Red hair, curly hair, bald: A new batch of emoji hairstyles may be on the way – Today.com

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It took a while, but you can now personalize your emojis with hair colors ranging from black to blond. So far, redheads have been left out of the emoji universe but that may change.

Fiery-haired emojis could be officially released next June, according to the Emoji Subcommittee of the Unicode Consortium, the group that sets the global standard for emojis.

The proposed red-haired emojis.

Redheads have been a highly requested addition, Jeremy Burge, the founder of the reference website Emojipedia and a member of Unicodes Emoji Subcommittee, told TODAY Style in an email.

In fact, ginger emojis were Emojipedias most-requested addition last year, Burge said. So what caused the delay? It came down to some tricky details.

The implementation raises questions like which emojis should be able to have red hair, and if red hair is added, what about other hair colors or styles? Burge said. The current approach is to use a flexible system, which could allow any emoji to be given red hair, although no recommendations have yet been made on which emojis should be given a red hair option.

Burge submitted a proposal for how redhead emojis could possibly appear, along with other common hairstyles like curly hair, white hair, and baldness.

A preview of what curly-haired emojis would look like.

The new hairstyles are still subject to final approval early next year, though Burge noted that in the past, the majority of emoji candidates have been approved.

Bald male and female emojis could also be an option.

Burge added that unnatural hair colors such as blue or green could be added down the line if there is sufficient demand, but said that for now the proposed entries for red hair, curly hair, white hair and baldness do appear to cover the majority of requests."

And don't forget gray or white hair!

The (hopefully!) upcoming ginger emojis should be especially welcome news to one of our favorite redheaded celebs, Jessica Chastain, who spoke out recently about her trademark strands.

The actress revealed that she was teased for her hair shade growing up, but now embraces her gorgeous natural color and refuses to dye it for roles.

Whatever you are ridiculed about that makes you different is what you'll celebrate in the future," she told Refinery29. "If I wanted to dye my hair, I could, but I realized that's who I am, and my differences (make me) special."

And, plenty of celebs who were born blonde, brunette or raven-haired, including Ariel Winter, Shakira and Aubrey Plaza, have embraced red locks. ("Redheads have more fun!" Shakira recently proclaimed).

Of course, redhead can encompass a variety of shades, from bright orange to auburn to strawberry blond, and one day, it would be amazing to see all these lovely hues represented in emoji form. But in the meantime, the new, proposed emojis are a major step for all gingerkind!

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Red hair, curly hair, bald: A new batch of emoji hairstyles may be on the way - Today.com

Redheaded Emojis Are Coming To Smartphones In 2018 – Simplemost

Redheads, rejoice! I know youve been waiting a long time for this, struggling to convey your emotions in a way that truly reflects you as a person. But the day has finally come. At long last, there will be an emoji that celebrates you in all your fiery-haired glory.

It was recently announced by Unicode Technical Committeethat redheaded emojis will be coming to a smartphone near you in June 2018. The UTC is the group that decides which graphics and visuals will be universally accessible across different phones and platforms (theyre essentially THE source of approved emoji, which is why theyre able to tell us all the emoticons were using incorrectly!).

For years, redheads of all hues have been complaining that there are no emojis that reflect their gorgeous locks:

WHERE IS THE GINGER EMOJI pic.twitter.com/wvb9C26udU

Ginger Problems (@GingerProblems) August 6, 2017

But finally, redheads will be able to text message with the secure knowledge that their emojis reflect their truly unique beauty.

The truth is that redheads have been getting the shaft for quite some time. Not only have they been targeted for bullying, but they also tend to sunburneasily, and they might actually have an increased sensitivity to pain.

But being a redhead can also come with some amazing benefits. First of all, its highly rare (only about 1 to 2 percent of people in the world have red hair). Second of all, while it is true that redheads are highly sensitive to the sunlight and prone to sunburn, the reason behind this is actually pretty interesting.

Researchers theorize that the gene for red hair was an adaption that evolved in super-cloudy parts of the world like Scotland and Ireland, because it was a way to maximize the little time in the sunlight that these people enjoyed. By becoming extra-sensitive to the sun, they could make the most of the suns Vitamin D and absorb even more of its life-giving properties.

Thats so cool! Additionally, research has shown that redheads can actually make their own vitamin D, so when exposed to low-light conditions, they go into redheaded superhero mode and formulate their own, thanks to their bodys lower melanin concentration.

And not only are redheads able to make their own vitamin D, but they also wont ever have to deal with gray hairs! Hey, with superpowers like that, its about time they get an emoji that reflects their gorgeous locks.

via GIPHY

[h/t: Pure Wow]

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Redheaded Emojis Are Coming To Smartphones In 2018 - Simplemost

NASA short-lists six candidates for future missions – The Register

NASA has published a shortlist of six missions its considering for launch from the year 2022.

All are part of the space agency's Explorers Program, which aims to do heliophysics and astrophysics on modest budgets. The program runs Medium-Class missions with a budget cap of US$250m and Missions of Opportunity that get just $70m to play with. Over 90 Explorer missions have run since the first in 1958.

The Medium-Class missions NASA's decided to fling some exploratory cash at are:

The Missions of Opportunity bidding for a green light are:

NASA's already conditionally-selected a mission called CASE, or Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets. CASE would provide packaged detectors to the ESA's planned Atmospheric Remote-sensing Exoplanet Large-survey (ARIEL). Doing so would help that effort's attempts to understand the early stages of planetary and atmospheric formation during the nebular phase and the following few millions of years.

Making this shortlist means the projects mentioned above have scored funding for a nine-month implementation concept study. More reviews await each project after that document is completed and assessed, but NASA is hopeful it will launch one of the missions above by the year 2022.

Sponsored: The Joy and Pain of Buying IT - Have Your Say

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NASA short-lists six candidates for future missions - The Register

NASA’s plasma rocket making progress toward a 100-hour firing – Ars Technica

Enlarge / With 200 kW of solar power, the VASIMR engine could be used as a lunar tug.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

Almost everyone recognizes that if humans are truly to go deeper into the Solar System, we need faster and more efficient propulsion systems than conventional chemical rockets. Rocket engines powered by chemical propellants are great for breaking the chains of Earth's gravity, but they consume way too much fuel when used in space and don't offer optimal control of a spacecraft's thrust.

NASA recognizes this, too. So in 2015, the space agency awarded three different contracts for development of advanced propulsion systems. Of these, perhaps the most intriguing is a plasma-based rocketwhich runs on Argon fuel, generates a plasma, excites it, and then pushes it out a nozzle at high speed. This solution has the potential to shorten the travel time between Earth and Mars to weeks, rather than months.

But to realize that potential, Houston-based Ad Astra Rocket Company must first demonstrate that its plasma rocket, VASIMR, can fire continuously for a long period of time. The three year, $9 million contract from NASA required the company to fire its plasma rocket for 100 hours, at a power level of 100 kilowatts, by 2018.

This week, Ad Astra reported that it remains on target toward that goal. The company completed a successful performance review with NASA after its second year of the contract, and it has now fired the engine for a total of 10 hours while making significant modifications to its large vacuum chamber to handle the thermal load produced by the rocket engine.

When Ars visited the company early in 2017, the company was pulsing its rocket for about 30 seconds at a time. Now, the company is firing VASIMR for about five minutes at a time, founder Franklin Chang-Diaz told Ars. "The limitation right now is moisture outgassing from all the new hardware in both the rocket and the vacuum chamber," he said. "This overwhelms the pumps, so there is a lot of conditioning that has to be done little by little."

A view of the plasma plume during a test firing.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

Loading the VASIMR engine into the vacuum chamber.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

Where the plasma comes out of the rocket engine.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

The VASIMR engine and the exterior of the vacuum chamber.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

Exterior view of the vacuum chamber.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

Installing cryopumps inside the vacuum chamber.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

Franklin Chang-Daz peers into the vacuum chamber during a test firing.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

Franklin Chang-Daz.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

Setup of the VASIMR engine (VX 200SS) inside the vacuum chamber during tests. The rocket is at left, and the area of the plume is shown by the purple outline.

Ad Astra Rocket Company

As the company continues to test the new hardware, it is gradually building up to longer and longer pulses with inspections in between. As Astra remains on target to perform the 100-hour test in late summer or early fall of 2018, Chang-Diaz said.

Initially, the company foresees the plasma rocket as a means for pushing cargo between Earth and the Moon, or on to Mars. With solar powered panels, the rocket would have a relatively low thrust and therefore would move loads slowly but efficiently. But with more power, such as from a space-based nuclear reactor, it could one day reach much higher velocities that would allow humans to travel rapidly through the Solar System.

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NASA's plasma rocket making progress toward a 100-hour firing - Ars Technica

Watch martian clouds scoot, thanks to NASA’s Curiosity – Phys.Org

August 10, 2017 by Guy Webster Clouds drift across the sky above a Martian horizon in this accelerated sequence of enhanced images taken on July 17, 2017, by the Navcam on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/York University

Wispy, early-season clouds resembling Earth's ice-crystal cirrus clouds move across the Martian sky in some new image sequences from NASA's Curiosity Mars rover.

These clouds are the most clearly visible so far from Curiosity, which landed five years ago this month about five degrees south of Mars' equator. Clouds moving in the Martian sky have been observed previously by Curiosity and other missions on the surface of Mars, including NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander in the Martian arctic nine years ago.

Researchers used Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam) to take two sets of eight images of the sky on an early Martian morning last month. For one set, the camera pointed nearly straight up. For the other, it pointed just above the southern horizon. Cloud movement was recorded in both and was made easier to see by image enhancement. A midday look at the sky with the same camera the same day showed no clouds.

Mars' elliptical orbit makes that planet's distance from the Sun vary more than Earth's does. In previous Martian years, a belt of clouds has appeared near the equator around the time Mars was at its farthest from the Sun. The new images of clouds were taken about two months before that farthest point in the orbit, relatively early in the season for the appearance of this cloud belt.

"It is likely that the clouds are composed of crystals of water ice that condense out onto dust grains where it is cold in the atmosphere," said Curiosity science-team member John Moores of York University, Toronto, Canada. "The wisps are created as those crystals fall and evaporate in patterns known as 'fall streaks' or 'mare's tails.' While the rover does not have a way to ascertain the altitude of these clouds, on Earth such clouds form at high altitude."

York's Charissa Campbell produced the enhanced-image sequences by generating an "average" of all the frames in each sequence, then subtracting that average from each frame, emphasizing any frame-to-frame changes. The moving clouds are also visible, though fainter, in a sequence of raw images.

Explore further: Curiosity captures gravity wave shaped clouds on Mars

More information: For more about Curiosity, visit mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl

This week, from March 20th to 24th, the 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference will be taking place in The Woodlands, Texas. Every year, this conference brings together international specialists in the fields of geology, ...

Using the most powerful telescope ever sent to Mars, NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter caught a view of the Curiosity rover this month amid rocky mountainside terrain.

Many features on the surface of Mars hint at the presence of liquid water in the past. These range from the Valles Marineris, a 4,000 km long and 7 km deep system of canyons, to the tiny hematite spherules called "blueberries". ...

The left side of this 360-degree panorama from NASA's Curiosity Mars rover shows the long rows of ripples on a linear shaped dune in the Bagnold Dune Field on the northwestern flank of Mount Sharp.

NASA's Curiosity Mars rover began close-up investigation of a target called "Marimba," on lower Mount Sharp, during the week preceding the fourth anniversary of the mission's dramatic sky-crane landing.

Curiosity celebrated two years on Mars on August 5, 2014, and is continuing its progress across the surface of the planet. The rover has already fulfilled one of its primary mission goals by confirming that environments theoretically ...

An asteroid the size of a house will shave past Earth at a distance of some 44,000 kilometres (27,300 miles) in October, inside the Moon's orbit, astronomers said Thursday.

(Phys.org)An international team of astronomers has discovered a Jupiter-mass alien world circling a giant star known as HD 208897. The newly detected exoplanet was found as a result of high-precision radial velocity measurements. ...

NASA's Cassini spacecraft will enter new territory in its final mission phase, the Grand Finale, as it prepares to embark on a set of ultra-close passes through Saturn's upper atmosphere with its final five orbits around ...

A bright Moon will outshine the annual Perseids meteor shower, which will peak Saturday with only a fifth the usual number of shooting stars visible to Earthlings, astronomers say.

Scientists have discovered why heavyweight galaxies living in a dense crowd of galaxies tend to spin more slowly than their lighter neighbours.

New evidence from ancient lunar rocks suggests that an active dynamo once churned within the molten metallic core of the moon, generating a magnetic field that lasted at least 1 billion years longer than previously thought. ...

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Watch martian clouds scoot, thanks to NASA's Curiosity - Phys.Org

7 of The Wackiest Questions NASA Has Been Asked About The Total Solar Eclipse – ScienceAlert

By now, you've probably - hopefully - heard that there's a total solar eclipse to watch out for on 21 August this year. Dubbed the 'Great American Eclipse', it's the first such event travelling coast to coast across the United States since 1918 and everyone is super excited.

Naturally, NASA has been using this excitement to do some quality public engagement, and last night they even hosted a science Ask Me Anything (AMA) on Reddit, featuring six actual NASA scientists. There were a lot of valuable scientific queries, but plenty of stuff on the lighter side, too. Below are some of our favourite tidbits.

1. Will I really go blind? Really?

You certainly don't want to be looking directly at the sun, ever - but some people still have their doubts.

One user asked if they would actually go blind if they looked directly at it, only to be assured by atmospheric scientist Jay Herman that yes, yes they would:

Contact me in braille after you are done with the experiment. Seriously, do not attempt this experiment. You can look at it during the 1.5 minutes of totality, but be careful to look away the moment the light gets brighter. Not kidding. Look away instantly.

To a similar query, astronomer Bill Cooke told the cautionary tale of his own unfortunate eye damage:

You can damage your eyes without feeling pain. I know because I have a scar on my retina from not getting my eye protection back on at the end of totality during the 1979 eclipse. Please don't follow my example!

So yes, dowear proper eye protection.

2. Are my animals going to go blind? Or freak out?

One person was really worried about their horses, hoping that they wouldn't look directly at the sky:

Dumb question....do animals suffer eye damage during a total eclipse? Do they even care to look into the sky? The reason I ask is because I have a couple horses that live outside 24/7 and I don't want to be slapped with a major vet bill on the 22nd.

As it turns out, NASA's Bill Cooke has actually experienced a solar eclipse together with a pasture full of horses, and they did not go blind - just ran around a bit, in confusion. Phew.

Several people mentioned animals, and it's actually a really interesting topic - researchers encourage people to take note on how animals are behaving during the eclipse, because it's one of those subjects that's tricky to study due to its rarity.

3. WHAT IF THERE ARE CLOUDS?

As with any phenomenon that involves staring a clear sky, the worst thing that can happen is cloud cover. Having direct access to scientists from NASA, some Reddit users were keen to just get the weather report from them. Okay then.

But we did learn from Bill Cooke that if you're in the path of totality and there are clouds, you'll still get something.

"It will get dark if you're in the path of totality! But it is a weird dark," he wrote.

4. How much fun will I miss out on if I don't watch it?

One person really didn't want to go on their family trip to Oregon to experience the eclipse, so NASA's geologist Noah Petro tried talking them into it:

You'd be missing out on a really awesome experience! Solar eclipses are rare enough that you really shouldn't pass up the chance to see it, if you can! The next total eclipse in the US will be 2024, but it won't be in Oregon.

5. Does NASA have advice for my eclipse wedding?

Some couples have come up with the fun idea that the spectacle of an eclipse would make a great backdrop for a wedding. So naturally, one of these 'eclipse brides' sought input on her big day from NASA scientists.

"Don't lock your knees, drink lots of water, make sure you get some appetizers, have fun, and congratulations! Make sure you and your guests have eclipse glasses," replied Noah Petro.

Solid advice for any event, really.

6. How long before we don't have any more eclipses?

For as long as humans have occupied our planet we've had the spectacle of eclipses (with the earliest eclipse confirmed in 3340BC), but this celestial arrangement is not always going to stick around - some Reddit users aware of this wanted to know how long we have until the Moon recedes too far.

Turns out we have plenty of time to still experience some more totalities - about 600 million years to be precise, according to solar scientist Mitzi Adams.

7. Can I use this to convince my flat earther friend?

Reddit user mistaotoo wanted to know if there would be "any physical proof during the eclipse" that could change the mind of their friend who is into flat Earth theories.

And we just love this answer by NASA's Jay Herman:

Of course the earth is flat. Otherwise you would fall off. We are working on the problem of where the sun goes every day when it sets over a flat earth. So far, we have not seen clouds of steam when it hits the ocean.

But, as Bill Cooke pointed out, there's not much you can do if a flat earther already doesn't accept all those views of Earth we have from space. Sigh.

Bonus: Just sometimes, the best questions are actually comments, like this one:

I just want to thank you and all your coworkers for ensuring the human race never stops learning and exploring, you scientists should be the real super stars.

We totally agree. Thank you very much, NASA!

You can check out the rest of the AMA and some of the more serious scientific answers here.

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7 of The Wackiest Questions NASA Has Been Asked About The Total Solar Eclipse - ScienceAlert

9-year-old NASA applicant gets planetarium job offer – CNET

Technically Incorrect offers a slightly twisted take on the tech that's taken over our lives.

As the job offers begin to flow, where on Earth will our young Mr. Davis land?

When one spaceship door closes, another opens wide.

Many were moved when 9-year-old Jack Davis wrote to NASA to explain that, as a Guardian of the Galaxy, he was the perfect candidate to be the space agency's new planetary protection officer.

This is a job that involves protecting our Earth against alien microbes and protecting aliens from, well, our general incompetence.

NASA decided Jack wasn't (yet) the perfect candidate as, well, he's 9, you know.

However, in has stepped the (PR department of the) Liberty Science Center near Manhattan. In a YouTube message to the little guardian, Paul Hoffman, CEO of the nonprofit, told Jack he could work at the center's planetarium right now.

Well, when he says right now, he means when it opens sometime later this year. It will be the largest planetarium in the western hemisphere, says the LSC, and Hoffman wants Jack to be its official kid science advisor.

"Give me a call and we can work this out," Hoffman says in the video.

The science center has also sent Jack a letter and is waiting for his response.

My attempts to reach Jack were unsuccessful. As a Guardian of the Galaxy, he's likely quite busy. Moreover, he's already admitted that his sister thinks he's an alien, so he could be anywhere.

Still, Jack lives in New Jersey and the Science Center is in Jersey City, so he'd have a short commute.

My one concern, if I were his agent, would be whether the science center would match the six figure salary offered by NASA for the planetary protection officer job. So I asked.

"We are not offering a salary," a science center spokeswoman told me, adding that the LSC "would love to have him as a kid advisor, until he heads off to NASA in many years!" The canny spokeswoman said the center hasn't yet heard from Jack.

Drive a hard bargain, Jack. You don't want to let those earthlings take advantage of you.

Crowd Control: A crowdsourced science fiction novel written by CNET readers.

Tech Culture: From film and television to social media and games, here's your place for the lighter side of tech.

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9-year-old NASA applicant gets planetarium job offer - CNET

NASA Debunks Perseid Meteor Shower Rumor – Space.com

There is a striking misconception going around that the 2017 Perseid meteor shower will be the "brightest shower in recorded human history" and even visible during the day.

This rumor is not true, according to NASA.

Long-awaited celestial events, such as the annual Perseid meteor shower on Aug. 12 or the total solar eclipse on Aug. 21, create a lot of excitement. However, many rumors about these events get blown out of proportion, as is the case with this year's Perseids, NASA said. [Top 10 Perseid Meteor Shower Facts]

"For one thing, the Perseids never reach storm levels (thousands of meteors per hour). At best, they outburst from a normal rate [of] between 80-100 meteors per hour to a few hundred per hour," Bill Cooke, head of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office at the Marshall Space Flight Center,said in a statement. "The best Perseid performance of which we are aware occurred back in 1993, when the peak Perseid rate topped 300 meteors per hour.Last year also saw an outburstof just over 200 meteors per hour."

The Perseid meteor shower happens every August, as the Earth passes through debrisleft behind from Comet Swift-Tuttle. This year's Perseids will peak on Aug. 12, when Earth encounters the densest area of the comet's dusty trail. Astronomers expect rates of about 150 meteors an hour, according to the statement.

A meteor streaks across the sky in this 30-second exposure from the Perseid meteor shower on Aug. 13, 2015, in Spruce Knob, West Virginia.

However, it will be a little harder to see the Perseids this year, Cooke said. Shortly before the shower peaks overnight, the full moon will be three-quarters full, meaning its bright light will wash out many of the fainter meteors.

"A meteor every couple of minutes is good and certainly [makes it] worth going outside to look, but it is hardly the 'brightest shower in human history,'" Cooke said. "The Leonid meteor storms of the late 1990s and early 2000s were much more spectacular and had rates 10 times greater than the best Perseid display."

The Perseid meteor shower is one of the most spectacular meteor showers of the year, occurring in early August. How much do you know about the celestial light show?

0 of 10 questions complete

Perseid Meteor Shower Quiz: Test Your Cosmic Fireworks Smarts

The Perseid meteor shower is one of the most spectacular meteor showers of the year, occurring in early August. How much do you know about the celestial light show?

The Leonid meteor shower on Nov. 12, 1833, had tens of thousands possibly even 100,000 meteors per hour (or 20 to 30 meteors per second). For comparison, a Perseid meteor shower has about one meteor per minute under ideal conditions, according to the statement.

"The 1833 storm had a profound effect on those that witnessed it; it also gave birth to modern meteor science. Those of us who study meteors dream of such a display happening sometime within our lifetimes," Cooke said. "But it won't be caused by this year's Perseids."

Follow Samantha Mathewson @Sam_Ashley13. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

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NASA Debunks Perseid Meteor Shower Rumor - Space.com

NASA airborne mission returns to Africa to study smoke, clouds – Phys.Org

August 10, 2017 by Ellen Gray NASA's P-3 aircraft is prepared for departure from the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia early in the morning Aug. 1 to support the agency's Observations of Aerosols above Clouds and their interactions or ORACLES mission. A five-year investigation, ORACLES is examining the impact aerosols from biomass burning in southern Africa has on climate as it mixes with clouds over the southeast Atlantic Ocean. The 2017 flight campaign, which runs through August, will base from So Tom, Africa. Credit: NASA/Patrick Black

NASA's P-3 research plane begins flights this month through both clouds and smoke over the South Atlantic Ocean to understand how tiny airborne particles called aerosols change the properties of clouds and how they influence the amount of incoming sunlight the clouds reflect or absorb.

The Observations of Aerosols above Clouds and their Interactions, or ORACLES, field mission is carrying out the month-long field campaign from So Tom and Princip, an island nation off the west coast of Africa. From there researchers will investigate an area off the coast of Angola, where two phenomena meet. One is natural: a low-lying cloud bank that naturally forms over the ocean. The other is at least partly human-made: a plume of smoke from seasonal fires set on agricultural fields across central Africa.

The short lifetime of aerosols in the atmosphere make them among the most variable components of Earth's climate system. An umbrella term for any small particle suspended in the atmosphere, aerosols can be either light or dark, reflective or absorbent of sunlight, and can enhance or suppress the formation of cloud droplets. They can be natural, like desert dust, sea salt or pollen. They can also result from human activities, such as sulfate particles which form from the oxidation of sulfur dioxide emitted from power plants, or, as is the case in Central Africa, soot and ash from human-made fires.

"Imagine a plume of smoke," said ORACLES Principal Investigator Jens Redemann of NASA's Ames Research Center in California's Silicon Valley. "If you see it over the contrast of a dark ocean, it looks lighter, which means the aerosols making up the smoke would have a cooling effect at the top of the atmospherethey reflect more radiation."

In contrast, "if you look at those aerosol particles over a cloud deck, they make the clouds appear darker sometimes, and that would have a warming effect at the top of the atmosphere," he said.

The sheer variety of aerosol particle types and the fact that they stay in the atmosphere for just days to weeks, compared to years spent by greenhouse gases, means they are among the most challenging to understand and incorporate into climate models, said Redemann, which is why the data collected from the P-3 aircraft measurements of aerosols and clouds are so important.

"Ideally, we're going to create a data set climate modelers can use to test their parameterization of these cloud-aerosol interactions," said Redemann. "So ten years from now, someone can go back and say, 'OK, I wonder if these guys collected data on mechanisms A, B, C and I can use that to get the mechanisms correct in my model.'"

One of those climate modelers is Susanne Bauer at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York City, who is also a member of the ORACLES science team.

"In order to develop climate models, we have to consider microphysical processes, such as how a cloud droplet gets formed and how such droplets and physical conditions inside and outside of a cloud are changed by the presence of aerosols," she said. "These can only be measured in the field."

Those microscopic interactions between particles and droplets have multiple effects. In addition to direct effects like absorbing or reflecting sunlight, Bauer said, "they can change how much sunlight a cloud reflects back to space and the lifetime of a cloud. Possibly they can influence if it's raining or if a cloud will start to drizzle." Understanding these small-scale processes is crucial to gaining knowledge about how human-made pollution is changing the climate globally via cloud effects.

NASA's P-3 research aircraft, managed at NASA's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, is outfitted with a suite of instruments to directly measure these and other properties from air drawn into the plane through inlets on the sides and wings. Each instrument is operated by small groups of scientists who make up the ORACLES research team.

"The work we do can only be done by a large, dedicated team," said Bernadette Squire Luna, ORACLES project manager at Ames, who manages the logistics for the nearly one hundred scientists who will be rotating through So Tom in August. "We have scientists from five NASA centers, ten universities and two national labs, as well as new international partnerships."

The August 2017 deployment is the second of three annual deployments designed to capture different parts of the agricultural fire season each year.

Explore further: NASA flies to Africa to study climate effects of smoke on clouds

NASA scientists and two research aircraft are on their way to a unique natural laboratory off the Atlantic coast of southwest Africa to study a major unknown in future climate prediction.

How the properties of clouds change in response to local pollution - mainly from coal burning and ship engines - has been more accurately determined.

A spectacular six-month Icelandic lava field eruption could provide the crucial key for scientists to unlock the role aerosols play in climate change, through their interactions with clouds.

A scientist at the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science is leading an upcoming international research campaign to study a significant contributor to regional climate warming - smoke. ...

Clouds can be observed from the International Space Station moving across Earth's surface, as in this image of New Zealand taken by Expedition 42 Flight Engineer Samantha Cristoforetti. Other tiny solid and liquid particles ...

(Phys.org) Aerosols, tiny particles in the atmosphere, play a significant role in Earth's climate, scattering and absorbing incoming sunlight and affecting the formation and properties of clouds. Currently, the effect ...

It is "extremely unlikely" 2014, 2015 and 2016 would have been the warmest consecutive years on record without the influence of human-caused climate change, according to the authors of a new study.

Efforts by farmers to reduce the amount of fertilizer that reaches drinking water sources can take years to have a positive impact, according to a new study from the University of Waterloo.

Despite repeated promises over the past 18 years, the US Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) is unlikely to deliver on its mission to develop and demonstrate an advanced nuclear reactor by the mid-21st century.

A loss of oxygen in global ocean seawater 94 million years ago led to a mass extinction of marine life that lasted for roughly half a million years.

Drought-stricken areas anxiously await the arrival of rain. Full recovery of the ecosystem, however, can extend long past the first rain drops on thirsty ground.

The disposal of wastewater from oil and gas production by injecting it deep into the ground has been linked to a dramatic increase in earthquake activity in Oklahoma since 2009. Injection rates have declined recently because ...

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NASA airborne mission returns to Africa to study smoke, clouds - Phys.Org

It’s No Joke. NASA Needs Someone to Stop Us Polluting Outer Space – Newsweek

Last week it was reported that on August 14 NASA will begin accepting applications to become its new Planetary Protection Officer.

The job post, which notes a cushy six-figure salary, immediately kicked off a spate of sensational headlines, though the positions actual responsibilities mostly consist of preventing the transfer of microorganisms from Earth to other planets and vice versa to prevent biological contamination during space missions.

For some, the discovery that, rather than activating cosmic shields to defend against alien invasions, the Planetary Protection Officer will more likely be focusing on keeping spacecrafts spotlessly clean, might seem disappointing. Its actually refreshing.

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In an article in New York magazine, The Uninhabitable Earth, journalist David Wallace-Wells prophesizes a litany of potential global warming disasters, including lethal heat waves, global drought, and perpetual war.

Other oft-predicted doomsday scenarios have involved nuclear holocausts, genetically-engineered diseases and, in a particularly sci-fi-oriented example, machine uprisings.

What all of the above scenarios have in common is their roots in human innovation and adventurism.

American astronaut Joseph Tanner during a space walk as part of the STS-115 mission to the International Space Station, September 2006. NASA

Indeed, while our species may not actually bring about the Apocalypse, its hard to claim humanitys ambition has ever been tempered by an abundance of caution.

From land explorations to military conflicts to science and technology, our history has generally been long on hubris and short on humility. In some cases, the dangers were not even foreseeable.

Could the pioneering inventors and engineers of the Industrial Revolution, for instance, ever have imagined the potentially catastrophic effects that oil, coal and gasoline would have on the environment?

Today, as we continue to make ever greater strides in technological innovation, even some prominent tech leaders have expressed reservations. Teslas Elon Musk, for example, has repeatedly warned of the existential threat posed by artificial intelligence, likening A.I. to a demon being summoned by a guy with a pentagram who inevitably wont be able to control it.

In Silicon Valley, his concerns have mostly fallen on deaf ears, though the notion that our technology is outpacing our abilities to contend with it is hardly new. Biologist E.O. Wilson perhaps put it best when he described the essential human problem as follows: W e have Paleolithic emotions, medieval institutions, and god-like technology.

Meanwhile, Musks anxieties have fueled his mission to colonize Mars via his aerospace corporation, SpaceX, in the hopes that humanity may eventually become, in his words, a multi-planetary species.

Stephen Hawking, fearful Earth is on its way to becoming uninhabitable, also urges space colonization as a means for long-term survival. Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, on the other hand, is confident this planet will always remain our home, but is convinced that colonizing space (including the moon) will enable our continued existence here. He aims for his own spaceflight company, Blue Origin, to be part of that process.

If a new Space Age is indeed upon us, it is essential that this new frontier be one area in which human beings know our proverbial place.

In this context, NASAs Planetary Protection Officer emerges as an unlikely hero and an important example for private spaceflight companies like Musks and Bezoss to follow.

In contrast to the fifteenth century European colonialists who visited disease and destruction upon the Americas, NASAs Planetary Protection Officer represents a careful and considerate explorer, intrepid in all the right ways, for all the right reasons.

Of course it can be argued that protecting planets from microscopic organisms is trivial stuff in comparison to close encounters with intelligent extraterrestrial beings. That is correct, and precisely what makes the task so important. It is undoubtedly in the care and concern over the minutia of interplanetary exploration that we set the tone for the entire enterprise.

Our relationship to space is unpredictable and still in its infancy, and an emphasis on responsibility, especially at this stage, is paramount. In that light, the Planetary Protection Officer is no less important than the title implies.

This summer saw the fourth hottest June in record-keeping history. In mid-July, an iceberg the size of Delaware broke off from Antarctica.

If, as many people fear, weve already damaged this world irrecoverably, its not too late to be more responsible with others.

Joseph Helmreich is the author of The Return (St. Martins Press, 2017), a science fiction novel about interplanetary conflict.

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It's No Joke. NASA Needs Someone to Stop Us Polluting Outer Space - Newsweek

NASA Explores potential of altered realities for space engineering and science – Phys.Org

August 10, 2017 by Lori Keesey Using headgear and handsets, users can assemble a spacecraft in a new virtual-reality application now being developed with NASA R&D funding. Credit: NASA

Virtual and augmented reality are transforming the multi-billion-dollar gaming industry. A team of NASA technologists now is investigating how this immersive technology could profit agency engineers and scientists, particularly in the design and construction of spacecraft and the interpretation of scientific data.

Thomas Grubb, an engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, is leading a team of center technical experts and university students to develop six multidisciplinary pilot projects highlighting the potential of virtual and augmented reality, also known as VR and AR. These pilots showcase current capabilities in engineering operations and science, but also provide a glimpse into how technologists could use the technology in the future.

"Anyone who followed the popularity of Pokmon Go has seen how the public has embraced this technology," said Grubb, referring to the augmented-reality game that quickly became a global sensation in 2016. "Just as it's changing the gaming industry, it will change the way we do our jobs," Grubb added. "Five years from now, it's going to be amazing."

To understand the potential, Grubb, whose project is funded by NASA's Center Innovation Fund, said people need to understand the technology's differences and how it has evolved.

Virtual reality typically involves wearing a headset that allows the user to experience and interact with an artificial, computer-generated reality. By combining computer-generated 3-D graphics and coded behaviorsthat is, how the app will respond when the user chooses an actionthese simulations can be used for design and analysis, entertainment, and training. They allow the user to feel like he or she is experiencing the situation firsthand.

Augmented reality, on the other hand, doesn't move the user to a different place, but adds something to it. As with Pokmon Go, augmented reality is made possible through low-end devices like smartphones and high-end AR headsets that blend digital components into the real world. In other words, with virtual reality, the user swims with the sharks; with augmented reality, the shark pops out of the user's cellphone.

Although the computer-generated technology can trace its heritage to the 1980s with the advent electronic-gaming devices, it has advanced rapidly over the past 15 years, largely because of sophisticated computer technologies that render more realistic 3-D experiences and the decline in prices for headsets, handheld devices, and other gear.

"For several years, commercial VR and AR technology has been showing promise, but without real tangible results," said Ted Swanson, senior technologist for strategic integration for Goddard's Office of the Chief Technologist. "However, recently there have been substantial developments in VR/AR hardware and software that may allow us to use this technology for scientific and engineering applications."

The aim isn't to reinvent the hardware and software developed by technology companies, but to be a "consumer of the products and create NASA-oriented applications," he said.

The pilots, which involve students from the University of Maryland, College Park, and Bowie State University, also in Maryland, are as diverse as the specialties in which NASA excels, Swanson said.

Under one, Grubb and his university collaborators are creating a collaborative virtual-reality environment where users don headgear and use hand controls to design, assemble, and interact with spacecraft using pre-defined, off-the-shelf parts and virtual tools, such as wrenches and screwdrivers. "The collaborative capability is a major feature in VR," Grubb said. "Even though they may work at locations hundreds of miles apart, engineers could work together to build and evaluate designs in real-time due to the shared virtual environment. Problems could be found earlier, which would save NASA time and money."

In other engineering-related apps, the team has created a 3-D simulation of Goddard's thermal-vacuum chamber to help engineers determine whether all spacecraft components would fit inside the facility before testing begins. In another involving on-orbit robotic servicing, the augmented app combines camera views and telemetry data in one locationan important capability for technicians who operate robotic arms such as the one on the International Space Station. All information is within the operator's field of view, alerting them to potential problems before they happen.

Just as important is applying the technology to scientific analysis, Grubb said.

The team has applied digital elevation maps and lidar data to create a 3-D simulation of terrestrial lava flows and tubes. The goal is to develop a proof-of-concept app that would allow scientists to compare remotely collected data with what they observe in the field. In another, the team is creating a 3-D visualization of space around the sun for mission planning. This simulation involves a constellation of CubeSats surrounding the sun to investigate the structure of the solar atmosphere, including the formation of coronal mass ejections that, when intense and traveling in the right direction, can affect low-Earth-orbiting spacecraft and power grids.

And last, the team is creating a virtual-reality environment where users can explore and visualize topographical features of Earth's protective magnetosphere. This app allows users to study magnetic reconnection sites, which are difficult to interpret without observations from more than one vantage point, Grubb said.

"I'm a gamer, but I see the potential for engineering and science applications," Grubb said. "We're in the early stages, but I believe this technology will transform how we work here. It will enhance engineering and give scientists a unique perspective of data."

Explore further: Microsoft aims at 'mixed reality' with new devices

Microsoft on Thursday debuted hardware for reaching into virtual worlds powered by its technology as it looked to "mixed reality" as the next big computing platform.

Apple has bought a company that makes augmented-reality software, which adds information or images to real-world scenes when viewed through a special headset or even a smartphone camera.

Augmented reality is seeing strong gains among Americans thanks to social networks like Snapchat, Instagram and Facebook, a market research firm said Monday.

Imverse, an EPFL spinoff, has developed a software that lets users convert 360-degree images from 2-D into 3-D and both manipulate and create virtual-reality content in real time with the help of virtual-reality glasses. ...

Facebook on Tuesday launched a mission to make smartphone cameras windows to augmented reality, focusing on what people have in hand instead of waiting for high-tech eyewear.

Apple has a team secretly working on virtual and augmented reality gear in a budding challenge to Facebook-owned Oculus Rift and Microsoft HoloLens, the Financial Times reported on Friday.

An asteroid the size of a house will shave past Earth at a distance of some 44,000 kilometres (27,300 miles) in October, inside the Moon's orbit, astronomers said Thursday.

(Phys.org)An international team of astronomers has discovered a Jupiter-mass alien world circling a giant star known as HD 208897. The newly detected exoplanet was found as a result of high-precision radial velocity measurements. ...

NASA's Cassini spacecraft will enter new territory in its final mission phase, the Grand Finale, as it prepares to embark on a set of ultra-close passes through Saturn's upper atmosphere with its final five orbits around ...

A bright Moon will outshine the annual Perseids meteor shower, which will peak Saturday with only a fifth the usual number of shooting stars visible to Earthlings, astronomers say.

Scientists have discovered why heavyweight galaxies living in a dense crowd of galaxies tend to spin more slowly than their lighter neighbours.

New evidence from ancient lunar rocks suggests that an active dynamo once churned within the molten metallic core of the moon, generating a magnetic field that lasted at least 1 billion years longer than previously thought. ...

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NASA Explores potential of altered realities for space engineering and science - Phys.Org

New nanotechnology microchip could heal organs, study says – Gears Of Biz

A group of scientists has invented a new technology that could one day help to heal severe wounds in human organs, Tissue Nanotransfection (TNT). It uses nanotechnology to turn skin cells into other types of cell that can repair damaged tissues.

The research was conducted by scientists at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, and their new study was published online on Monday in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.

The TNT technique has been previously studied in pigs and mice and successfully worked 98 percent of the time. The technology doesnt require laboratory-based procedures like in stem cell therapy procedures.

Dr. Chandan Sen, the director of the Ohio State Universitys Center for Regenerative Medicine & Cell Based Therapies and co-author of the new study, said that with this technology, they can turn skin cells into cells of any organ with just one touch. He noted the process is non-invasive and only takes less than a second.

Sen co-led the study with L. James Lee, a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the universitys College in Engineering. They also worked alongside the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center of the University.

The researchers used mice and pigs in their experiments. They were able to reprogram skin cells to become vascular cells in injured legs that lacked blood flow. Within one week of using the technique, active blood vessels appeared on the injured leg, and in the second week, the leg was saved, according to the researchers.

In laboratory tests, the scientists also found the technique can also transform body cells into nerve cells to be injected into mice with brain injuries, helping them recover from a stroke.

This process only takes less than a second and is non-invasive, and then youre off, said Sen, according to a statement. The chip does not stay with you and the reprogramming of the cell starts. Our technology keeps the cells in the body under immune surveillance, so immune suppression is not necessary.

Using the new nanochip technology, compromised or injured organs can be completely replaced, according to Sen. He noted that skin is a fertile land where they can grow the elements of any compromised organ.

The new technology has two components: a nanotechnology-based chip designed to carry cargo to adult cells in the live body, and a design of specific biological cargo for cell conversion. Daniel Gallego-Perez, an assistant professor of biomedical engineering and general surgery and first author of the study, explained that the cargo, when delivered using the nanochip, converts an adult cell from one type to another.

The researchers noted the TNT technology does not require any laboratory-based procedures and can be implemented at the point of care. The cargo is delivered by zapping the chip with a small electrical charge thats barely felt by the person carrying it.

The concept is very simple, said Lee. As a matter of fact, we were even surprised how it worked so well. In my lab, we have ongoing research trying to understand the mechanism and do even better. So this is the beginning, more to come.

The researchers said they plan to test the TNT technology in humans next year.

The research involving nanotechnology is leading to impressive breakthroughs in medicine. A recent study published in the journal Nature Chemistry studied the technique to create functional cell-permeable Nanobodies (antibodies that have single, monomeric domains) that are able of targeted labeling and manipulation of intracellular antigens.

Those findings can help scientists dig further into the use of immunotherapy. Sam Gambhir, a professor and chair of radiology at Stanford Universitys School of Medicine, said that nanotechnology would change the path of cancer treatment and diagnosis in the U.S. within the next ten years.

We can now detect just a few cancer-associated molecules or circulating tumor cells in the body in just a few millimeters of blood or saliva, or map the boundaries of a brain tumor within millimeters to assess its response to therapy or to plan a surgery, said Gambhir last year, according to International Business Times.

He added that they have specially designed nanoparticles that can send back a massively amplified signal when they bind to colonic cancer cells and noted they are also working on ways to trigger the self-assembly of nanoparticles as they come across a cancer cell. Gambhir also noted the field has advanced tremendously in the past 10 to 15 years.

Source: International Business Times

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New nanotechnology microchip could heal organs, study says - Gears Of Biz

"Moore’s Law" predicts $100,000 for Bitcoin in February 2021 … – Markets Morning

Bitcoin is still at a record rate, after the crypt-diet on Tuesday has reached a value of 3,500 US dollar per coin. The growth comes exactly one week before a big change in the Bitcoin network. On Tuesday, Bitcoins Blockchain will integrate a new software, Segregated Witness, or SegWit.

SegWit is a clever solution, significantly increasing the capacity for transactions, said Aaron Lasher, Head of Marketing at Breadwallet, a Bitcoin Wallet company.

The software was developed years ago and should solve the scaling problem of the crypt diet, which broke the brokerage for years and finally led to a split on 1 August .

The investors were unaffected by the split on 1 August, which resulted in the formation of a clone called Bitcoin Cash.

Sheba Jafari, strategy manager at Goldman Sachs, said in July that the crypt diet had the thing to rise to 3,691. Jafari had already been right with her assumptions, and she also said that she was the most important person.

The value of the bitcoin cryptographic may exceed $100,000 by February 2021. This is what Investor Denis Porto, who is a Harvard scientist, thinks. He is of the opinion that bitcoin is the first digital currency to obey Moores Law.

According to this law, formulated by the co-founder of Intels Gordon Moore Processor, the number of transistors on the new microprocessor models will increase approximately twice every 18-24 months.

Moores law is specifically applied to the number of transistors per circuit, but it can be applied to any digital technology, said Porto. Any technology that grows exponentially (i.e. following Moores Law) has a doubling moment, he adds.

The scientists comments come as a result of the separation of an alternative bitcoin-bitcoin cash branch, with the new cryptoLight quickly becoming the third largest. At the same time, the value of the original bitcoin continued to rise and on Aug. 7 for the first time exceeded $3400 per issue.

On Tuesday, Bloomberg wrote that a Russian company is preparing to boost the bitcoin yield in the country. The co-owner of the company in question is one of Vladimir Putins advisers on Internet issues Dmitry Marinichev. Russia has the potential to reach a 30% share of the worlds extraction of crypto-clay in the future, he said.

The idea is to use Russias cheap electricity to challenge Chinas position as the largest market for digital mining. The holding company, known as the Russian Miner Coin (RMC), plans to use semiconductor chips designed in Russia for use in satellites to minimize power consumption in crypto cell mining computers.

RMC will conduct a sort of initial public offering, with investors in the holding being able to use ethereum or bitcoin to buy a new digital currency type from RMC. The new currency will be worth 18% of the revenue generated by the companys mining equipment.

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"Moore's Law" predicts $100,000 for Bitcoin in February 2021 ... - Markets Morning

This is not Trump’s economy – American Enterprise Institute

How much credit should President Trump get for a U.S. economy thats generating lots of jobs and for a stock market that keeps setting record highs?

Very little.

A trader wears a Donald Trump hat while working on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) shortly after the opening bell in New York, U.S., March 16, 2017. Reuters

Trump, of course, thinks MAGAnomics is doing the trick, as do his most ardent supporters. After the July jobs numbers came out last week, Fox News and other members of Team Trump were touting the more than 1 million private-sector jobs created since Inauguration Day. Over on Trump TV, former CNN pundit Kayleigh McEnany was even crediting the president with personally creating them. That Obama created the same number of jobs during his final six months was considered less newsworthy, apparently.

Presidents are always given too much credit or blame for economic performance on their watch. So many factors are outside their control. But beyond that, the idea that this is already Trumps economy is ridiculous. None of Trumps big agenda items at least the ones corporate America and Wall Street really care about have become law. No ObamaCare repeal. No massive tax cuts. No trillion-dollar infrastructure. Nothing.

To the extent that any president owns an economys performance, were still in the Obama era. Indeed, we really ought to credit the economic performance during the first year of any presidents term to his predecessor after all, its mostly that other guys budgets and policies directly influencing the economy. So for instance, George W. Bushs economy wasnt from 2001 through the end of 2008 it was 2002 through the end of 2009. And so on.

This change would make a big difference. During George W. Bushs two terms, GDP growth averaged 2.1 percent as 1.4 million new jobs were added. Pretty unimpressive. But recalculated Bush gets Obamas first year and loses his first year to Bill Clinton and the 43rd presidents record looks even worse: just 1.5 percent growth and a loss of 1.1 million jobs.

This isnt to say Trump should get zero credit for anything good thats happened this year. Its certainly reasonable that the stock markets 10 percent rise since Trump took the oath of office at least partially reflects investor expectations about his growth plan. But how much? Its always tough to parse these things. Believe it or not, theres more going on in the world than Trump, such as a synchronized upswing in the global economy for the first time since the Great Recession.

There are more complications that dont easily fit the GOPs pro-Trump narrative: First, even when new policies or the expectations of policy changes matter, too much weight shouldnt be given to short-term performance. The very large Reagan tax cuts in the early 1980s were supposed to improve U.S. productivity growth. But there was no upturn until the mid-1990s. This time around, tax cuts might boost growth, but probably not too much if they are temporary and greatly worsen the deficit.

Second, dont forget the Federal Reserve. The Obama recovery is as much if not more the Bernanke-Yellen recovery, just as easing by the Volcker Fed helped ignite the Reagan boom. With the Yellen Fed thinking the economy is near or at full employment, the central bank could offset further fiscal stimulus with more rapid and continued tightening of monetary policy. Or monetary policy could stay loose and continue as a tailwind to growth.

Third, Washington isnt the whole ballgame. While one might partially credit the 1990s boom to Reaganomics tax and regulatory changes, one should also credit Moores Law, the PC revolution, and the emergence of the internet. Whatever Trump does might pale compared to whats happening in Silicon Valley. As I wrote last week, the IT revolution is far from over and might still have a huge impact on productivity and growth.

This isnt the Trump economy. If anything, its the Obama economy or the AmazonAppleFacebookGoogle economy.

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This is not Trump's economy - American Enterprise Institute

Bitcoin Gets Technology Theory Backing, Can Reach $100000 by 2021 – Bitcoinist

Darryn Pollock August 10, 2017 11:45 am

Moores Law has been identified by a Harvard Scientist in Bitcoin, and as such the belief is that the digital currency can reach $100,000 by February 2021, according to this theorem.

With Bitcoin reaching a big milestone in its scaling debate, an issue that has dogged the digital currency for some time, it is now once again breaking records with little slowing it down.

Fear and speculation ran rampant leading up to the August 1 hard fork, which saw the creation of a new digital currency called Bitcoin Cash a fork of the original Bitcoin. However, even since its creation, and rise to third-largest digital currency for a while in regards to market cap, it has not slowed Bitcoins growth.

Moores Law is a theorem and a formula that was created by the co-founder of Intels Gordon Moore Processor. It states that, on a processor, the number of transistors on the new microprocessor models will increase approximately twice every 18-24 months.

This law has been identified by Denis Porto, and investor, as well as a Harvard Scientist. It is his opinion that Bitcoin has become the first digital currency to show signs of this law, even though it is not specifically aimed at this form of technology.

In a recent interview with Markets Morning, Porto said:

Moores law is specifically applied to the number of transistors per circuit, but it can be applied to any digital technology. []Any technology that grows exponentially (i.e. following Moores Law) has a doubling moment.

In the wake of Bitcoin reaching its latest all time high last week, optimism and confidencehave skyrocketed once again for the original digital currency.There have been a number of factors that have pushed Bitcoins growth, and those same factors have seen it follow the trajectory of Moores Law as identified by Porto.

Bitcoins ability to scale through SegWit, and suffer no ill effects from the hard fork, and instead grow to new heights has set this path to $100,000 in the next four years.

There are other factors in the pipeline as well that can also help Bitcoin to stick to this trajectory of $100,000 as on Tuesday it was reported that Russia is looking to take over the mantle as the king of Bitcoin mining.

Dmitry Marinichev, one of Russian President Vladimir Putins advisors, is preparing to boost Russia to be the global power of Bitcoin mining, in an attempt to compete with China.

Are these prediction far too high? Can an asset really reach such prices or is there a real threat of a bubble? Let us know your thoughts in the comments below!

Images courtesy of Pixabay, Texas Instruments, Cryptocompare

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Bitcoin Gets Technology Theory Backing, Can Reach $100000 by 2021 - Bitcoinist

New version of DNA editing system corrects underlying defects in RNA-based diseases – Phys.Org

August 10, 2017 Muscle cells from a patient with myotonic dystrophy type I, untreated (left) and treated with the RNA-targeting Cas9 system (right). The MBNL1 protein is in green, repetitive RNA in red and the cell's nucleus in blue. MBNL1 is an important RNA-binding protein and its normal function is disrupted when it binds repetitive RNA. In the treated cells on the right, MBNL1 is released from the repetitive RNA. Credit: UC San Diego Health

Until recently, the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technique could only be used to manipulate DNA. In a 2016 study, University of California San Diego School of Medicine researchers repurposed the technique to track RNA in live cells in a method called RNA-targeting Cas9 (RCas9). In a new study, published August 10 in Cell, the team takes RCas9 a step further: they use the technique to correct molecular mistakes that lead to microsatellite repeat expansion diseases, which include myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2, the most common form of hereditary ALS, and Huntington's disease.

"This is exciting because we're not only targeting the root cause of diseases for which there are no current therapies to delay progression, but we've re-engineered the CRISPR-Cas9 system in a way that's feasible to deliver it to specific tissues via a viral vector," said senior author Gene Yeo, PhD, professor of cellular and molecular medicine at UC San Diego School of Medicine.

While DNA is like the architect's blueprint for a cell, RNA is the engineer's interpretation of the blueprint. In the central dogma of life, genes encoded in DNA in the nucleus are transcribed into RNA and RNAs carry the message out into the cytoplasm, where they are translated to make proteins.

Microsatellite repeat expansion diseases arise because there are errant repeats in RNA sequences that are toxic to the cell, in part because they prevent production of crucial proteins. These repetitive RNAs accumulate in the nucleus or cytoplasm of cells, forming dense knots, called foci.

In this proof-of-concept study, Yeo's team used RCas9 to eliminate the problem-causing RNAs associated with microsatellite repeat expansion diseases in patient-derived cells and cellular models of the diseases in the laboratory.

Normally, CRISPR-Cas9 works like this: researchers design a "guide" RNA to match the sequence of a specific target gene. The RNA directs the Cas9 enzyme to the desired spot in the genome, where it cuts DNA. The cell repairs the DNA break imprecisely, thus inactivating the gene, or researchers replace the section adjacent to the cut with a corrected version of the gene. RCas9 works similarly but the guide RNA directs Cas9 to an RNA molecule instead of DNA.

The researchers tested the new RCas9 system on microsatellite repeat expansion disease RNAs in the laboratory. RCas9 eliminated 95 percent or more of the RNA foci linked to myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2, one type of ALS and Huntington's disease. The approach also eliminated 95 percent of the aberrant repeat RNAs in myotonic dystrophy patient cells cultured in the laboratory.

Another measure of success centered on MBNL1, a protein that normally binds RNA, but is sequestered away from hundreds of its natural RNA targets by the RNA foci in myotonic dystrophy type 1. When the researchers applied RCas9, they reversed 93 percent of these dysfunctional RNA targets in patient muscle cells, and the cells ultimately resembled healthy control cells.

While this study provides the initial evidence that the approach works in the laboratory, there is a long way to go before RCas9 could be tested in patients, Yeo explained.

One bottleneck is efficient delivery of RCas9 to patient cells. Non-infectious adeno-associated viruses are commonly used in gene therapy, but they are too small to hold Cas9 to target DNA. Yeo's team made a smaller version of Cas9 by deleting regions of the protein that were necessary for DNA cleavage, but dispensable for binding RNA.

"The main thing we don't know yet is whether or not the viral vectors that deliver RCas9 to cells would illicit an immune response," he said. "Before this could be tested in humans, we would need to test it in animal models, determine potential toxicities and evaluate long-term exposure."

To do this, Yeo and colleagues launched a spin-out company called Locana to handle the preclinical steps required for moving RCas9 from the lab to the clinic for RNA-based diseases, such as those that arise from microsatellite repeat expansions.

"We are really excited about this work because we not only defined a new potential therapeutic mechanism for CRISPR-Cas9, we demonstrated how it could be used to treat an entire class of conditions for which there are no successful treatment options," said David Nelles, PhD, co-first author of the study with Ranjan Batra, PhD, both postdoctoral researchers in Yeo's lab.

"There are more than 20 genetic diseases caused by microsatellite expansions in different places in the genome," Batra said. "Our ability to program the RCas9 system to target different repeats, combined with low risk of off-target effects, is its major strength."

Explore further: For first time, scientists use CRISPR-Cas9 to target RNA in live cells

More information: Cell (2017). DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.010

The genetic code stored in DNA determines everything from the color of our eyes to our susceptibility to disease. This has motivated scientists to sequence the human genome and develop ways to alter the genetic code, but ...

CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing is based on a tactic bacteria developed to protect themselves from viruses.

A powerful scientific tool for editing the DNA instructions in a genome can now also be applied to RNA, the molecule that translates DNA's genetic instructions into the production of proteins. A team of researchers with Berkeley ...

More and more scientists are using the powerful new gene-editing tool known as CRISPR/Cas9, a technology isolated from bacteria, that holds promise for new treatment of such genetic diseases as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy ...

Scientists at the Center for Genome Engineering, within the Institute for Basic Science (IBS), in collaboration with KIM Eunji (ToolGen Inc.) and KIM Jeong Hun (Seoul National University) have engineered the smallest CRISPR-Cas9 ...

A study in The Journal of Cell Biology by scientists at the University of Massachusetts Medical School reveals important new details about the inner workings of the CRISPR-Cas9 machinery in live cells that may have implications ...

Researchers studying turtle-headed seasnakes living on coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific noticed something unusual about the snakes' color patterns: seasnakes living in more pristine parts of the reef were decorated with black-and-white ...

Until recently, the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technique could only be used to manipulate DNA. In a 2016 study, University of California San Diego School of Medicine researchers repurposed the technique to track RNA in live ...

The gene-editing technology called CRISPR has revolutionized the way that the function of genes is studied. So far, CRISPR has been widely used to precisely modify single-celled organisms and, more importantly, specific types ...

Chimpanzees of all ages and all sexes can learn the simple circular relationship between the three different hand signals used in the well-known game rock-paper-scissors. Even though it might take them longer, they are indeed ...

If you've got plenty of burgers and beers on hand and your own stomach is full, an uninvited guest at your neighborhood barbecue won't put much strain on you.

Researchers at Newcastle University (UK) found that European sea bass experienced higher stress levels when exposed to the types of piling and drilling sounds made during the construction of offshore structures.

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Statistical component model to identify associations between chemicals and toxicological effects – Medical Xpress

August 10, 2017 The component model describes statistical links between chemicals and the effect of their molecular toxins. Credit: Juuso Parkkinen, Aalto University

The joint Aalto University, Karolinska Institute and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) study included over 1,300 known pharmaceutical molecules, on which there is a wealth of measurement data available.

'The study uses systematic data-driven analysis to combine toxicity measurements taken on cell lines with gene expression responses describing gene activation. Toxicity includes growth inhibitory and cell killing effects. The method developed in the study makes it possible to more accurately predict the toxicity of new molecules because it makes use of advanced statistical methods and much bigger datasets than before,' explains Juuso Parkkinen, who completed his doctoral dissertation at Aalto University.

At present, toxicity is primarily measured by means of animal testing. Thanks to this new method, animal testing can be partly replaced in the future by a combination of cell line testing and statistical modelling. This would also result in considerable cost savings for pharmaceutical development.

'The new prediction method can be applied to new pharmaceutical molecules and other chemicals currently in product development to eliminate possible toxic molecules,' adds Parkkinen.

Advances in statistical machine learning and artificial intelligence methods have risen to play a crucial role in many application areas in addition to medical research.

'Juuso Parkkinen is an excellent example of the usefulness of Aalto University's artificial intelligence research and doctoral studies: He wrote his dissertation on medicinal applications in my research group and then transferred to Reaktor to apply data science to a wide range of business needs,' praises Parkkinen's dissertation adviser, Professor Samuel Kaski.

Explore further: Novel method to detect toxic effects of chemicals could reduce need for animal testing

More information: Pekka Kohonen et al. A transcriptomics data-driven gene space accurately predicts liver cytopathology and drug-induced liver injury, Nature Communications (2017). DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15932

A new report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine proposes a strategy that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should use to evaluate the evidence of adverse human health effects from ...

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Statistical component model to identify associations between chemicals and toxicological effects - Medical Xpress

New Haven doctor works to repair central nervous system injuries – West Hartford News

NEW HAVEN >> There is now no way to regenerate severed nerves in the central nervous system, but Dr. Stephen M. Strittmatter is confident hes found a way to repair them.

Hes even founded a company, ReNetX Bio Inc., to shepherd his new therapy through the maze of regulations, clinical trials and manufacturing processes, ultimately hoping to cure patients with devastating injuries.

We have this amazing, complex neural network that manages all our functions, stemming from the brain and spinal cord, said Strittmatter, professor of neurology and neuroscience in the Yale School of Medicine.

When a nerve fiber, or axon, in the central nervous system is damaged, such as in a paralyzing spinal cord injury, it doesnt grow back. Even though the nerve cell is still healthy in the adult brain or spinal cord, it cant grow and therefore function doesnt come back, he said.

(The central nervous system, which manages all our functions, is separate from the peripheral nervous system, which performs other tasks, such as carrying stimuli from our senses, and which can regenerate.)

The axon, which starts at the cell body, or soma, can extend up to a meter in length, Strittmatter said. If the cell were the size of a baseball, the extension, the nerve fiber, would be the width of a pencil and be a quarter of a mile long, he said.

Strittmatter said he has investigated why nerve fibers cant grow in adults, and that led us to the idea that there are inhibitors that are present in the adult brain and spinal cord. They stop the axons from growing back to where theyre supposed to be.

In fact, there are three such inhibitors, called Nogo, MAG and OMgp, which exist in the myelin that coats the nerve fibers. They stick to the axon and tell it not to grow, Strittmatter said.

He and the researchers in his lab studied ways to stop the inhibitors from attaching to the axon. So we developed this protein, which we call Nogo Trap Its sort of like a double negative; it blocks the inhibitors [and] those new connections allow function to be recovered, he said.

So far, the therapy looks promising. Weve done experiments here that have shown that that works after rats and mice have spinal cord injuries, he said.

Now, ReNetX Bio, a new name for a company founded in 2010 as Axerion Therapeutics, faces the long process of turning an experimental therapy into a marketable drug, which they hope also will be effective for stroke and glaucoma.

Thats what the company is about, bringing it out of the lab and into the clinic, Strittmatter said.

The next step is getting Food and Drug Administration approval of Nogo Trap, also known as Axer-204, as an investigative new drug, which allows phase one clinical trials. That initial phase is only concerned with the drugs safety. The second and third phases test whether or not the drug is effective.

Erika R. Smith, named CEO of ReNetX in July, said there is a long list of other tasks to be addressed, including toxicology testing, scaling up manufacture of the drug and lots of paperwork. A lot of boxes get checked to make sure its OK to try in a clinical setting, she said.

Both Smith and Strittmatter said there are advantages to forming their own company.

I guess I feel like being involved I can help make sure that the right clinical trials are done, Strittmatter said.

Smith added, Theres a lot of challenges in early research that a lot of pharma companies arent willing to take the risk themselves. A lot of times companies wont come in really early.

Along the way, theres all kinds of roadblocks, things we cant expect, Strittmatter said. Drugs might get degraded faster in one species than another or there could be secondary complications like infections.

Were very excited that the experiments that have happened in the lab have gone very well, he said. However, there is a risk. Experimental animal studies can look great but maybe only 20 percent of the time can that be turned into a drug that can be used in people, he said.

But Smith noted the substantial funding that has come into the company to this point were estimating $15 million that has gotten the program to where it is. Much of that support has come from the National Institutes of Health, she said.

The company has a staff of five and is seeking to hire a chief medical officer, Smith said.

Yale University holds intellectual property rights and is a part owner of ReNetX. The company has licensed those patents from Yale so they can go on to do sales and clinical development, Strittmatter said. Yale would receive royalties if it were eventually sold as a drug.

The end goal that it gets to people and it makes a difference in their lives, Strittmatter said.

Smith said, The big picture of this is its a whole new paradigm change for any kind of injury in the central nervous system.

Call Ed Stannard at 203-680-9382.

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New Haven doctor works to repair central nervous system injuries - West Hartford News

Height, selected genetic markers and prostate cancer risk: results … – UroToday

Evidence on height and prostate cancer risk is mixed, however, recent studies with large data sets support a possible role for its association with the risk of aggressive prostate cancer.

We analysed data from the PRACTICAL consortium consisting of 6207 prostate cancer cases and 6016 controls and a subset of high grade cases (2480 cases). We explored height, polymorphisms in genes related to growth processes as main effects and their possible interactions.

The results suggest that height is associated with high-grade prostate cancer risk. Men with height >180cm are at a 22% increased risk as compared to men with height <173cm (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01-1.48). Genetic variants in the growth pathway gene showed an association with prostate cancer risk. The aggregate scores of the selected variants identified a significantly increased risk of overall prostate cancer and high-grade prostate cancer by 13% and 15%, respectively, in the highest score group as compared to lowest score group.

There was no evidence of gene-environment interaction between height and the selected candidate SNPs.Our findings suggest a role of height in high-grade prostate cancer. The effect of genetic variants in the genes related to growth is seen in all cases and high-grade prostate cancer. There is no interaction between these two exposures.British Journal of Cancer advance online publication 1 August 2017; doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.231 http://www.bjcancer.com.

British journal of cancer. 2017 Aug 01 [Epub ahead of print]

Artitaya Lophatananon, Sarah Stewart-Brown, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Ali Amin Al Olama, Sara Benlloch Garcia, David E Neal, Freddie C Hamdy, Jenny L Donovan, Graham G Giles, Liesel M Fitzgerald, Melissa C Southey, Paul Pharoah, Nora Pashayan, Henrik Gronberg, Fredrik Wiklund, Markus Aly, Janet L Stanford, Hermann Brenner, Aida K Dieffenbach, Volker Arndt, Jong Y Park, Hui-Yi Lin, Thomas Sellers, Chavdar Slavov, Radka Kaneva, Vanio Mitev, Jyotsna Batra, Amanda Spurdle, Judith A Clements, APCB BioResource , PRACTICAL consortium , Douglas Easton, Rosalind A Eeles, Kenneth Muir

Centre of Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK., Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK., Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK., Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK., Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK., School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK., Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia., Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia., Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK., Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 10435, Sweden., Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA., Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany., German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany., Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA., Biostatistics Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA., Department of Urology and Alexandrovska University Hospital, Medical University, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria., Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University, Sofia, 2 Zdrave Str., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria., Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Qld, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4006, Australia., Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4006, Australia.

PubMed http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28765617

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Height, selected genetic markers and prostate cancer risk: results ... - UroToday

What Are the Ethical Consequences of Immortality Technology? – Singularity Hub

Immortality has gone secular. Unhooked from the realm of gods and angels, its now the subject of serious investmentboth intellectual and financialby philosophers, scientists and the Silicon Valley set. Several hundred people have already chosen to be cryopreserved in preference to simply dying, as they wait for science to catch up and give them a second shot at life. But if we treat death as a problem, what are the ethical implications of the highly speculative solutions being mooted?

Of course, we dont currently have the means of achieving human immortality, nor is it clear that we ever will. But two hypothetical options have so far attracted the most interest and attention: rejuvenation technology, and mind uploading.

Like a futuristic fountain of youth, rejuvenation promises to remove and reverse the damage of ageing at the cellular level. Gerontologists such as Aubrey de Grey argue that growing old is a disease that we can circumvent by having our cells replaced or repaired at regular intervals. Practically speaking, this might mean that every few years, you would visit a rejuvenation clinic. Doctors would not only remove infected, cancerous or otherwise unhealthy cells, but also induce healthy ones to regenerate more effectively and remove accumulated waste products. This deep makeover would turn back the clock on your body, leaving you physiologically younger than your actual age. You would, however, remain just as vulnerable to death from acute traumathat is, from injury and poisoning, whether accidental or notas you were before.

Rejuvenation seems like a fairly low-risk solution, since it essentially extends and improves your bodys inherent ability to take care of itself. But if you truly wanted eternal life in a biological body, it would have to be an extremely secure life indeed. Youd need to avoid any risk of physical harm to have your one shot at eternity, making you among the most anxious people in history.

The other option would be mind uploading, in which your brain is digitally scanned and copied onto a computer. This method presupposes that consciousness is akin to software running on some kind of organic hard-diskthat what makes you you is the sum total of the information stored in the brains operations, and therefore it should be possible to migrate the self onto a different physical substrate or platform. This remains a highly controversial stance. However, lets leave aside for now the question of where you really reside, and play with the idea that it might be possible to replicate the brain in digital form one day.

Unlike rejuvenation, mind uploading could actually offer something tantalisingly close to true immortality. Just as we currently back up files on external drives and cloud storage, your uploaded mind could be copied innumerable times and backed up in secure locations, making it extremely unlikely that any natural or man-made disaster could destroy all of your copies.

Despite this advantage, mind uploading presents some difficult ethical issues. Some philosophers, such as David Chalmers, think there is a possibility that your upload would appear functionally identical to your old self without having any conscious experience of the world. Youd be more of a zombie than a person, let alone you. Others, such as Daniel Dennett, have argued that this would not be a problem. Since you are reducible to the processes and content of your brain, a functionally identical copy of itno matter the substrate on which it runscould not possibly yield anything other than you.

Whats more, we cannot predict what the actual upload would feel like to the mind being transferred. Would you experience some sort of intermediate break after the transfer, or something else altogether? What if the whole process, including your very existence as a digital being, is so qualitatively different from biological existence as to make you utterly terrified or even catatonic? If so, what if you cant communicate to outsiders or switch yourself off? In this case, your immortality would amount to more of a curse than a blessing. Death might not be so bad after all, but unfortunately it might no longer be an option.

Another problem arises with the prospect of copying your uploaded mind and running the copy simultaneously with the original. One popular position in philosophy is that the youness of you depends on remaining a singular personmeaning that a fission of your identity would be equivalent to death. That is to say: if you were to branch into you1 and you2, then youd cease to exist as you, leaving you dead to all intents and purposes. Some thinkers, such as the late Derek Parfit, have argued that while you might not survive fission, as long as each new version of you has an unbroken connection to the original, this is just as good as ordinary survival.

Which option is more ethically fraught? In our view, mere rejuvenation would probably be a less problematic choice. Yes, vanquishing death for the entire human species would greatly exacerbate our existing problems of overpopulation and inequalitybut the problems would at least be reasonably familiar. We can be pretty certain, for instance, that rejuvenation would widen the gap between the rich and poor, and would eventually force us to make decisive calls about resource use, whether to limit the rate of growth of the population, and so forth.

On the other hand, mind uploading would open up a plethora of completely new and unfamiliar ethical quandaries. Uploaded minds might constitute a radically new sphere of moral agency. For example, we often consider cognitive capacities to be relevant to an agents moral status (one reason that we attribute a higher moral status to humans than to mosquitoes). But it would be difficult to grasp the cognitive capacities of minds that can be enhanced by faster computers and communicate with each other at the speed of light, since this would make them incomparably smarter than the smartest biological human. As the economist Robin Hanson argued in The Age of Em (2016), we would therefore need to find fair ways of regulating the interactions between and within the old and new domainsthat is, between humans and brain uploads, and between the uploads themselves. Whats more, the astonishingly rapid development of digital systems means that we might have very little time to decide how to implement even minimal regulations.

What about the personal, practical consequences of your choice of immortality? Assuming you somehow make it to a future in which rejuvenation and brain uploading are available, your decision seems to depend on how much riskand what kinds of risksyoure willing to assume. Rejuvenation seems like the most business-as-usual option, although it threatens to make you even more protective of your fragile physical body. Uploading would make it much more difficult for your mind to be destroyed, at least in practical terms, but its not clear whether you would survive in any meaningful sense if you were copied several times over. This is entirely uncharted territory with risks far worse than what youd face with rejuvenation. Nevertheless, the prospect of being freed from our mortal shackles is undeniably alluringand if its ever an option, one way or another, many people will probably conclude that it outweighs the dangers.

Francesca Minerva was a guest at a workshop on Personal Identity and Public Policy at the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk in November 2016, where she gave a presentation on which this piece is based.

This article was originally published at Aeon and has been republished under Creative Commons.

Image Credit: Detail fromThe Fountain of Youth(1546) by Lucas Cranach the Elder.Courtesy Wikipedia

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What Are the Ethical Consequences of Immortality Technology? - Singularity Hub