If I Could Do It All Over Again, I’d Probably Have A Few Possessions – The Onion (satire) (blog)

When I think back to my time on earth, I have few regrets. The path I took, the simple life of a monk, allowed me to achieve the highest state of enlightenment. As one who renounced worldly attachments, I was free to lead a contemplative existence and to then share my wisdom with others. That said, I have to admit that if I were to do it all over again, I would probably choose to have at least a few possessions.

Not too many, of course. Maybe 10 possessions20, tops.

To be sure, desiring earthly possessions only binds one to this life, and all beings must free themselves from the shackles of materialism to reach nirvana. Thats why, if I were to have a few belongings, Id limit them to just some essentials: a fan, perhaps, to cool myself with, or a candle, so I could continue my study of ancient texts when the sun goes down. Its not as if owning a candle wouldve halted my spiritual awakening. How could it? Its just a candle, right?

Ive always said that it is not objects themselves but our unwavering devotion to them that stands in the way of karmic progress and, ultimately, true awakening. With that in mind, I cant help but wonder if it really wouldve been such a big deal if Id had a pen or two to write withnot coveting pens or obsessing over them or anything like that, just having a reliable writing implement thats great for copying down spiritual insights. If I lost the pen, Id be absolutely fine with that, but theres nothing about being liberated from the stranglehold of temporal attachment that says I shouldnt be able to make a mark on a piece of paper.

And come to think of it, a canteen wouldve been a huge help. I probably wouldve attained perfect enlightenment soonera lot soonerif I hadnt had to stop meditating beneath the Bodhi tree and walk to the river Niranjana every single time I got thirsty.

I understand, perhaps better than anyone, how vital meditation is to finding the freedom that awaits us at the end of the eightfold path. And you know what wouldve made meditating a hell of a lot easier? A tent. Nothing big or ornate, just a humble cloth shelter to help keep the rain and wind off my body. Its not as though a tent wouldve stopped me from teaching my disciples to forsake earthly things. I would just say, Dispossess yourself of all things, except a tent. And maybe a blanket. Pillows, an obvious worldly luxury, would be forbidden.

Oh, you know what else wouldve been great? A tea kettle. I would have killed for a tea kettle.

A sweater or a jacket really wouldnt have been the end of the world either, and theres also a lot to be said for a decent pair of shoes. And what harm would there have been in having, say, a flute? Itd be nice to unwind with some music at the end of a long day of rigorous reflection. Again, Im talking about very modest possessions here. Nothing you couldnt easily fit in a satchel, which, yes, wouldve been nifty as well.

How about a little carving of a monkey? Honestly, I think it wouldve been fun to have had that to look at from time to timea wooden one, nothing carved from precious stones or anything. I cant imagine not being able to break free from the eternal cycle of death and rebirth because of a tiny monkey figurine, can you?

If Im being completely honest, its not just the lack of possessions I regret. I also probably spent way too much of my time on earth meditating. Just sitting there on the hard ground doing nothing but pondering the infinite day after day when there are so many wonderful things to see and do in the world. I couldve meditated just once a week and probably been perfectly fine. What a waste. I lived 80 years, and frankly, I blew it. I should have just tried to enjoy myself.

Seriously, why suffer?

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If I Could Do It All Over Again, I'd Probably Have A Few Possessions - The Onion (satire) (blog)

Onam Indian Incense Sticks has been featured in Mr. Checkout What’s Hot Catalog for Direct-Store Delivery … – Digital Journal

Here are just a few of our most popular 9" - 14ct packages.

Onam Incense sticks are pleasantly smooth and slow burning, all natural and are available in a vast array of aromatic fragrances. Our products are available in a full range of sizes and package quantities. Onam is an Award winning manufacturer and exporter of Incense stick, with a history of over 80 years experience in the industry. The Onam brand is distributed all across India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and now expanding to the U.S.A...

Prepare to be mesmerized by the mystique of India!

Introducing Onam, one of Indias foremost pioneers and award winning manufacturers of Incense sticks!

We are very excited to announce the entry of our products into the United States market. Onam, is a family owned incense manufacturer originally founded in 1932 and, after many years, with the relentless passion of perfecting our craft, we created the Onam brand in 1972. Today Onam brand incense fragrances are very unique and are a premier industry player, with our products being sought out across India, Southeast Asia, The Middle East, Western Europe and South America.

The uniqueness of Onam products

Our unique, original and exciting fragrances developed in our in-house fragrance lab such as Vaishak, Black Pearl, Dark Angel, and Sindh, to name a few, are evocative of the mystical and ancient Indian rituals and multi-cultural celebrations.

Our relaxing and calming fragrances tap into the world of aromatherapy to be used for relaxation and rejuvenation for those practicing meditation, yoga and/or spiritual enlightenment.

Onam brings a vibrant range of fragrances devoted to the religious minded, with packaging customized to various faiths. For example, for the Christian community we have packaging for devotion to Jesus Christ, St. Jude, St. Joseph St. Michael and other saints. For the Hindu community, our incense packaging reflects Shiva, Ganesh, Durga, Saraswathi, Lakshmi and other deities.

Our contemporary range consists of floral and spice bouquets such as Lavender, Cinnamon, Rose, Musk, exotic Sandal and other fragrances.

Sustainable manufacturing process

We use eco-friendly manufacturing to produce incense sticks that are smooth, slow burning and made of all natural products - bamboo, natural grass, natural gum powder, charcoal, sawdust, essential oils and normal perfume grade material that are environmentally friendly and biodegradable. We have self-manufactured and patented counting machines developed through Onam Robotics and 90% of our packaging is fully mechanized, packaging 1.5 million sticks per day and expanding.

Onam is the proud recipient of multiple National awards for excellence, including, The A.R. Bhat Entrepreneurship Award (presented by the President of India) and numerous certificates of Merit for Outstanding Export performance.

At Onam, we dont rest on our laurels. We take great pride in our reputation, in our products and continually strive to better our product quality and range which is fired by our passion to infuse memorable and fragrant moments to customersone incense stick at a time!

Distributed by Publicly Related

Media Contact Company Name: Onam Agarbathi Private Limited Contact Person: Dale Thompson Email: reachdalethompson@gmail.com Phone: USA: 903-870-7984, India: +91 959-109-9886 Country: United States Website: http://mrcheckout.net/onam-indian-incense-sticks/

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Onam Indian Incense Sticks has been featured in Mr. Checkout What's Hot Catalog for Direct-Store Delivery ... - Digital Journal

NASA Can’t Explain Mysterious ‘Blue Jet’ Spotted Near Space Station [VIDEO] – Daily Caller

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An astronaut captured the first video from the International Space Station (ISS) ofmysterious electrical discharges dubbed blue jets.

NASA is cooperating with the European Space Agency (ESA) to take pictures and video of the jets from the ISS using special cameras. The strange flashes can be more than half a mile wide and typically occur about 11 to 12 miles above the ground. They appear to be a strange weather phenomenon that hasnt been fully explained.

It is not every day that you get to capture a new weather phenomenon on film, so I am very pleased with the result but even more so that researchers will be able to investigate these intriguing thunderstorms in more detail soon,Andreas Mogensen, an ESA astronaut who filmed the jets from the ISS, said in a press statement.

WATCH: Satellites have previously attemptedto study the blue jets, but their viewing angle was not ideal.The ISS sits in a much lower orbit around Earth than most satellites, making it an ideal place to studythe jets.

NASA suspects that the blue jets are examples of a little-understood part of our atmosphere interacting with electrical storms. The research has implications for how our atmosphere protects Earth from radiation.

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NASA Can't Explain Mysterious 'Blue Jet' Spotted Near Space Station [VIDEO] - Daily Caller

International Space Station Will Get a Commercial Airlock in 2019 – Space.com

Houston-based company NanoRacks is developing a commercial airlock for the International Space Station that NASA says should launch in 2019.

The International Space Station (ISS) will soon feature its first commercially funded airlock, which NASA officials said will allow more small satellites to be deployed from the orbiting lab.

NASA has agreed to let the Houston-based company NanoRacks develop the airlock, which is expected to launch in 2019.

"We want to utilize the space station to expose the commercial sector to new and novel uses of space, ultimately creating a new economy in low-Earth orbit for scientific research, technology development and human and cargo transportation," Sam Scimemi, director of NASA's ISS division, said in a statement. "We hope this new airlock will allow a diverse community to experiment and develop opportunities in space for the commercial sector."

NanoRacks which has already deployed numeroustiny cubesats from the station's Japanese Kibo module signed an independent partnership with aerospace giant Boeing on Monday (Feb. 6) to develop the new airlock.

Artist's illustration of the commercial airlock that will be installed on the International Space Station in 2019, if all goes according to plan.

Payloads deployed into space via the new airlock will be coordinated and vetted through the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), which manages the U.S. national laboratory on the space station.NASA officials said the new airlock will be installed on a port on ISS' Tranquility module. Another Tranquility port currently hosts the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM), a prototype designed to test how inflatable habitats perform in space.

Besides its current work with NanoRacks, CASIS and Bigelow Aerospace (which built BEAM), NASA issued a request for information last fall asking private enterprises how they can use resources on the space station, such as docking ports.

"As private sector partners play a greater role in this new economy, NASA is able to focus on its deep-space exploration goals, including sending humans beyond the moon and eventually, to Mars," agency officials said in the same statement.

Follow Elizabeth Howell @howellspace, or Space.com @Spacedotcom. We're also on Facebookand Google+. Original article on Space.com.

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International Space Station Will Get a Commercial Airlock in 2019 - Space.com

Weslaco students to speak with NASA astronaut on space station – Monitor

Weslaco ISD students will have the opportunity on Thursday to speak to a NASA astronaut aboard the International Space Station.

Arminda Mindy Muoz, public information officer for the district, said on Monday that students will be making the earth-to-space call at around 11 a.m. for a 20-minute conversation scheduled to air live on NASA Television and on the agencys website.

According to a school district press release, Expedition 50 Flight Engineer Peggy Whitson will answer students questions from the Weslaco ISD Performing Arts Center at Central Middle School.

More than 800 students in grades 3-5, as well as Weslaco East High Schools Astronomy Club, will be in the audience, the release read. Whitson launched to the space station on Nov. 17 and will live aboard until the spring.

Described as an in-flight education downlink, the talk is considered an integral component of the NASA Office of Educations efforts to improve education in the field of STEM science, technology, engineering and mathematics in the U.S.

Linking students directly to astronauts aboard the space station through the agency Office of Educations STEM on Station activity provides authentic, live experiences in space exploration, space study and the scientific components of space travel, while introducing the possibilities of life in space, the release read.

The NASA TV streaming video, schedule and downlink information can be found at http://www.nasa.gov/nasatv. For videos and lesson plans highlighting the International Space Stations research, visit http://www.nasa.gov/stemonstation.

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Weslaco students to speak with NASA astronaut on space station - Monitor

SpaceX to send lethal MRSA superbug to International Space Station – talkRADIO (press release)

SpaceX is planning on sending the MRSAbacterium to the International Space Station in the hope of unlocking the secrets of its future development.

The lethal superbug, which is resistant to many forms of antibiotics, will be used forspace-based science experiments in the hope that scientists will get a better idea of how to treat it.

Lead researcher DoctorAnita Goeltold Forbesthat the experiment at the space station could cause themutation rateof MRSA to accelerate, and so scientists will be able to predict how the bug will adapt and change on earth, planning for mutation patterns before they happen.

Those at the station areready to receive the pathogen next week,Digital Trendsreported.

MRSA has sparked widespread infection fears across the UK, andone analyst has suggestedthe testing market for the bug could grow at an annual rate of 11% a year until 2021.

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SpaceX to send lethal MRSA superbug to International Space Station - talkRADIO (press release)

Colorado from space: International Space Station astronaut captures the Front Range – Denverite (blog)

From left, Cheyenne, Fort Collins, Greeley, Boulder, Denver and Colorado Springs. (Shane Kimbrough/NASA)

Astronaut Shane Kimbrough apparently knows his Front Range geography. He snapped the image above from 249 miles high in orbit, capturing Colorados greater metro area, andtweeted it this morning. (Well, morning for us, who knows what time for him. Space time.)

Scroll on for more.

Astronaut photography has become a very popular thing lately. Often enough, they use consumer SLR cameras with long telephoto lenses. Its wild to me that the power of consumer electronics can deliver these images. (If I could get just get to space, my Canon could do this!)

Its kind of like amusician on stage calling out to people from different cities. I see you, Greeley, but I cant hear you.

Next up is my personal favorite space snapshot of the Denver-Boulder area. This one was taken from the ISS on Jan. 31, 2008 on a Nikon D1, a camera you could buy today for about $140.

I like this one because, like the Blue Dot image, it captures most of our little lives in one image. I also like that its blurred and distorted in some parts, giving the impression that it really was taken by some folks just casually flying by in space.

Of course, unmanned cameras have also captured our fine metro from space, too. Check out the time-lapse images we compiled last year from satellite imagery.

Also, this one doesnt include Denver, but man is it a view:

And for more on space shooting technique, in case you end up there:

Andrew Kenney writes about public spaces, Denver phenomena and whatever else. He previously worked for six years as a reporter at The News & Observer in Raleigh, N.C. His most prized possession is his collection of bizarre voicemail. Leave him one at 303-502-2803, or email akenney@denverite.com. View all posts by Andrew Kenney

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Colorado from space: International Space Station astronaut captures the Front Range - Denverite (blog)

Tornado damages NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility – SpaceFlight Insider

Jason Rhian

February 7th, 2017

Debris, as well as fence and building damage, was seen at NASAs Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans after a tornado touched down at 11:25 a.m. CST on Feb. 7, 2017. Photo Credit: Steven Seipel / MAF / NASA

NASAs Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF) was the site of a confirmed tornado strike at 11:25 a.m. CST (12:25 p.m. EST / 17:25 GMT). So far, only minor injuries have been reported, and NASA is accounting for all of its personnel and contractors as well as assessing thedamage caused by the storm.

Meanwhile, officials are continuing to monitor the weather and the agencys emergency response team is assessing just how much damage the storm inflicted on the nearly 80-year-old facility.

Photo Credit: Steven Seipel / MAF / NASA

Images appearing on the Space Alabama website show cars on their roof in one of the parking lots at the MAF.NASASpaceFlight.com has an image that appears to show the tornado touching down, with transformers arcing.

Michoud is where NASA is manufacturing the space agencys massive new super-heavy-lift rocket, the Space Launch System. The MAF, which is located near New Orleans, spans an impressive832 acres (3.37 square kilometers).

Photo Credit: Steven Seipel / MAF / NASA

As of this writing, it is unclear what, if any, damage might have been done to the rockets that are currently under development (the first of these is being prepared for Exploration Mission 1, currently slated to take place in late 2018). NASA has prioritized the assessment to Bldg 103so that the environmental controls of the Space Launch System and Orion can be maintained.

The MAF was used during World War II for the construction of C-76 cargo planes. During the Korean War, it was used to construct engines for Sherman and Patton tanks. Then, in 1961, NASA took over control of the facility.

During the Space Shuttle Program, the MAF was where the large, rust-colored External Tanks that the orbiter used on its 135 missions were produced.

Photo Credit: NASA

UPDATE: According to an internal NASA memo an estimated 40 to 50 percent of the buildings at Michoud received some level of damage, with five buildings receiving severe damage. Building 350, which houses the USDA National Finance Center, had the largest amount of damage. Power was restored to Michouds substation last night (Feb. 7, morning of Feb. 8).

NASA issued the following statement via a press release issued on Feb. 8:

Michoud remains closed to all but security and emergency operations crews. Temporary flight restrictions are in place over the area to ensure recovery and operations crews can complete their work without interference from other drones or low-flying aircraft. All Michoud personnel are accounted for, and no new injuries have been reported.

The entire NASA family pulls together during good times and bad, and the teams at the Michoud Assembly Facility are working diligently to recover from the severe weather that swept through New Orleans Tuesday and damaged the facility, said acting NASA Administrator Robert Lightfoot. We are thankful for the safety of all the NASA employees and workers of onsite tenant organizations, and we are inspired by the resilience of Michoud as we continue to assess the facilitys status.

Video courtesy of NASA

Tagged: Lead Stories Michoud Assembly Facility NASA Orion Space Launch System

Jason Rhian spent several years honing his skills with internships at NASA, the National Space Society and other organizations. He has provided content for outlets such as: Aviation Week & Space Technology, Space.com, The Mars Society and Universe Today.

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Tornado damages NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility - SpaceFlight Insider

Is 2017 the year human spaceflight returns? – Deutsche Welle

To call it a space race at this stage would be odd, not to mention misleading. What we're seeing now is more like a sprint, or a dash, where all the competitors are holding hands to the finish.

First, both the Europeans and Americans are keen on human spaceflight. And they know they can't do it alone - nations are pooling resources as much with each other as they are with commercial space enterprises. So much is clear. And as a result it will be a European Service Module that propels NASA's Orion spacecraft beyond the moon and back in 2018.

But there are further plans to build a second module for another mission, possibly in 2021, that will carry astronauts. If this happens, and no other mob trumps it, the mission will be the first to take humans beyond low orbit since 1972. The mission will be powered by European hardware. It will provide water, thermal control and atmosphere for a crew of up to four astronauts.

Next week, the European Space Agency and Airbus Defence and Space sign off on an agreement with NASA, and they will get things started.

The community, even in Europe, has embraced a public-private approach to space.

"Involving the commercial sector and their new fresh ideas, of course it's a good idea," says David Parker, ESA's head of Human Spaceflight and Robotic Exploration. "There are fantastic entrepreneurs out there who may provide a telecommunications service around the moon so that everybody can have the telecommunications for their lunar lander or their astronauts."

Modern launch pad

Then there's SpaceX, one of the commercial providers that has been delivering supplies to the International Space Station. It plans to inaugurate a revamped, fourth launch facility - a modified NASA launch complex in Florida known as "39A" - also next week.

ESA's David Parker used to head the UK Space Agency. The UK has long focused on the commercial benefits of space

NASA's Space Shuttles launched from 39A (before they were grounded). They were the last of America's human space capability.

Activating 39A may well help SpaceX clear a current backlog of about 70 flights.

It's also another step in NASA's plans to have SpaceX and Airbus competitor, Boeing, ferry astronauts to the International Space Stationby the end of 2017. The SpaceX rocket, Falcon 9, which carries a Dragon capsule, launches from 39A. Boeing has its CST-100 spacecraft.

All this commercial enterprise will, however, come at a cost.

"Of course it will be a commercial service, but bringing that kind of entrepreneurial spirit, I don't think it's a bad thing," says Parker.

For science and riches

Historically, says Parker, people have explored for various reasons. During the gold rushes of the Wild West and Australia, for instance, some will have gone for the riches and others for the pure exploration, the science.

But space is such an untapped resource, there's so much we don't know,what it is, how it "functions," or how much it's worth. So are we really prepared to let this rejuvenated age of entrepreneurial space exploration develop on a "wait-and-see" basis? Just look at the internet if you're wondering where that kind of attitude may lead us.

That said, skeptics like me may have to endure a few entrepreneurs earning bucket loads in the short-term, and hang on for the long-term benefits for the rest of humanity.

Economics Minister Brigitte Zypries shares a mobile moment with astronaut Matthias Maurer and ESA chief Jan Wrner

"When we understand the other 90 percent of the physics, imagine what relevance that might have to everyday life," says Parker. "Just as you rely on a mobile telephone today, you don't think about electromagnetic wave theory, do you? But fundamental physics is built into your phone."

Equal opportunities?

So finally what about our investment in people as we take this next step? We talk about "manned" missions to the moon. But does that include women? Germany's Economics Minister Brigitte Zypries, whose department is responsible for space activity, certainly hopes so.

"A lot of women are interested," says Zypries. "About 900 women applied through the initiative, "Die Astronautin [The astronauts]." They're working with ESA and we'll find out soon who's among the final 10 candidates. So, first, let's select one or two of them. But we also have to make sure women continue to be interested in technical professions, and we can only encourage them by saying, 'Get stuck in, you can do it.'"

David Parker can do little but agree. And he sees the number of opportunities for people getting to space, wherever or whatever they are, as commercial and public human spaceflight takes off.

"With the Americans building not one, not two, but three new space vehicles that will take astronauts into space, up to the space station, and also beyond as we look to heading back to the moon and onto Mars, the opportunities are going to increase," says Parker. "And there will be different ways for people to get up into space, maybe even commercially. The more people that experience going to space the better."

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Is 2017 the year human spaceflight returns? - Deutsche Welle

First SpaceX flight from Launch Complex 39A slated for Feb. 18 – SpaceFlight Insider

Bart Leahy

February 8th, 2017

SpaceX Falcon 9 lifts off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Stations Space Launch Complex 40 with NASAs CRS-6 mission to the International Space Station on April 14, 2015. Photo Credit: SpaceX

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, Fla. The launch of aSpaceXFalcon 9 rocket with NASAsCargo Resupply Services10 (CRS-10) mission is now targeted forFeb. 18. The launch of the cargo variant of SpaceXs Dragon spacecraft is expected to mark the rebirth ofone of KSCs most iconic launch sites LC-39A.

Some 4,473 pounds (2,029 kilograms) of pressurized and 2,154 pounds (977 kilograms) of unpressurized cargo will be aboard the CRS-10 Dragon capsule bound forthe International Space Station (ISS). It will take to the skies during an instantaneous (one second long) launch window.

While any number of factors could have caused the launch to be set for this date, a report appearing on Universe Today suggestsit was due to the mission having not receivedits Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) license.

Previously, on Jan. 30, the NewSpace companydecidedto change the order of its launch manifest to move CRS-10 before to the launch of the EchoStar 23 communications satellite.

A SpaceX statement stated: This schedule change allows time for additional testing of ground systems ahead of the CRS-10 Mission The launch vehicles, Dragon, and the EchoStar satellite are all healthy and prepared for launch.

This will be thefirst launch from LC-39A since the final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135, in July 2011. In 2014, the NewSpace firm signed a 20-year lease on the complex. Since then, it has been modifying it to be able to process and launch Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets.

Changes to LC-39A include the addition of a horizontal integration facility (HIF), a rail system to carry rockets from the HIF to the pad, and a Transporter Erector (TE) attached to the top of the pad.

CRS-10 will also mark SpaceXs first launch from the East Coast since the Sept. 1, 2016,launch pad explosionat Space Launch Complex 40 (SLC-40) at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station just south of Kennedy Space Center. That accident saw the complete loss of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle, the $195 million Amos 6 satellite, and the destruction of much of the launch service equipment at SLC-40.

SpaceFlight Insider reached out to both NASA and SpaceX in order to confirm the new launch date. SpaceX responded with the following: Our current guidance is NET mid-February. Before that, it was NET February [].

On Feb. 8, 2017, the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) held a teleconference, during which it was stated that the launch would take place on Friday, Feb. 17. Shortly thereafter, SpaceX issued a tweet stating that they were targeting Feb. 18.

Tagged: CRS-10 Falcon 9 Launch Complex 39A Lead Stories SpaceX

Bart Leahy is a freelance technical writer living in Orlando, Florida. Leahy's diverse career has included work for The Walt Disney Company, NASA, the Department of Defense, Nissan, a number of commercial space companies, small businesses, nonprofits, as well as the Science Cheerleaders.

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First SpaceX flight from Launch Complex 39A slated for Feb. 18 - SpaceFlight Insider

Spaceflight Changes the Shape of Astronauts’ Brains – Space.com

The International Space Station (ISS), photographed by an astronaut aboard the space shuttle Endeavour on Feb. 10, 2010. Astronauts who flew on ISS and space shuttle missions experienced changes in brain volume, a new study has found.

It appears that spaceflight really goes to astronauts' heads.

Doctors and scientists have long known that exposure to a weightless environment causes muscles to atrophy, bones to weaken and vision to deteriorate, among other effects. Now, a new study has determined that spaceflight also causes some parts of the brain to expand and others to contract. [The Human Body in Space: 6 Wild Facts]

"We found large regions of gray-matter volume decreases, which could be related to redistribution of cerebrospinal fluid in space," study principal investigator Rachael Seidler, a professor of kinesiology and psychology at the University of Michigan, said in a statement.

"Gravity is not available to pull fluids down in the body, resulting in so-called puffy face in space," Seidler added. "This may result in a shift of brain position or compression."

Seidler and her team studied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 26 astronauts 12 who flew on two-week-long space shuttle missions, and 14 others who lived aboard the International Space Station (ISS) for five to six months.

These MRI scans are the first images ever to show how spaceflight changes brain structure in humans. Blue shows areas of gray-matter volume decrease, likely reflecting shifting of cerebrospinal fluid. Orange shows regions of gray-matter volume increase, in the regions that control movement of the legs.

The brain regions that expanded are associated with the control of leg movement and the processing of sensory information from the lower body, team members said. Therefore, the MRIs are likely capturing the brain learning a new skill how to move in microgravity and doing so around the clock, Seidler said.

"It's interesting, because even if you love something, you won't practice more than an hour a day," she said. "In space, it's an extreme example of neuroplasticity in the brain, because you're in a microgravity environment 24 hours a day."

It's unclear how long these changes last after astronauts come back to Earth, or how the shifts may affect cognitive ability, the researchers said. Seidler and her team are currently conducting another long-term study to look into these questions.

The new study was published in December 2016 in the journal Nature Microgravity. The lead author is Vincent Koppelmans, of the University of Michigan's School of Kinesiology.

Follow Mike Wall on Twitter@michaeldwallandGoogle+.Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebookor Google+. Originally published onSpace.com.

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Spaceflight Changes the Shape of Astronauts' Brains - Space.com

Goals for NASA’s proposed Europa Lander begin to crystallize – SpaceFlight Insider

Curt Godwin

February 9th, 2017

An artists representation of a Europa Lander on the surface of the Jovian moon. Image credit: NASA

Members of a NASA Science Definition Team (SDT) recently completed a report on the science value for a proposed Europa landerand gave design recommendations for the notional explorer. The search for evidence life on the icy moon is near the top of the list.

Scientists believe Europa has an active subsurface ocean, warmed by tidal heating, and enriched by compounds created from the constant bombardment of the icy crust by charged particles streaming from Jupiter. (Click to enlarge) Image credit: NASA

Though Europa is much further from the Sun than is Earth more than 483 millionmiles (777 million kilometers), compared to 93 million miles (150 million kilometers) for Earth scientists have long hypothesized that the icy moon harbors a liquid water ocean beneath its frozen crust.

The presence of liquid water is considered to be an essential ingredient for the evolution of living organisms, and Europa may have twice as muchwater beneath its crust than all of Earths oceans combined.

This liquid environmentmay be enrichedwith chemical compounds created by the bombardment of Europas surface by particles streaming from Jupiters intense magnetic fields, thereby providingan energy source upon which organisms could thrive.

With the ocean likely being in contact with a rocky surface deep within the moon, the three key ingredients water, energy, and organic compounds upon which life is built may be in abundance on the Jovian satellite.

The fundamental goal of the mission would be to look for the direct evidence of life on Europa.

The SDT was given the responsibilityto develop a series of criteria to be used to determine if life had, indeed, been found. To this end, the teammade recommendationson the type and quantity of science instruments to be carried on the lander to accomplish this task.

However, looking for life wont be the landers soleobjective.

Scientists and engineers expect there will be subsequent missions to Europa, so the lander will be designed to gather as much dataabout the icy moon, and its subsurface ocean, as possible. This information will greatly benefit future missions to Europa, perhaps leading to an exploration of the moons subsurface ocean.

Though the destination may bethe same, the Europa Lander is an entirely separate mission from the larger mission to the Jovian system. Popularlycalled the Europa Clipper, the orbiterwill carry out a detailed exploration of its namesake moon as it orbits Jupiter once every 45 days.

Data gathered from that mission, tentatively scheduled for the early 2020s, will help scientists and engineers fine-tune the mission for the lander. The radiation-hardened orbiter will make a pass of Europaevery two weeks, many of which will be close flybys of the moon.

The lander, though, is still very much in its early design phase. NASA will hold two town hall meetings to discuss the SDTs reportand will assess the feedback from thescience community.

Video courtesy of NASA / JPL

Tagged: Europa Europa Clipper Europa Lander Jupiter NASA The Range

Curt Godwin has been a fan of space exploration for as long as he can remember, keeping his eyes to the skies from an early age. Initially majoring in Nuclear Engineering, Curt later decided that computers would be a more interesting - and safer - career field. He's worked in education technology for more than 20 years, and has been published in industry and peer journals, and is a respected authority on wireless network engineering. Throughout this period of his life, he maintained his love for all things space and has written about his experiences at a variety of NASA events, both on his personal blog and as a freelance media representative.

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Goals for NASA's proposed Europa Lander begin to crystallize - SpaceFlight Insider

NASA Space Launch System Opens Pathway To Mars — And Thousands Of Jobs On Earth – Forbes


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NASA Space Launch System Opens Pathway To Mars -- And Thousands Of Jobs On Earth
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There's a conference next week near Capitol Hill to discuss a project that may lead to the greatest technological achievement in history -- and yet chances are, you haven't heard about it. The project is NASA's effort to develop a huge rocket and ...
Is NASA heading back to the moon under Trump?AL.com
European space agency to help NASA take humans beyond moonU.S. News & World Report
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NASA Space Launch System Opens Pathway To Mars -- And Thousands Of Jobs On Earth - Forbes

SpaceX Targets Feb. 18 for 1st Launch from Historic NASA Pad – Space.com

SpaceX will launch a mission from the historic Launch Complex 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center for the first time in mid-Februrary. The private spaceflight company modified the pad for its Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets.

SpaceXis preparing to launch its 10th cargo resupply mission to the International Space Station for NASA, which is now set for Feb. 18.

The mission will bring crucial supplies for the space station crew and materials to support more than a dozen experiments on the orbiting lab, including a new muscle cell experiment designed by high school students. It will also be the first to launch from the newly renovated, historic Launch Complex 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

SpaceX announced the Feb. 18 launch date via Twitter today (Feb. 8).

Targeting Feb. 18 for Dragon's next resupply mission to the @Space_Station our 1st launch from LC-39A at @NASA's Kennedy Space Center.

The launch pad was built in the 1960s, and hosted a number of famous mission launches, including Apollo 11, which put the first humans on the moon, and the first and last space shuttle flights. SpaceX leased the pad from NASA starting in 2014.

SpaceX has modified the pad to suit its Falcon 9 and future Falcon Heavy rockets. For the Feb. 18 launch, a Falcon 9 will loft into orbit a robotic Dragon spacecraft filled with more than 5,500 lbs. (2,500 kg) of cargo, NASA officials said during a news briefing today. After its stay on the space station, the Dragon will return nearly 5,000 lbs. (2,300 kg) of cargo to Earth.

Raven, a technology demonstration from the Satellite Servicing Projects Division at NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center, will monitor comings and goings from the International Space Station with an eye toward developing autonomous rendezvous missions with satellites and spacecraft.

Riding to the station on this launch is an experiment by high school students at Craft Academy at Morehead State University, which will test the impact of microgravity on smooth muscle cell contraction. The experiment will use cells from rats to better understand how the muscle cells lining veins and arteries function.

Dragon will also carry an experiment monitoring the "superbug" MRSA(in a sealed experiment environment) to investigate how the bacterium grows and mutates without the pull of gravity; an experiment to grow and study antibody crystals; a "three-eyed" Raven tech demonstration system that will gather data for future autonomous rendezvous missions with satellites and spacecraft; and two Earth-monitoring systems that will sense lightning and gases in the planet's stratosphere.

The launch will also mark SpaceX's first liftoff from Florida's Space Coast since a Falcon 9 rocket burst into flames during a prelaunch test Sept. 1at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, which is next door to KSC.

Email Sarah Lewin at slewin@space.com or follow her@SarahExplains.Follow us@Spacedotcom,FacebookandGoogle+. Original article onSpace.com.

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Bloomsburg University Professor Teams Up With NASA – wnep.com


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Bloomsburg University Professor Teams Up With NASA
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BLOOMSBURG Hundreds of millions of miles away from Bloomsburg University, there's an asteroid sitting somewhere between Mars and Jupiter. Dr. Michael Shepard spent months building a 3D model of the asteroid Psyche using a radar telescope.

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Bloomsburg University Professor Teams Up With NASA - wnep.com

Want NASA to pick your space mission proposal? Two winning scientists share some tips – The Planetary Society (blog)

Posted by Jason Davis

09-02-2017 6:00 CST

Topics: Psyche mission, OSIRIS-REx

It was 8:00 a.m. on January 4, 2017 when Lindy Elkins-Tanton got a phone call from NASA saying her proposed mission to send a spacecraft to a metallic asteroid had been selected.

Elkins-Tanton, the director of Arizona State University's School of Earth and Space Exploration, had just wrapped up a busy 2016. She was taking a well-earned, two-and-a-half week vacation in western Massachusetts, where she was reading academic papers and novels, and trying to get in a little snowshoeing.

Her mission, Psyche, was one of five finalists in the current iteration of NASA's Discovery program, which selects low-cost planetary science missions from a whittled-down pool of applicants.

First, NASA told the finalists to expect a decision the week after New Year's Day. Then, Elkins-Tanton was told to expect a phone call between 10:00 and 11:00 a.m. on January 4.

The call came early. She was still asleepand slightly embarrassed about that. When she picked up the phone, it was Thomas Zurbuchen, the head of NASA's science division.

"He knew right away I'd been asleep," Elkins-Tanton told me recently. "He said, 'Oh, I think I've wakened you. But I think you're going to be happy that I've wakened you.' So I knew right at that moment that we won. I was out there in the hills, in the snow, getting this phone call from NASA. It was really surreal."

Arizona State University

The phone call Elkins-Tanton received was the culmination of a process that officially started in November 2014, when NASA announced it was accepting proposals for its next Discovery mission.

Discovery missions are cost-capped at about $500 million, not including launch and operations costs. There is also a second competitively selected mission type called New Frontiers, which gives winning missions a budget of around $800 million, including the price tag of a rocket.

Right now, NASA is accepting proposals for its next New Frontiers mission. They're due in April, and in November, three winners will get funded for further studies. NASA plans to make a final decision on which mission will fly in mid-2019.

The process is not for the faint of heart. Scientists and engineers can spend years toiling over a proposal, only to have their hopes dashed by the selection process.

I wanted to learn more about why some missions succeed and some don't, so I asked two recent winners how they pulled it off. It turns out that while both missions had slightly different recipes for success, there were a lot of similarities: intangible assets like good team chemistry and a knack for navigating the science community landscape can be just as important as the nuts and bolts that make up a spacecraft.

The last New Frontiers mission to launch was OSIRIS-REx, which blasted off in September to collect a sample from asteroid Bennu.

It would actually be more accurate to say the journey of OSIRIS-REx began 13 years ago. In 2004, Michael Drake, the former head of the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory in Tucson, wanted to propose an asteroid sample return mission. Drake asked LPL colleague Dante Lauretta, who was an untenured, assistant professor at the time, to become his deputy principal investigator.

Drake and Lauretta pitched the mission to NASA's Discovery program. They weren't selected, and NASA gave the proposal the lowest possible grade: category four.

"Category four means you're rejected and they shouldn't even need to tell you why," Lauretta said during a recent phone interview. "We were pretty naive back then, I'll admit."

The mission science, he said, was compelling. "But the technical management and cost needed a lot of work."

Ultimately, NASA didn't select any Discovery missions that time around. When the agency asked for new proposals a year later, Drake and Lauretta decided to try again.

This time, Lauretta worked closely with engineers at Lockheed Martin, in an attempt to better synchronize the mission's science and engineering aspects. He wanted to understand every aspect of the spacecraft, and ensure the Lockheed team understood every part of the mission science.

"I really learned how spacecraft are put together," Lauretta said. "But, most importantly, I learned how you translate science into engineering-speak, because they really are different languages."

Drake and Lauretta made it to the final round, but ultimately lost to GRAIL, a pair of lunar gravity mapping probes that launched in 2011. On the bright side, NASA said the asteroid mission's science and engineering was solidthe problem was that it was getting too expensive.

In 2008, the National Academy of Sciences prepared to release an interim update to their 10-year Decadal Survey, which lays out acceptable mission themes for the mid-cost New Frontiers program. An asteroid sample return mission had not been prioritized in the last Decadal Survey, so Drake and Lauretta's team started pitching the benefits of such a mission to the science community. They also demonstrated how they could overcome any potential engineering challenges.

The Academy was convinced. When the interim report was released, "Asteroid Rover/Sample Return" was listed as a mission theme. The next New Frontiers proposal was due in 2009, so Drake and Lauretta tweaked their proposal and applied. This time, they won, beating out a lunar sample return and a Venus mission.

Jason Davis / The Planetary Society

When compared with OSIRIS-REx, the origin story of Psyche is a bit simpler.

In 2011, Lindy Elkins-Tanton was the lead author of a paper on the diversity found among different types of asteroids.

"We all have this image of asteroids that kind of comes from Star Wars, and doesn't actually reflect the truth," she said. "I got an e-mail from some colleagues at JPL (NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory) asking whether I'd be interested in helping design a mission to test our hypothesis."

Might NASA decide to send a spacecraft to an asteroid unlike anything scientists had ever seen? Elkins-Tanton was intrigued, and as the mission concept came together, her team started looking at targets. Very quickly, Psychea metallic asteroid that may have iron-nickel spires jutting into spaceended up as a prime target for the spacecraft. The asteroid was so compelling, the team ultimately named their mission Psyche as well.

Whereas it took Drake and Lauretta three tries to get OSIRIS-REx on the launch pad, Elkins-Tanton was fortunatePsyche was selected the first time.

"I kind of feel guilty because we won the first time through the proposal process," she said. "That's rare."

Psyche was selected alongside another asteroid mission called Lucy. Once again, asteroids triumphed over Venus.

"As totally, unbelievably thrilled as I am that we won, I feel heartbroken that we're not going to Venus right now," said Elkins-Tanton. "My big hope is that an even better Venus mission, with a higher dollar value will go."

The currently allowed New Frontiers mission themes are Venus, a lunar south pole sample return, a comet surface sample return, an ocean worlds (Titan and/or Enceladus) mission, a Saturn probe, and a Trojan asteroids tour.

NASA is already working on a high-dollar mission to another ocean world: Europa. The aforementioned Lucy spacecraft is headed for Jupiter's Trojan asteroids. Cassini is currently operating around Saturnwhich includes Titan and Enceladusthough the aging probe's mission ends later this year. This leads many to believe Venus already has an advantage over the competition. NASA hasn't sent a spacecraft there since the Magellan probe, in 1990.

"Venus has had a rough time," Lauretta said. "I don't think anybody at NASA or anywhere else disagrees that the science is really exciting. It's just that the technical risks are so high. It's not a friendly environment to operate in, especially for a surface package."

2005 Mattias Malmer, from NASA/JPL data

A team proposing a mission to Venus will have to convince NASA their spacecraft can survive in one of the harshest places in the solar system. The planet's surface is hotter than Mercury, air pressures are equivalent to operating almost a kilometer under Earth's ocean, and winds in the upper atmosphere are stronger than an Earth-based tornado or hurricane.

Engineering competency aside, what gives one team's proposal the edge over another? Both Lauretta and Elkins-Tanton were in agreement that fostering a positive team chemistry was absolutely vital. NASA wants to see groups that are cohesive and relaxed, where everyone has a voice.

And no negative nellies.

"One loud, negative voice can turn the tide of everything," Elkins-Tanton said. "It can cause people who feel more timid to shut up and not share things that are important and critical."

Projecting confidence is also important. Prior to NASA's onsite visit, Elkins-Tanton hired a speaking coach to visit her team for one afternoon. "It turned out to be really helpful to turn our minds away from the super-minutia that we'd been obsessed with for years, and out to the larger story for people who were going to care about it," she said.

Lauretta said one strategy he used for unifying his team was making sure everyone knew everyone else's role, and who the expert was on any particular topic.

"When you see missions that get into trouble, a lot of it is because of dysfunctional teaming," he said. This particularly shows in documents like the mission's concept study report, which, in the case of OSIRIS-REx, was about 2,000 pages.

"If you don't have a coherent team that's communicating well, that document is going to be a mess," said Lauretta. "NASA's going to be like, 'Wait a minute. If they can't communicate enough to make this document consistent, how on Earth are they going to pull off something as complicated as building and launching a spacecraft?'"

Because Discovery and New Frontiers missions are competitively selected, teams pay close attention to what other contenders are doing. Elkins-Tanton said this is particularly the case among missions heading to the same destination, such as Venus.

To prevent other teams from "ghosting" aspects of their own proposals, many groups work in secrecy.

"A lot of the proposals are top secret, and nobody even knows they're happening," she said. "There were proposals that we didn't even hear a rumor about until after they were all submitted, and more news started leaking out."

The Psyche team, however, took a different approach.

"We thought that probably a lot of people, even in planetary science, didn't understand what an amazing, unique, improbable object Psyche was," Elkins-Tanton said. "So we decided that we needed to be public about what we were doing." This included conference talks and workshops on asteroid differentiation.

Her team also developed artist's concepts to show off how the asteroid might look. This had the dual benefit of exciting the Psyche team itself, and helping its members visualize where they were going.

Lauretta said the OSIRIS-REx team wasn't as focused on publicity, except when it came to demonstrating why the National Academy interim report should include an asteroid sample return mission. But during the proposal process, Lauretta said his team often highlighted how OSIRIS-REx was different, especially when it came to other missions' weaknesses. If there was concern over the operating environment on Venus, for instance, the OSIRIS-REx team might highlight how comparatively benign Bennu was.

NASA / Joel Kowsky

By the time OSIRIS-REx was selected in May 2011, Michael Drake's health was suffering. Lauretta started to assume a de facto principal investigator role, and Drake passed away that September.

"It was emotionally and incredibly personally draining," Lauretta said. "He was a mentor and a friend. I still miss him dearly and I really wish he was here to see everything we have accomplished at this point."

Lauretta knew he would need his family's help if he were to fill Drake's shoes permanently.

"That was a big conversation I had with my wife," he said. "I said, 'I'm going to try to go do this. I need to know if you're on board with it, because if you think it's going to disrupt the family, then I'll back off.'"

In the end, support came not just from his immediate family, but his extended familyon everything from child care to help around the house.

Elkins-Tantonmanaged to lead her Psyche team through the proposal process while holding down a full-time directorship job at ASU.

"I calculated that in the last two years I've had less than one day off per month," she said. NASA advisors have already told her to expect 80 to 100 percent of her work time will be consumed by the mission as it proceeds from development toward launch. She is currently exploring how to shuffle her responsibilities to make way for what will become an entirely new career path.

Now that OSIRIS-REx is safely on its way to Bennu, Lauretta's schedule has opened enough for him to teach a class again. This semester, he's leading a course on spacecraft mission design and implementation, trying to pass on lessons he has learned to the next generation of would-be principal investigators.

His students are currently designing a New Frontiers-class mission to Titan. Everyone in the class was assigned a mission role, from principal investigator to business lead.

But before the students started designed their spacecraft, Lauretta led them through a crash course on space policy. They learned about the federal budget, the roles Congress and the White House play, and what different assessment groups do.

This philosophythat successful missions depend on sound social strategies as much as they do engineering and scienceisalso reflected in Lauretta's Xtronaut board game, which teaches players the logistics behind space missions. Xtronauthas been such a hit, Lauretta has expanded it into an upcoming successor game, as well as a series of STEM education programs.

He also had his students read through a recent NASA authorization bill that passed the Senate in 2016.

"I said, look at what's in here," he told me. "Mars 2020. Europa. How do you think that got in there? Somebody in the science community decided these are important missions."

As part of his spacecraft mission design and implementation class, Lauretta shared ten leadership principles he has learned after spending five years at the helm of the OSIRIS-REx program:

Reward initiative

Value capabilities over credentials

Share the credit / take the blame

Assume good intentions

Cultivate diversity and seek out different perspectives

Work the problem

Make the hard decisions

Admit mistakes

Show appreciation

Keep temper under control (easier said then done when the stakes are high)

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Want NASA to pick your space mission proposal? Two winning scientists share some tips - The Planetary Society (blog)

How NASA’s Astrobee Robot Is Bringing Useful Autonomy to the ISS – IEEE Spectrum

Photo: Evan Ackerman/IEEE Spectrum NASA's Astrobee is a new generation of free-flying robots designed to help astronauts on board the International Space Station.

Since 2006, NASA has had a trio of small, free-flying robots on board the International Space Station. Called SPHERES (Synchronized Position Hold Engage and Reorient Experimental Satellites), these robots have spent about 600 hours participating in an enormous variety of experiments, including autonomous formation flying, navigation and mapping, and running programs written by middle school students in team competitions. But beyond serving as a scientific platform, SPHERES werent designed to do anything especially practical in terms of assisting the astronauts or flight controllers, and its time for a new generation of robotic free fliers thats fancier, more versatile, and will be a big help for the humans on the ISS.

This is Astrobee.

Last fall, IEEE Spectrum visited NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, Calif., to have a look at the latest Astrobee prototype and meet the team behind the robot.

Astrobee is a cube about 32centimeters on a side. Each corner and most of two sides are covered in a soft bumper material, with a propulsion system embedded in it. The central part of the robot contains sensors, control systems, a touchscreen, and several payload bays for adding hardware, including an arm designed to grab onto ISS handrails.

While the robot is designed to fly freely on board the ISS, for testing on the ground, Astrobee is mounted on top of a sled that uses a jet of CO2 to create a low-friction air bearing above a perfectly flat (and very enormous) block of granite. This allows the researchers to simulate microgravity in two dimensions to test the robots propulsion and navigation systems, but once its up in space, the entire robot will consist of just the cube thats defined by the blue bumpers, without all of the stuff underneath it.

From the beginning, Astrobee was intended to be much more than a successor to SPHERES: Its a completely new platform, designed from scratch to operate autonomously and safely on board the ISS. One of the biggest improvements is the propulsion system. While SPHERES require constant astronaut supervision (because theyre slightly flammable, among other reasons) and rely on disposable alkaline battery packs and tanks of CO2 propellant to function, Astrobee has an electrically-powered propulsion system, and it can recharge itself on a dock. NASA says Astrobee will be able to make its way around the ISS either under direct remote control from the ground or completely by itself. With modular bays designed to accept customized hardware, the robot can perform a variety of tasks, in some cases taking over boring housekeeping jobs from human astronauts.

Astrobee is fundamentally different than SPHERES in that its designed from the ground up to operate exclusively inside the ISS. Were an IVA [intra vehicular activity] free flier, so were flying around on the inside of the International Space Station with the crew, Trey Smith, lead systems engineer for the Astrobee Project at NASAs Intelligent Robotics Group tells us. In contrast, SPHERES was designed around a CO2 propulsion system that could theoretically operate not only inside but also outside of the station in the vacuum of spacethough that would have required some upgrades tothe SPHERES platform.

Since Astrobee can rely on having an atmosphere around it, it can move itself by pushing air in specific directions, the way most things that fly here on Earth do. There are all kinds of ways of making this work, but operating safely in microgravity comes with an intimidating number of unique challenges, which led to Astrobees fairly complicatedand absolutely fascinatingpropulsion design.

On two faces of Astrobee, behind a protective screen, theres an impeller: A big fan that sucks in air. The impellers, which counter-rotate with each other to minimize gyroscopic forces, are constantly generating a pressurized pocket of air inside of the robot, which is directed out of steerable nozzles on each face. If all of the nozzles are closed, Astrobee doesnt move, and opening them individually or in combination generates thrust, which moves the robot in the opposite direction.

There are twelve nozzles, and theyre carefully arranged so that all of them are off-center, Smith explains. If you ever have one thruster that goes crazy, youre going to wind up flying around in circles, not accelerating across the space station. But if you use a pair of thrusters, then you get a balance. There are different pairs that give you pure translation or pure rotation in each of the cartesian axes in both plus and minus directions, and that shows you that you can get any kind of directional thrust you want.

NASA is understandably somewhat nervous about the idea of a robot that can generate its own thrust and move autonomously around the ISS. Off-center thrusters are just one way that Astrobee is designed to be safe: All of its moving parts are internal, meaning that an astronaut can safely grab it anywhere, and each corner is rounded and cushioned in soft foam, minimizing potential damage if it runs into anything.

Were flying anywhere on station, says Smith. If we run into something, we could run into practically anything. The ISS windows turn out to be a very big issue: Astrobee is kind of like a big fluffy bowling ball, in terms of the mass, and were having to be very conservative about the amount of force we could potentially apply if we have a collision. The typical window on the ISS has four layers of glass: two of them are the pressure panes, and then on the inside and on the outside are what arecalled the scratch and debris panes respectively. What were trying to prove is that theres no way we could break the scratch pane.

Astrobee has to be hardware safe on a fundamental level. In other words, if all of the software goes haywire in the worst way possible, the robot must not be able to cause critical damage to the station. To fully address the safety concerns of an out-of-control robot, the Astrobee team has had to imagine an absolute worst case scenario, and its this: A software glitch causes the robot to accelerate as fast as it can, along the entirety of the longest straight line distance on the ISS (about 20 meters), directly into one of the stations windows. At that point, the robot would be moving at about 2 meters per second, much faster than its software-limited top speed of 0.75 m/s. Its possible that we could break the scratch pane, but we wouldnt be able to do worse than that. No critical damage, Smith says.

Between the propulsion modules on each side of Astrobee theres plenty of room for all the sensors and computing hardware the robot needs to operate autonomously, with enough left over to host a diverse array of payloads. The top and bottom thirds of the robot are payload bays (two in front and two in back), each with mechanical, data, and power connections. The top payload bay in the front is currently taken over with Astrobees own navigation sensors, but having open payload bays was a priority for Astrobee, according to Smith. The way we do the payloads really came out of our experience with SPHERES: At first, SPHERES were mostly for testing formation-flying software, but then people realized you could attach payloads, and they went crazy with it, he says.So we invested a lot more effort in thinking out how to do that with Astrobee.

Astrobees computing system has three layers of processors inside: one low level, one mid level, and one high level. The mid and high level processors are identical, except that the mid level is running Linux and taking care of most of the robots core functionality, while the high-level processor is running Android and is dedicated to the payload. This keeps the science payload nice and isolated, while also making Astrobee relatively easy to program, since you can just write Android apps that interface with Astrobee through a broad API.

Astrobees sensor suite consists of a primary navigation camera with a 116 field of view, along with an HD autofocusing camera that can stream video from the ISS down to the ground in real time. Theres also a CamBoard Pico Flexx time-of-flight flash IR 3D sensor that can detect obstacles out to about 4 meters (although its not mounted in the prototype we saw), and an optical-flow detector mounted on Astrobees top face that detects velocity and will cut off the motors if the robot starts moving too fast.

Two more cameras looks behind the robot to assist with obstacle avoidance, docking, and perching (more on that in a bit). Powering everything (including the propulsion system) are lithium-ion batteries, which can be quite dangerous, but fortunately for the Astrobee team, they werent the first group to use lithium-ion on station, so there are already accepted safety procedures in place that they can follow. The robot should be good for a few hours of flight time before it has to recharge.

One of the things that makes Astrobee unique and valuable is that itll be able to navigate autonomously around the U.S. module of the ISS, as well as in the ESAand JAXA modules (not the Russian segment). Astrobee has one major thing going for it in this regard: The ISS is a highly structured environment. Its a compact, well defined, and predictable area, and unless something goes horribly wrong, things like darkness or rain arent a factor. With this in mind, the robot will be using a relatively simple (in principle, at least) system to localize itself, matching features that a single monocular camera sees with a map of the interior of the ISS, as Smith explains: We have a prior map, so with a single frame of video, we should be able to see the landmarks from our prior map, recognize them, and say, okay, were here on the station.

A problem thats unique to a space robot is navigating around humans where there is no established up or down. With our current maps we pretend that theres gravity, so the top of the robot always points overhead, and you can kind of imagine were driving around like a car, says Smith. As it turns out, the ISS does have a ceiling (called the overhead) as well as a deck that the astronauts tend to use, defined at least in part by which way the lighting is oriented. Astrobee will likely try to maintain a fixed distance from the ceiling as it navigates, to keep from being accidentally stepped on or kicked. Initially, Astrobee will be able to detect obstacles (like astronauts) and stop, but not replan around them, andNASA plans to gradually improve Astrobees autonomous navigation capabilities over time.

Of course, all of Astrobees autonomy is optional, and being able to teleoperate it from the ground is an important feature, both in terms of allowing controllers to direct the robot when necessary and making sure that a humancan take over if Astrobees autonomy somehow fails. This kind of adjustable autonomy makes the robot much more efficient and versatile, since controllers can issue commands at any level, although its expected that a human (somewhere) will always have supervisory control. And if all else goes wrong, the crew can always step in and manhandle the robot back to its dock.

When its not flying around the ISS being very busy and important, Astrobee will have a cozy home on a customized dock. The dock is connected to the station for power and basic telemetry, and includes some fiducials to make it easy for Astrobee to see.There are two berths on each dock, and Astrobee can dock by itself, using its rear-facing camera to back up onto the dock. Once its close enough, magnets will engage to hold it there, and the dock has to be instructed to retract the magnets before the robot can fly off again.

Whenever Astrobee isnt actively traveling somewhere, itll need to keep itself from floating away, and to do that, it has an adorable little 3D-printed perching arm that was designed by NASA Ames systems engineer In Won Park. The arm spends most of its time retracted into Astrobees upper rear payload bay, but itll unfold itself on demand. Using the rear camera, the arm can locate and grab onto the same standardized handrails that astronauts use to get around and hold themselves in place. By using the perching arm to keep Astrobee stationary rather than running the impellers, the robots battery life can be extended by up to 80 percent. Once perched, the arms motors can be used to pan and tilt the body of the robot, which is exactly what youd need for a remote video camera.

The gripper on the arm is a collaboration between NASA Ames and Columbia Universitys ROAM Lab, under the direction of Matei Ciocarlie, who developed theVelo gripper at Willow Garage. The gripper is mechanically compliant, and calibrated to be able to hold Astrobee securely, but not so securely that an astronaut cant pull the robot free if they need to, since the arm is programmed to power down once it detects a force above a certain threshold. This is also a safety feature: If the robot is secured to a rail and someone runs into it by accident, itll just let go and float away.

While the primary purpose of the arm is perching, there are some other use cases that NASA is considering. An interesting one is to add a little bit of handrail to a spare payload bay in one Astrobee, and then grab onto it with the arm of another Astrobee. The gripper is also interchangeable, so other researchers could develop custom grippers to do a variety of different tasks (including manipulation), and then test them out on an Astrobee in space.

The key to making a robot valuable is to design and program it such that it provides a positive return on the amount of time invested into it. Astrobee needs to be able to operate independently of the astronauts to be usefulthis can be fully autonomous operation, or teleoperation from the ground, but the goal is to avoid it being more of a hassle to use the robots than it is to just use a human instead. If Astrobee can reliably do its own thing without getting in the way of the astronauts, ideally with zero crew involvement, there are all kinds of tasks it could take over from them.

The Astrobee team has identified several things that the astronauts spend time doing that Astrobee could do just as well. One is taking video of crew activities, says Smith: The state of the art right now is that the crew themselves set up a camcorder, and wed like it if the flight controllers [on Earth] can position a camcorder so the crew dont have to. With its built-in camera and perching arm, Astrobee would provide a stable view that flight controllers could move around however they wanted, while the astronauts just keep on doing whatever theyre doing.

The crew also spends time doing a lot of really boring stuff like taking sound readings all over the space station, or doing inventory with RFID, or checking CO2 levels. These dull, repetitive housekeeping projects are, to be blunt, a waste of astronauts time, even as theyre mandatory for the long term safety of the ISS. If Astrobee can take over, that gives the humans more time to do the things that humans are good at, like science, or observing the behavior of a can of mixed nuts.

While the prototype Astrobee that we saw at NASA Ames was pretty cool-looking just in terms of hardware, the version of the robot that starts work on the ISS will be much more visually interesting. Astrobees final look is the project of Yun-kyung Kim, an HRI researcher at NASA Ames. Itll be covered in colorful, graphical skins made of nomex fabric, which researchers can design themselves, or the designs could be outsourced, providing a fun way for kids to get involved with space robots. Besides looking cool, part of the reason for these skins will be to help give the robot an easily identifiable front and back, which is not necessarily obvious when youre looking at a cube in an environment with arbitrary directionality. Knowing where the front of Astrobee is will be important for the astronauts, since thats the way the robot will be travelling.

The plan is also to outfit Astrobee with an array of LEDs around the impeller intakes, which can be used to visually communicate simple information. Things like turn signals, or an indication of what task the robot is performing, or whether its being teleoperated or in autonomous mode. The robot does have a touch screen, but the LEDs are intended to be much simpler and more immediate. Astrobee has speakers as well, and Kim is working on ways of using sound to help Astrobee communicate to the astronauts (or alert them) without being too noisy or annoying.

NASA expects to have Astrobee on orbit at some point in the 2018 fiscal year, which covers October 2017 through September 2018. Theyll be sending three of them to the ISS, although only two robots can fit onto the dock at once: The third will be packed away in a space closet somewhere, but the crew will be able to pull it out to participate in some triple Astrobee experiments. Itll probably take a little while to get these robots up and runningbesides installing the dock, the astronauts will have to help out with making a map of the station so that the robots will be able to navigate autonomously. Crew time is always at a premium, but the hope is that once Astrobee is good to go, itll be able to free up some of that time in return by helping out around the station.

Astrobee will also be taking the place of SPHERES, and as a part of that transition, the idea is that NASAs Guest Scientist Program will eventually provide a way for scientists around the world to run experiments on the robots, in both hardware and software. In the past, SPHERES participation has been limited since it demands constant astronaut supervision along with extra time for setting up the robots and then stowing everything again, but the increased autonomy of Astrobee should result in more opportunities for collaboration and research.

NASAs plans for its space robots have been ambitious to an extent that they havent always been able to live up to their potential. Usually, this is because too much participation is required from the human crew. Astrobee is promising because it was designed specifically for autonomous operation, and to be assistive for the human crew. Robonaut was supposed to do the same thing, but it still hasnt, because its been too difficult and time intensive for the crew to get it to work. If Astrobee can make it over that first hurdle, to the point where it achieves a useful level of autonomy, it has the potential to show the entire Earth exactly how valuable a little space robot can be.

[ NASA Astrobee ]

IEEE Spectrum's award-winning robotics blog, featuring news, articles, and videos on robots, humanoids, drones, automation, artificial intelligence, and more. Contact us:e.guizzo@ieee.org

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How NASA's Astrobee Robot Is Bringing Useful Autonomy to the ISS - IEEE Spectrum

NASA spacecraft prepares to fly to new heights – Phys.Org

February 9, 2017 by Mara Johnson-Groh Over three months in 2017, the MMS spacecraft transitions from the dayside magnetopause, to a new, larger orbit on the nightside, as shown in this visualization. This image shows the four satellites' orientation on March 15, 2017. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Tom Bridgman, visualizer

On Feb. 9, 2017, NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, known as MMS, began a three-month long journey into a new orbit. MMS flies in a highly elliptical orbit around Earth and the new orbit will take MMS twice as far out as it has previously flown. In the new orbit, which begins the second phase of its mission, MMS will continue to map out the fundamental characteristics of space around Earth, helping us understand this key region through which our satellites and astronauts travel. MMS will fly directly through regionswhere giant explosions called magnetic reconnection occurnever before observed in high resolution.

Launched in March 2015, MMS uses four identical spacecraft to map magnetic reconnectiona process that occurs when magnetic fields collide and re-align explosively into new positions. NASA scientists and engineers fly MMS in an unprecedentedly close formation that allows the mission to travel through regions where the sun's magnetic fields interact with Earth's magnetic fieldsbut keeping four spacecraft in formation is far from easy.

"This is one of the most complicated missions Goddard has ever done in terms of flight dynamics and maneuvers," said Mark Woodard, MMS mission director at NASA's Goddard Flight Space Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "No one anywhere has done formation flying like this before."

To form a three-dimensional picture of reconnection, the mission flies four individual satellites in a pyramid formation called a tetrahedron. While a previous joint ESA (European Space Agency)/NASA mission flew in a similar formation, MMS is the first to fly in such an extremely tight formation - only four miles apart on average. Maintaining this close separation allows for high-resolution mapping but adds an extra dimension of challenge to flying MMS, which is already a complex undertaking.

Flying a spacecraft, as one would suspect, is nothing like driving a car. Instead of focusing on just two dimensionsleft and right, forward and backwards - you also must consider up and down. Add on to that, keeping the four MMS spacecraft in the specific tetrahedral formation necessary for three-dimensional mapping, and you've got quite a challenge. And don't forget to avoid any space debris and other spacecraft that might cross your path. Oh, and each spacecraft is spinning like a top, adding another layer to the dizzying complexity.

"Typically, it takes about two weeks to go through the whole procedure of designing maneuvers," said Trevor Williams, MMS flight dynamics lead at NASA Goddard.

Williams leads a team of about a dozen engineers to make sure MMS's orbit stays on track. During a normal week of operations, the maneuvers, which have been carefully crafted and calculated beforehand, are finalized in a meeting at the start of the week.

To calculate its location, MMS uses GPS, just like a smart phone. The only difference is this GPS receiver is far above Earth, higher than the GPS satellites sending out the signals.

"We're using GPS to do something it wasn't designed for, but it works," Woodard said.

Since GPS was designed with Earth-bound users in mind, signals are broadcast downwards, making it difficult to use from above. Fortunately, signals from GPS satellites are sent widely to blanket the entire planet and consequentially some from the far side of the planet sneak around Earth and continue up into space, where MMS can observe them. Using a special receiver that can pick up weak signals, MMS is able to stay in constant GPS contact. The spacecraft uses the GPS signals to automatically compute their location, which they send down to the flight control headquarters at Goddard. The engineers then use that positioning to design the maneuvers for the spacecraft's orbits.

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While the orbit for each MMS spacecraft is almost identical, small adjustments need to be made to keep the spacecraft in a tight formation. The engineers also rely on reports from NASA's Conjunction Assessment Risk Analysis, which identifies the locations of space debris and provides notification when objects, like an old communications satellite, might cross MMS's path. While nothing yet has been at risk for colliding with MMS, the crew has a prepared backup plan - a dodge maneuver - should the need arise.

On scheduled Wednesdays, one or two per month, the commands are sent up to the spacecraft to adjust the tetrahedral formation and make any necessary orbit adjustments. These commands tell MMS to fire its thrusters in short bursts, propelling the spacecraft to its intended location.

Moving MMS is a slow process. Each spacecraft is equipped with thrusters that provide four pounds of thrust, but they also weigh nearly a ton each. The spacecraft all spin like tops, so the timing of each burst needs to be precisely synchronized to push the spacecraft in the right direction.

The next day, once the spacecraft are in their proper locations, a second round of commands are given to fire the thrusters in the opposite direction, to fix the spacecraft in formation. Without this command, the spacecraft would overshoot their intended positions and drift apart with no resisting forces to stop them.

Unlike airplanes, which constantly fire their engines to keep in motion, the spacecraft rely on their momentum to carry them around their orbit. Only short bursts from their thrusters, lasting just a few minutes, are required to maintain their formation and make minor adjustments to the orbit.

"We spend 99.9 percent of the time coasting because we need to be sparing with the fuel," Williams said.

Launched with 904 pounds of fuel, the spacecraft have only used about 140 pounds in their first two years of operation. However, sending MMS into a wider orbit for its second phase will consume about half the remaining fuel - and there are no gas stations in space for refueling. The operations crew carefully plan each maneuver to minimize fuel consumption. Typical maneuvers take less than half a pound of fuel and the crew hopes their fuel conservation efforts will save MMS enough fuel to allow extended studies past the end of the primary mission.

The new elliptical orbit will take MMS to within 600 miles above the surface of Earth at its closest approach, and out to about 40 percent of the distance to the moon. Previously, the spacecraft went out only one-fifth (20 percent) of the distance to the moon.

In the first phase of the mission, MMS investigated the sun-side of Earth's magnetosphere, where the sun's magnetic field lines connect to Earth's magnetic field lines, allowing material and energy from the sun to funnel into near-Earth space. In the second phase, MMS will pass through the night side, where reconnection is thought to trigger auroras.

In addition to helping us understand our own space environment, learning about the causes of magnetic reconnection sheds light on how this phenomenon occurs throughout the universe, from auroras on Earth, to flares on the surface of the sun, and even to areas surrounding black holes.

While MMS will not maintain its tetrahedral formation as it moves to its new orbit, it will continue taking data on the environments it flies through. The operations crew expects MMS to reach its new orbit on May 4, 2017, at which point it will be back in formation and ready to collect new 3-D science data, as its elliptical orbit carries it through specific areas thought to be sites for magnetic reconnection.

Explore further: NASA's MMS breaks Guinness World Record

NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, or MMS, is breaking records. MMS now holds the Guinness World Record for highest altitude fix of a GPS signal. Operating in a highly elliptical orbit around Earth, the MMS satellites ...

On Sept. 15, 2016, NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale, or MMS, mission achieved a new record: Its four spacecraft are flying only four-and-a-half miles apart, the closest separation ever of any multi-spacecraft formation. The ...

On Oct. 15, 2015, a NASA mission broke its own record: the four satellites of its Magnetospheric Multiscale mission are now flying at their smallest separation, the tightest multi-spacecraft formation ever flown in orbit. ...

(PhysOrg.com) -- The first of two ARTEMIS ("Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of the Moons Interaction with the Sun") spacecraft is now in its lunar orbit.

On July 9, 2015 the four spacecraft of NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale, or MMS, mission began flying in a pyramid shape for the first time. The four-sided pyramid shapecalled a tetrahedronmeans that scientists' observations ...

NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft fired its Trajectory Correction Maneuver (TCM) thrusters for the first time Friday in order to slightly adjust its trajectory on the outbound journey from Earth to the asteroid Bennu. The spacecraft's ...

Many scientists believe the Earth was dry when it first formed, and that the building blocks for life on our planetcarbon, nitrogen and waterappeared only later as a result of collisions with other objects in our solar ...

For astronomers trying to understand which distant planets might have habitable conditions, the role of atmospheric haze has been hazy. To help sort it out, a team of researchers has been looking to Earth specifically ...

About 4.6 billion years ago, an enormous cloud of hydrogen gas and dust collapsed under its own weight, eventually flattening into a disk called the solar nebula. Most of this interstellar material contracted at the disk's ...

For years, their existence has been debated: elusive electrical discharges in the upper atmosphere that sport names such as red sprites, blue jets, pixies and elves. Reported by pilots, they are difficult to study as they ...

Astronomers at The University of Texas at Austin have developed a new technique to discover the faintest galaxies yet seen in the early universe 10 times fainter than any previously seen. These galaxies will help astronomers ...

On Feb. 9, 2017, NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, known as MMS, began a three-month long journey into a new orbit. MMS flies in a highly elliptical orbit around Earth and the new orbit will take MMS twice as far ...

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NASA spacecraft prepares to fly to new heights - Phys.Org

NASA Glenn Scientists are Leading the Way to Future Surface Missions on Venus – Cleveland Scene Weekly

Using a simulated Venus atmosphere right here in Cleveland, NASA Glenn scientists have been testing ways to keep electronic devices functional in such harsh conditions. With recent experiments lasting521 hours, the hope is that NASA can sustain longer, more involved surface lander missions on our planet's mysterious next-door neighbor.

The surface temperature on Venus is often a balmy 860 degrees Fahrenheit, and the atmospheric pressure to similar to what you'd deal with about a half-mile under the ocean. That's not good for circuits and wires. Previous surface missions on Venus have lasted no more than two hours.

The NASA Glenn team developed some really incrediblesilicon carbide semiconductor integrated circuits durable pieces of equipment that need no cooling or protective packaging to withstand Venusian heat.

With further technology development, such electronics could drastically improve Venus lander designs and mission concepts, enabling the first long-duration missions to the surface of Venus, Phil Neudeck, lead electronics engineer on this one, said in a public statement.

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NASA Glenn Scientists are Leading the Way to Future Surface Missions on Venus - Cleveland Scene Weekly

Vision & Capital: From NASA Engineer To Female Tech Startup CEO – Forbes


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Vision & Capital: From NASA Engineer To Female Tech Startup CEO
Forbes
When Harleen Kaur was a little girl dreaming about big possibilities, she didn't know what she would be when she grew up. She believed that big dreaming happens at NASA, and she was right. Kaur became an engineer and got a job at NASA working on ...

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Vision & Capital: From NASA Engineer To Female Tech Startup CEO - Forbes