggregate results, and report improvements over time.

Sustainable Travel International announced the 10 Million Better campaign in a joint presentation today at WTTC's "Tourism for Tomorrow" awards event in Madrid. It featured Dr. Louise Twining-Ward, CEO of Sustainable Travel International, Brian Mullis, Chairman of the Board and Founder of Sustainable Travel International, and Inge Huijbrechts, Vice President Responsible Business atCarlsonRezidor Hotel Group.

Ms. Huijbrechts is among the industry leaders serving as a campaign ambassador.Others include representatives of Delaware North, Intrepid Travel, and the Soneva Group. The campaign is also endorsed by Sustainable Travel Leadership Network and Sustainable Destination Leadership Network, which represent leading brands committed to advancing the industry's sustainability efforts, including Globus, Finnair, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ltd., United Airlines and others.

"Collectively, our industry has the power to influence the protection of the environment, promotion of economic equality and preservation of the social well-being and cultural traditions of communities around the globe," saidJerryJacobs, Jr., Co-CEO of the global hospitality and entertainment group Delaware North Companies, Inc. "We're wholly committed to ensuring travel and tourism continues to do better by our world."

"There is a new readiness and urgency for the industry to act together," said Sustainable Travel International's Twining-Ward. "A big shift is needed to ensure tourism fulfills its potential to improve lives in tourism-dependent communities."

Contact: Stephen Kent, skent@kentcom.com, US mobile + 914 589 5988.

SOURCE Sustainable Travel International

RELATED LINKS http://www.sustainabletravel.org

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AT WTTC Summit, Sustainable Travel International Announces Campaign to Rally the Industry Around Monitoring ...