Urban Dictionary: libertarianism

Posted on by

The political philosophy that...

1. ...says no one has the right to initate force against another. Period. Even if it's for their own good.

2. ...says government in a free society exists only to (A)protect its citizens from having force initated on them, and to (B)punish those who have initiated force on others.

3. ...IS NOT ANARCHISM, a belief that everything government provides, society can provide more effectively.

4. ...was derived from classical liberalism, the very philosophy that the United States was founded apon and roughly operated under up until the end of the 1800s.

5. ...is the most logical, humane, and ethical political system ever thought of.

For insight on the *practical* benefits of such a system, interested bodies should read "Healing Our World" by Dr. Mary J. Ruwart, just to get started. (Freely available on the Net.)

"(Left-)Liberals want the government to be your Mommy. Conservatives want government to be your Daddy. Libertarians want it to treat you like an adult."

A political philosophy based on the Non-Aggression Principle, which holds that people should be allowed to live as they choose and make their own choices without interference from government or others, so long as those choices do not involve the initiation of force or fraud against others.

Libertarianism is the opposite of authoritarianism or statism, which is the idea that governments should largely control people, allocate their resources, and make decisions for them, allegedly for their own good or the good of society (in practice usually for the good of those running the government).

The main problem with this delusional notion of co-existence is that it runs afoul of an annoying immutable natural law - roughly translated as "nature abhors a vacuum" - that's understood and exploited by every drug pusher, credit card issuer, Las Vegas casino, and Madison Avenue marketer and even the bailout-happy U.S. Federal Reserve and which was summed up by Edmund Burke:

"Men are qualified for civil liberty in exact proportion to their disposition to put moral chains upon their own appetites; in proportion as they are disposed to listen to the counsels of the wise and good in preference to the flattery of knaves.

"Society cannot exist, unless a controlling power upon will and appetite be placed somewhere; and the less of it there is within, the more there must be without.

"It is ordained in the eternal constitution of things, that men of intemperate minds cannot be free. Their passions forge their fetters."

-or as John Adams said:

(The U.S.) constitution was made for a moral and religious people; it is wholly inadequate for any other.

"We favor the repeal of all laws creating 'crimes' without victims, such as the use of drugs for medicinal or recreational purposes."

"The only legitimate use of force is in defense of individual rights life, liberty, and justly acquired property against aggression"

Noun. The belief that pursuing one's own self-interest, while shirking larger social responsibilities, is still somehow humanitarian.

Libertarianism is how the advantaged describe their neglect of the les-advantage: they're "protecting everyone's freedom" by respecting the impoverished's right to be poor.

Also known as Libertarian Capitalism, not to be confused with Libertarian Socialism, which can lay a true claim to the term.

How would you like to pay for air?

To put it bluntly, a political theory for people who don't have the balls to admit they are anarchists.

Random libertarian: No, I'm no anarchist. I just don't believe government should interfere with my live at all. That's all... honest...

Read more:

Urban Dictionary: libertarianism

What’s wrong with libertarianism – Zompist.com

Posted on by

"That perfect liberty they sigh for-- the liberty of making slaves of other people-- Jefferson never thought of; their own father never thought of; they never thought of themselves, a year ago." -- Abraham Lincoln

Apparently someone's curse worked: we live in interesting times, and among other consequences, for no good reason we have a surplus of libertarians. With this article I hope to help keep the demand low, or at least to explain to libertarian correspondents why they don't impress me with comments like "You sure love letting people steal your money!"

This article has been rewritten, for two reasons. First, the original article had sidebars to address common objections. From several people's reactions, it seems that they never read these. They're now incorporated into the text.

Second, and more importantly, many people who call themselves libertarians didn't recognize themselves in the description. There are libertarians and libertarians, and sometimes different camps despise each other-- or don't seem to be aware of each other.

If you--

...then this page isn't really addressed to you. You're probably more of what I'd call a small-government conservative; and if you voted against Bush, we can probably get along just fine.

On the other hand, you might want to stick around to see what your more fundamentalist colleagues are saying.

Libertarianism strikes me as if someone (let's call her "Ayn Rand") sat down to create the Un-Communism. Thus:

Does this sound exaggerated? Let's listen to Murray Rothbard:

Or here's Lew Rockwell on Rothbard (emphasis mine):

Thomas DiLorenzo on worker activism: "[L]abor unions [pursue] policies which impede the very institutions of capitalism that are the cause of their own prosperity." Or Ludwig von Mises: "What is today euphemistically called the right to strike is in fact the right of striking workers, by recourse to violence, to prevent people who want to work from working." (Employer violence is apparently acceptable.) The Libertarian Party platform explains that workers have no right to protest drug tests, and supports the return of child labor.

On Nietzsche, as one of my correspondents puts it, some libertarians love Nietzsche; others have read him. (Though I would respond that some people idolize executives; others have worked for them.) Nonetheless, I think the Nietzschean atmosphere of burning rejection of conventional morality, exaltation of the will to power, and scorn for womanish Christian compassion for the masses, is part of the roots of libertarianism. It's unmistakable in Ayn Rand.

The more important point, however, is that the capitalist is the ber-villain for communists, and a glorious hero for libertarians; that property is "theft" for the communists, and a "natural right" for libertarians. These dovetail a little too closely for coincidence. It's natural enough, when a basic element of society is attacked as an evil, for its defenders to counter-attack by elevating it into a principle.

As we should have learned from the history of communism and fascism, however, contradiction is no guarantee of truth; it can lead one into an opposite error instead. And many who rejected communism nonetheless remained zealots. People who leave one ideological extreme usually end up at the other, either quickly (David Horowitz) or slowly (Mario Vargas Llosa). If you're the sort of person who likes absolutes, you want them even if all your other convictions change.

The methodology isn't much different either: oppose the obvious evils of the world with a fairy tale. The communist of 1910 couldn't point to a single real-world instance of his utopia; neither can the present-day libertarian. Yet they're unshakeable in their conviction that it can and must happen.

Academic libertarians love abstract, fact-free arguments-- often, justifications for why property is an absolute right. As a random example, from one James Craig Green:

Examples of natural property in land and water resources have already been given, but deserve more detail. An illustration of how this would be accomplished is a farm with irrigation ditches to grow crops in dry western states. To appropriate unowned natural resources, a settler used his labor to clear the land and dug ditches to carry water from a river for irrigation. Crops were planted, buildings were constructed, and the property thus created was protected by the owner from aggression or the later claims of others. This process was a legitimate creation of property.

The first paragraph is pure fantasy, and is simply untrue as a portrait of "primitive tribes", which are generally extremely collectivist by American standards. The second sounds good precisely because it leaves out all the actual facts of American history: the settlers' land was not "unowned" but stolen from the Indians by state conquest (and much of it stolen from the Mexicans as well); the lands were granted to the settlers by government; the communities were linked to the national economy by railroads founded by government grant; the crops were adapted to local conditions by land grant colleges.

Thanks to my essay on taxes, I routinely get mail featuring impassioned harangues which never once mention a real-world fact-- or which simply make up the statistics they want.

This sort of balls-out aggressivity probably wins points at parties, where no one is going to take down an almanac and check their figures; but to me it's a cardinal sin. If someone has an answer for everything, advocates changes which have never been tried, and presents dishonest evidence, he's a crackpot. If a man has no doubts, it's because his hypothesis is unfalsifiable.

Distaste for facts isn't merely a habit of a few Internet cranks; it's actually libertarian doctrine, the foundation of the 'Austrian school'. Here's Ludwig von Mises in Epistemological Problems of Economics:

The 'other sources' turn out to be armchair ruminations on how things must be. It's true enough that economics is not physics; but that's not warrant to turn our backs on the methods of science and return to scholastic speculation. Economics should always move in the direction of science, experiment, and falsifiability. If it were really true that it cannot, then no one, including the libertarians, would be entitled to strong belief in any economic program.

Some people aren't much bothered by libertarianism's lack of real-world success. After all, they argue, if no one tried anything new, nothing would ever change.

In fact, I'm all for experimentation; that's how we learn. Create a libertarian state. But run it as a proper experiment. Start small-scale. Establish exactly how your claims will be tested: per capita income? median income? life expectancy? property value? surveys on happiness? Set up a control: e.g. begin with two communities as close as we can get them in size, initial wealth, resources, and culture, one following liberalism, one following libertarianism. Abide by the results-- no changing the goalposts if the liberals happen to "win".

I'm even willing to look at partial tests. If an ideology is really better than others at producing general prosperity, then following it partially should produce partially better results. Jonathan Kwitny suggested comparing a partly socialist system (e.g. Tanzania) to a partly capitalist one (e.g. Kenya). (Kenya looked a lot better.) If the tests are partial, of course, we'll want more of them; but human experience is pretty broad.

It's the libertarians, not me, who stand in the way of such accountability. If I point out examples of nations partially following libertarian views-- we'll get to this below-- I'm told that they don't count: only Pure Real Libertarianism Of My Own Camp can be tested.

Again, all-or-nothing thinking generally goes with intellectual fraud. If a system is untestable, it's because its proponents fear testing. By contrast, I'm confident enough in liberal and scientific values that I'm happy to see even partial adoption. Even a little freedom is better than dictatorship. Even a little science is better than ideology.

An untested political system unfortunately has great rhetorical appeal. Since we can't see it in action, we can't point out its obvious faults, while the ideologue can be caustic about everything that has actually been tried, and which has inevitably fallen short of perfection. Perhaps that's why Dave Barry and Trey Parker are libertarians. But I'd rather vote for a politician who's shown that his programs work in the real world than for a humorist, however amusing.

At this point some libertarian readers are pumping their hands in the air like a piston, anxious to explain that their ideal isn't Rothbard or von Mises or Hayek, but the Founding Fathers.

Nice try. Everybody wants the Founders on their side; but it was a different country back then-- 95% agricultural, low density, highly homogenous, primitive in technology-- and modern libertarianism simply doesn't apply. (The OED's citations of the word for the time are all theological.)

All American political movements have their roots in the 1700s-- indeed, in the winning side, since Loyalist opinion essentially disappeared. We are all-- liberals, conservatives, libertarians-- against the Georgian monarchy and for the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. You can certainly find places where one Founder or another rants against government; you can find other places where one Founder or another rants against rebellion, anarchy, and the opponents of federalism. Sometimes the same Founder can be quoted on both sides. They were a mixed bunch, and lived long enough lives to encounter different situations.

The Constitution is above all a definition of a strengthened government, and the Federalist Papers are an extended argument for it. The Founders negotiated a balance between a government that was arbitrary and coercive (their experience as British colonial subjects) and one that was powerless and divided (the failed Articles of Confederation).

The Founders didn't anticipate the New Deal-- there was no need for them to-- but they were as quick to resort to the resources of the state as any modern liberal. Ben Franklin, for instance, played the Pennsylvania legislature like a violin-- using it to fund a hospital he wanted to establish, for instance. Obviously he had no qualms about using state power to do good social works.

It's also worth pointing out that the Founders' words were nobler than their deeds. Most were quite comfortable with slave-owning, for instance. No one worried about women's consent to be governed. Washington's own administration made it a crime to criticize the government. And as Robert Allen Rutland reminds us,

The process of giving life to our constitutional rights has largely been the work of liberals. On the greatest fight of all, to treat blacks as human beings, libertarians supported the other side.

Crackpots are usually harmless; how about the Libertarian Party?

In itself, I'm afraid, it's nothing but a footnote. It gets no more than 1% of the vote-- a showing that's been surpassed historically by the Anti-Masonic Party, the Greenbacks, the Prohibition Party, the Socialists, the Greens, and whatever John Anderson was. If that was all it was, I wouldn't bother to devote pages and rants to it. I'm all for the expression of pure eccentricity in politics; I like the Brits' Monster Raving Looney Party even better.

Why are libertarian ideas important? Because of their influence on the Republican Party. They form the ideological basis for the Reagan/Gingrich/Bush revolution. The Republicans have taken the libertarian "Government is Bad" horse and ridden far with it:

Maybe this use of their ideas is appalling to 'Real Libertarians'... well, it's an appalling world sometimes. Is it fair to communism that everyone thinks its Leninist manifestation is the only possible one? Do you think I'm happy to have national representatives like Dukakis, Gore, and Kerry?

At least some libertarians have understood the connection. Rothbard again, writing in 1994:

Can you smell the compromise here? Hold your nose and vote for the Repubs, boys. But then don't pretend to be uninvolved when the Republicans start making a mockery of limited government.

There's a deeper lesson here, and it's part of why I don't buy libertarian portraits of the future utopia. Movements out of power are always anti-authoritarian; it's no guarantee that they'll stay that way. Communists before 1917 promised the withering away of the state. Fascists out of power sounded something like socialists. The Republicans were big on term limits when they could be used to unseat Democrats; they say nothing about them today. If you don't think it can happen to you, you're not being honest about human nature and human history.

The Libertarian Party has a cute little test that purports to divide American politics into four quadrants. There's the economic dimension (where libertarians ally with conservatives) and the social dimension (where libertarians ally with liberals).

I think the diagram is seriously misleading, because visually it gives equal importance to both dimensions. And when the rubber hits the road, libertarians almost always go with the economic dimension.

The libertarian philosopher always starts with property rights. Libertarianism arose in opposition to the New Deal, not to Prohibition. The libertarian voter is chiefly exercised over taxes, regulation, and social programs; the libertarian wing of the Republican party has, for forty years, gone along with the war on drugs, corporate welfare, establishment of dictatorships abroad, and an alliance with theocrats. Christian libertarians like Ron Paul want God in the public schools and are happy to have the government forbid abortion and gay marriage. I never saw the libertarians objecting to Bush Sr. mocking the protection of civil rights, or to Ken Starr's government inquiry into politicians' sex lives. On the Cato Institute's list of recent books, I count 1 of 19 dealing with an issue on which libertarians and liberals tend to agree, and that was on foreign policy (specifically, the Iraq war).

If this is changing, as Bush's never-ending "War on Terror" expands the powers of government, demonizes dissent, and enmeshes the country in military crusades and nation-building, as the Republicans push to remove the checks and balances that remain in our government system-- if libertarians come to realize that Republicans and not Democrats are the greater threat to liberty-- I'd be delighted.

But for that, you know, you have to vote against Bush. A belief in social liberties means little if you vote for a party that clearly intends to restrict them.

For the purposes of my critique, however, the social side of libertarianism is irrelevant. A libertarian and I might actually agree to legalize drugs, let people marry whoever they like, and repeal the Patriot Act. But this has nothing to do with whether robber baron capitalism is a good thing.

The libertarianism that has any effect in the world, then, has nothing to do with social liberty, and everything to do with removing all restrictions on business. So what's wrong with that?

Let's look at some cases that came within spitting distance of the libertarian ideal. Some libertarians won't like these, because they are not Spotless Instances of the Free Utopia; but as I've said, nothing is proved by science fiction. If complete economic freedom and absence of government is a cure-all, partial economic freedom and limited government should be a cure-some.

At the turn of the 20th century, business could do what it wanted-- and it did. The result was robber barons, monopolistic gouging, management thugs attacking union organizers, filth in our food, a punishing business cycle, slavery and racial oppression, starvation among the elderly, gunboat diplomacy in support of business interests.

The New Deal itself was a response to crisis (though by no means an unprecedented one; it wasn't much worse than the Gilded Age depressions). A quarter of the population was out of work. Five thousand banks failed, destroying the savings of 9 million families. Steel plants were operating at 12% capacity. Banks foreclosed on a quarter of Mississippi's land. Wall Street was discredited by insider trading and collusion with banks at the expense of investors. Farmers were breaking out into open revolt; miners and jobless city workers were rioting.

Don't think, by the way, that if governments don't provide gunboats, no one else will. Corporations will build their own military if necessary: the East Indies Company did; Leopold did in the Congo; management did when fighting with labor.

Or take Russia in the decade after the fall of Communism, as advised by free-market absolutists like Jeffrey Sachs. Russian GDP declined 50% in five years. The elite grabbed the assets they could and shuffled them out of Russia so fast that IMF loans couldn't compensate. In 1994 alone, 600 businessmen, journalists, and politicians were murdered by gangsters. Russia lacked a working road system, a banking system, anti-monopoly regulation, effective law enforcement, or any sort of safety net for the elderly and the jobless. Inflation reached 2250% in 1992. Central government authority effectively disappeared in many regions.

By the way, Russia is the answer to those testosterone-poisoned folks who think that guns will prevent oppression. The mafia will always outgun you.

Today's Russia is moving back toward authoritarianism under Putin. Again, this should dismay libertarians: apparently, given a little freedom, many people will demand less. You'd better be careful about setting up that utopia; ten years further on it may be taken over by authoritarians.

Or consider the darling of many an '80s conservative: Pinochet's Chile, installed by Nixon, praised by Jeanne Kirkpatrick, George Bush, and Paul Johnson. In twenty years, foreign debt quadrupled, natural resources were wasted, universal health care was abandoned (leading to epidemics of typhoid fever and hepatitis), unions were outlawed, military spending rose (for what? who the hell is going to attack Chile?), social security was "privatized" (with predictable results: ever-increasing government bailouts) and the poverty rate doubled, from 20% to 41%. Chile's growth rate from 1974 to 1982 was 1.5%; the Latin American average was 4.3%.

Pinochet was a dicator, of course, which makes some libertarians feel that they have nothing to learn here. Somehow Chile's experience (say) privatizing social security can tell us nothing about privatizing social security here, because Pinochet was a dictator. Presumably if you set up a business in Chile, the laws of supply and demand and perhaps those of gravity wouldn't apply, because Pinochet was a dictator.

When it's convenient, libertarians even trumpet their association with Chile's "free market" policies; self-gov.org (originators of that cute quiz) includes a page celebrating Milton Friedman, self-proclaimed libertarian, who helped form and advise the group of University of Chicago professors and graduates who implemented Pinochet's policies. The Cato Institute even named a prize for "Advancing Liberty" after this benefactor of the Chilean dictatorship.

The newest testing ground for laissez-faire is present-day America, from Ronald Reagan on.

Remove the New Deal, and the pre-New Deal evils clamor to return. Reagan removed the right to strike; companies now fire strikers, outsource high-wage jobs and replace them with dead-end near-minimum-wage service jobs. Middle-class wages are stagnating-- or plummeting, if you consider that working hours are rising. Companies are rushing to reestablish child labor in the Third World.

Under liberalism, productivity increases benefited all classes-- poverty rates declined from over 30% to under 10% in the thirty years after World War II, while the economy more than quadrupled in size.

In the current libertarian climate, productivity gains only go to the already well-off. Here's the percentage of US national income received by certain percentiles of the population, as reported by the IRS:

This should put some perspective on libertarian whining about high taxes and how we're destroying incentives for the oppressed businessman. The wealthiest 1% of the population doubled their share of the pie in just 15 years. In 1973, CEOs earned 45 times the pay of an average employee (about twice the multipler in Japan); today it's 500 times.

Thirty years ago, managers accepted that they operated as much for their workers, consumers, and neighbors as for themselves. Some economists (notably Michael Jensen and William Meckling) decided that the only stakeholders that mattered were the stock owners-- and that management would be more accountable if they were given massive amounts of stock. Not surprisingly, CEOs managed to get the stock without the accountability-- they're obscenely well paid whether the company does well or it tanks-- and the obsession with stock price led to mass layoffs, short-term thinking, and the financial dishonesty at WorldCom, Enron, Adelphia, HealthSouth, and elsewhere.

The nature of our economic system has changed in the last quarter-century, and people haven't understood it yet. People over 30 or so grew up in an environment where the rich got more, but everyone prospered. When productivity went up, the rich got richer-- we're not goddamn communists, after all-- but everybody's income increased.

If you were part of the World War II generation, the reality was that you had access to subsidized education and housing, you lived better every year, and you were almost unimaginably better off than your parents.

We were a middle-class nation, perhaps the first nation in history where the majority of the people were comfortable. This infuriated the communists (this wasn't supposed to happen). The primeval libertarians who cranky about it as well, but the rich had little reason to complain-- they were better off than ever before, too.

Conservatives-- nurtured by libertarian ideas-- have managed to change all that. When productivity rises, the rich now keep the gains; the middle class barely stays where it is; the poor get poorer. We have a ways to go before we become a Third World country, but the model is clear. The goal is an impoverished majority, and a super-rich minority with no effective limitations on its power or earnings. We'll exchange the prosperity of 1950s America for that of 1980s Brazil.

Despite the intelligence of many of its supporters, libertarianism is an instance of the simplest (and therefore silliest) type of politics: the single-villain ideology. Everything is blamed on the government. (One libertarian, for instance, reading my list of the evils of laissez-faire above, ignored everything but "gunboats". It's like Gary Larson's cartoon of "What dogs understand", with the dog's name replaced with "government".)

The advantage of single-villain ideologies is obvious: in any given situation you never have to think hard to find out the culprit. The disadvantages, however, are worse: you can't see your primary target clearly-- hatred is a pair of dark glasses-- and you can't see the problems with anything else.

It's a habit of mind that renders libertarianism unfalsifiable, and thus irrelevant to the world. Everything gets blamed on one institution; and because we have no real-world example where that agency is absent, the claims can't be tested.

Not being a libertarian doesn't mean loving the state; it means accepting complexity. The real world is a monstrously complicated place; there's not just one thing wrong with it, nor just one thing that can be changed to fix it. Things like prosperity and freedom don't have one cause; they're a balancing act.

Here's an alternative theory for you: original sin. People will mess things up, whether by stupidity or by active malice. There is no magical class of people (e.g. "government") who can be removed to produce utopia. Any institution is liable to failure, or active criminality. Put anyone in power-- whether it's communists or engineers or businessmen-- and they will abuse it.

Does this mean things are hopeless? Of course not; it just means that we have to let all institutions balance each other. Government, opposition parties, business, the media, unions, churches, universities, non-government organizations, all watch over each other. Power is distributed as widely as possible to prevent any one institution from monopolizing and abusing it. It's not always a pretty solution, and it can be frustratingly slow and inefficient, but it works better than any alternative I know of.

Markets are very good at some things, like deciding what to produce and distributing it. But unrestricted markets don't produce general prosperity, and lawless business can and will abuse its power. Examples can be multiplied ad nauseam: read some history-- or the newspaper.

Libertarian responses to such lists are beyond amazing.

Slavery is another example: though some hoped that the market would eventually make it unprofitable, it sure was taking its time, and neither the slave nor the abolitionist had any non-governmental leverage over the slaveowners.

(Libertarians usually claim to oppose slavery... but that's awfully easy to say on this side of Civil War and the civil rights movement. The slaveowners thought they were defending their sacred rights to property and self-government.)

And those are the better responses. Often enough the only response is explain how nothing bad can happen in the libertarian utopia. But libertarian dogma can't be buttressed by libertarian doctrine-- that's begging the question.

Or it's simply denied that these things are problems. One correspondent suggested that the poor shouldn't "complain" about not getting loans-- "I wouldn't make a loan if I didn't think I'd get paid back." This is not only hard-hearted but ignorant. Who says the poor are bad credit risks? It often takes prodding from community organizations, but banks can serve low-income areas well-- both making money and fostering home ownership. Institutions like the Grameen Bank have found that micro-loans work very well, and are profitable, in the poorest countries on Earth, such as Bangladesh.

A proven solution to most of these ills is liberalism. For fifty years liberals governed this country, generating unprecedented prosperity, and making this the first solidly middle-class nation.

If you want prosperity for the many-- and why should the many support any other goal?-- you need a balance between government and business. For this you need several things:

Perhaps the most communicable libertarian meme-- and one of the most mischievous-- is the attempt to paint taxation as theft.

First, it's dishonest. Most libertarians theoretically accept government for defense and law enforcement. (There are some absolutists who don't even believe in national defense; I guess they want to have a libertarian utopia for awhile, then hand it over to foreign invaders.)

Now, national defense and law enforcement cost money: about 22% of the 2002 budget-- 33% of the non-social-security budget. You can't swallow that and maintain that all taxes are bad. At least the cost of those functions is not "your money"; it's a legitimate charge for necessary services.

Americans enjoy the fruits of public scientific research, a well-educated job force, highways and airports, clean food, honest labelling, Social Security, unemployment insurance, trustworthy banks, national parks. Libertarianism has encouraged the peculiarly American delusion that these things come for free. It makes a philosophy out of biting the hand that feeds you.

Second, it leads directly to George Bush's financial irresponsibility. Would a libertarian urge his family or his software company or his gun club to spend twice what it takes in? When libertarians maintain that irresponsibility among the poor is such a bad thing, why is it OK in the government?

It's no excuse to claim that libertarians didn't want the government to increase spending, as Bush has done. As you judge others, so shall you be judged. Libertarians want to judge liberalism not by its goals (e.g. helping poor children) but by its alleged effects (e.g. teen pregnancy). The easiest things in the world for a politician to do are to lower taxes and raise spending. By attacking the very concept of taxation, libertarians help politicians-- and the public-- to indulge their worst impulses.

Finally, it hides dependence on the government. The economic powerhouse of the US is still the Midwest, the Northeast, and California-- largely liberal Democratic areas. As Dean Lacy has pointed out, over the last decade, the blue states of 2004 paid $1.4 trillion more in federal taxes than they received, while red states received $800 billion more than they paid.

Red state morality isn't just to be irresponsible with the money they pay as taxes; it's to be irresponsible with other people's money. It's protesting the concept of getting an allowance by stealing the other kids' money.

Ultimately, my objection to libertarianism is moral. Arguing across moral gulfs is usually ineffective; but we should at least be clear about what our moral differences are.

First, the worship of the already successful and the disdain for the powerless is essentially the morality of a thug. Money and property should not be privileged above everything else-- love, humanity, justice.

(And let's not forget that lurid fascination with firepower-- seen in ESR, Ron Paul, Heinlein and Van Vogt, Advocates for Self-Government's president Sharon Harris, the Cato Institute, Lew Rockwell's site, and the Mises Institute.)

I wish I could convince libertarians that the extremely wealthy don't need them as their unpaid advocates. Power and wealth don't need a cheering section; they are-- by definition-- not an oppressed class which needs our help. Power and wealth can take care of themselves. It's the poor and the defenseless who need aid and advocates.

The libertarians reminds me of G.K. Chesterton's description of people who are so eager to attack a hated ideology that they will destroy their own furniture to make sticks to beat it with. James Craig Green again:

Here's a very different moral point of view: Jimmy Carter describing why he builds houses with Habitat for Humanity:

Is this "confused hysteria"? No, it's common human decency. It's sad when people have to twist themselves into knots to malign the human desire (and the Biblical command) to help one's neighbor.

Second, it's the philosophy of a snotty teen, someone who's read too much Heinlein, absorbed the sordid notion that an intellectual elite should rule the subhuman masses, and convinced himself that reading a few bad novels qualifies him as a member of the elite.

Third, and perhaps most common, it's the worldview of a provincial narcissist. As I've observed in my overview of the 20th century, liberalism won its battles so thoroughly that people have forgotten why those battles were fought.

More:

What's wrong with libertarianism - Zompist.com

Channel Islands of California – Wikipedia, the free …

Posted on by

The Channel Islands of California are a chain of eight islands located in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Southern California along the Santa Barbara Channel in the United States of America. Five of the islands are part of Channel Islands National Park, and the waters surrounding these islands make up Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. The islands were first colonized by the Chumash and Tongva Native Americans 13,000 years ago, who were then displaced by European settlers who used the islands for fishing and agriculture. The U.S. military uses the islands as training grounds, weapons test sites, and as a strategic defensive location. The Channel Islands and the surrounding waters house a diverse ecosystem with many endemic species and subspecies.

The eight islands are split among the jurisdictions of three separate California counties: Santa Barbara County (four), Ventura County (two), and Los Angeles County (two). The islands are divided into two groupsthe Northern Channel Islands and the Southern Channel Islands. The four Northern Islands used to be a single landmass known as Santa Rosae.

The archipelago extends for 160 miles (257km) between San Miguel Island in the north and San Clemente Island in the south. Together, the islands land area totals 221,331 acres (89,569ha), or about 346 square miles (900km2).

Five of the islands (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara) were made into the Channel Islands National Park in 1980. The Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary encompasses the waters six nautical miles (11 kilometers) off Anacapa, Santa Cruz, San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Barbara islands.

Santa Catalina Island is the only one of the eight islands with a significant permanent civilian settlementthe resort city of Avalon, California, and the unincorporated town of Two Harbors.

Natural seepage of oil occurs at several places in the Santa Barbara Channel.[1] Tar balls or pieces of tar in small numbers are found in the kelp and on the beaches. Native Americans used naturally occurring tar, bitumen, for a variety of purposes which include roofing, waterproofing, paving and some ceremonial purposes.[2]

The Channel Islands at low elevations are virtually frost-free and constitute one of the few such areas in the 48 contiguous US states. It snows only rarely, on higher mountain peaks.

Separated from the California mainland throughout recent geological history, the Channel Islands provide the earliest evidence for human seafaring in the Americas. It is also the site of the discovery of the earliest paleontological evidence of humans in North America.[3] The Northern Channel Islands are now known to have been settled by maritime Paleo Indian peoples at least 13,000 years ago. Archaeological sites on the island provide a unique and invaluable record of human interaction with Channel Island marine and terrestrial ecosystems from the late Pleistocene to historic times. Historically, the northern islands were occupied by the island Chumash, while the southern islands were occupied by the Tongva. Scott O'Dell has had a book written about the indigenous peoples living on the island, Island of the Blue Dolphins. Aleuts hunters visited the islands to hunt otters in the early 1800s. The Aleuts purportedly clashed with the native Chumash, killing many over trading disputes. Aleut interactions with the natives were also detailed in O'Dell's book.[4]

The Chumash and Tongva were removed from the islands in the early 19th century, taken to Spanish missions and pueblos on the adjacent mainland. For a century, the Channel Islands were used primarily for ranching and fishing activities, which had significant impacts on island ecosystems, including the local extinction of sea otters, bald eagles, and other species. With most of the Channel Islands now managed by federal agencies or conservation groups, the restoration of the island ecosystems has made significant progress.Several of the islands were used by whalers in the 1930s to hunt for sperm whales.[5]

In 1972, the Brown Berets seized and claimed the islands for Mexico, citing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, a treaty between Mexico and the USA by which Mexico lost more than half of its territory, and arguing that the treaty does not specifically mention the Channel Islands nor the Farallon Islands. Though the United States had occupied them since 1852, the group speculated that Mexico could claim the islands and seek their return through litigation before the International Court of Justice. However, a detailed analysis of its situation puts in doubt the likelihood of Mexico winning the case at the International Court of Justice.[6]The Channel Islands National Park's mainland visitor center received 342,000 visitors in 2014. The Channel Islands itself attracts around 70,000 tourists a year, most during the summer.[7] Visitors can travel to the islands via public boat or airplane transportation. Camping grounds are available on Anacapa, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, San Miguel, and Santa Barbara Islands in the Channel Islands National Park. Attractions include whale watching, hikes, snorkeling, kayaking and camping.[8]

The United States Navy controls San Nicolas Island and San Clemente Island, and has installations elsewhere in the chain. During World War II all of Southern Californias Channel Islands were put under military control, including the civilian-populated Santa Catalina where tourism was halted and established residents needed permits to travel to and from the mainland.[9] San Miguel Island was used as a bombing range[10] and Santa Barbara Island as an early warning outpost under the presumed threat of a Japanese attack on California.[11] San Clemente Island was used to train the Navy's first amphibious force to prepare for Pacific combat against the Japanese in World War II.[12] San Nicolas Island has been used since 1957 as a launch pad for research rockets. San Nicolas was considered out of eight possible locations as the site of the Trinity nuclear test.[13] Santa Rosa Island was used in 1952 as a base for the USAF 669th AC&W Squadron and they operated two Distant Early Warning FPS-10 radars from the hilltops there. In 1955 another FPS-3 search radar was added, and in 1956, a GPS-3 search radar was installed. A new MPS-14 long-range height-finder radar was installed in 1958. The base was shut down in March 1963, when the 669th was moved to Vandenberg AFB In Lompoc, California. The islands still house US Navy SEALs training facilities and continues to use the Naval Auxiliary Landing Field located on San Clemente Island.[12]

The Channel Islands are part of one of the richest marine ecosystems of the world. Many unique species of plants and animals are endemic to the Channel Islands, including fauna such as the Channel Islands spotted skunk, ashy storm-petrel, Santa Cruz sheep, and flora including a unique subspecies of Torrey pine.

Flora on the Channel Islands include a unique subspecies of pine, oak, and the island tree mallow. Santa Rosa Island holds two groves of the Torrey pine subspecies Pinus torreyana var. insularis, which is endemic to the island. Torrey pines are the United States' rarest pine species.[14] The islands also house many rare and endangered species of plants, including the island barberry, the island rushrose, and the Santa Cruz Island lace pod. Giant kelp forests surround the islands and act as a source of nutrition and protection for other animals.[15]

Invasive species, such as the Australian blue gum tree, olive tree, sweet fennel and Harding grass threaten native species through competition for light, nutrients, and water. The Australian blue gum, for example, releases toxins in its leaf litter which prevents other species of plants from growing in the soil surrounding it. The blue gum, as well as other species including the Harding grass, are much more flammable and better adapted to wildfires than native species.[16]

The Channel Islands and the waters surrounding hold many endemic species of animals, including fauna such as the Channel Islands spotted skunk, island scrub jay, ashy storm-petrel, Santa Cruz sheep, San Clemente loggerhead shrike, San Clemente sage sparrow. Many species of large marine mammals, including pacific gray whales, blue whales, humpback whales, and California sea lions breed or feed close to the Channel Islands. Current occurrences, if still happen, of the critically endangered North Pacific right whales, and historically abundant Steller's sea lions in these areas are unknown. Seabirds, including the western gulls, bald eagles, pigeon guillemonts, and Scripps's murrelets use the islands as well for shelter and breeding grounds. The endemic island fox is California's smallest natural canine and has rebounded from its near extinction in the late 1990s. Several endemic reptile species including the island fence lizard, island night lizard, and Channel Islands slender salamander live on the islands.[17]

Conservation efforts are being made to maintain the islands' endemic species. Feral livestock, including pigs, goats, and sheep, pose a threat to many of the species, including the San Clemente loggerhead shrike and Channel Islands spotted skunk. The National Park Service eradicated the feral pigs on Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands during the 1990s and on Santa Catalina Island in 2007.[4][18] Introduced pathogens have devastated island species due to isolation from the mainland. In 1998, an outbreak of canine distemper swept through Santa Catalina Island severely reducing the island skunk and fox populations. Rabies and distemper vaccination programs were initiated to protect the island's wildlife. Canine distemper is thought to have been brought to the islands on a stowaway raccoon or a domestic dog.[19]

In the 1950s, bald eagles and peregrine falcons on the Channel Islands became locally extinct after widespread use of pesticides such as DDT.[20] The birds ingest contaminated fish and seabirds which poisons the adults and weakens their eggs. Golden eagles, which are natural competitors of other birds of prey, do not primarily feed on these animals and were able to colonize the islands in the early 1990s. In the early 2000s, golden eagles were live trapped and relocated.[21] In 2002 and 2006 breeding pairs of bald eagles were reintroduced to the northern islands.[22] Later in 2006, the introduced adult eagles hatched chicks on the islands for the first time since their extinction. The Channel Islands National Park established a bald eagle webcam on their website in 2007.[4]

Coordinates: 340058N 1194814W / 34.01611N 119.80389W / 34.01611; -119.80389

The rest is here:

Channel Islands of California - Wikipedia, the free ...

Beaches & Ocean Fun – Long Island New York

Posted on by

Long Island, New York beaches are world-renowned for their fine white sand, spectacular waves, miles of boardwalks, beach trails, restaurants, picnic areas, and beautiful sunrises and sunsets. Of all the fun activities in Long Island, New York, spending a day on the shore is at the top of the list. From Jones Beach State Park, a west Long Island beach less than an hour from NYC, to Robert Moses State Park, Sunken Meadow State Park, Orient Point Beach State Park, Wildwood State Park, Montauk State Park, Smith Point County Park, and Hither Hills State Park on the east end of Long Island.

Beaches here are popular vacation destinations for those who love to swim, fish, kayak, surf and scuba diveyou'll never tire of all the things to do on Long Island, New York beaches.And since two of our beaches were ranked number one in Dr. Beach'sTop Ten Beacheslist, you're sure to be impressed with what we have to offer.View our interactive map to explore the coastline and discover more places to go and things to do in the Long Island outdoors. Browse Suffolk County vacation packages and deals for an affordable way to stay and explore the Long Island beach scene.

>More

>More

>More

>More

>More

>More

>More

>More

>More

>More

>More

Read the original here:

Beaches & Ocean Fun - Long Island New York

The Nanotechnology Institute

Posted on by

Composing the first Draft from a Creative: What it is Love

Possessing routed my most recently released unique away and off to my agent a couple of weeks in the past, I&ve savored not publishing a single thing. I&ve trapped on email messages and administrative but havenAndt very had been able to do all of my book-having-really that will wait around! Even So contain the encourage to write for a second time, to start out the particularly long and bumpy technique of composing a first draft on the novel, according to a perception IAndve suffered from into my go for weeks.

IAndm nonetheless warming up however; We need an exciting new notebook computer, I need to clean my table, I have to loose time waiting for on the list of time when my 4 yr old is at kindy simply because setting up a first draft needs a whole entire occasion of quantity, and also new stationery! But pondering starting to prepare over again taught me to think about the operation of producing the first draft connected with a novel. It&s quite a specified practice, or at best it happens to be i believe.

Thus I&ve made an infographic which summarises the 8 steps I experience as soon as i generate a first write.

I feel right here is the most challenging component to a first draft. Normally it takes 2 or 3 weeks of simply writing bit little scenarios, checking out writing prompts and training, and reading other books. This is the slowest portion of the for starters draft and, i believe, the least pleasing. It&s at which I need to motivate by myself to sit down and write down. Until, eventually, I post a item and that i are aware of it uses the suitable voice. I do know it&s the solid I want my creative to receive. And after that I&m from and composing.

Possessing a voice is very well but have you thought about a story? I usually embark on my firstly drafts while using barest your bones connected with an understanding of a charm, although with no real notion of what this persona would possibly do and definitely no idea to what the plan may just be. IAndve been improving at wishing to put together my pantsing method to composing with a small amount of plotting, by means of devices like Scapple and Scrivener, but there is however even so a very real duration of groping blindly along the length of, looking to find the one grain of yellow sand relating to the shoreline which includes a glint of magical concerning it.

This is often quite literally like bumping my go as i&m got rid of in the dark of Point 2. I will out of the blue create a landscape which actually starts to illustrate me what my history could be. Or a new personality seems, including the character of Selena in my for starters publication, a persona I needed practically never plotted to publish, but who can bring it alive within the unplanned way. Excitement are exhilarating as well as to be cherished; I like it right after i reach out to this state within the very first write.

Once I reach the Big surprise, the storyplot actually starts to unspool, to show themselves with me. I go alongside for any cruise, keying in as quickly as I will with the idea i always can find your hands on the words previously they fade away. There may be quite a lot of bliss in that position of simply writing; indeed, there&s not much I might instead do and interruptions just like having to nibble on are most unwelcome!

Soon after difficult on the pumps of a Fireworks is available that essential speech of doom I&ve put together about prior to when, the one that informs me my plan is stuffed with slots, my personas are incredibly dull and derivative, my simply writing is lifeless and lifeless. ItAnds very only a matter of driving on recent this step, writing on irregardless, understanding now, after having grappled by using it in each of my textbooks, we gets so much the better from it if I just overlook it till And#8230;

On this point, I know I am nearing the conclusion. I know I causes it to be and yes it allows me a rise of pure vitality. It may get me through the skepticism and my phrase count up accelerates on this website as all I would like to do is go to that fairly survive post and performed with the pressure for the firstly write.

It is reason for event. Completing an initial write is an important success and plenty of most people who want to generate novels in no way make it to the end connected with a initially draft. I understand that I already have a tale; I actually have a plan and so i have some character types. I&m going for walks on oxygen, until I recall And#8230;

I just like redrafting, although the idea of doing the work right after finish your first write might be problematic. I genuinely feel more secure after i redraft after i have a very good account I can make greater. Yet the redraft is known as a technique unto per se and requires a completely new infographic, that i will http://essay-canada.com/ bring you in a couple of weeks, if you like this.

But have you considered you? Would you undergo any of those phases when publishing an initial write? Or do you have a several variety of stages? For you if you put on&t write down, is that this just what you imagined freelance writers would do right after they published the main draft within their guidebook? Tell me while in the remarks listed below.

Writing Lousy Firstly Drafts

Developing forwarded my most recently released unique off and away to my agent a couple of weeks ago, I&ve really liked not formulating nearly anything http://www.writermag.com/. I&ve caught up on e-mail messages and admin but haven&t somewhat had been able do my arrange-having-certainly which will wait! But I enjoy the urge to produce again, to begin the prolonged and bumpy operation of creating an initial draft of an book, depending on a good idea IAndve obtained around my mind for many months.

I&m yet warming up nonetheless; I need a totally new laptop computer, I need to tidy my workplace, I need to watch for just one of the hours when my 4 year-old is at kindy considering that beginning an initial draft demands a go to this site essay-canada.com entire period of level, not to mention new stationery! But contemplating beginning to post back again made me think about the operation of composing the first draft to a fresh. It&s a very unique process, or perhaps it really is personally.

Thus I&ve created an infographic which summarises the 8 steps I undertake after i prepare an initial write.

I believe this is basically the most challenging a part of the first write. It usually takes many weeks of creating bit limited scenes, checking out publishing prompts and physical exercises, and browsing other novels. Here is the slowest an area of the for starters draft and, in my opinion, the very least worthwhile. It&s exactly where I need to force me personally to take a seat and generate. Up until, one day, I publish a section and therefore i be aware of it has got the proper sound. I understand itAnds the sound I want my creative to acquire. And thereafter IAndm away from and publishing.

Enjoying a tone of voice is all really well but have you considered a tale? I usually begin the process my very first drafts while using barest bone tissues of any idea about a figure, yet with no realistic notion of what this individuality could do and certainly no clue of what the plot will be. I&ve been improving at aiming to incorporate my pantsing way of authoring with some plotting, by using instruments like Scapple and Scrivener, but there is nevertheless a very true time of groping blindly down, trying to find the only one grain of sand about the shore which includes a glint of power about this.

This can be really like bumping my go while IAndm got rid of at nighttime of Phase 2. I am going to instantly post a scene which actually starts to demonstrate to me what my history may possibly be. Or even new figure appears, for instance the figure of Selena within my for starters publication, a figure I needed never ever thought out to produce, but who produces the ebook alive in the unanticipated way. Unexpected situations are enjoyable in order to be treasured; I adore it once i obtain this place of the primary draft.

When I arrive at the Big surprise, the tale begins to unspool, to disclose themselves to me. I go alongside for the journey, typing as quickly as I will in the hopes that we can seize hold of the phrase right before they subside. You can find lots of happiness inside this state of publishing; the reality is, there&s practically nothing I would personally rather do and interruptions just like having to eat are most unwelcome!

Pursuing hard on the heels within the Fireworks occurs that internal speech of doom IAndve drafted about prior to, the individual that tells me my plan is stuffed with holes, my personalities are tedious and derivative, my authoring is lifeless and lifeless. ItAnds very only a matter of forcing on history this place, publishing on regardless, figuring out now, after you have grappled about it in all of my publications, which i might get the more desirable from it generally if i just forget it until

During this level, I recognize I am just nearing the conclusion. I know I will make it and also it offers me a increase of unique electricity. It receives me through the question and my concept calculate accelerates at this point as all I want to do is be able to that pretty endure website and become carried out with the worries of your to start with draft.

This is exactly reason for festivity. Completing the first write is a big fulfillment and a lot of persons who wish to create textbooks practically never reach the end of the to begin with write. I recognize i always now have a narrative; I have a plot we have a set of people. IAndm walks on fresh air, until finally I recall

I just like redrafting, however the very thought of carrying it out following completing the very first write could very well be intimidating. I truly feel more secure once i redraft because i have a nice storyline I can make more desirable. Though the redraft is definitely a system unto itself and requires a completely new infographic, that i will give you in a few weeks, if you love that one.

But have you considered you? On earth do you endure such steps when formulating a first write? Or do you have a various list of periods? For those who donAndt prepare, is this what you dreamed of writers would do the moment they wrote the initial draft with their arrange? Inform me essay writing services in http://essaywriting-au.com/ through the remarks directly below.

The rest is here:

The Nanotechnology Institute

History of Eugenics – People at Creighton University

Posted on by

In the same era, the idea of Social Darwinism became popular and was used to explain these social inequalities. Social Darwinism utilizes the concept of natural selection from Charles Darwin and applies it to society. Social Darwinism explains survival of the fittest in terms of the capability of an individual to survive within a competitive environment. This explains social inequalities by explaining that the wealthy are better individuals and therefore better suited to survive in the uncertain economy. In terms of survival of the fittest the wealthy are more likely to survive and produce more offspring than the poor.

Early Eugenicists

Eugenicists believed genetics were the cause of problems for the human gene pool. Eugenics stated that society already had paid enough to support these degenerates and the use of sterilization would save money. The eugenicists used quantitative facts to produce scientific evidence. They believed that charity and welfare only treated the symptoms, eugenic sought to eliminate the disease. The following traits were seen as degenerative to the human gene pool to which the eugenicists were determined to eliminate: poverty, feeble-mindedness-including manic depression, schizophrenia, alcoholism, rebelliousness, criminality, nomadness, prostitution.

Before eugenics became internationally recognized in WWII, it was a very popular movement in the United States. In fact the American Eugenics Society set up pavilions and "Fitter Families Contest" to popularize eugenics at state fairs. The average family advocated for the utilization of eugenics while educational systems embraced eugenics, which was presented as science fact by the majority biology texts. In fact, eugenics became so popular that eighteen solutions were explored in a Carnegie-supported study in 1911, to report the best practical means for eliminating defective genes in the Human Population. Although the eighth of the 18 solutions was euthanasia, the researchers believed it was too early to implement this solution. The most commonly suggested method of eugenicide in America was a lethal chamber, or gas chamber. Instead, the main solution was the rapid expansion of forced segregation and sterilization, as well as increased marriage restrictions. However, not everybody was in favor of eugenics, Punnett at the first international congress for Eugenics in 1911 stated, Except in very few cases, our knowledge of heredity in man at present is far to slight and far too uncertain to base legislation upon.

Sterilization and Marriage Laws

Although in 1942 the Supreme Court made a law allowing the involuntary sterilization of criminals, it never reversed the general concept of eugenic sterilization. In 2001, the Virginia General Assembly acknowledged that the sterilization law was based on faulty science and expressed its "profound regret over the Commonwealth's role in the eugenics movement in this country and over the damage done in the name of eugenics. On May 2, 2002 a marker was erected to honor Carrie Buck in her hometown of Charlottesville.

This information was taken from http://www.eugenicsarchive.org/

This information was taken from http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a371ea64170ce.html and http://www.trueorigin.org/holocaust.asp

Here is the original post:

History of Eugenics - People at Creighton University

History of Genetics – Eugenics

Posted on by

History of Genetics

EUGENICS

Eugenics Archive http://www.eugenicsarchive.org This site is an Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement sponsored by the Dolan DNA Learning Center at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. With contributions from eleven different archives, this site offers hundreds of sources on various aspects of the eugenics movement in the United States during the twentieth century. The site is organized by virtual exhibits ranging from Social Origins to Immigration Restriction. Within each exhibit, explanatory text is presented with thumbnail images of primary source documents. The entire collection is also searchable by keyword or object identification number. The 2,500 objects can also be browsed by topic, type, or time period. Without question this is the best site on the history of American eugenics available today.

State Eugenics Sites Recent scholarship on the eugenics movement in the United States have revealed the details of eugenic enactments in different states. Recent efforts to seek reparations for eugenic sterilization are documented at North Carolinas Eugenic Past (http://www.inclusiondaily.com/news/institutions/nc/eugenics.htm), a site sponsored by the International Disability Rights News Service. Eugenic in Indiana (http://kobescent.com/eugenics/) presents a history of eugenics in Indiana in a series of webpages that include biographies, a timeline, bibliography, and text of the 1907 Indiana Sterilization statute. The most extensive collection of documents on a state eugenics program is offered by Vermont. The Vermont Eugenics: A Documentary History Collection (http://cit.uvm.edu:6336/dynaweb/eugenics/@Generic__CollectionView;cs=default;ts=default;pt=eugenics) presents a set of primary sources from the 1890s to the 1990s. Many of these documents concern Vermonts sterilization program, but this site also includes letters to national eugenics leaders, such as Charles Davenport. Because the Vermont Country Life Commission played a significant role in the Vermont eugenics movement in the 1930s, this site contains a large number of documents concerning the efforts of the Country Life Commission.

History of Eugenics Bibliography http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/bio-ethics/bibliographylombardo.cfm This site offers an extensive bibliography of both primary and secondary sources on the history of eugenics. Assembled by Paul A. Lombardo and Gregory M. Dorr, the bibliography is preceeded by a short bibliographic essay.

RaceSci http://www.racesci.org/ This site is dedicated to the history of race in science, medicine, and technology. History of the Concept of "Race" in Science. This very rich site has interpretive and historical essays, syllabi, bibliographies, and links. Of special interest are its bibliography of genetics (http://www.racesci.org/bibliographies/current_scholarship/genetics_new.htm) and its bibliography of eugenics (http://www.racesci.org/bibliographies/current_scholarship/eugenicsnew.htm), which can be searched by time period or nation.

Institute for the Study of Academic Racism (ISAR) http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/homepage.htm Created by Dr. Barry Mehler at Ferris State University, the ISAR website contains articles and bibliographies that offer a critical perspective on academic racism, biological determinism, and eugenics. This site offers a number of valuable document collections and profiles of individuals and institutions.

H-Eugenics

Read more from the original source:

History of Genetics - Eugenics

Bill Gates, Monsanto, and eugenics: How one of the world’s …

Posted on by

http://www.naturalnews.com/035105_Bill_Gates_Monsanto_eugenics.html

The Gates Foundation, aka the tax-exempt Gates Family Trust, is currently in the process of spending billions of dollars in the name of humanitarianism to establish a global food monopoly dominated by genetically-modified (GM) crops and seeds. And based on the Gates family's history of involvement in world affairs, it appears that one of its main goals besides simply establishing corporate control of the world's food supply is to reduce the world's population by a significant amount in the process.

Gates also admitted during the interview that his family's involvement in reproductive issues throughout the years has been extensive, referencing his own prior adherence to the beliefs of eugenicist Thomas Robert Malthus, who believed that populations of the world need to be controlled through reproductive restrictions. Though Gates claims he now holds a different view, it appears as though his foundation's initiatives are just a modified Malthusian approach that much more discreetly reduces populations through vaccines and GMOs (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus).

The Gates Foundation has admittedly given at least $264.5 million in grant commitments to AGRA (www.gatesfoundation.org/about/Documents/BMGFFactSheet.pdf), and also reportedly hired Dr. Robert Horsch, a former Monsanto executive for 25 years who developed Roundup, to head up AGRA back in 2006. According to a report published in La Via Campesina back in 2010, 70 percent of AGRA's grantees in Kenya work directly with Monsanto, and nearly 80 percent of the Gates Foundation funding is devoted to biotechnology (http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21606.cfm).

The same report explains that the Gates Foundation pledged $880 million in April 2010 to create the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), which is a heavy promoter of GMOs. GAFSP, of course, was responsible for providing $35 million in "aid" to earthquake-shattered Haiti to be used for implementing GMO agricultural systems and technologies.

Back in 2003, the Gates Foundation invested $25 million in "GM (genetically modified) research to develop vitamin and protein-enriched seeds for the world's poor," a move that many international charities and farmers groups vehemently opposed (http://healthfreedoms.org). And in 2008, the Gates Foundation awarded $26.8 million to Cornell University to research GM wheat, which is the next major food crop in the crosshairs of Monsanto's GM food crop pipeline (http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21606.cfm).

Rather than promote real food sovereignty and address the underlying political and economic issues that breed poverty, Gates and Co. has instead embraced the promotion of corporately-owned and controlled agriculture and medicine paradigms that will only further enslave the world's most impoverished. It is abundantly evident that GMOs have ravished already-impoverished people groups by destroying their native agricultural systems, as has been seen in India (http://www.naturalnews.com/030913_Monsanto_suicides.html).

Some may say Gates' endeavors are all about the money, while others may say they are about power and control. Perhaps it is a combination of both, where Gates is still in the business of promoting his own commercial investments, which includes buying shares in Monsanto while simultaneously investing in programs to promote Monsanto.

Whatever the case may be, there is simply no denying that Gates now has a direct interest in seeing Monsanto succeed in spreading GMOs around the world. And since Gates is openly facilitating Monsanto's growth into new markets through his "humanitarian" efforts, it is clear that the Gates family is in bed with Monsanto.

"Although Bill Gates might try to say that the Foundation is not linked to his business, all it proves is the opposite: most of their donations end up favoring the commercial investments of the tycoon, not really "donating" anything, but instead of paying taxes to state coffers, he invests his profits in where it is favorable to him economically, including propaganda from their supposed good intentions," wrote Silvia Ribeiro in the Mexican news source La Jornada back in 2010.

"On the contrary, their 'donations' finance projects as destructive as geoengineering or replacement of natural community medicines for high-tech patented medicines in the poorest areas of the world ... Gates is also engaged in trying to destroy rural farming worldwide, mainly through the 'Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa' (AGRA). It works as a Trojan horse to deprive poor African farmers of their traditional seeds, replacing them with the seeds of their companies first, finally by genetically modified (GM)."

Sources for this article include:

http://www.guardian.co.uk

http://www.seattleglobaljustice.org

http://english.pravda.ru

http://www.organicconsumers.org/articles/article_21606.cfm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society

http://www.naturalnews.com/033148_seed_companies_Monsanto.html

Permalink to this article: http://www.naturalnews.com/035105_Bill_Gates_Monsanto_eugenics.html

Embed article link: (copy HTML code below): Bill Gates, Monsanto, and eugenics: How one of the world's wealthiest men is actively promoting a corporate takeover of global agriculture

Reprinting this article:

Non-commercial use OK, cite NaturalNews.com with clickable link.

Follow Natural News on Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, and Pinterest

See the original post:

Bill Gates, Monsanto, and eugenics: How one of the world's ...

Brief History of American Eugenics – Ferris State University

Posted on by

%PDF-1.3 % 4 0 obj << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xr}WL,0H$D~Xi+h+``rL@o/6u7e]n~4|]j^3IW2>H}YjvI'Yyz0o_qbRsxmc6O.,0%qi6JtC~l=V_O]{rG1*47 O19|e..gO}c.ijYVYL|WTIo!MBwV4j=E#Z9]VVc&E{#:Y]sx+$N$zeW'3IMHk"Q#`zF!` *[Z *!sQ^UeXQ$6 ?Pnw;XG'KIJnUynYV!8p Bvd<,Vr09wqal(H.?$$}R*L^Wq]T0:O 'W>$F2A :Mn8U<6[M_ZP5G~I%G?f67& b.=S3+2>9"D%*"x#. 5134k:D^TwN/6U|NhlPmlu{*Y hK638Le+lHsHYHqQHR8xYQ3BP[`ekKa|A[sboct"I4xoNk5(nh;E(4`jZ3QLv,mPF(O!BTr7l4[5m Z|u{Op="+iKgh$Ex<`h*FsFgHe`0!y(W(>!M`jm!c,FC)fW`'5(0dt]F5 33JSfNA$`}l g/Rj{"/h[Mm&BZfW8[-EWVz<> }Er(;thY+A&izEVD2w4jf0h4XElY~P qp<-tV!?0kG@z$3t@{tV}A 2fO+GWq@z'J Sf(&Zs`C(qwfatK&;cUXXOS&0-zRyeiN35(mDo'dX'*Vy,JcF14; *]avSC0BaLHs(!Uw'rfxCkuq(| lB,5~#q"RKoe)hfNe=U>HPrC]v;}g*yc2H9*x6K?tdZPZv]eAEe_S aA E%"+T7_-Lz7R;..Dj+$1EkFR :^0u/]k0QG$nUslhuoId!{b ,>w6bj :F{^{0ccHpvo TN17*}ZKs/iH3I4s1!{HGTZx}^@$w:@l6w@rt{:'.zLZUSxk0':gaXAt1 |G0pb6fqZ* *<,IJL{4'KdhR94l56PJ#U'%uAm?{(F1$a8RxF '{"Q(4x2dEfzj+;s!EVOA2Ks3y?_@6t>wkkjBx 7w%F>_ qzjnmf_4)es-.]@!{IY&_KnH0,UiDgC2,?8ATI#;I3Zvkv ?BB,.:,U"~KLcGJh=GHqsFJQFrPk&&)^bTO+ZGcL}5h@>d)^nonFilkfyxn xq^S%O s6 +QvqfE3,{M.Zja] /W4X?B(I~kW.b)G(I,uxvXpoD }#ncuHuNtp&a0b4LL^^+$PY+/`-!#x`Ds;.KC%#06lV9;[L"wml_( 0mhYP=` ntA{5r[; $>WHki._N SmsnnC'*7P(x 2cb bK-0;[m%1o> $tVSt0`HjBhRSK1> endobj 6 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F1.0 8 0 R /F1.1 10 0 R /F2.0 9 0 R >> >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Length 12 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xwTS7" %z ;HQIP&vDF)VdTG"cEb PQDEk 5Yg}PtX4XXffGD=H.d,P&s"7C$ E6<~&S2)212 "l+&Y4P%%g|eTI(L0_&l2E9r9hxgIbifSb1+MxL0oE%YmhYh~S=zU&AYl/$ZUm@O l^'lsk.+7o9V;?#I3eEKDd9i,UQ h A1vjpzN6pW pG@ K0iABZyCAP8C@&*CP=#t] 4}a ;GDxJ>,_@FXDBX$!k"EHqaYbVabJ0cVL6f3bX'?v 6-V``[a;p~2n5 &x*sb|! ' Zk! $l$T4QOt"yb)AI&NI$R$)TIj"]&=&!:dGrY@^O$ _%?P(&OJEBN9J@y@yCR nXZOD}J}/G3k{%Ow_.'_!JQ@SVF=IEbbbb5Q%O@%!ByM:e0G7 e%e[(R0`3R46i^)*n*|"fLUomO0j&jajj.w_4zj=U45n4hZZZ^0Tf%9->=cXgN].[7ASwBOK/X/_Q>QG[ `Aaac#*Z;8cq>[&IIMST`kh&45YYF9<|y+=X_,,S-,Y)YXmk]c}jc-v};]N"&1=xtv(}'{'IY) -rqr.d._xpUZMvm=+KG^WWbj>:>>>v}/avO8 FV>2 u/_$BCv< 5]s.,4&yUx~xw-bEDCHGKwFGEGME{EEKX,YFZ ={$vrK .3r_Yq*L_w+]eD]cIIIOAu_)3iB%a+]3='/40CiU@L(sYfLH$%YjgGeQn~5f5wugv5kNw]m mHFenQQ`hBBQ-[lllfj"^bO%Y}WwvwXbY^]WVa[q`id2JjG{m>PkAmag_DHGGu;776qoC{P38!9^rUg9];}}_~imp}]/}.{^=}^?z8hc' O*?f`gC/O+FFGGz)~wgbk?J9mdwi?cOO?w| x&mf endstream endobj 12 0 obj 2612 endobj 7 0 obj [ /ICCBased 11 0 R ] endobj 14 0 obj << /Length 15 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xI)*A:]' ][#z,#Cdn@B?Uex6a]Z?*i9fjVuZo/"O?* JM_"lZ.iA{ ##("QtfVoxD 897,$%S]AqKd@N'7D[b :><4"5<&?,%-7kHE@vE4Tv71i9`92L1-^YMXgb1!7L~+0aS#})G?!AS<=)hnz 5"0&E[tUlQn}-WBL8o uySJ&?2} y]4bguM^=)0dKPqk@ Yhq6jVg1C!lKq*dHw epm./M|$wRxXdG+h w(Yj0wrw()!h[Yo/`#a|@.7+Cfgt[=;JSL"A,Z^52PS|db'G0OlHK905X3M@YPx1w,){k?A`9c|"wGVag9> >hBEKMUi^vg;9o(: l "m5Uh*"1h%GV>5.{OG[q~~b=|~h+&jz."|w0cwEq}CP72g,t7nw0{&7~ Ajrl'fob"Dq!d^81*iDFpi{K6 !&5Yba] X7wF+ Jq7yh2:ML"rZ,&.<-~arm)LQb`*m,hS[fxj[u"me'9R:lW_P7y"-]v'j,zKP.W SJ"gmt">2Y@,w!(RM@7x"`P=R^@zQz?'F{*lOe7mo,0:[ +!qR9Sye2peuKEJULNgG&GJXx5n{YX6V:$CiIm#a%Fu>+Z_Jb /"v;u9,X-&$+>Q42$%6gk;uVLq{v9zG}U`GSoLI0i u>:o7{cIF r9WP_yO0Set!'d>7~&/~,[K,Q,9b?I4e]fMQtyodKY)wxDNY=;b;5c=IWl-u(db qW89O^NW% AM?."pXUkAm8JNB_!+1,zv|dt|t[w u,bpEXzSzpe7<55!{9P/X@}Tt_qu~sM5xHaclZp+'1FKG)_dgy#0IXw>[Nf~RD6}SaC+j^cB6zu_9@*o~w;/dqYB)A(@s%e6TYyB Y-2^${kX[COIjUT%,ga0L^ xv#5L%lrfte8O>`Tv/%px"_<KZw0V(,>O5jr[I!c>?O44t:[R7m P6[#'6"fVtsJMC.8`uf={n$F3>N`Rf1VHBdi!3EG=RQyHmk6-!sBQV;:_ endstream endobj 15 0 obj 4332 endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 16 0 R /Contents 14 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> endobj 16 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F1.0 8 0 R /F1.1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Length 19 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xK1v~HcdK3thCUY~UBp|?}aUh~*|Ex9,}~oynyQ.2|_M>s1|"_" _O "CcANwnBMXxuz5ly(USN o4e{Zs3u$:M

<>?#)TS B-)r=UlAJw'HAX1"TENh{XPaL9x"-XEeXfboWfky`o;1[PFZ8]M[:1umtJ-KR~w,%{&.Fn Tc*nx(~6<|]Ktb V $3O% {Aq VCzsWC /}dxJl` r1&"OrzJF"I6'&Rt{XeN|3GOQbaQ=8Lo gXF8rp36 Z4f@ *XB6Y|yl.uu=.K}1meq( w&r&7T9GiJ"G'V+lU^lS@$}*l61e=`FOU'O;rx0|N$Y6=xqOlT,NsaU|cxi~,XF2_Q=@-!$G8Rq ,H=UrAX"'Oj`Y P?8z#*5f]1Vjj/I,U"@]Tmvg`N?7*QCS t+tgs)#UcNrRP%OO{ []c)Ts/VRKw:l<8N@wRbYpG[->xC{n/'jp8c/|.|}z-`&'$Tp7Aguu7SM~y?eYT4uX[`MA7JiEqXnSv;8tR*B>$ E-lPzjga]q0m0WV{2#1!'Bg3Bd!k1Wn@|?8uS u&!|^khb]^T-B X#4 R96Inew*l")'w5W2%pWXrc~!{w CKaJtY~s:00}}E,Xo P1RE 4OYn&8.}/=zgqcwY;7L][ I#+(6+)T?zf}mala9bec@{1x2aRo.k Kd)+QeCnaX1cup0lf :zVCm=Ij[6:reJZEAUI&nyn7[zF.F~nv4jqDg9eOMzw>-i'05kfJ~})-kMN`.@gIzQ7oy`Aro@)[7d.6crTKUY:xYJr`hgMz3(0F-U2+): -6:q#uTuH 1gyd1caG&-`Vt{x}N.Vi P bGW9o0Q}t85_Ga?"56Qp=>[|k}(N`mR;W&+I 8&O`x$V g$gw>`5EWK+2GMj QH&{S8@*L9xr.+;rOzt ( Ph~Zy".|AXPirtQl-k/A!#+NR~N=0')^= ZZ~n.PVWmtCUH+={zc]PDf#2ef~wd*QO n|;8T@}K:d@"f #=/7@8F-/:Mko[#<]qlK$U'g/-#W,R[Vp`/OG0R^>(6WJ{ VS''452}h}7 kLhrH~=o FutgNwmz~e?~l;I#C{7rVdSkGZ 4VE/4>vEC700LAN]exnw$5vEBP~X:`D,r^ubLxC7biNsl;)%qkg4O*HQ^DvkY6=6a^h$]k=n`[Pw@ {K1QX=@Z!4UJER67nfzPz^RjIe![#8 [UIW$1VxRe<|TL]&Vf:^0,TU3W*ot{Kkjh_+DPx3/KndXC:a#* !S4^>5Aia-wzTN$@aclW2YV}'#g{ZBGj]!%-k!,RCD(r.kC3+-48HRe@}r/p luKcV%-Q(IO6:=)PMe1;XV8h,/-;"K3v{k3Kj+@9jk}09;hVh9oM7`)6iELo#;}RT} {p8p"G! SSzjja'Jn)bl>uX4yOK@"t lI))Zrp/} endstream endobj 19 0 obj 4702 endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 20 0 R /Contents 18 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> endobj 20 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F1.0 8 0 R /F1.1 10 0 R /F2.0 9 0 R >> >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Length 23 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream x[+*z"PvO4ERZA&g$@TS T#+^.U|k~6k[LYVqi>X>8Em)UV7&w{57o5o}O 1aZ6wU2q~Gp`khh/`:3k{OIna9_x6Fhw<|n,OfI`3*dYC"b:K '~/em!hPT[TM6/ck~er&TsYQUY zxDf$`NE3s;PY'#L<.C@vCk"5+*^}T `ZT6e]wD)0 }K1j;x!L0` S&Pt6z0lZ2u`tO7J}N:?ybFX$(J2^=a+Iy:3|c[Sl^@'R:*PYwAZsf!%-9pExG,gqNU?~lc;>4 -'sp"9x_I_N8_(Ij._c5b$5HvtXfuV=:x_'.40$5`O0f@X2U`k!-V*|kKbcNGi!R}]A)$dml0j:O)LXZz<7p yg;S"db{eq*38b!&mY$<9%XeR7aHX:WAmwUgAH|}PpL;)<]TD5I^@[{=g0aCJ*L{!MVs1~93]Ye3nflA+C$narP!u*mI{,IjYJ[0h Vq"b9Ke`Wlf[C< UeoE^s tpe)a9z1cu$p)I}eQ[+tX$fyoPx*&(N'uQco >/ZDBeYT>;rO3H+kF'MC)pe'I 'Tc{)?1m1M2D4n"0]6(:J{bxG![SHjmYjA!wO B`35YA9EI!sr;iy/#O lYh 4SlMc&g'gS dRXXxbQ{`_,g 4cA*h/Y]0=g#11 CV}4b6a0_*mj67u`WpvH.qR p$s] _UVy/O./ixiavlCBpcxKCzG}Xy ,Aj@,x!AqDMr't#&"gcY@ .mL%/;v59d"VSE&}$/ZHb9xL,<9k"QOyvol 4qWafcyI gth7GF70("^DV* P4dSA kN^5zGH 8l8R5C|~e^_xjLHvm,C RZs Hd|B2,@"i | Yl`Ru^:JPO0`Z px/o7KmOX:#Fi4Z '{UXW>CG" ZSj$weGP(k-iY+*I[|g(O*#Wy^%q#zgS,g~/&/NxS2W(UZ"0jt$?cE.lcUgnGN+)nu/xPmuL_RIpo`_t EI'y.vSGJbb%sKA]( v#*vdduW(~%Mh&AXy_Z6GmmUY>oXyYTqTPdK$?x47m*gE-QR y)k^4w~ tWH7DLph?la_p.E]YN>Kj2w7Rrnlh<{iz;T'WeK Ga1@fWXy<< /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 24 0 R /Contents 22 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> endobj 24 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F3.0 25 0 R /F4.0 26 0 R /F1.0 8 0 R /F1.1 10 0 R /F2.0 9 0 R >> >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Length 29 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream x}WL%2 "yZ)DUIXLkkTLJ^i`!`4GTfJ7fU,7*7RY$+j2L$&z<3+5|&Ko?M|wA10^[; kkm{'xQl7/LmoebsvX_Sy Ixxk6O6m4g}fnza2XWI^VU8$<9AcU"0ify7UMM NE$u4F js`n(C]4ocJN;=^aXbGqm^b`Mz&(^!t;i}OsqU&3B{Sw0lnm(^ivk~K`s@(g9~!X(&j0YIQ*hbKH~OlI 1uZ;|x FfHb.m xx.!A l`n5/wyDC`J@SO*OV},;G4{a]-?8vngQL@mn.A$3^-P(J}9X*N8S Zu8l " y'#jdKH "4T~Kor Y8U< c a55uMzqgFo68xYT7e,D5:[%U_T&E rjo3ay5_]5OjXFv="#uLj:oqz{&}IT2$[I~]Vo^t tbCU4OUj)t E^U[7tA| &^%Yb^Q=_& afE[4S 0{QXDBBQ^H=)~in,P%A- OBjS$WMs/mP9^19j3Kk%uz7"M `V5kcx k6/QD(PP8t):r)=1=a5b@ba-+ PqrLr, Rj81`xv]a d2M%bH=4- {h2IEaiSgd(nf@WK;Im`b|>`Cqv<_nBlG@~}S.P:`:5$!L B,A#^@-M{ |d@U}kB0& =nD(}L:V!u)SgSv]XQ_@RxcC }MlU%?yu205Ep>(d'@e*zUN2x_wdEd0$8KClX1]re! >tSv&zL*PitBtt~`QiAfCF5|{fe{+ede y' n5RL,Bj5'=dfTRuGsA8)iN>lbplTk~c@`cE `''!]9M{/VYZ+LjvU:"hm^)svj8S$7=!E9SrZv:#N mlf2QAL eX Ok: ohrFX/|>w.8xy9Q8*Q=oMWM> xz60 ?.V!Tp[^s9^Rwh%<;&Dfx .Xczlz35"::ok/%Q@R nd)#QJ,'l^QmeZ}77^ o6YF5atZF&z:vI _e&,sK=5 t%TpV K4XoQ?D?t?*u,"S8L|TlLhpyh}Ttd)tz:Aj2sc6Yi5U'6#@BB5x748,4`mPsQwNw&$@rfR>cCX5YX|8BHa#nt!ao<LLTze|Q!_n.oDSt|,_a3$7 ,h3A`ON^`Q?~ ys:8K (1 13Xjk r:S=}!,Uq)P2o&p( 4CzSr|VF>g.LfC_;>b5qzI@/`#K[*X9etx8}E!Axf`trZ883(ro)sKOKOJONLnCEg;?S<`&2"$E6cKQ37& g}Ye>n.7E8-*"bRm18QAl`PZt''b3v62)X?"X04a`W._`=]P+0yRJ`g9F#Q]R^`>a}EXuT *)=C=v#`y>|Y||K&YFCCU<.'KUhF_W._VrYFUHC:5[ef6B(GdPq!qY:*Pv/g YfU^Ue8}Rrlmi?3;r2[eL#$`b]bT Q" Kd|},E_/2 endstream endobj 29 0 obj 4643 endobj 27 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 30 0 R /Contents 28 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> endobj 30 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F1.0 8 0 R /F1.1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Length 33 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream x[]w}S?:A "}]Uj&trI;>z EO+i:)mMiIU;f[iM,O4:i7xq|E&37NK;9/Q<.'axk3nc>s(>fagYb.f/CAe"^Lbv4- ^I[m{9m0;o@}wa43O|j=!W~L5=P@_]GDK<@n EU3!zGWBB-6Kx.*oe:%c3(`c'`D?XD=rd{Y^]$K/[y.rqFs#>*=0Eyw?@Y BdFwk T*'?;56`79 W#wp ,Zcl +PI&v?`]*0AG;Bs&:/ 0Z~;!Uz)?)+Eh{%EmZek4iSC0WKeeIaw7&k ;mZAap2Z {v><&J B ~^p"3K ex& '7r9r|bv&=iae-y4!PEO)@:CC-3S^NVsUI-T"xth?hZ;ivAG4WQT|l$|`u)-YD $@)A?Cml0bQ<:D}2Oh"+4k kywwWnbk0v@gSe,:;=q30t0h 4 *VN78gRR)Tpc&rLR]KKDsEq/9j;,G-MwSKgbP/V0,qL'@ SAbH3mPU96V.$_"GL>nKegIL@0GOF2 n0a+3PAA8'C_fp*z(CX'r=)I."WK>PMTz*/kMnaD8S8 Q**Gv aGh'phZ?YVm2('AH 3-V() ~LsyycIg5+XXzG>uXWSZ=lI]4+8+6ac77HIwC!d d^WXQJX5>aQ-fKgEVSzI-v-&NeN2+rvVH(;EKU{{(Ij1iY$BU" ;m`axth% `AtoaFl-FSK$mM(>bUX |BQ7p &UloVjcHE}@0%7~Cy#3A9.{hlla{HU@-q/KX+[:ojD Y82gNQ(~ cvsdY:R|"]n|7Z&hIn8n,p`i-(8I(l*? bIqV,yf*aAv 9dfUsZJ_gW{;o!7Kpy=t>W_if-l1{SZBSa$:lw#)f%0dE`KqK85,$4n_ETbKzG|?@T^{up;g~gnQ60N4=nyjYr/o[c6G>4<8){Q{0#N+97 K`9W}jZrXI^C-@J nV$VQaG]ui@nKAc}11q1^o I9,QO[4PHZA )5H RO&&>8.I^G%D6"VL.P^i/2gPA[V85` ^[nAxX:;1'[NF>&2r1{Nx QQaHTb,floy|u5mNubNCw3r@~0v1/=!bQ:x$=IlnVn>~,`!# ]Z]emxnOix"N;DFr$3> endobj 34 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F1.0 8 0 R /F1.1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Length 37 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xMWL9`h"$ml(KI[BOg! I.)a=go/5Zm6u[Yguiw3fy>,/ya:kw|s|i-Mn45?n,~o~/$}tc>>1w~u{ TH/|8@dacI{v3/;x?`<&%ka=$i?w)R9 gtd&ga085kyY?Nx6M2.jLw M5}:hw6LRZ;F%9I <,n(SBA9q0Q K-A$f@AYdy7mE!u.~(Ef>3Gocn)q%J=(P1']ju=U&M,iYEq-4+(-X(k'rwpU1,&D%xQBeQS$#LNOtw X~n=+p@|uVYw cp)`M|,PEkMumsw`]_m*Te^BX3:iqy:uC4>,nJcG ,9 .=3IXNeraDFu^o^3hF18|s}2bA^Q Dc@4n=<[s0M#!k%b)e r(z&Sa$=x,zBX``s{t#6N{CeRV1p +b +)]`>!"u/YLRlq6)1fscI%| gHlSj9P8484&=w[,2=bE&aH3)ngf @k=fr "|08KbdWlnTc2 1l{i+Do~{35%pP5A<6dx;u=;2^%IN>FduUdM=#sHPj#`uxT`ht^rQC=,4pb~JoUa"5%Ao#D:u(0Xh5Pp-Kf. Au#)';~@dO1q>tY#3BqfD@m sK^`%p B,H ]9RO}u[|4;ybqC`A`b_r mWAZMpz| '1oH7&MV%*$zQ9')KGsEeCdX}9*~{HMYz4 VoA@L:Y9gA9 =Z9&vGmPwzlI ,8f?8F:x6uxA5'ZS61DrUb`C23v/t/i8"~4k-<*C)qLxf>9v;b}zE@ff,p.XTKRmaM1X}u$ UL/)bPTKS1^PA/{*z.(UGESM]KVK?mgZbjm:h"}1v0?1w}/?0b|FKX%-o-3? XXLi%_Uka|>ug.u&)<2GK1Xd3(/e"di DiYuvw(VsE)@%9^ofe:sHa9~]h6|{-k xhz'|4I13S%pGKTAZ6zvm***+{ k6DVQc{oy|@f@os}~apBf a&S-^gpu9[g!gwgiY"X{BLXa?=^jG ]K`AGP*<:5QS:B@1yc*2"=U"Pp ErI$=x*+kw+Hlb%CP(QR5^ %m^0@ !cw>Jw,Lg)#2q*-"*fPvrh@H6<(|u|4E6Jsjzcl:a:=8 %@v"< z(~1M%,{0va0Cs I z5nM=x2n`N(,OUn$zPhC+yTMe`iL/Y'YcQLaTlQWq#(.1U/{sw$F7.Yi~IoiP2 ukHF&*~M jHI6.j%h~@nqUf\MMq?g+J)MM&`JP? #AWgE0k&@=psV,.vODXow|GAxy,r%,N_Q4e5< M]B?)OKpdaqHBxSBj4 69 [#bpT^ DYNj!@_)(?:v:m9/d*ox(lQyG8&'k.'tWU&YWs| -mxKh0`L@`o FdqB2`Fj->/7c]5Gc@#?s {!dx!7 N'6oH_k=}k#:TVI#N, 1EJfMZTz1U{}w[D>zv7DQy(K( M -WAy6'bhH1TrdYqyyK_wkN!?wRCPv%t^lhhoE-vsrx>k]"z"v)`JSWQ':Bzxo:1aSm"e.1ym3bMRBzF endstream endobj 37 0 obj 3886 endobj 35 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 38 0 R /Contents 36 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> endobj 38 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << /F1.0 8 0 R /F1.1 10 0 R >> >> endobj 40 0 obj << /Length 41 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream xos7r_;;gt>+%JdL2M%Q>}~fgKffFFkg>lffm7*we _}[^W4[lX,zm^8j>oUX" gowE8y '6Vp"zuqQ4Gh-]Y MogBp60v>kvV]t1@6h=< H]0V[JcxxVN2/ EX%cmPwO$* $Q/h_ Gj$ {X%obgbZAaZ`Z8y]S7~#xRMR;HB@r0~2>3:7/?cln_n:?Dk&&n vBvjOZ@-Bh0 9|b8WJ|p1Z0-.(4*2%XtJHgf}Xq=a1O<=!tY;'_61u0LL|3[omd#o@ 9oxV"xX+~814?pY=Ux}B8ZE05i0$_g)!TiTT1Y(Aekf[KT7za}#!d}N#nlRX${s5#L HDR liW`nSA.EAZcSca+v2V~]UPyrI{J;7^'bt1Fcs73 ]xsAUVsQ9gv LF+7i%tnB-1>?Rc/AnHI)x,.4Ao~|lsagyPInIAhn|/nl4;@x?(7=>>'EUJ-$[U6P #~_Ej[/K1<:X cMZT#-NrM9QbfF;[O~}))GV}uo3mL)/8lt-7w,h8~:&K$Ezxmga;jeQ1$`CDF6}P'[m6odEeK%wOTC@&d)u+yjbnsYfZem.9!K#j6~";L W,V[88bn&|=1(Mywu'39qx<49~;ygz+]oOg1vZ=z=OVt"> 9 >+7/7W~.5e;%H,cZ5-Xmw[^uZ>Z^wVR4R_AUJa?Y0Epip*r3hb3Mum-g#wu7_]&W{ dXc/%T bf*Qg81Vu <'f)}%r,{(9waWE6>m> ^9sf]c*9eSBHJ )'qy] H%>->w), E8!h?+Ja"x%bl(_T]n}@@zPc=tHBXz]paNlM~b,bmFR%YwTa5AwMs8(kc-nX%v"2YDs(m YE#aZ/Y;G]-oTLDj6'q-"6bO2,~jt$uS9C@nH.:>jFF']L~{%LoO3z_`w+%7G6dKSq+'016'vsN|r'6 m)G/G>>@]N8zN.jD16inY+.pn'H-ln;zgc~8JO,kLbi(K>*wJx%!foHTteL%C 9 v%+f9jVCi/c$k5lmekZV=- ~S{(%TLM4b,$Y|_+o]p#1X7+U,e"M/8d uRU~jL/4:z9 7v{bE^S?6.o#mN.1YxyVT6oElD2!VVVj""I+DcZm.I88uKfawo>azn5gPz-0Joog_[Gt_"`YiR;!/qx?aGk9/<8ad[%J0ijv*xJ,'8%b|V+DGXR0?#mt%U^%|}-Mk>#V3N8QT|KUK- Y?JC-[dNzpel4i:4ms*M-mynS}(^ MjY+}|!e^ V8O#i6|pnuF|=?=qgnH/n^O59i1l|rZvaVw]z"/egdX&'8k.3NZ#ngH"t4=]|fW ]+ j _j8qD;'9P:XQA~ag1kL"lQWY)kU A2L>=d>WXM4qL,|[^4"+_yECQ)y2s@t

Read this article:

Brief History of American Eugenics - Ferris State University

Adoption History: Eugenics – University of Oregon

Posted on by

Worries about the bad blood of children available for adoption were a prominent feature of the adoption landscape during the first four decades of the twentieth century. They help to explain why most child welfare professionals favored family preservation over adoption. At the time, a vigorous eugenics movement sought to control the reproduction of genetically inferior people through sterilization (called negative eugenics) and encourage the reproduction of genetically superior people (called positive eugenics). The movement drew support from Americans of all political persuasions. Henry Chapin, a famous pediatrician whose wife, Alice, founded one of the first specialized adoption agencies, claimed that the divergent fertility rates of rich and poor were fueling the demand for adoptable babies because citizens with better genetic endowment were more likely to suffer from infertility. For Chapin, eugenic factors always mattered in adoption. Not babies merely, but better babies, are wanted.

Fears about childrens quality or stock were shared by ordinary people as well as professionals and policy-makers. In 1928, one couple wrote to the U.S. Childrens Bureau, We are very anxious to adopt a baby but would like to get one that we know about its parentage. Are there any homes or orphanages where a person can find out whether there is insanity, fits, or other hereditary diseases in its ancestors? We would like to have one from Christian parentage. In addition to religious preferences, specifications for gender, racial, ethnic, and national qualities in children illustrated popular ideas about heredity. Physical health, mental health, criminality, educability, sexual morality, intelligence, and temperament were all associated with blood.

Before 1940, eugenic concerns were expressed frequently and bluntly. Henry Herbert Goddard, a national authority on feeble-minded children, insisted that compassion for needy children was shortsighted because adoption was a crime against those yet unborn. The eugenic threat adoption posed, according to Goddard, was directly tied to illegitimacy. Unmarried mothers were likely to be feeble-minded themselves and have feeble-minded children whose adoptions would contaminate the gene pool by reproducing future generations of defectives. Goddard advocated segregating these children and adults in benevolent institutions, where their dangerous sexuality could be contained.

Even professionals who believed in making adoption work believed that it was a social crime to place inferior children with parents who expectedand deservednormal children. Agencies sometimes required parents to return children if and when abnormal characteristics appeared and laws, such as the Minnesota Adoption Law of 1917, treated feeble-mindedness as cause for annulment. Medical writers in the popular press warned parents to be careful whom you adopt. Adopters faced frightening risks because children unlucky enough to need new parents were also unlucky enough to be genetic lemons.

Tragic stories of unregulated adoptions which ignored or overlooked the hard facts of bad heredity were publicized by reformers determined to institute minimum standards and protect couples from their own foolish desires to adopt newborns and infants. Professionals used mental tests and other assessment techniques to reveal hard-to-detect problems. Elaborate genealogies, extending well beyond parents to grandparents and other natal relatives, were considered evidence of thoroughness in child placement. Case records showed that many social workers expected anti-social behavior of all kinds to be passed intergenerationally from birth parents to children. Nature-nurture studies often reflected eugenic convictions about the heritability of intelligence and tried to establish scientifically the maximum tolerable gap between hereditary background and adoptive home.

Many people believe that eugenics disappeared in America after the specter of Nazism made eugenics synonymous with racism and genocide. While public discussion of taint and degeneration certainly decreased after World War II, blood and biology remained central themes in adoption history. Anxieties about miscegenation in transracial adoptions and international adoptions, as well as strenuous efforts to make racial predictions and offer genetic counseling in cases of mixed-race infants illustrate that eugenics did not disappear so much as change into a less aggressive, more polite form.

Continued here:

Adoption History: Eugenics - University of Oregon

Eugenics news, articles and information: – NaturalNews.com

Posted on by

TV.NaturalNews.com is a free video website featuring thousands of videos on holistic health, nutrition, fitness, recipes, natural remedies and much more.

CounterThink Cartoons are free to view and download. They cover topics like health, environment and freedom.

The Consumer Wellness Center is a non-profit organization offering nutrition education grants to programs that help children and expectant mothers around the world.

Food Investigations is a series of mini-documentaries exposing the truth about dangerous ingredients in the food supply.

Webseed.com offers alternative health programs, documentaries and more.

The Honest Food Guide is a free, downloadable public health and nutrition chart that dares to tell the truth about what foods we should really be eating.

HealingFoodReference.com offers a free online reference database of healing foods, phytonutrients and plant-based medicines that prevent or treat diseases and health conditions.

HerbReference.com is a free, online reference library that lists medicinal herbs and their health benefits.

NutrientReference.com is a free online reference database of phytonutrients (natural medicines found in foods) and their health benefits. Lists diseases, foods, herbs and more.

Follow this link:

Eugenics news, articles and information: - NaturalNews.com

Beach Information | Beaufort.com

Posted on by

HUNTING ISLAND STATE PARK

Hunting Island is South Carolinas single most popular state park, attracting more than a million human visitors a year.

Also attracted to the semi-tropical barrier island is an array of wildlife, ranging from loggerhead sea turtles to painted buntings, barracudas to sea horses, alligators, pelicans, dolphins and deer, raccoons, Eastern diamondback rattlesnakes and even the rare coral snake.

What they all enjoy is five miles of beach, thousands of acres of marsh, tidal creeks and maritime forest, a saltwater lagoon and ocean inlet. Amenities include a fishing pier and some of the states most desirable campsites.

Adding to the natural history of the big park is a piece of man-made history: South Carolinas only publicly accessible historic lighthouse. Dating from the 1870s, the Hunting Island Lighthouse shoots 170 feet into the air, giving those who scale its heights a breathtaking view of the sweeping Lowcountry marshland and the Atlantic Ocean.

GENERAL:

Designation: Hunting Island State Park was developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a New Deal Program created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The program was designed to provide employment during the Great Depression while addressing national needs in conservation and recreation.The CCC was instrumental in the development of many of South Carolinas state parks. A number of buildings built by the CCC in the 1930s are still in use at this park.The park is listed on the National Register. Counties: Beaufort Acreage: 5000 When & How PRT Acquired: Donated in 1938 from Beaufort County Pets: Pets are not allowed in the cabins or the cabin areas. Pets are allowed in most other outdoor areas provided they are kept under physical restraint or on a leash not longer than six feet. Tour and Programs Information: Barrier Island educational programs and tours of the historic lighthouse complex are held March through November. There is a $2/person charge to climb the lighthouse and you must be at least 44 tall to do so. For additional program information contact the nature center at 843-838-7437. Significant Natural Features: Hunting Island is always changing. Migrating creatures in air and sea come and go with the seasons, and the natural forces of erosion constantly re-shape the island.In addition to some 3,000 acres of salt marsh and more than four miles of beach, a large lagoon, created by sand dredging in 1968, has become a natural wonderland and home to such unexpected species as seahorses and barracuda.The parks upland areas contain one of the states best examples of semi-tropical maritime forest, ancient sand dunes now dominated by such vegetation as slash pines, cabbage palmetto (the state tree) and live oak. Animal visitors include loggerhead turtles, which nest on the island in the summer months. On dry land and in and around freshwater ponds can be found deer and alligators, raccoons and even eastern diamondback rattlesnakes. Hundreds of species of birds also are resident on or visit Hunting Island, including painted buntings, tanagers and orioles, along with pelicans, oystercatchers, skimmers and terns, herons, egrets and wood storks. Pay Phone on Site: Yes

HOURS:

Admissions: $5/adult; $3.25 SC seniors; $3/ child age 6-15; Free for children 5 and younger. Office Hours: M-Fri 9am-5pm Sat&Sun 11am-5pm Days and Hours of Operation: M-Su 6am-6pm (extended to 9pm during Daylight Savings Time)

LOCATION:

Driving Directions: From I-95: Take Hwy 21 E. toward Beaufort. Drive 42 mi. Hwy 21 ends at the park. Beach Location: Yes Miles to Nearest Hospital: 17 Miles to Nearest Town: 17 Miles to Nearest Grocery Store: 14

MILES TO:

Charleston, SC: 85 Columbia, SC: 150 Florence, SC: 168 Greenville, SC: 236 Charlotte, NC: 236 Raleigh, NC: 317 Atlanta, GA: 282 Augusta, GA: 135 Savannah, GA: 56

MONTHLY AVERAGE AIR & OCEAN TEMPERATURES:

January Air 59 Ocean 52 February Air 61 Ocean 54 March Air 67 Ocean 59 April Air 76 Ocean 67 May Air 82 Ocean 75 June Air 86 Ocean 82 July Air 89 Ocean 84 August Air 89 Ocean 84 September Air 84 Ocean 80 October Air 77 Ocean 73 November Air 69 Ocean 63 December Air 61 Ocean 54

Read more:

Beach Information | Beaufort.com

Map of South Carolina Beaches – Beaches of South Carolina …

Posted on by

A great way to cool off in the Palmetto State is to go coastal and take a splash at one the beautiful beaches of South Carolina State Parks. You have four to choose from: Edisto Beach, Huntington Beach,Myrtle Beach andHunting Island state parks. These scenic coastal parks offer an ocean of summertime fun. Come on and dive into the excitement!

Only one hour from Charleston, SC, Edisto Island is home to Edisto Beach State Park. Palmetto trees line the pristine beach-front park which also features a maritime forest and an educational center full of fun interactive exhibits that highlight the natural history of Edisto Island and the surrounding ACE Basin.

Spend time surf fishing South Carolina shores or reeling in flounder or whiting from the salt marsh. Visitors can also hike the four-mile nature trail that winds through the maritime forest with beautiful vistas overlooking the salt marsh. The parks oceanfront campground makes for a perfect stay on Edisto Island. The park also features another campground and cabins located in the maritime forest.

For many South Carolina park-goersMyrtle Beach State Parkis the first state park theyve visited, mainly because it was the first one to open to the public. Located along the Grand Strand, this 312-acre park has cabins just 200 yards from the beach. Comb the beach for seashells, fire up the grill near one of the picnic shelters or fish from the Myrtle Beach Pier. Stop by the nature center to learn about the variety of sea life that lives in the ocean.

Another Grand Strand state park, located in Murrells Inlet, is Huntington Beach State Park. One of the main attractions at Huntington is Atalaya, a Moorish-style winter home of sculptor and philanthropist Anna Hyatt and Archer Huntington. The park is adjacent to Brookgreen Gardens. Wildlife abounds at Huntington Beach State Park. Youre likely to see an alligator basking in the sun, loggerhead sea turtles making their way to or from the beach or a variety of bird species, such as egrets and herons, wading in the water.

You can be one of more than a million visitors who will come toHunting Island State Parkeach year. Its truly a hot spot to cool off. The park has five miles of beach, a saltwater lagoon and maritime forests. A lighthouse dating from the 1870s stands 170-feet tall on the park. Climb to the top to see beautiful views of the Atlantic Ocean and Lowcountry marshland. Its worth the effort. Of all the lighthouses in South Carolina, its the only one thats open to the public.

Wherever you decide to surf the waves during your next SC State Park vacation, we promise youll have a great time on the sandy beaches of South Carolina. Find more information about the beach park of your choice on the map of South Carolina beaches below. Check out our state park map to see the rest of the South Carolina State Parks.

Go here to see the original:

Map of South Carolina Beaches - Beaches of South Carolina ...

Beaches Near Beaufort, South Carolina | USA Today

Posted on by

The Hunting Island Lighthouse is the only South Carolina lighthouse open to the public. (Photo: Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images )

Beaufort, South Carolina, lies within 45 miles of both Hilton Head Island and Savannah, Georgia, and is approximately 70 miles west of Charleston along the Palmetto State coast. With a population of approximately 12,500 according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Beaufort is not as well known as its larger neighboring cities. But the smaller town has plenty of the things that make South Carolina's Lowcountry a prime tourist draw: historic homes and attractions, scenic water views and nearby beaches.

The three closest Atlantic Ocean beaches to Beaufort all lie along U.S. 21 South, with the closest being Harbor Island, a private resort island between St. Helena Island and Hunting Island approximately 15 miles from downtown Beaufort. Much of the 1,400-acre island is made up of tidal marshes, but the island's northeast section has a three-mile stretch of beach along the Atlantic. You can access the beach by staying in one of Harbor Island's vacation villas, condominiums or homes. Harbor Island has guest recreational amenities such as an outdoor pool, hot tub, tennis courts, sand volleyball courts and bicycle rentals.

Hunting Island, approximately 17.5 miles southeast of Beaufort, is a barrier island that is home to 5,000-acre Hunting Island State Park (southcarolinaparks.com): a five-mile, palmetto-laden stretch of beach along the Atlantic with maritime forests, a historic lighthouse, a rental cabin and about 200 campsites near the ocean for tents, trailers and RVs. Other amenities include a nature center, hiking and biking trails, picnic areas and fishing in the ocean, saltwater lagoons or off a 1,200-foot pier. A park entrance fee is required, and another nominal fee is charged to access the 130-foot-tall, circa-1875 lighthouse, the only publicly accessible lighthouse in the state. Brave the 175-step trip up the cast-iron spiral staircase and you can see for miles across the neighboring sea islands and Atlantic.

U.S. Highway 21 South ends at the gates to Fripp Island, approximately 21 miles southwest of Beaufort. Similar to Harbor Island, the private resort requires you to have overnight accommodations at Fripp Island Golf & Beach Resort (frippislandresort.com) to access the 3.5 miles of white-sand beach. The resort has houses, villas and efficiencies for weekly or overnight rental and a host of amenities, including several restaurants, children's activities at Camp Fripp and a a full-service marina offering boat and kayak rentals and guided charter fishing trips. Other recreational attractions include bicycle and golf-cart rentals, tennis courts and 36 holes of golf, including several oceanfront holes.

If you're planning a trip to Beaufort and its beaches, you might want to make it a weekend or longer to get a true taste of the Lowcountry. Take a walk along the Beaufort River through Henry C. Chambers Waterfront Park, browse the antique shops and galleries along downtown's Bay Street or visit Beaufort National Cemetery, which includes the graves of soldiers from the Spanish-American War and Civil War. Tour historic buildings such as the circa-1724 St. Helena Episcopal Church, the John Mark Verdier House or the Beaufort Arsenal. Or visit the Parris Island Museum, which includes exhibits on the history of the U.S. Marine Corps and its noted training base just 11 miles from downtown Beaufort. The city has a wide variety of accommodations, from downtown bed-and-breakfast inns to chain hotels.

Robert Kay has written travel articles since 2002 and has more than 20 years of experience at three daily newspapers and a national magazine. His work has appeared in "Golfweek," "The New York Times" and various AAA publications. Now based in Florida, he holds a journalism degree from the University of South Carolina.

More:

Beaches Near Beaufort, South Carolina | USA Today

Beaches | Beaufort.com

Posted on by

Beach Information

HUNTING ISLAND STATE PARK

Hunting Island is South Carolinas single most popular state park, attracting more than a million human visitors a year.

Also attracted to the semi-tropical barrier island is an array of wildlife, ranging from loggerhead sea turtles to painted buntings, barracudas to sea horses, alligators, pelicans, dolphins and deer, raccoons, Eastern diamondback rattlesnakes and even the rare coral snake.

What they all enjoy is five miles of beach, thousands of acres of marsh, tidal creeks and maritime forest, a saltwater lagoon and ocean inlet. Amenities include a fishing pier and some of the states most desirable campsites.

Adding to the natural history of the big park is a piece of man-made history: South Carolinas only publicly accessible historic lighthouse. Dating from the 1870s, the Hunting Island Lighthouse shoots 170 feet into the air, giving those who scale its heights a breathtaking view of the sweeping Lowcountry marshland and the Atlantic Ocean.

GENERAL:

Designation: Hunting Island State Park was developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), a New Deal Program created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The program was designed to provide employment during the Great Depression while addressing national needs in conservation and recreation.The CCC was instrumental in the development of many of South Carolinas state parks. A number of buildings built by the CCC in the 1930s are still in use at this park.The park is listed on the National Register. Counties: Beaufort Acreage: 5000 When & How PRT Acquired: Donated in 1938 from Beaufort County Pets: Pets are not allowed in the cabins or the cabin areas. Pets are allowed in most other outdoor areas provided they are kept under physical restraint or on a leash not longer than six feet. Tour and Programs Information: Barrier Island educational programs and tours of the historic lighthouse complex are held March through November. There is a $2/person charge to climb the lighthouse and you must be at least 44 tall to do so. For additional program information contact the nature center at 843-838-7437. Significant Natural Features: Hunting Island is always changing. Migrating creatures in air and sea come and go with the seasons, and the natural forces of erosion constantly re-shape the island.In addition to some 3,000 acres of salt marsh and more than four miles of beach, a large lagoon, created by sand dredging in 1968, has become a natural wonderland and home to such unexpected species as seahorses and barracuda.The parks upland areas contain one of the states best examples of semi-tropical maritime forest, ancient sand dunes now dominated by such vegetation as slash pines, cabbage palmetto (the state tree) and live oak. Animal visitors include loggerhead turtles, which nest on the island in the summer months. On dry land and in and around freshwater ponds can be found deer and alligators, raccoons and even eastern diamondback rattlesnakes. Hundreds of species of birds also are resident on or visit Hunting Island, including painted buntings, tanagers and orioles, along with pelicans, oystercatchers, skimmers and terns, herons, egrets and wood storks. Pay Phone on Site: Yes

HOURS:

Admissions: $5/adult; $3.25 SC seniors; $3/ child age 6-15; Free for children 5 and younger. Office Hours: M-Fri 9am-5pm Sat&Sun 11am-5pm Days and Hours of Operation: M-Su 6am-6pm (extended to 9pm during Daylight Savings Time)

LOCATION:

Driving Directions: From I-95: Take Hwy 21 E. toward Beaufort. Drive 42 mi. Hwy 21 ends at the park. Beach Location: Yes Miles to Nearest Hospital: 17 Miles to Nearest Town: 17 Miles to Nearest Grocery Store: 14

MILES TO:

Charleston, SC: 85 Columbia, SC: 150 Florence, SC: 168 Greenville, SC: 236 Charlotte, NC: 236 Raleigh, NC: 317 Atlanta, GA: 282 Augusta, GA: 135 Savannah, GA: 56

MONTHLY AVERAGE AIR & OCEAN TEMPERATURES:

January Air 59 Ocean 52 February Air 61 Ocean 54 March Air 67 Ocean 59 April Air 76 Ocean 67 May Air 82 Ocean 75 June Air 86 Ocean 82 July Air 89 Ocean 84 August Air 89 Ocean 84 September Air 84 Ocean 80 October Air 77 Ocean 73 November Air 69 Ocean 63 December Air 61 Ocean 54

Beaufort is located on Port Royal Island, one of the largest Sea Islands along the southeast Atlantic coast of the United States. It is one of only a handful of U.S. towns that has had its entire downtown designated an historic district by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Filled with mansions built by the wealthy plantation owners before the Civil War, Beaufort was one of the only Southern towns chosen to be occupied by Union troops, rather than destroyed. More than 50 historic structures have been identified in Beaufort, including many lovely private homes that have been beautifully restored and are now available to view via professionally-guided walking, bus, or horse-drawn carriage tours. Special spring and fall events offer locals and visitors the opportunity to tour several private homes and gardens.

See the article here:

Beaches | Beaufort.com

Review: The new 12-inch MacBook is a laptop without an …

Posted on by

The new MacBook is the future of Apple laptops. The Force Touch trackpad, Retina display, and 2 pound weight make up for the MacBook's weak keyboard and slower performance, but not everyone can live on...

Apples often been a company that pushes new technology into a world thats reluctant to receive it or doesnt know what to make of it. Its a company thats often designing for what it sees as the world of the future and not today. The first iMac dropped off legacy ports and embraced the then-unknown connection standard called USB. The MacBook Air ditched optical media. Even the current Mac Pro is a complete redefinition of what the standard features of a professional workstation should be.

This approach has its strengths and weaknesses. Apple has rightfully gained a reputation for being on the cutting edge. Its designs push the entire computer industry forwardsometimes kicking and screaming. But it can be painful to live on the cutting edge. New iMac buyers couldnt use any of their old Mac accessories without buying adapters, and it was months before USB accessories were widespread. MacBook Air owners had to grapple with their inability to insert a CD or DVD to install software.

Using a computer that feels like it fell through a time warp from the future is fun, but if that computer drops through the wormhole without any compatible accessories then theres going to be some aggravation, too.

The new MacBook is one of those Apple products. It feels like it came from the future, and didnt bring its ecosystem with it. With its single USB-C port for both charging and peripherals, its unlike any Mac previously made. Its the smallest, lightest Mac laptop ever, offers a Retina display, and yet it boasts all-day battery life. Using it alone will be a pleasure, but trying to plug it in to all your existing technology will be a pain.

Clearly Apples goal with the new MacBook was to reduce it in every conceivable dimension. Its width is defined by the width of the keyboard, bringing to mind the old 12-inch PowerBook, which was similarly constrained. That makes it seven-tenths of an inch narrower than even the 11-inch MacBook Air, and 1.7 inches narrower than the 13-inch Air. I deeply loved that old 12-inch PowerBook, and one of the reasons was that it was no wider than its keyboard. Ten years later, Apple has once again created a laptop whose keyboard goes right to the edge, and I love it.

The new MacBook is noticeably thinner and lighter than even the 11-inch MacBook Air.

The MacBook is 7.7 inches deep, making it deeper than the 11-inch MacBook Air, but not the 13-inch model. This added depth owes to the ratio of the MacBooks displayits a 16:10 aspect ratio like the 13-inch Air, rather than the 16:9 ratio found on the 11-inch model. Much more about that display in a little bit.

But of course, the dimension Apple has tended to be most obsessed with is thickness, or as its been called since the Titanium PowerBook G4 was 1 inch thin, thinness. And of course the MacBook delivers: Ive used an 11-inch MacBook Air for many years, and the MacBook seems impossibly thin.

At its thickest point, the MacBook is 0.52 inches thick. The 11-inch Air, in comparison, is 0.68 inches thick at that same point. I admit that 0.14 inches, or 4 millimeters, is not a whole lot of difference, but shaving one-fifth of the thickness off the MacBook Air is still a pretty impressive accomplishment.

USB-C is the only port you get, besides the headphone jack. This'll be no big deal someday, but today it's kind of a pain.

Then theres the weight, which is 2.03 pounds, down from 2.38 pounds on the 11-inch Air, and 2.96 pounds on the 13-inch Air. Again, this is a major reductionespecially for 13-inch Air usersand even as a user of the 11-inch Air, I noticed how light the MacBook was as I toted it around.

To make the MacBook this thin, Apples had to make some compromises. The device is positively iOS-like in its lack of portsits got a headphone jack and a single USB-C port rather than the Lightning port found on iPads and iPhones. This is about as minimal as a computer can get, at least until wireless charging becomes standard.

The MacBook also shows a familial resemblance to iOS devices in its color options: silver, space gray, and gold are now on the menu. The MacBook I tested is a base model of the space gray variety, and while the difference is subtle, its fun to use a Mac laptop that isnt silver for the first time in ages. It matches well with my space gray iPhone 6 and iPad mini. The Apple logo on the device is also no longer backlit by a cutout that allows the screen backlighting to shine through, but is instead mirrored like the Apple logo on an iPad.

The space gray matches my iPhone 6 and iPad Air 2, and so does the reflective Apple logo.

With the darker gray color, taller display, and the large square keys, the MacBook actually reminds me of Googles Chromebook Pixel (itself a gorgeous bit of hardware), only much smaller. Physically, this is a device that shows off all of Apples skill as a hardware developer and everything its learned from building iPhones and iPads. This is the iPad of laptops.

Like the 13-inch MacBook Pro that preceded it to market by a few weeks, the MacBook features Apples new Force Touch trackpad. I like it, though it took me a day or two to get used to the more subtle click feel. To say that this trackpads surface doesnt move isnt entirely accuratethe material flexes, subtly, but the clicking sensation you feel is generated by a haptic device thats shaking the surface slightly when sensors detect that youve applied an appropriate amount of pressure. The net effect is that it feels like a click, but its controlled by software.

This has several ramifications. First, Apples added a new click gesture called the Force clickwhich is what happens when you click and then push a little bit harder, until you feel a second click. Apples built in force-click actions to many of its apps, including the Finder (it opens a Quick Look window), and other developers can choose to support it too.

The Force Touch trackpad has software-controlled haptic feedback, which developers will be able to take advantage of too.

Developers also have the ability to access the haptics in the trackpad to provide another dimension of interface feedback. Apple can vibrate the trackpad to provide extra feedbackfor example, imagine an app letting you know that the object youre dragging has reached the center of the document by giving you a brief bump on the trackpad. It will be interesting to see experimentation with this new piece of hardware.

But the bottom line is, this is a trackpad, and it feels like oneplus its programmable.

One of the biggest compromises Apple made in designing the MacBook to be as thin and light as possible was to create a new, thinner keyboard. In order to make the keyboard thinner, Apple reduced the amount of key travelthe amount of distance that the keys move when you press them.

As someone who types for a living, and who types roughly 115 words per minute, this is a huge change. The reduced key travel is instantly noticeabletheres just much less physical feedback as you press each individual key. It feels like a cross between typing on a more traditional Mac keyboard and tapping on the hard glass screen of an iPad. (No travel at all there!)

Apple seems to have realized that the reduced travel has made this keyboard less appealing, and has attempted to offset the change with a bunch of other changes that improve the typing experience. Theres a new butterfly key mechanism atop stainless steel dome switches, which Apple says increases key stability, and the keys are all a bit wider than on a traditional keyboard, so theres more area to hit on each key.

The MacBook's keys have much shallower travel, and it's my biggest problem with this laptop. (Then again, I type an awful lot.)

These changes help, but they dont really offset the reduced travel. The MacBook keyboards better than I expected it to beI was able to score 118 words per minute on TypeRacer using itbut it never felt particularly comfortable. If youre not a keyboard snob, you may not even notice the difference, but if theres any single feature that would make me reluctant to buy a MacBook, it would be the keyboard.

Beyond the changes to the key movement itself, this keyboard offers a few other interesting features. Each key is individually LED backlit, which is supposed to reduce light leakage, but I found the lighting of the key labels not to be uniform. Edges of several key labels (the left side of the Esc key, the bottom of the delete and tab keys) were darker, as if they werent properly lit.

The Esc key has been elongated and the function keys narrowed, which didnt really bother me. However, the redesign of the arrow keys really shook methe up and down arrows are still half-height, but the left and right arrows are now full sized. It turns out that I used the gaps above the left and right arrow keys on prior keyboards to orient by feel, so I knew which arrow key was which. On the MacBooks keyboard, theres no longer a gapand I kept having to look down to make sure I was tapping the up arrow key.

The MacBook will probably go down in history for a single reason: Its got a single port for both charging and connecting to other devices, and that port is of the USB-C variety.

First, the single port thing. MagSafe, the magnetic charging technology that has adorned all Apple laptops since 2006, is gone. The MacBook comes with a USB-C charging brick and a USB-C-to-USB-C cable, and thats what you use to charge.

I miss MagSafe, but USB laptop charging was inevitable.

I have to say, Im going to miss MagSafe. I can pick up my MacBook Air and push off the power connector in one quick motion, but with the MacBook I have to grab the laptop with one hand and then pull the cord out with the other hand. Its the tiniest of inconveniences, to be sure, but its a regression nonetheless. And yes, if someone trips over the power cable, the MacBook will go flying.

The MagSafe connector included a small LED that lit up to indicate that it was attached and charging. Thats gone, but in a nice touch, when you insert the USB-C cable into the MacBook (or plug the already-inserted cable into the wall), the MacBook sounds an iOS-style chime to let you know its charging. Theres no visual indication, however.

Then theres the fact that this MacBook is the very first Mac to ship with a USB-C connector. In a few years, this connector type will be common, and well not-so-fondly remember the days of the original USB port shape. But right now this is a port type thats on the cutting edge, and the transition will be difficult. When I first started up the MacBook, I wanted to use Apples Migration Assistant utility to move files from my MacBook Air. I held down the T key at startup to put the MacBook into target-disk mode, and then I realized that I had no way to connect it to any other device I own. (I finally was able to connect the MacBook to my Ethernet network by attaching Apples $29 USB Ethernet adapter to Apples $19 USB-C to USB adapter, and attaching that monstrosity to the MacBook itself.)

It's annoying to have to buy cables and adapters to use this MacBook, but Apple's embrace of USB-C will lead to cheaper, more ubiquitous cables in the long run.

As I write this, Monoprice has announced a whole bunch of USB-C cables, including one that wouldve worked perfectly to attach the MacBook to another Mac for target mode. Belkin announced a similar clutch of products a few weeks back. The USB-C ecosystem is coming, and thats good, but out of the box today the MacBook is basically not compatible with anything you own. Youll need to buy a bunch of adapters and cables if you need to make it work with the rest of the world. If you ever need to hook into a projector or other video display, youll want to buy a USB-C video adapter and carry it with you, because for quite some time nobody else is going to have one for you to borrow.

And then gradually, over time, the MacBooks use of USB-C will cease to be an issue. USB-C itself is an exciting new technology. You dont have to worry about whether youre plugging it in upside-down or not, so itll save you time and frustration. Someone will make a great docking station to use with it. This will all become mainstream, eventually, but right now its not.

Apples argument with the MacBook, as it was back in 2008 with the first MacBook Air, is that everythings becoming wireless, so ports dont matter. Thats certainly more true now than it was seven years ago. The MacBook is a device built for people who are not plugging and unplugging external devices every day, and there are more of those people now than ever. But if youre not one of those people, this is not the laptop youre looking for.

Everyones talking about the size of the MacBook and its single USB port, but the marquee feature of the product is really its screen. This 12-inch retina display introduces high-resolution Mac display goodness to a small, light laptop for the first time ever. The displays physical resolution is 2304 by 1440 pixels, meaning that at standard 2x retina resolution, its the equivalent of a 1152x720 display.

I like the new MacBook's black bezel, as compared to the MacBook Air line (11-inch to the left, 13-inch on the right).

But heres the thing: At that resolution, the 12-inch display seems small. Like, really small. Nearly unusably small. So Apple has made the decision to ship the MacBook with its default resolution scaled to emulate a 1280 x 800 display, roughly the same screen area as youd find on an 11-inch MacBook Air. Fortunately, the scaled resolution looks really good. But after a little while, I decided I wanted my display scaled even more, so I switched it to the More Space setting, which emulates a 1440x900 display, the equivalent number of pixels as the 13-inch Air. This was the setting I used for the rest of my time with the MacBook.

The MacBooks display is covered edge-to-edge with glass, with a black bezel underneath. This is the style that the MacBook Pro line has had for some time, but itll be a change for MacBook Air users. The MacBook Airs display has a large silver bezel around the screen, but this look is much simpler and more attractive, and I didnt notice any real difference in glare versus the Airs display.

The MacBook is powered by Intels Core M processor, which is designed to be power efficient and cool. (The MacBook has no fanits completely silent, even when stressed out.) Its not designed to be fast, and by the standards of all of Apples other current laptops, its not. Its not fast by the standards of last years models. Or those of the year before. I pulled out every laptop in my house dating back four years and the base model MacBook is slower than all of themthough to be fair, my four-year-old MacBook Air is the top-of-the-line model. Still, its not a stretch to say that the MacBook is bringing 2010 performance to 2015.

Does it matter? If youre a power user who likes to read super-long reviews of Apple laptops, it might. I honestly gave some thought to not even including test scores in this review, because if youre the kind of person who seeks the longest bar, the MacBook just wont please you.

See?

But the Intel processors in Mac laptops have been so powerful for so long that Im not sure it matters for most users. I fancy myself a bit of a power user, what with my Photoshop and my Logic Pro, and you know what? I was able to edit a multi-track Logic project on the MacBook just fine. Yes, bouncing the final project to disk took longer than it does on my 5K iMac or even my 2014 MacBook Air, but it still exported.

Similarly, although the MacBook is limited to 8GB of RAM, this seemed sufficient for all of my tasks. If youre someone who cant use a laptop if it doesnt have more than 8GB of RAM, there are better options in Apples laptop linespecifically, the MacBook Pro.

I never found using the MacBook sluggish. Then again, I didnt try to play games on it. But again, if youre trying to play games on the MacBook, you may be missing the point. The integrated Intel HD Graphics 5300 processor is more than enough to drive the Retina display with no lag, and I found Apples various interface animations ran smoothly.

Like a great many computer features that used to be essential, speed appears to have become a high-end luxury. In 2010, if you handed me a new laptop that was as fast as the average Mac laptop from 2005, it would probably have felt sluggish and unusable. But honestly, I wouldnt have any qualms using this MacBook as a travel machine, just as Ive chosen to use the 11-inch MacBook Air rather than a MacBook Pro. Opting for a tiny, thin laptop doesnt mean you cant get your work done. Its a lesson the 11-inch Air taught me, and the MacBook fits that tale well.

By using the Intel Core M and packing in a whole lot of battery, Apple claims that the MacBook boasts all day battery life. Of course, these things are relativeediting a Logic Pro project will suck the battery out of even the hardiest laptop. But in general, I was extremely impressed with the battery life of the MacBook.

During my testing I tried to spend as long as possible between charges, and was continually surprised at how little the MacBook was draining its battery. I spent most of a workday with the MacBook in my living room and at a nearby Starbucks and didnt get close to running out of battery.

Now you can pick your seat without having to scope out its proximity to an available power outlet.

It will take a long time to break old-school laptop users out of the habit of constantly seeking a power plug in order to avoid range anxiety, but if theres a laptop that can do it, its probably the MacBook.

The MacBook is a gorgeous piece of hardware. The Retina display is excellent, and Im really loving the Force Touch trackpad. The keyboard is more of a hit-or-miss affair; if youre someone who is particular about your keyboards and spends a whole lot of time typing, it may be a deal-breaker.

This is a laptop that will serve its audience well. That audience is one that prioritizes size, weight, and stylishness over compatibility and ports and computing power. Id say that this isnt a laptop for power users, but I dont think thats truethere are whole classes of power users who dont actually need more power than the MacBook can provide.

But if your workflow includes lots of USB flash drives and external hard drives, if youve invested in Thunderbolt hard drives or displays, or if your work really does require 16GB of RAM and the very fastest processors around, the MacBook wont be a good fit. Fortunately, Apples isnt ceasing production of the MacBook Proand it offers all of that and more.

As a longtime user of the MacBook Air line, I look at the MacBook with a mix of excitement and trepidation. This is the future of Apples thin and light laptop line, as well as a warning that were about to enter a transition period for devices as Apple begins to embrace USB-C. And ultimately thats the trade-off here: To get the cutting edge technology, youve got to deal with the incompatibilities and limitations that go with it.

People who are willing to deal with the pains in order to get their hands on a product like this, you know who you are. Its waiting for you. The rest of the world will catch up, in time.

Jason is the former editorial director of Macworld, and has reviewed every major Apple product of the last few years, including the original iPhone and iPad as well as every major version of Mac OS X. Check out Sixcolors.com for his latest Apple coverage. More by Jason Snell

Your message has been sent.

There was an error emailing this page.

Go here to read the rest:

Review: The new 12-inch MacBook is a laptop without an ...

Outer Beaches Realty – Outer Banks Rentals

Posted on by

Welcome to the Outer Beaches family!

If you are looking for an Outer Banks vacation rental, you've come to the right place. Sit back, relax and let the sparkling blue waves of the ocean lull you to sleep. Choosing Outer Beaches Realty for your Hatteras Island vacation guarantees you the best Outer Banks Vacation Value, as well as our award-winning accommodations and service.

We are here to help you find the perfect vacation rental for your family at the best possible price. When you rent with Outer Beaches Realty, there are no additional fees and no hidden surprises. We Dare You to Compare the price of our Outer Banks rentals with other companies that are charging extra fees to see how much you can save!

Click Here to view our Vacation Rental Brochure.

All of us at Outer Beaches Realty consider the Outer Banks of North Carolina an unparalleled family vacation destination, and we look forward to sharing our beautiful Cape Hatteras beaches with your family.

With locations ranging from oceanfront to soundfront, amenities including private pools, hot tubs, game rooms, pet friendly rentals and more, you will find that Outer Banks vacation rentals offered by Outer Beaches Realty are truly the best of the best on Hatteras Island.

For accommodations ranging from luxurious Signature Elite homes at BestOfHatteras.com to quiet oceanside condos, Outer Beaches Realty has you covered with a large selection of Hatteras Island accommodations. Every family is different, and our wide selection of Outer Banks vacation rentals ensures that you can find a vacation home or condo tailored to your family's vacation needs.

Hatteras Island is a beach lover's paradise, offering 72 miles of pristine North Carolina beaches to explore. With regular appearances on national "Best Beaches" lists, Hatteras Island offers some of the best watersports and fishing on the North Carolina coast. Your Hatteras Island vacation can also offer explorations into Outer Banks History, Outer Banks Shipwrecks in the Graveyard of the Atlantic and Outer Banks Lighthouses, including the renowned Cape Hatteras Lighthouse in Buxton.

Cape Point Reopens to Off-Road Vehicle Access

On the heels of Hatteras being named a top ten sport fishing town in the world by Sport Fishing Magazine, anglers have more news to celebrate as the famed Cape Point reopens to off-road vehicle access today. Full Story

McCrory looks ahead to new Outer Banks bridges

RALEIGH - Construction should start next spring on a long-overdue replacement for the jittery old Bonner Bridge on the Outer Banks, Gov. Pat McCrory said Tuesday. Full Story

OBR mourns the passing of Jack Kepler (84)

By every measure Jack was an original personality. There was only one Jack and everybody knew him on Hatteras Island. He was always thinking about marketing. He came up with a lot of the slogans that we still use today in our marketing and was instrumental in acquiring several large accounts on the island because of his marketing abilities. We will all miss Jack an awful lot. Full Story

Read more:

Outer Beaches Realty - Outer Banks Rentals

YOU ARE HERE: – scvtv.com

Posted on by

Episode Listing 01/06/16|NASA Edge:Game-Changing Robotics 12/31/15|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for January 2016 12/29/15|NASA:International Space Station: 2015 in Review 12/23/15|NASA:NASA Reaches New Heights in 2015 12/22/15|European Space Agency:2015 Highlights This Year at NASA:2015 in Review 12/18/15|NASA X:Environmentally Responsible Aviation End of an ERA (Pt.2) NASA X:Environmentally Responsible Aviation End of an ERA (Pt.1) 12/16/15|NASA/JPL:Curiosity Rover Makes First Visit to Martian Dunes 12/15/15|NASA:Examining Global Impacts of 2015 El Nio 12/14/15|This Week at NASA:Invention Challenge at JPL; more 12/04/15|This Week at NASA:Congressional Space Chat; Orion and SAGE-III Preparations; more 11/27/15|This Week at NASA:Mathematician Receives Presidential Medal of Freedom 11/20/15|This Week at NASA:Curiosity Rover Looks at Sand Dunes on Mars; more 11/13/15|This Week at NASA:JPLs Climate Observatory; Moons of Pluto; more NASA/JPL:A Breathing Planet, Off Balance 11/06/15|This Week at NASA:How Mars is Losing Its Atmosphere; more 11/01/15|NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory:JPL Director Charles Elachi Announces Retirement This Week at NASA:Advancing the Journey to Mars 10/23/15|This Week at NASA:Astronomy Night at White House; New Rocket System; more 10/16/15|This Week at NASA:JPL Open House; Intl Mars Effort; Scott Kelly Sets Record; more NASA:New Vehicles for New Ventures: The Winners 10/15/15|NASA X:SAGE III, Monitoring Earths Ozone Layer 10/09/15|This Week at NASA:Space Seeds; CubeSats Launch; Dining on Mars; more 10/07/15|JPL:Team Develops Buoyant Rover for Under-Ice Exploration 10/02/15|This Week at NASA:Liquid Water Detected on Mars; Super Lunar Eclipse; more 10/01/15|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for October 2015: Ten Amazing Sights 09/29/15|NASA:Press Conf.: Evidence Points to Water Flowing on Mars 09/25/15|This Week at NASA:Color Pix of Pluto; Surveying Both (Earth) Poles; more 09/18/15|This Week at NASA:Moon of Saturn Has Underground Ocean; more 09/12/15|This Week at NASA:Orion Crew Module, SLS Launch Vehicle, Ceres Imagery, more 09/04/15|This Week at NASA:ISS; New Spacecraft Coming; Climate Studies; more 09/01/15|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for Sept. 2015: Total Eclipse of the Harvest Moon 08/31/15|NASA/JPL:Watching Rising Sea Levels from Space 08/28/15|This Week at NASA:ISS, Katrina, Climate Studies, Webb, Crash Tests, 2 Black Holes 08/24/15|NASA Edge:BisonSat 08/21/15|NASA/JPL:50 Years of Mars Exploration (Lots of SCV Residents in This Video) This Week at NASA:JPL Collaborates on The Martian Starring Matt Damon 08/14/15|This Week at NASA:New Launch System, Veggies in Space, Black Holes, Perseids 08/07/15|This Week at NASA:Mars Trek, Dark Side of the Moon, more NASA/JPL:Curiosity: Three Years on Mars NASA/JPL:Whats Up for August 2015: Perseid Meteor Shower 08/03/15|NASA Edge:Additive Manufacturing In Space: 3D Printing 07/31/15|This Week at NASA:Closest Rocky Exoplanet Confirmed; Calif. is 1 Full Year Short on Rainfall Since 2012; more 07/24/15|This Week at NASA:Pluto Data; Earthlike Planet Found; more 07/17/15|This Week at NASA:Pluto Flyby on 50th Anniv. of First Mars Flyby; more 07/16/15|NASA:New Horizons Phones Home from Pluto; Intro by Dr. Stephen Hawking NASA:Mission Control Achieves Signal Lock with New Horizons Spacecraft at Pluto 07/10/15|This Week at NASA:New Astronauts, Pluto Flyby, more NASA:NASA Picks Crew for First U.S. Commercial Spaceflights 07/06/15|NASA Edge:New Horizons: Pluto Encounter 07/05/15|NASA New Horizons:Countdown to Pluto (Flyby July 14) 07/02/15|This Week at NASA:Investigation of SpaceX Mishap; more 07/01/15|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for July 2015: Milky Way Galaxy Tour 06/30/15|NASA Edge:Nanotechnology 06/26/15|This Week at NASA:Looking for Human Landing Sites on Mars 06/19/15|This Week at NASA:Mission to Europa Is a Go 06/12/15|This Week at NASA:Change Aboard ISS; NASA Saucer Completes Test Flight; more 06/05/15|NASA-JPL:Crazy Engineering: RoboSimian Robot This Week at NASA:50 Years of Spacewalks; more 06/02/15|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for June 2015: Pluto, Asteroids in View 05/30/15|This Week at NASA:Science Instruments Selected for Europa Mission 05/26/15|NASA Edge:Mars Ascent Vehicle Prize 05/16/15|This Week at NASA:ISS Update; Weird Spots on Ceres; Sea Salt on Europa? 05/14/15|NASA-JPL:Mars Curiosity Report: Rover Road Trip 05/08/15|This Week at NASA:Humans to Mars: Finding People Underground; Honoring Langley 05/04/15|NASA-JPL:Whats Up for May 2015 NASA:30 Minutes to Mars 05/01/15|This Week @ NASA:New Deputy Administrator Confirmed; more 04/29/15|NASA-Goddard:Measuring Our Underground Water Supplies from Space 04/28/15|NASA Edge:Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission Launch JPL Von Karman Lecture:Robots to the Rescue 04/25/15|JPL:Crazy Engineering: The Camera that Fixed Hubble This Week at NASA:25 Years of Hubble; more 04/17/15|This Week @ NASA:Dragons in Space; Planning for Pluto; Messenging Mercury; more 04/10/15|This Week @ NASA:Water in the Universe 04/07/15|JPL:Whats Up for April 2015 This Week @ NASA:This Week at NASA: Scott Kelly Starts Yearlong ISS Mission; more NASA JPL :Women in STEM 03/30/15|This Week @ NASA:Expedition 43 En Route to ISS; Curiosity Detects Nitrogen on Mars 03/23/15|NASA:Rover Searches California Desert for Water to Simulate Future Lunar Missions 03/21/15|This Week at NASA:Yearlong ISS Crew Lifts Off March 27; Historic Spaceflights; more 03/13/15|NASA Edge:ElaNa X Deployment This Week at NASA:Evidence of Ocean on Jovian Moon 03/06/15|This Week at NASA:Bolden on the Budget; Kelly Prepares for Year in Space; more 03/05/15|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for March 2015: Solar Eclipse 03/04/15|NASA/JPL Briefing:Dawn Spacecraft Arrives at Dwarf Planet Ceres on Friday 03/02/15|NASA Edge:SMAP Launches from Vandenberg 02/27/15|This Week at NASA:Spacewalks Continue; Preview of Magnetic Mission; more 02/20/15|This Week at NASA:Spacewalk Preview, Orion Chute Tests, Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission 02/17/15|NASA/JPL Von Karman Lecture:Charting Irreversible Climate Change with Jason-3 02/14/15|NASA/JPL:Mars Curiosity Rover Report: Rover Walkabout 02/13/15|This Week at NASA:Upcoming ISS Missions; Deep Space Climate Observatory; more 02/06/15|This Week at NASA:New Views of Pluto, Earth Science, More NASA:Administrator Charlie Bolden: The State of NASA 2015 02/05/15|NASA 360:Possibilities NASA/JPL:Whats Up for February 2015 01/30/15|This Week at NASA:The Plan to Launch America 01/23/15|This Week at NASA:This Week at NASA: The State of STEM; Images of Ceres; more 01/16/15|NASA/JPL:JPL-controlled Satellite Detects UKs Long Lost Beagle-2 Mars Lander This Week at NASA:SpaceX Dragon Arrives at ISS; 2014 Was Warmest Year Since 1880; more 01/09/15|NASA/JPL:NASA-JPL | Europa: Ocean World This Week at NASA:Hubble Sees Individual Stars in Andromeda Galaxy; Exoplanets Now Number 1,000; more NASA:New Mission to Measure Earths Water; JPL is Project Manager 01/06/15|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for January 2015 12/31/14|JPL:Crazy Engineering: Ion Propulsion and the Dawn Mission NASA:Happy New Year from the International Space Station 12/26/14|NASA:2014 Year-End Video File (Raw Video) 12/19/14|NASA:This Year at NASA 2014 12/17/14|NASA:STEM in 30: Kites to Flight: Inventing with the Wright Brothers 12/12/14|This Week at NASA:Orion Wows the Crowd; Evidence Suggests Ancient Lakes on Mars; more 12/09/14|JPL:Mars Curiosity Rover Report: Making Mount Sharp 12/05/14|NASA:Briefing: Review of Orions First Flight Test This Week at NASA:Maiden Test Flight of Next-Gen Orion Spacecraft a Success; more 12/02/14|NASA:Briefing: Next Gen Spacecraft Test Launch at T-minus 2 Days 12/01/14|NASA Edge:NASA Edge Visits JPL for the Latest in Supersonic Deceleration NASA/JPL:Whats Up for December 2014: Meteor Showers & Planets 11/28/14|This Week at NASA:New ISS Crew; Orion Test Flight Update; more 11/21/14|This Week at NASA:Asteroid Capture Test; 3D Printer Installed in Space; more 11/14/14|This Week a NASA:Orion Spacecraft Prepped for Dec. 4 Test; Europeans Land on Comet; more 11/13/14|NASA 360:The Future of Human Space Exploration 11/11/14|NASA/JPL:Redirecting a Near-Earth Asteroid (Von Karman Lecture Series) NASA/JPL:Whats Up for Nov. 2014: European Lander Soon to Reach Comet 11/07/14|This Week a NASA:Briefing on Orion Spacecraft; U.S. & European Leaders Reaffirm Commitment to ISS; more 10/22/14|NASA Edge:MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission) Part Deux 10/18/14|NASA X:NESC: NASA Engineering & Safety Center This Week at NASA:Restoring Power to ISS; Martian Atmosphere in View; Hubble Sees 13 Bil. Light Years Away 10/10/14|NASA Edge:Talking MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission) This Week a NASA:Spacewalk to Fix Space Station Parts; Mars Comet Flyby; more 10/06/14|NASA 360:Rise of the Rovers 10/03/14|twan100314:Orion Closer to Test Launch; Helicopter Crash Test Dummies; more 10/02/14|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for October 2014 09/26/14|This Week a NASA:New Crew Aboard Space Station; MAVEN, MSL, more 09/19/14|This Week a NASA:Returning Human Spaceflight; more 09/17/14|NASA:NASA Picks SpaceX, Boeing to Ferry Crew to Space Station 09/12/14|This Week a NASA:Space Launch System Update; Earth Science on ISS; more 09/09/14|NASA:A New Era in Observing Earth 09/05/14|NASA Edge:Mission X 2014 This Week a NASA:NASA Measures Rainfall; JPL Observes Napa Quake Area from Above; more 08/30/14|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for September 2014 This Week at NASA:Space Launch System Milestone; Continuing Voyagers Legacy; more 08/16/14|This Week at NASA:Data from Carbon Observatory; Seeing a Black Hole; more 08/08/14|NASA Edge:The Future Is Bright | Interview with NASA-Kennedy Director Bob Cabana nasa080814:Flying Laboratories Study Our World This Week a NASA:Orion Capsule Recovery Test; New JPL Test Vehicle; more 08/01/14|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for August 2014 NASA:Press Conf.: Mars 2020 Rover and Beyond This Week at NASA:Prepping for Orion Landing Tests; Next Mars Rover; more 07/25/14|This Week a NASA:Looking Back at Apollo 11, Ahead to Next Giant Leap NASA Edge:Launch of JPLs Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 07/20/14|NASA:Time of Apollo 07/18/14|This Week a NASA:Apollo 11 Remembered; Planning Manned Flight to Mars; more 07/15/14|NASA:Panel: Search for Life in the Universe 07/11/14|This Week a NASA:Earths Soil Moisture; Liquid CO2 is Whats Carving Gullies on Mars; more 07/01/14|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for July 2014 06/27/14|This Week a NASA:Civil Rights Act at 50; Orion Parachute Tests; more 06/24/14|JPL Von Karman Lecture Series:The Search for Life Beyond Earth JPL News:Curiosity Rover Completes First Martian Year 06/23/14|NASA Edge:SpaceX-3 06/20/14|This Week at NASA:Orion Spacecraft Taking Shape; Deflecting Asteroids; more 06/17/14|NASA-JPL:OCO-2: NASAs New Carbon Counter 06/13/14|This Week at NASA:Preview: Another Try at Studying Carbon Dioxide by Satellite 06/06/14|NASA-JPL:Hello World: Communicating From Space 06/02/14|NASA X:ERA (Environmentally Responsible Aviation) NASA/JPL:Whats Up for June 2014 This Week at NASA:2014 Mid-Year Report 04/19/14|This Week at NASA:SpaceXs Dragon Cargo Ship En Route to International Space Station 04/18/14|This Week at NASA:NASAs OSIRIS-REx to collect Asteroid Samples is 2016 04/04/14|This Week at NASA:This Week at NASA: Underground Water on Saturn Moon NASA-JPL:Whats Up for April 2014 | Lunar Eclipse April 14-15; Next Mars Mission; more 03/29/14|This Week at NASA:This Week at NASA: Plan to Capture an Asteroid; Deep Space Exploration; more 03/21/14|This Week at NASA:This Week at NASA: Small Satellites, Next-Gen Air Traffic Control, more 03/14/14|This Week at NASA:Space Launch System, Asteroid Data Hunter, more 03/10/14|NASA Edge:Launch of TDRS-L Satellite 03/07/14|This Week at NASA:Budget Proposal Would Keep NASA on Track; more 03/05/14|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for March 2014 03/03/14|Space to Ground:Space to Ground: This Week on the ISS (3-3-2014) 02/28/14|This Week at NASA:Agency Studies Climate, Helps Monitor Calif. Drought, Finds New Planets, more 02/25/14|NASA/JPL:New Theory on How Stars Explode 02/21/14|This Week at NASA:Obital Completes Cargo Mission; Understanding Supernovae; more 02/14/14|NASA/JPL:Mars Curiosity Rover Report This Week at NASA:France to Partner on Future Mars Mission 02/07/14|This Week at NASA:Future Webb Space Telescope, more 02/05/14|JPL:OSIRIS-REx: Playing Tag with an Asteroid NASA Edge:Technology Demonstration Missions Part 3 02/03/14|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for February 2014: Planets & More Planets 01/31/14|This Week at NASA:Astronaut Class, LADEE Extended, Climate Science, more 01/28/14|NASA:JPL Tests Experimental Landing Algorithm in Mojave Desert 01/27/14|NASA Edge:Technology Demonstration Missions II: Next Step Into Deep Space 01/24/14|JPL:Mars News Briefing: 10 Years of Spirit & Opportunity This Week at NASA:Dryden Center Renamed for Armstrong; more 01/17/14|This Week at NASA:Orbital Makes First Contracted Delivery to Space Station; more 01/10/14|This Week at NASA:ISS, Astronomy, Mars, more NASA:Press Conf.: White House Extends Intl Space Station to At Least 2014 12/30/13|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for January 2014: Jupiter & Venus 12/27/13|NASA:From Earth to Deep Space: NASA 2013 Highlights 12/20/13|NASA:This Year at NASA (2013) 12/13/13|This Week at NASA:Cassini Finds First Stable Extraterrestrial Lakes; more 12/10/13|NASA/JPL:Curiosity Rover Report: Dating Rocks on Mars 12/06/13|This Week at NASA:Comet ISON Probably Broke Up; more 11/29/13|This Week at NASA:Comet ISON Passes by the Sun; more 11/25/13|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for December 2013: Comet ISON 11/22/13|This Week at NASA:MAVEN En Route to Mars; Progress on Orion Spacecraft; more 11/15/13|This Week at NASA:MAVEN Update; New View of Saturn; more 11/14/13|PSA:NASA Is Returning to Mars with LeVar Burton 11/13/13|NASA X:Power & Propulsion GCDP (Game Changing Development Program) NASA Edge:LADEE Launch 11/09/13|NASA/JPL:NASA Social: 3 JPL Missions to Study Earth 11/08/13|This Week at NASA:Kepler Conference, ISS, MAVEN, more 11/01/13|NASA:This Week at NASA NASA/JPL:Whats Up for November 2013 10/18/13|NASA Edge:Mission X 2013 10/04/13|NASA Education:Launchpad | ICESat-2: Next Generation Technology 10/01/13|JPL:FINDER: Radar for Locating Disaster Victims 09/30/13|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for October 2013 09/27/13|This Week at NASA:ISS Has New Residents; Heartbeat Finder, Sandra Bullock in Space (sort of); more NASA/JPL:NASA Hispanic Heritage Month Profile: Fernando Abilleira 09/20/13|This Week at NASA:Orbitals Cygnus Rocket Launches; JPL Curiosity Rover Update; more 09/16/13|NASA Edge:Robotics: Regolith Mining Competition 09/13/13|This Week at NASA:Voyager Exits Solar System; Asteroids; Flight of Cygnus; more NASA:History for Mankind as NASA/JPLs Voyager 1 Spacecraft Reaches Interstellar Space 09/07/13|This Week at NASA:LADEE Launches to the Moon; Near-Earth Asteroids; more 09/06/13|NASA:LADEE Talk: Administrator Charles Bolden Discusses Tonights Planned Lunar Mission (9/6/2013) 09/04/13|NASA:Antares Update: Orbital to Fly Sept. 17 to Space Station 08/30/13|This Week at NASA:Drop-testing a Helicopter; LADEE to the Moon; Asteroid Search; more JPL:Whats Up for September 2013 08/26/13|JPL News:Spitzer Space Telescope: 10 Years of Innovation 08/23/13|JPL News:Mars Curiosity Rover Report This Week at NASA:New Astronaut Candidates, ISS Spacewalk, more 08/22/13|NASA:Lunar Mission Preview | LADEE Launches Sept. 6 08/16/13|NASA Edge:Orion Service Module This Week at NASA:Something New in the Air; JPL Visit; more 08/09/13|This Week at NASA:1 Year on Mars; Hubble Spots a New Kind of Fireball 08/06/13|NASA:Robots, Humans and Future Exploration 08/02/13|This Week at NASA:A Year of Curiosity; Asteroid Mission Formulation; more NASA Edge:CubeSat Workshop 08/01/13|NASA/JPL:Whats Up for August 2013 07/26/13|This Week at NASA:ISS Astronauts Control Ground Robots; JPL Waves at Saturn; more JPL:Wave at Saturn: Photographing Earth from Deep Space 07/19/13|This Week at NASA:ISS Spacewalk's a Washout; 14th Neptune Moon Discovered; more 07/12/13|NASA/JPL:Mars Curiosity Rover Report | Trek to Mount Sharp Begins This Week at NASA:ISS Astronauts Take a Walk; Curiosity Rover Heads for the Hills; more 05/25/08|SCVTV News:Phoenix Lands 05/05/08|SCVTV News:2008 Open House at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory at CalTech -- SCV Newsmakers | SCVTV Specials -- 09/03/2012 Jennifer Trosper: Mission Mgr., MSL (Curiosity Rover) 08/09/2012 Richard Cook: Deputy Project Mgr., MSL (Curiosity Rover) 11/26/2011 Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity Rover) Launch 09/16/2010 Richard Cook: Deputy Project Mgr., Mars Science Laboratory 09/14/2010 Scott Evans: Navigation Software, Mars Science Laboratory 08/28/2009 Robert Denise: Phoenix Mission: A Retrospective 06/05/2009 Tracy Drain: Kepler and Juno 05/25/2008 Phoenix Lands 05/25/2008 Phoenix: 3 Days to Touchdown 05/04/2008 JPL Open House 08/19/2007 Barry Goldstein: Phoenix Rises 02/18/2007 Barry Goldstein: Phoenix Mission to Mars 12/31/2006 Deborah Bass: Signs of Water on Mars 03/26/2006 Tracy Drain: Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 02/20/2005 Tom Gavin: Moon, Mars and Beyond 06/13/2004 Jennifer Trosper: Mars Rover Driver 01/25/2004 Wayne Lee: Mars Rover Touchdown 11/06/2003 Richard Cook: Mars Exploration Rovers 08/22/2003 Ray Bradbury On Mars -- RELATED CONTENT -- Protecting Earth from Asteroid Strikes | UCLA | April 15, 2013 Amazon's Bezos Lifts Apollo Engines from Ocean Floor | Bezos Expeditions | March 20, 2013 Ray Bradbury Reads Poem at Caltech, 1971 | JPL | June 6, 2012 The Space Shuttle| Narrated by William Shatner | January 13, 2011 Mars Exploration: From "Follow the Water" to "Seeking Signs of Life" | January 13, 2011 A New Era of Innovation & Discovery | NASA Adminstrator Charles Bolden| February 2, 2010 Phoenix Mission: A Retrospective | Robert Denise at College of the Canyons| August 28, 2009 Explorer I: Beginnings of the Space Age | Jet Propulsion Laboratory Ray Bradbury on Mars | SCVTV | August 22, 2003 -- JPL Von Karman Lectures -- 02/17/2011 Lecture: GRAIL Reveals Lunar Interior 12/09/2010 Lecture: The Dry-Ice Polar Caps of Mars 11/11/2010 Lecture: Juno Mission to Jupiter 11/02/2010 Lecture: "NASA's Going to My Comet" 10/14/2010 Lecture: Spitzer Space Telescope: Scientific Results 09/16/2010 Lecture: Mars Science Laboratory: The Search for Habitable Environments 08/19/2010 Lecture: Aquarius: Studying Sea Surface Salinity from Space 07/22/2010 Lecture: Moons: The Weirdest Planets In Our Solar System 06/10/2010 Lecture: Catastrophe and Earth's Evolution 5/2010 No Lecture 04/15/2010 Lecture: WISE-ly Mapping the Infrared Sky 03/18/2010 Lecture: Using NASA Satellites to Study Earth's Climate 02/18/2010 Lecture: Humanlike Robots 01/10/2010 Lecture: WFPC2, The Camera That Saved Hubble 12/03/2009 Lecture: Earth's Changing Land Surface 11/12/2009 Lecture: Exoplanet Atmospheres 10/15/2009 Lecture: How to Drive a Robot 09/17/2009 Lecture: Measuring C02 in Earth's Atmosphere 08/28/2009 SCVTV/JPL/COC: Phoenix Mission: A Retrospective 08/20/2009 Lecture: MSL's Landing System 07/16/2009 Lecture: Exploring the Moon 06/11/2009 Lecture: Things We Know About the Universe 05/14/2009 Lecture: Kepler: Planet Hunter 04/16/2009 Lecture: Rainbows and Rocket Science 03/19/2009 Lecture: Advanced Propulsion 02/23/2009 Lecture: Year of Astronomy 2009 01/15/2009 Lecture: Discoveries on Mars 12/11/2008 Lecture: Mystery of Dark Energy 10/16/2008 Lecture: Mars Science Laboratory -- NASA & JPL -- 07/26/2013 This Week at NASA: ISS Astronauts Control Ground Robots; JPL Waves at Saturn; more 07/19/2013 JPL: Wave at Saturn: Photographing Earth from Deep Space 07/19/2013 This Week at NASA: ISS Spacewalk's a Washout; 14th Neptune Moon Discovered; more 07/12/2013 JPL: MSL Rover Report: Trek to Mount Sharp Begins 07/12/2013 This Week at NASA: Rover ISS Astronauts Take a Walk; Curiosity Rover Heads for the Hills; more 07/05/2013 This Week at NASA: Rover Launch Anniversary; Pluto's New Moons Named; more 07/01/2013 JPL: What's Up for July 2013: Saturn 06/28/2013 This Week at NASA: Imaging Spectrograph Launched from Vandenberg; Another Near-Earth Asteroid; more 06/21/2013 This Week at NASA: Asteroid Grand Challenge; J-2X Engine Test; more 06/14/2013 This Week at NASA: Dry Ice Movement on Mars (JPL); more 06/07/2013 This Week at NASA: Upcoming Solar Mission; Opportunity Rover on the Move; more 06/01/2013 JPL: What's Up for June 2013 05/31/2013 This Week at NASA: Near-Earth Asteroid Watch; Mars Rover Update; more 05/24/2013 This Week at NASA: Oklahoma Tornado from Space; Asteroid Watch at JPL; more 05/05/2013 This Week at NASA: New Space Launch System; Asteroid Recovery Project; more 05/01/2013 JPL: What's Up for May 2013 04/26/2013 This Week at NASA: Earth Day; STEM; Asteroid Watch; more 04/19/2013 This Week at NASA: Antares Countdown Canceled; Orion Meets the Press; more 04/12/2013 This Week at NASA: Antares Rocket Test Flight; Curiosity Rover Report; more 04/05/2013 This Week at NASA: Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer; Farthest Supernova Yet; more 04/01/2013 JPL: What's Up for April 2013 03/29/2013 This Week at NASA 03/22/2013 This Week at NASA: Next ISS; Meteors & Asteroids; Robotics; more 03/15/2013 This Week at NASA: Curiosity Finds the Right Stuff; Investing in the Future; more 03/15/2013 NASA Goddard: Jupiter's Hot Spots 03/15/2013 JPL: MSL Update: Curiosity Rover Hits Paydirt 03/08/2013 This Week at NASA: SpaceX Dragon at ISS; Cassini Spies Venus; Sea Surface Salinity; more 03/07/2013 NASA Dryden: Writing Stories of the Future Today 03/01/2013 JPL: What's Up for March 2013 03/01/2013 This Week at NASA: Orion; Space Launch System; JPL X-Ray Telescope; more 02/22/2013 This Week at NASA: SpaceX-2 to ISS; Curiosity Rover Report; STEM at Dryden; more 02/21/2013 JPL: MSL Update: Curiosity Collects First Rock Sample 02/15/2013 This Week at NASA: Asteroid Misses Earth; Curiosity & Orion Updates; more 02/08/2013 This Week at NASA: Countdown to Vandenberg Launch; Near-Earth Asteroid Flyby; more 02/01/2013 This Week at NASA: Day of Remembrance, Orion, Space Station, more 02/01/2013 JPL: What's Up for February 2013 01/25/2013 This Week at NASA: New Comm Satellite, World's Strongest Engine, Opportunity Turns 9, more 01/24/2013 JPL: Mars: Dry Ice and Dunes 01/18/2013 This Week at NASA: Inaugural Activities, Addition to ISS, Orion Update, More 01/18/2013 JPL: MSL Update: Curiosity Finds Calcium-Rich Deposits 01/11/2013 This Week at NASA: Commercial Crew Program, Future of Landsat, More 01/10/2013 JPL: MSL Update: Curiosity Rover Dusts Off First Martian Rock 01/04/2013 This Week at NASA: Space Launch System, JPL Invention Challenge, More 01/01/2013 JPL: What's Up for January 2013 12/28/2012 Happy New Year from International Space Station 12/21/2012 JPL: MSL/Curiosity Rover Update: Curiosity's Martian Holiday 12/21/2012: Just Another Day 12/20/2012: NASA Administrator Charles Bolden's Year-End Message 12/14/2012 This Week at NASA: ISS, Orion, Hubble, More 09/28/2012 JPL: MSL/Curiosity Rover Update: Mars Streambed 09/28/2012 This Week at NASA: Next ISS Flight, Curiosity Update, More 09/27/2012 Comparison of Death Valley & Martian Alluvial Fans 09/14/2012 This Week at NASA: Neil Armstrong Memorial Service, More 09/07/2012 This Week at NASA: Neil Armstrong Tributes, More 09/06/2012 JPL: MSL/Curiosity Rover Update: Stopping & Stretching 09/05/2012 JPL: Dawn's Greatest Hits at Vesta 09/01/2012 NASA/JPL: What's Up for September 2012 08/31/2012 JPL: MSL/Curiosity Rover Update: Messages From Mars 08/30/2012 JPL: Dawn Spacecraft's Farewell to Vesta 08/24/2012 This Week at NASA: Curiosity Update, Mars InSight Probe, More 08/03/2012 Next Steps in Effort to Launch Americans Into Space 06/22/2012 This Week at NASA: Open House at JPL, More 06/22/2012 MSL Update: Curiosity's Seven Minutes of Terror 06/08/2012 WISE Finds Few Brown Dwarfs Close to Home 06/08/2012 This Week at NASA: Transit of Venus, Death of Ray Bradbury 06/01/2012 NASA/JPL: What's Up for June 2012: Transit of Venus 02/10/2012 This Week at NASA: Orion on the Move, GRAIL Sees Moon's Dark Side 01/27/2012 This Week at NASA 01/20/2012 This Week at NASA 01/17/2012 This Week at NASA 01/12/2012 JPL: MSL Update: Curiosity Tweaks Course to Mars 01/06/2012 This Week at NASA: Orion Drop Test, GRAIL at JPL, more 01/01/2012 NASA/JPL: What's Up for January 2012 12/31/2011 NASA/JPL: GRAIL Spacecraft Arrives at Moon 12/23/2011 This Year at NASA: 2011 IN REVIEW 12/22/2011 Explore Space 2011: A Year In Review 12/16/2011 This Week at NASA: Expedition 30, Dawn's New Orbit, more 12/09/2011 This Week at NASA: SpaceX Launch Date Set, more 12/02/2011 This Week at NASA 11/26/2011 Mars Science Laboratory: Launch Commentary 11/26/2011 Mars Science Laboratory: Spacecraft Separation 11/26/2011 Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity Rover) Launch Observed at JPL 11/26/2011 Mars Science Laboratory: Launch Video 11/25/2011 This Week at NASA 11/18/2011 This Week at NASA 11/16/2011 Glenn, Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins Receive Congressional Medal of Honor 11/16/2011 The Challenges of Getting to Mars: Transporting a Mars Rover 11/14/2011 This Week at NASA 11/04/2011 This Week at NASA 11/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for November 2011 10/21/2011 This Week at NASA: Commercial Spaceflight, Peter Frampton 10/14/2011 This Week at NASA 10/07/2011 This Week at NASA 10/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for October 2011 09/29/2011 WISE Finds Fewer Near-Earth Asteroids 08/05/2011 LAUNCH: Juno Blasts Off to Jupiter 08/04/2011 Briefing: MRO's Look at Water Flows 08/04/2011 MRO Sees Possible Martian Water Flows 08/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for August 2011 07/29/2011 This Week at NASA 07/27/2011 Briefing: Juno Mission to Jupiter 07/27/2011 Juno to Unlock Jupiter's Mysteries 07/27/2011 WISE Detects Earth's First Trojan Asteroid 07/26/2011 Curiosity Rover at Kennedy Space Center 07/22/2011 This Week at NASA 07/22/2011 NASA Partners with LEGO for Inspiration 07/22/2011 JPL: Gale Crater: MSL's Landing Site 07/19/2011 JPL: Spirit's Snapshots of Mars 07/15/2011 Pres. Obama Calls Crews of STS-135, Space Station 07/15/2011 This Week at NASA 07/08/2011 Orion: The Journey Begins 07/08/2011 This Week at NASA 07/07/2011 What's Next for NASA Spaceflight? 07/01/2011 This Week at NASA 07/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for July 2011 06/24/2011 This Week at NASA 06/24/2011 JPL: Mars Curiosity Rover in Action 06/23/2011 Dawn Provides New Asteroid Data 06/22/2011 Final Shuttle Crew Meets Media 06/22/2011 JPL: Curiosity Rover Packs for Florida 06/17/2011 This Week at NASA 06/13/2011 JPL: Aquarius Lifts Off to Study Climate 06/10/2011 This Week at NASA 06/10/2011 ULA Launch of JPL's Aquarius 06/07/2011 JPL's Aquarius Ready for Launch 06/06/2011 JPL: Imagine Mars Project Overview 06/06/2011 JPL: Imagine Mars Student Music Video 06/03/2011 This Week at NASA 06/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for June 2011 05/27/2011 This Week at NASA 05/27/2011 JPL: Aquarius Update 3 05/25/2011 Spirit Rover's Triumphs on Mars 05/20/2011 This Week at NASA 05/19/2011 Aquarius Update 2: Solar Panels Attached 05/18/2011 MSL: Selecting a Landing Site 05/13/2011 This Week at NASA 05/10/2011 JPL: Engineers Take MSL Rover for a Spin 05/05/2011 Aquarius to Illuminate Links Between Sea Salt, Climate 05/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for May 2011 04/29/2011 This Week at NASA 04/22/2011 This Week at NASA 04/12/2011 Space Shuttle's 30th Anniversary 04/15/2011 This Week at NASA 04/12/2011 Kremlin Celebrates Gagarin's Golden Anniversary 04/11/2011 Manned Spaceflight at 50: Gagarin's Golden Anniversary 04/08/2011 This Week at NASA 04/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for April 2011 03/30/2011 JPL: MSL Rover Goes from Shake to Bake 03/25/2011 This Week at NASA 03/24/2011 STS-134 Pre-flight News Conference 03/23/2011 The Leading Edge: Improving Aircraft Safety 03/22/2011 JPL: Mixed Signals from Saturn 03/18/2011 JPL: Rover's Stunt Double Takes a Spin 03/18/2011 This Week at NASA 03/17/2011 Shuttle Discovery's Final Mission 03/11/2011 This Week at NASA 03/10/2011 Virtual Vesta: Mapping an Asteroid 03/04/2011 Media Briefing on Glory Mission Failure 03/04/2011 This Week at NASA 03/04/2011 Obama Calls Int'l Space Station 03/03/2011 GLORY Prepares for Liftoff 03/02/2011 NASA/JPL: Building Curiosity Upadte: Rover Shakedown 03/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for March 2011 02/22/2011 KSC Adds Florida Touch to 9/11 Flag 02/18/2011 This Week at NASA 02/18/2011 Black History Month 02/16/2011 Stardust-NExT: Flyby of Comet Tempel 1 02/11/2011 This Week at NASA 02/04/2011 This Week at NASA 02/04/2011 STS-134 Briefing: Cmdr. Kelly to Fly 02/04/2011 Stardust-NExT: Date With a Comet 02/01/2011 Bowen to Pinch Hit on Discovery Mission 02/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for February 2011 01/28/2011 This Week at NASA 01/28/2011 25th Anniversary of Challenger Loss 01/26/2011 Kennedy Space Center Goes Green 01/24/2011 Opportunity Rover: 7 Years and Counting 01/22/2011 Comet Hunter: Stardust-NExT 01/21/2011 This Week at NASA 01/20/2011 Glory Mission to Study Climate Change 01/19/2011 JPL Drop-Tests Curiosity's Landing System 01/14/2011 This Week at NASA 01/10/2011 ISS: Moment of Silence for Tucson Victims 01/10/2011 Kepler Discovers Rocky Exoplanet 01/07/2011 This Week at NASA 01/04/2011 Opportunity Rover: 7 Years on Mars 01/01/2011 NASA/JPL: What's Up for January 2011 12/28/2010 V-shaped Chevron Design Makes for Quieter Aircraft 12/23/2010 NASA/JPL: The Year in Pictures 12/23/2010 This Year at NASA | 2010 in Review, Part 2 12/22/2010 Profile: Astronaut Leland Melvin 12/17/2010 This Year at NASA | 2010 in Review, Part 1 12/16/2010 NASA Administrator Charles Bolden's Year-End Message 12/15/2010 NASA/JPL: Odyssey Sets Martian Longevity Record 12/14/2010 NASA/JPL: Possible Ice Volcano on Titan 12/10/2010 This Week at NASA 12/10/2010 Profile: Astronaut Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger 12/3/2010 This Week at NASA 12/1/2010 NASA/JPL: What's Up for December 2010 11/26/2010 This Week at NASA 11/23/2010 NASA/JPL: Building Curiosity Update 11/23/2010 Thanksgiving Greetings from Outer Space 11/23/2010 NASA/JPL: Building Curiosity Update 11/19/2010 This Week at NASA 11/19/2010 Teen Sailor Thanks NASA Team that Saved Her Life 11/18/2010 NASA/JPL: Cosmic Comet Snow Storm 11/16/2010 Chandra Detects "Baby" Black Hole Neighbor 11/15/2010 Space Shuttle Era: Landing Sites 11/12/2010 This Week at NASA 11/11/2010 Veterans Day Greetings from ISS 11/5/2010 This Week at NASA 11/4/2010 Epoxi Snaps Closeups of Comet Hartley 2 11/1/2010 Historic "Mars Antenna" Undergoes Surgery 11/1/2010 What's Up for November 2010 10/29/2010 This Week at NASA 10/26/2010 Comets: Remnants of the Beginning 10/25/2010 This Week at NASA 10/22/2010 This Week at NASA 10/19/2010 Spitzer Finds Weird Hot Spot on Exoplanet 10/13/2010 NASA Assists in Rescue of Chilean Miners 10/8/2010 This Week at NASA 10/7/2010 Expedition 25 Lifts Off from Baikonur to ISS 10/4/2010 Asteroid & Comet Census from WISE 10/1/2010 Behind the Scenes: Astronauts' Spacesuits 10/1/2010 This Week at NASA 9/29/2010 Astronauts Discover Habitable Exoplanet 9/28/2010 NASA Earth Science: Hunting Hurricanes 9/27/2010 Behind the Scenes: Glenn's Shuttle Flight Prep 9/25/2010 Vandenberg AFB Launches Satellite to Track Space Trash 9/22/2010 ISS: Transfer of Command from Russia to USA 9/20/2010 AERONET: Robots on the Roof 9/20/2010 Dust Simulations Paint Aliens' View of Solar System 9/20/2010 ULA Launch of Atlas V Rocket from Vandenberg 9/17/2010 This Week at NASA 9/16/2010 Astronaut Sally Ride on Math & Science Education 9/16/2010 Two JPL Interns Discover Comet 9/16/2010 Engineers Run Curiosity Rover Through Obstacle Course 9/15/2010 ISS Crew Gives Perspective on Current Hurricanes 9/10/2010 This Week at NASA 9/9/2010 Charles Bolden on America's Future in Space 9/8/2010 Chandra X-ray Observatory Probes Rosette Nebula 9/7/2010 Earth Science: Wildfire and Pine Beetles 9/3/2010 Building Curiosity: Teaching Hand-Eye Coordination 9/3/2010 Solar Probe Plus to Make Closest Encounter with Sun 9/3/2010 This Week at NASA 9/3/2010 What's Up for September 2010 9/2/2010 NASA Tests Next-Generation Rocket Motor 8/27/2010 This Week at NASA 8/20/2010 Building Curiosity: MSL Gets Its Robotic Arm 8/20/2010 This Week at NASA 8/17/2010 How to Make Your Own Crater 8/13/2010 This Week at NASA 8/13/2010 Who Makes the Stuff Astronauts Eat? 8/13/2010 Chunk of Greenland Glacier Breaks Off 8/6/2010 This Week at NASA 8/3/2010 What's Up for August 2010 8/2/2010 JPL's ATHLETE Rover Busts a Move 7/30/2010 This Week at NASA 7/23/2010 Building Curiosity: MSL Takes Test Drive, Grows a Head 7/23/2010 This Week at NASA 7/23/2010 Analyzing Molecules: Mass Spectrometry 101 7/22/2010 Spitzer Discovers Buckyballs in Space 7/16/2010 This Week at NASA 7/15/2010 Examining Death Valley to Understand Titan 7/13/2010 Building Curiosity: MSL Gets Its Wheels 7/9/2010 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 6/22/2010 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 6/10/2010 ISS Prepares for Last Shuttle Visit 5/3/2010 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 4/24/2010 Hubble: 20 Years of Discovery 4/19/2010 Up to the Minute | Earth Day Special 3/9/2010 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 2/5/2010 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 1/22/2010 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 12/5/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 10/22/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 10/8/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 9/12/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 8/8/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 7/18/2009 Up to the Minute | Restored Apollo 11 Footage 7/11/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 7/4/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 6/27/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 6/20/2009 Special Edition: Return to the Moon 6/13/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 6/6/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 5/30/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 5/23/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 5/16/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 5/9/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 5/2/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 4/25/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 4/18/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL 4/11/2009 Up to the Minute at NASA/JPL -- NASA 360 -- Episode 25: Robots, Rocks & Rovers Episode 24: Flywheel Energy Storage Episode 23: Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators (HIAD) Episode 22: Advanced Vehicle Concept Episode 21: Wallops Flight Facility Episode 20: Environmentally Responsible Aviation Episode 19: New Worlds, New Discoveries Episode 18: Return to Desert Rats Episode 17: Composite Materials Episode 16: Inspiration Episode 15: NASA and the Future of Aeronautics Episode 14: Desert Rats & Analog Testing Episode 13: Sensory Overload Episode 12: NASA In Your Home Episode 11: Pro Athletes Episode 10: Johnson Space Center Episode 09: Kennedy Space Center Episode 08: Volcanoes; Lunar Oxygen Episode 07: Mind-Body Connection Episode 06: 21st Century Lunar Exploration Episode 05: Full Circle Episode 04: NASA, Archaeology & Paleontology Episode 03: Exploration and Racing Episode 02: Green Technologies Episode 01: Welcome to NASA 360 -- NASA Edge -- 03/28/2013 Magnetic Reconnection 02/28/2013 NASA Lowers the Sonic Boom 01/23/2013 Astronomy Expo 12/14/2012 Orion Exploration Flight Test-1 06/20/2012 Venus Transit with Jim Green 05/19/2012 Mission X 2012 04/20/2012 Magnetospheric Multi-scale Mission 03/19/2012 Charlie Bolden, NASA Administrator 12/19/2011 2011 Recap 11/18/2011 Green Flight Challenge 10/20/2011 Orion Crew Module Drop Test 09/16/2011 DISCOVER-AQ: Earth Air Quality 08/14/2011 X-HAB Competition (Habitat Demonstration) 07/22/2011 Innovative Technologies 06/24/2011 2nd Lunabotics Mining Competition 06/10/2011 STS-134: Endeavour's Final Mission 04/21/2011 Mission X: Train Like an Astronaut 04/08/2011 Sun Earth Day 2011 02/15/2011 Space Life Sciences Laboratory 01/18/2011 Radiation Belt Storm Probe 12/17/2010 2010 Review 11/19/2010 Climate Study: A-Train Symposium 10/19/2010 Hurricane GRIP 10/4/2010 Best of Desert Rats 2010 8/18/2010 A Perfect STORRM 7/30/2010 Extreme Analogs 2: NEEMO 11/23/2009 Extreme Analogs -- NASA Education -- 10/26/2012 NASA Launchpad | Inflatables: Pumping Up the Volume 10/22/2012 NASA Launchpad | The Heat Is On 08/14/2012 NASA Launchpad | History, Benefits, Safety of Radioisotope Power Systems 08/14/2012 NASA Launchpad | What Are Radioisotope Power Systems? 07/19/2012 NASA Launchpad | Mission Infusion: A Look at What's Ahead 07/19/2012 NASA Launchpad | Descent and Landing: A Matter of Control 10/25/2011 NASA Our World: Mission Patches 08/05/2011 NASA Real World: Legacy of the Space Shuttle 08/05/2011 NASA Real World: Comets: It's Done With Math 08/05/2011 NASA Our World: Moons In Our Solar System 08/04/2011 NASA Launchpad: Curiosity Goes to Mars 07/14/2011 Dark Fireworks: The Sun Explodes 04/19/2011 NASA Universe: Kennedy Space Center 04/15/2011 NASA Real World: Mercury's MESSENGER Reveals Mysteries 02/02/2011 NASA Launchpad: Astrobiology 01/11/2011 Space Station Crew Discusses Mission with Students 12/16/2010 Science on the Road: Space Dogs, Electric Atmosphere 12/14/2010 Creeping Earthquake Faults in California 12/08/2010 Inside NASA Science: What's Happening in the Arctic? 12/03/2010 Space Shuttle: Dress Rehearsal 12/02/2010 Blacker than Black: Optical Nanotechnology 11/24/2010 NASA Real World Math: Centripetal Force 11/17/2010 NASA Our World: What is the Solar System? 11/12/2010 NASA Universe: A How-to Guide to Satellites 11/08/2010 NASA Launchpad: Newton's Laws 11/08/2010 NASA Real World Math: Heart Rate & Blood Pressure 11/02/2010 Education: How to Make a Comet 10/14/2010 NASA Launchpad: Wave Motion 10/01/2010 Behind the Scenes: Astronauts' Spacesuits 09/28/2010 NASA Earth Science: Hunting Hurricanes 08/17/2010 How to Make Your Own Crater 08/13/2010 Who Makes the Stuff Astronauts Eat? 08/05/2010 NASA Real World Math: Longitude and Time Zones 08/05/2010 NASA Real World Math: What Time Is It in Space? 07/05/2010 NASA Launchpad: Discoveries on Mars 06/18/2010 Our World: Astronaut Gloves & Tools 04/19/2010 NASA Launchpad: Spectroscopy in Action -- NASA History -- 12/11/2012 50th Anniversary of Planetary Exploration 05/05/2011 50th Anniversary of First U.S. Manned Spaceflight 05/05/2011 Alan B. Shepard: Ambassador of Exploration 04/28/2011 JPL: Voyager: Humanity's Farthest Journey 08/20/2010 Viking: Mars Trailblazer APOLLO AT 40 07/16/2009 History & Legacy Panel Discussion The Apollo 11 Story (Animated) Restored Moon Landing Footage Walter Cronkite Remembers Explorer 1: Beginnings of the Space Age

See the article here:

YOU ARE HERE: - scvtv.com

NASA Wanted NASA News in NASA – snewsi.com

Posted on by

Latest Top Select Date

1Hr 2Hr 4Hr 8Hr 12Hr 24Hr 2Days 7Days Hrs

All Sources My Home Page My Papers Carthage mo Untitled Shagging dec 31 My Sources ABC News AP Carthage Press CBS News CNBC CNN Cosmogirl Cosmopolitan FOX News Girls' Life Glamour Harper's BAZAAR Lilith Los Angeles Times Marie Claire Mount Airy News NBC News New York Times Redbook Reuters Seventeen Shape Magazine Teen Magazine Teen Vogue USA Today Vanity Fair Vogue Wall Street Journal Washington Post Woman's Day Multiple Sources

All Categories Entertainment Art Books Culture Gaming Video Games Playstation Wii Xbox Offbeat Humor Comics Strange Showbiz Celebrity Film & TV Movies Television Media Advertising Music Theater Style Fashion Money Business Economy Employment Energy Finance Investing Bonds Commodities Stocks Small Business Business Technology Personal Finance Consumer Shopping Jobs Real Estate Sports College Sports High School Sports Olympics Pro Sports Auto Racing NASCAR Pro Baseball Pro Basketball Cycling Pro Football Pro Golf Pro Hockey Pro Soccer Pro Tennis Politics Government Local Politics State Politics National Politics US Congress National Elections Law Supreme Court Media and Politics White House Science & Technology Science Environment Nature Space NASA Technology Computers Internet Mac Computer Programming Computer Security Computer Software Wireless Technology Lifestyle Auto Education Family Parenting Food Dining Recipes Health Fitness Men's Health Women's Health Christmas Halloween New Year Thanksgiving Home & Garden LGBT Outdoors Hunting Pets Religion Travel Opinion Editorials Letters to the Editor World Africa Americas Canada Mexico Asia China Europe UK Middle East Crime Obits Weather Local Weather National Weather Local Local Community Contests Local Crime Local Entertainment Local Investigative Local Lifestyle Local Education Local Health Local Business Local Jobs Local Opinion Local Sports Local Traffic Uncategorized NASA

Wednesday, December 31, 1969 at 07:00 PM

Go here to see the original:

NASA Wanted NASA News in NASA - snewsi.com

Youll Probably Never Upload Your Mind Into A Computer – io9

Posted on by

Many futurists predict that one day we'll upload our minds into computers, where we'll romp around in virtual reality environments. That's possible but there are still a number of thorny issues to consider. Here are eight reasons why your brain may never be digitized.

Indeed, this isnt just idle speculation. Many important thinkers have expressed their support of the possibility, including the renowned futurist Ray Kurzweil (author of How to Create a Mind), roboticist Hans Moravec, cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky, neuroscientist David Eagleman, and many others.

Skeptics, of course, relish the opportunity to debunk uploads. The claim that well be able to transfer our conscious thoughts to a computer, after all, is a rather extraordinary one.

But many of the standard counter-arguments tend to fall short. Typical complaints cite insufficient processing power, inadequate storage space, or the fear that the supercomputers will be slow, unstable and prone to catastrophic failures concerns that certainly dont appear intractable given the onslaught of Moores Law and the potential for megascale computation. Another popular objection is that the mind cannot exist without a body. But an uploaded mind could be endowed with a simulated body and placed in a simulated world.

To be fair, however, there are a number of genuine scientific, philosophical, ethical, and even security concerns that could significantly limit or even prevent consciousness uploads from ever happening. Here are eight of the most serious.

Proponents of mind uploading tend to argue that the brain is a Turing Machine the idea that organic minds are nothing more than classical information-processors. Its an assumption derived from the strong physical Church-Turing thesis, and one that now drives much of cognitive science.

But not everyone believes the brain/computer analogy works. Speaking recently at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston, neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis said that, The brain is not computable and no engineering can reproduce it. He referred to the idea of uploads as bunk, saying that itll never happen and that [t]here are a lot of people selling the idea that you can mimic the brain with a computer. Nicolelis argues that human consciousness cant be replicated in silicon because most of its important features are the result of unpredictable, nonlinear interactions among billions of cells.

You cant predict whether the stock market will go up or down because you cant compute it, he said. You could have all the computer chips ever in the world and you wont create a consciousness. Image credit: Jeff Cameron Collingwood/Shutterstock.

The computability of the brain aside, we may never be able to explain how and why we have qualia, or whats called phenomenal experience.

According to David Chalmers the philosopher of mind who came up with the term hard problem well likely solve the easy problems of human cognition, like how we focus our attention, recall a memory, discriminate, and process information. But explaining how incoming sensations get translated into subjective feelings like the experience of color, taste, or the pleasurable sound of music is proving to be much more difficult. Moreover, were still not entirely sure why we even have consciousness, and why were not just philosophical zombies hypothetical beings who act and respond as if theyre conscious, but have no internal mental states.

In his paper, Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness, Chalmers writes:

How can we explain why there is something it is like to entertain a mental image, or to experience an emotion? It is widely agreed that experience arises from a physical basis, but we have no good explanation of why and how it so arises. Why should physical processing give rise to a rich inner life at all? It seems objectively unreasonable that it should, and yet it does.

If any problem qualifies as the problem of consciousness, argues Chalmers, it is this one. Image: blog.lib.umn.edu.

And even if we do figure out how the brain generates subjective experience, classical digital computers may never be able to support unitary phenomenal minds. This is whats referred to as the binding problem our inability to understand how a mind is able to segregate elements and combine problems as seamlessly as it does. Needless to say, we dont even know if a Turing Machine can even support these functions.

More specifically, we still need to figure out how our brains segregate elements in complex patterns, a process that allows us to distinguish them as discrete objects. The binding problem also describes the issue of how objects, like those in the background or in our peripheral experience or even something as abstract as emotions can still be combined into a unitary and coherent experience. As the cognitive neuroscientist Antti Revonsuo has said, Binding is thus seen as a problem of nding the mechanisms which map the objective physical entities in the external world into corresponding internal neural entities in the brain.

He continues:

No one knows how our organic brains perform this trick at least not yet or if digital computers will ever be capable of phenomenal binding. Image credit: agsandrew/Shutterstock.

Though still controversial, theres also the potential for panpsychism to be in effect. This is the notion that consciousness is a fundamental and irreducible feature of the cosmos. It might sound a bit New Agey, but its an idea thats steadily gaining currency (especially in consideration of our inability to solve the Hard Problem).

Panpsychists speculate that all parts of matter involve mind. Neuroscientist Stuart Hameroff has suggested that consciousness is related to a fundamental component of physical reality components that are akin to phenomenon like mass, spin or charge. According to this view, the basis of consciousness can be found in an additional fundamental force of nature not unlike gravity or electromagnetism. This would be something like an elementary sentience or awareness. As Hameroff notes, "these components just are." Likewise, David Chalmers has proposed a double-aspect theory in which information has both physical and experiential aspects. Panpsychism has also attracted the attention of quantum physicists (who speculate about potential quantum aspects of consciousness given our presence in an Everett Universe), and physicalists like Galen Strawson (who argues that mental/experiential is physical).

Why this presents a problem to mind uploading is that consciousness may not substrate neutral a central tenant of the Church-Turing Hypothesis but is in fact dependent on specific physical/material configurations. Its quite possible that theres no digital or algorithmic equivalent to consciousness. Having consciousness arise in a classical Von Neumann architecture, therefore, may be as impossible as splitting an atom in a virtual environment by using ones and zeros. Image credit: agsandrew/Shutterstock.

Perhaps even more controversial is the suggestion that consciousness lies somewhere outside the brain, perhaps as some ethereal soul or spirit. Its an idea thats primarily associated with Rene Descartes, the 17th century philosopher who speculated that the mind is a nonphysical substance (as opposed to physicalist interpretations of mind and consciousness). Consequently, some proponents of dualism (or even vitalism) suggest that consciousness lies outside knowable science.

Needless to say, if our minds are located somewhere outside our bodies like in a vat somewhere, or oddly enough, in a simulation (a la The Matrix) our chances of uploading ourselves are slim to none.

Philosophical and scientific concerns aside, there may also be some moral reasons to forego the project. If were going to develop upload technologies, were going to have to conduct some rather invasive experiments, both on animals and humans. The potential for abuse is significant.

Uploading schemas typically describe the scanning and mapping of an individuals brain, or serial sectioning. While a test subject, like a mouse or monkey, could be placed under a general anesthetic, it will eventually have to be re-animated in digital substrate. Once this happens, well likely have no conception of its internal, subjective experience. Its brain could be completely mangled, resulting terrible psychological or physical anguish. Its reasonable to assume that our early uploading efforts will be far from perfect, and potentially cruel.

And when it comes time for the first human to be uploaded, there could be serious ethical and legal issues to consider especially considering that were talking about the re-location of a living, rights-bearing human being. Image credit: K. Zhuang.

Which leads to the next point, that of post-upload skepticism. A person can never really be sure they created a sentient copy of themselves. This is the continuity of consciousness problem the uncertainty well have that, instead of moving our minds, we simply copied ourselves instead.

Because we cant measure for consciousness either qualitatively or quantitatively uploading will require a tremendous leap of faith a leap that could lead to complete oblivion (e.g. a philosophical zombie), or something completely unexpected. And relying on the advice from uploaded beings wont help either (Come on in, the waters fine...).

In an email to me, philosopher David Pearce put it this way:

In other words, the quality of conscious experience in digital substrate could be far removed from that experienced by an analog consciousness. Image: Rikomatic.

Once our minds are uploaded, theyll be physically and inextricably connected to the larger computational superstructure. By consequence, uploaded brains will be perpetually vulnerable to malicious attacks and other unwanted intrusions.

To avoid this, each uploaded person will have to set-up a personal firewall to prevent themselves from being re-programmed, spied upon, damaged, exploited, deleted, or copied against their will. These threats could come from other uploads, rogue AI, malicious scripts, or even the authorities in power (e.g. as a means to instill order and control).

Indeed, as we know all too well today, even the tightest security measures can't prevent the most sophisticated attacks; an uploaded mind can never be sure its safe.

Special thanks to David Pearce for helping with this article.

Top image: Jurgen Ziewe/Shutterstock.

Read more here:

Youll Probably Never Upload Your Mind Into A Computer - io9