Cyberpunk – High Tech, Low Life. r/Cyberpunk

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What is cyberpunk?

A genre of science fiction and a lawless subculture in an oppressive society dominated by computer technology and big corporations. Hmmm...It feels like the world we live in today.

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Cyberpunk - High Tech, Low Life. r/Cyberpunk

Cyberpunk 2077 To Be "More Ambitious" Than Witcher Series

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What is going on with Cyberpunk 2077? How will it compare to The Witcher franchise?

For a long time now, gamers have been eagerly awaiting information about Cyberpunk 2077, the next game from CD Projekt Red. However, despite the wait, theres been very little information. But, now, we are getting a clearer picture as to the scope of the game. During a gaming seminar (see below), the team did say some things about the title, including how it will compare to its other famous franchise, The Withcer.

Cyberpunk is our new Witcher 3, but even more ambitious, CD Projekt CEO Adam Kicinski said. Our goal is to establish a new blockbuster franchise from the beginning. We work [in a] new universe, futuristic universe. We believe its very appealing to players, not only RPG players but this is [a] true RPG, like Witcher, like Witcher 3, for mature audiences. Its handcrafted, detailed, of course open-world, with open-ended gameplay.

Great game, more ambitious than Witcher 3, and we believe that we can aim [at] more ambitious business goals as well of course, still having gamer-centric focus and quality focus as a main priority, he explained.

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Cyberpunk 2077 To Be "More Ambitious" Than Witcher Series

Annalee Newitzs ‘Autonomous’: Cyberpunk from the Female …

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Cyberpunk has traditionally been dominated by male characters and the male perspective. After all, the works of proto-cyberpunkAlfred Besters The Stars My Destination (1957) and the movie Blade Runner (1982), based on the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sleep? by Philip K. Dickwere all written by men and feature male protagonists. These were influences for William Gibsons Neuromancer (1984), the book that defined a genre, and whose console cowboy main character is a man named Case. And yet even with the influential precursors there was always a female presence, and Neuromancer plays into this with a memorable supporting character Molly, the first of the razorgirls.

Jump ahead a little over 30 years later, and Annalee Newitzs Autonomous is the answer to a male-dominated genre. Not only is it written by a woman, it stars two female leads, Jack and a robot named Paladin that is complex in her gender, who both blur the lines of sexuality and identity. Once the Editor-In-Chief of Gawker-owned media venture io9 and Gizmodo after that, she is as of 2016 the Tech Culture Editor at the technology site Ars Technica and prior to Autonomous had written five non-fiction books covering technology. So her book sees the combination of her identity as a woman and predilection towards futurism.Contrast that against Neuromancer, its influence on cyberpunk and the legacy that followed it.

Cyberpunk in of itself is a very male-centered genre. It has a cynicism and nihilism that takes its lead from noir, the form of fiction that sprung out of the Great Depression. Noir tends to focus on male leads, private detectives or criminals that find themselves pulled into a greater world, usually contrary to their intentions. In the face of this world theyre overwhelmed with the daunting abyss. Authors such as Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler dealt with this, and years later Gibson would apply that mood. Prior to Neuromancer science fiction tended to be more inspirational, with a view toward a future in which man overcomes his worst impulse. With cyberpunk, however, its a decaying world of anxieties over corporations and xenophobia over invading businesses, especially by Japan, and especially of the negative consequences of technology. At the center of this is Case, a low-level hustler that has had his nervous system destroyed with a mycotoxin. Case is offered a cure, however, in exchange for doing a job, and the first thing Molly does after he is cured is initiate sex with him.

What Newitz brings, however, is not just her technical knowhow, but a fresh take on female characters and the implications of technology on gender.

Now Molly is a fascinating character. Introduced in the short story Johnny Mnemonic from Gibsons collectionBurning Chrome (1986), she makes several appearances across his many books and goes by a few different names. In Mona Lisa Overdrive(1988) she goes by Sally Shears, and in Neuromancer shes just Molly without a surname. Shes an enhanced bodyguard/mercenary cyborg known as a razorgirl because she has razor-sharp retractable blades underneath her fingernails. She wears mirror-shade sunglasses, creating an aviator-like cool, but cant take them off as they are actually sealed to her face. This all certainly contributes to her being a strong and intimidating figure, but it keeps her at a distance and more idealized than anything.

The works that would take influence from Gibson were similarly hesitant to position a female as the main character. Neal Stephensons Snow Crash, released in 1992, could arguably be said to be a two-hander between Hiro Protagonist and Y.T. (Yours Truly), but again, only the male character gets any introspection or flaws while the female is a mysterious badass. In Y.T.s case shes a skateboard-riding courier thats too cool for school. Similarly The Matrix, arguably the only movie to really pull off the cyberpunk aesthetic and attitude, shies away from Trinitys perspective after it opens focused on her. She steps aside to let Thomas Anderson, aka Neo, step into the role as audience surrogate. In retrospect this is, of course, fascinating because the Wachowskis were men at the time but later transitioned into women, so its hard to say what perspective they brought to making the movie and releasing it in 1999.

Cyberpunk burned fast and bright, with Snow Crash being labeled in some circles as post-cyberpunk due to its satirical bent, and The Matrix adapting the whole genre after the fact. These days the genre has all but gone away, with a few late bloomers attempting to adapt to a world that more and more is looking like the future that was predicted. Richard Morgans Altered Carbon, released in 2002 and just this year adapted to a Netflix television series, has an urban sprawl setting not unlike its predecessors and attempts to tackle the question of the soul, with people downloading their consciousness into cloned bodies to avoid death. Its one of the few modern attempts to play the material straight, and even leans hard into the noir angle with the main character investigating a murder, while Cory Doctorows Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, released in 2003, mostly pokes holes in the ridiculous way people interact with technology and engage with nostalgia. Not coincidentally it also has people achieving immortality through hard copies of the human mind.

But again, those were all written by men. The same can be said of male creators in relation to ancillary cyberpunk works like manga and anime such as Akira (1988) and Ghost in the Shell (1995), and even creators that adopt the tropes of cyberpunk on occasion, such as Christopher Nolan with Inception (2010) and Ernest Cline with Ready Player One (2011). A quick perusal of Wikipedia only comes up with a few female cyberpunk authors, namely Pat Cadigan (Mindplayers, Synners) and Melissa Scott (Trouble and Her Friends). Looking at the few collections of cyberpunk short stories, Mirror Shades: The Cyberpunk Anthology (1986) and Hackers (1996), only Cadigans name makes an appearance. Needless to say, its a male-dominated genre, and that certainly could be said of a lot of science fiction.

Fast-forward to 2017, and the world has caught up to cyberpunk. The Internet and social media dominate our lives, drones fly over our heads, and our eyes and attention are constantly glued to hand-held computers that are so much more than just phones. As much as Blade Runner prioritized a revolution in energy rather than communication, with flying cars and space travel but little in the way of portable devices, the cyberpunk that followed it could only predict so much. William Gibson, after all, coined the phrase world wide web, but he and Stephensons conceptions of the Internet seem antiquated in retrospect.

These days Black Mirror is the science fiction work that is tapped into the vein of disruptive technology, and thats the landscape Annalee Newitzs Autonomous appears in, but with a unique focus: the pharmaceutical industry. Set in the 22nd century, the novel focuses on Jack Chen, a pirate raging against patent law. Within her private submarine she develops and distributes free drugs and passes them on to the poor. Theres an obligatory evil corporation, however, called Zacuity, that has released a drug for productivity that turns out to be addictive and leads to peoples deaths. Jack has reverse-engineered this patented pharma, having missed the ill effects, and accidentally created an epidemic. While she enlists allies in order to find a cure and out the machinations of Zacuity, shes pursued by two International Property Coalition agents, a man named Eliasz and a robot named Paladin, with the latter more interested in the former than their mission.

Newitz brings expertise from her io9 days to her prose. Theres an incredible authority to how she tackles the health care industry and late-stage capitalism, building on the bleak criticisms of previous cyberpunk works while injecting an exigent sense of legitimacy. This understanding of the effects of our current world on the future feels authentic in a way that is horrifying and inevitable. Of course, thats probably what people felt when reading Neuromancer in 1984.

Whats even more important is the rare-for-sci-fi perspective Newitz brings to Jack and Paladin. Jack is fierce and intelligent, and unapologetically sexual. She falls into a physical relationship with Threezed, an indentured servant of sorts, early on that is mutually beneficial, and flashes back to relationships not just with men but with women from her past.

Then theres the compelling complexity of Paladin. A military-grade robot, for the first half of the novel Paladin allows herself to be called he by Eliasz. Paladin does have a human brain, but at first is unaware of her origins. After a brief but intense physical experience with Eliasz, she senses that he is sexually attracted to her, but he resists any discussion of the matter, claiming hes not a faggot, showing that there is still this kind of prejudice in the future. Further research reveals to Paladin that her brain came from a woman, and telling Eliasz this suddenly makes him comfortable enough to admit his sexual attraction to the robot. Paladin, however, only accepts the pronoun of she to make Eliasz happy, and grapples with this question of self throughout the rest of the book.

A male author writing in the wake of cyberpunk could craft a science fiction book that shines such a light on Big Pharma and the destructive effects of capitalism. What Newitz brings, however, is not just her technical knowhow, but a fresh take on female characters and the implications of technology on gender. Hopefully Autonomous sets the kind of precedent for representation in science fiction that William Gibson did with Neuromancer when he created a whole new genre.

Author: Annalee Newitz

Price: $15.99

Publisher: Tor Books (2018)

Binding: Paperback, 304 pages

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Annalee Newitzs 'Autonomous': Cyberpunk from the Female ...

Developer promises Cyberpunk 2077 is ‘more ambitious’ than …

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According to Kicinski, the developer wants to build a new blockbuster franchise, and called it a "true RPG". Read on to learn more about Cyberpunk 2077 and what we know so far about this upcoming release.

"Great game, more ambitious than Witcher 3", he said.

After blowing up to such a staggering degree, it's no surprise to hear CD Projeckt Red talk about ambition for Cyberpunk 2077. Due to a decision made by the studio's management, the staff originally designated to work on the futuristic title were reassigned to work on the in-house REDengine 3 alongside the third installment of the Witcher series.

It was the first activity on the Cyberpunk 2077 Twitter account in four years. Considering how much time CD Projekt Red has sunk into this project, I've got a good feeling that the end result is going to help establish the studio as a powerhouse for any genre that passes through their development team. Then Kicinski has some bad news for you.

People are not impressed with the new Samsung GalaxySamsung has always been a dominant player in the mobile market of India and China and continues to rule for upcoming decades. Videos can also be captured in super-slow-motion video at 960 frames per second and have an 8MP front-facing camera .

This is one of the rare games that will be true-to-form to the role-playing format. "For the most part, moving to Poland and moving my family, and that kind of stuff, would be exceptionally challenging but Cyberpunk's always had a draw". We learned about Cyberpunk 2077 coming to Steam from the developer of the game, and they are doing this so that they do not alienate some of their fans.

One thing about CD Projekt Red is that it is now becoming a more popular company.

During a presentation at the Pareto Securities Gaming Seminar last week, CD Projekt Red's Adam Kicinski had the following to say: "Cyberpunk is our new Witcher 3, but even more ambitious. It's handcrafted, detailed, of course open-world, with open-ended gameplay", he said.

Six years after the initial announcement, we still don't have a release date, no full trailer, and no real details other than knowing what it is based on and the small tid-bits left here and there.

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Developer promises Cyberpunk 2077 is 'more ambitious' than ...

Cyberpunk 2077 prepares fans for a blockbuster franchise …

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Fans of CD Projekt Red and its games are no doubt starving for any morsel of information about the upcoming Cyberpunk 2077. And while the studio has yet to truly reveal the game and its plans for it, CD Projekt Red did address it at a recent gaming seminar, giving listeners an outline of this ambitious title and confirming that it will be available through both GOG and Steam.

Our goal is to establish a new blockbuster franchise from the beginning, the studio said. We work [in a] new universe, futuristic universe. We believe its very appealing to players, not only RPG playersbut this is [a] true RPG, like Witcher, like Witcher 3, for mature audiences. Its handcrafted, detailed, of course open-world, with open-ended gameplay.

Even for how little we know about this game (including its alleged multiplayer capacity), Cyberpunk 2077 is an incredibly hot property these days. Dragon Age Game Director Mike Laidlaw said in an interview that he would join the development team in a heartbeat if given the chance: Cyberpunk would certainly pull me in for the most part. Moving to Poland and moving my family, and that kind of stuff, would be exceptionally challenging but cyberpunks always had a draw.

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Cyberpunk 2077 prepares fans for a blockbuster franchise ...

Cyberpunk 2077 Will Be "More Ambitious Than Witcher 3"

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How thirsty are we for a Cyberpunk 2077 release date? Or any scrap of news? If you remember Januarys famous *beep* tweet, you know the answer is VERY thirsty. Want more proof? Now a 90-second clip from a soporific financial lecture is making headlines and hyping up fans. As first reported by PC Gamer, CD Projekt CEO Adam Kicinski told the Pareto Securities Gaming Seminar that (hold on to your butts here) he thinks Cyberpunk 2077 is going to be good and big and good at being big.

"Great game, more ambitious than Witcher 3, he said. And we believe that we can aim at more ambitious business goals as well [while] still having gamer-centric focus and quality focus as a main priority.

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He explained the Cyberpunk 2077 team is 3 times larger than the team working on CD Projekts most recent release, Gwent, a CCG based on the popular minigame in The Witcher 3 . Kicinski thinks the Cyberpunk 2077 will be the new Witcher 3, which is exactly what fans are hoping for and god help him if it disappoints. But he told the PSGS it will be a true RPG aimed at capturing some of the non-RPG player audience.

The slide heard round the world. CD Projekt

"Our goal is to establish a new blockbuster franchise from the beginning. A new universe, futuristic universe. We believe it's very appealing to players, not only RPG players, he said. It's handcrafted, detailed, of course open-world, with open-ended gameplay.

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This all sounds good, but the big question is when is the Cyberpunk 2077 release date? The best info to date is a report that surfaced on neoGAF, which has some production details as part of a disclosure relating to an investment from the Polish government (the thirrrssssttttt) that puts an end date of June 2019 on the project. Its unclear if that is a hard stop, as CD Projekt can file an extension. Still, it seems a fair bet that if we dont get Cyberpunk 2077 next year, we will likely get an update on a release. Or another scintillating financial document to pour through.

Finally, Kicinski told the crowd that there would not in fact be a Witcher 4, as the series was conceived as a trilogy, but left open the possibility of returning to the world itself.

"No one said that one day we won't decide to develop something in the Witcher universe. But now we're focusing on Cyberpunk and Gwent," he said.

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If a new Witcher project does materialize, its safe to assume it will release before 2077.

Are you excited for Cyberpunk 2077, or do you hate amazing, ambitious projects from talented teams with a proven track record of both gameplay quality and customer loyalty? Let us know in the comments!

This article was first written by Newsweek

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Cyberpunk 2077 Will Be "More Ambitious Than Witcher 3"

Cyberpunk 2077 More Ambitious than The Witcher 3

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CD Projekt Red developed a historically great title in The Witcher 3. However, their next outing is one that they are hoping will top its predecessor. The studio has said that their next project, Cyberpunk 2077, is even more ambitious than what they strived for in the past.

CEO of CD Projekt Red, Adam Kicinski, spoke recently at the Securities Gaming Seminar. During his discussion, he stated multiple times that his team plans to develop CD Projekt Red into a blockbuster franchise, just as they did for The Witcher:

Cyberpunk is our new Witcher 3, but even more ambitious. Our goal is to establish a new blockbuster franchise from the beginning. We work [in a] new universe, futuristic universe. We believe its very appealing to players, not only RPG players but this is [a] true RPG, like Witcher, like Witcher 3, for mature audiences. Its handcrafted, detailed, of course open-world, with open-ended gameplay.

Kicinski continued, doubling down on the more ambitious plans for Cyberpunk 2077:

Great game, more ambitious than Witcher 3, and we believe that we can aim [at] more ambitious business goals as well of course, still having gamer-centric focus and quality focus as a main priority.

This makes sense, as reports came in early in the games development that stated Cyberpunk 2077 had more staff dedicated to it than The Witcher 3 ever did.

News wasnt completely uplifting at the event though. Later in his conversation, CD Projekt Reds CEO confirmed the prior news that there will never be The Witcher 4:

We cant create Witcher 4, because that was a trilogy from the beginning. No one said that one day we wont decide to develop something in the Witcher universe. But now were focusing on Cyberpunk and Gwent.

Cyberpunk 2077 was initially unveiled back in May of 2012. So the game has been in some form of development for over six years. With CD Projekt Red working full steam ahead, lets hope well be visiting Night City at some point soon.

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Cyberpunk 2077 More Ambitious than The Witcher 3

Yes, Cyberpunk 2077 is definitely coming to Steam | PCGamesN

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CD Project Red have confirmed that their next major project, Cyberpunk 2077, will be coming to Steam. In a presentation given at the Pareto Securities Gaming Seminar, the studios CEO Adam Kiciski confirmed that the game would not be exclusive to GOG.

Here's everything we know about Cyberpunk 2077.

Its not exactly surprising that the game is coming to Steam as well as CDPRs own GOG, as The Witcher 3 and all of its DLC were available on both platforms, and it would be a surprise if they changed tack so abruptly. That said, Microsofts recent decision to make Age of Empires: Definitive Edition exclusive to the Windows Store at launch might mean Kiciski thought it better to clarfiy.

Kiciski also says that Cyberpunk is even more ambitious than the teams previous RPG, describing it as the new Witcher 3, but even more ambitious, and stating that its a true RPG, that will take place in a hand-crafted, detailed open-world with open-ended gameplay. A project that grand obviously needs a lot of staff behind it, which is exactly what CD Projekt Red have - Kiciski confirmed that the team includes over 300 staff, three times more than are working on Gwent.

Kiciski wouldnt say when the company would start actively showing Cyberpunk off. When asked when wed get a look at the game, he answered simply the campaign will start one day, and you will see it. Rumours circulated last month that CyberPunk 2077 will be playable at this years E3, but CDPR are yet to lend any credence to that idea.

You can watch Kiciskis section of the seminar in the video above, beginning at the 3:34:04 mark.

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Yes, Cyberpunk 2077 is definitely coming to Steam | PCGamesN

Cyberpunk Returns $17m Worth of Stolen Ethereum Bitcoinist …

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In a surprising turn of occasions, a confidential cyberpunk has again returned swiped ETH symbols to CoinDash a device intending in order to help individuals handle, track, evaluate, and also obtain a bird s eye sight of their crypto properties.

This was a harmful occasion to both our factors and also our business however it is undoubtedly not completion of our job.

Shockingly, one affirmed cyberpunk evidently had a change of mind and also returned 10,000ETH to CoinDash in September 2017 however this would certainly not be the last of the unanticipated returns.

On February 23 just days prior to the business s main item launch CoinDash disclosed an additional 20,000ETH has actually unbelievely been gone back to the business, specifyingin a main article:

Today at 12: 01: 41 AM +UTC, 20,000ETH were returned from the cyberpunks address (FAKE_CoinDash) to among CoinDashs ETH accounts -LRB- *****)

CoinDash has actually additionally emphasized that this unanticipated turn of occasions will certainly not endanger the business s strategy and also dedication to our neighborhood. Wrote CEO Alon Muroch:

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Cyberpunk Returns $17m Worth of Stolen Ethereum Bitcoinist ...

Cyberpunk 2077 is CD Projekt Red’s Next ‘Blockbuster Franchise’

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Cyberpunk 2077 is coming to Steam very shortly, which is great news for those who have been wondering about this.

Hopefully, Cyberpunk 2077 breaks them out of that rut.

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Here's what I'm curious to see, and I'll probably get some hate for it: I want Cyberpunk 2077 to have some decent combat. We work in a new universe, futuristic universe. We are not sure when that will happen, but it should be sometime within the next several months.

Kicinski also revealed that CD Projekt Red has "enjoyed a really huge increase" of internal sales via GOG, a big part of which came from the GWENT project.

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This all sounds good, but the big question is when is the Cyberpunk 2077 release date? It looks like the company is pleased with how its new platform and collectible card game performed a year ago. CD Projekt released a teaser trailer for it way back in 2013. With this new popularity comes the ability to make the games exclusive to their own platform. As far as the game itself, the details are sparse, but we do know a couple things. "It's handcrafted, detailed, of course open-world, with open-ended gameplay", CD Projekt CEO Adam Kicinski says in the video. There will be a focus on the gaming and there will be more of an RPG element to the game.

Are you excited for Cyberpunk 2077, or do you hate awesome, ambitious projects from talented teams with a proven track record of both gameplay quality and customer loyalty? The game is known as the best-optimized titles on the PC where gamers often push it to 4K resolution at the highest graphical settings.

Ronda Rousey has officially entered WWE, in dramatic styleThe Monster Among Men has been dominating this season and management seem keen to finally get some gold around his waist. Undertaker lost an emotional match to Reigns a year ago at WrestleMania and hinted at retirement when he left the ring.

We wish we had more information about Cyberpunk 2077 to share with you right now. Sony has been a bit slow to promote and push all games to 4K when compared to Microsoft but from a gamer perspective, the overall experience remains the same considering the fact that the PS4 Pro has more number of upcoming AAA exclusives which many seem to adore.

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Cyberpunk 2077 is CD Projekt Red's Next 'Blockbuster Franchise'

Cyberpunk 2077 is CD Projekt Red’s "new Witcher"

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So it's exciting-if somewhat daunting-when developer CD Projekt Red says its next game, Cyberpunk 2077, will be even more ambitious.

Wild Hunt developer CD Projekt RED has said that its new game, Cyberpunk 2077 is more ambitious than Geralt's adventures. This time around, their goal is to "establish a new blockbuster franchise from the beginning". 'No one said that one day we won't decide to develop something in the Witcher universe. "This is [a] true RPG, like Witcher, like Witcher 3, for mature audiences". "It's handcrafted, detailed, of course open-world, with open-ended gameplay", he added. Devs are making sure they offer a quality RPG and in fact, the team over at CD Project RED are treating Cyberpunk 2077 as their "new Witcher 3".

Meanwhile, for anyone hoping for news about The Witcher 4, Kicinski officially dashed those hopes. He also called Cyberpunk 2077 a "true RPG".

It's always good to hear more about Cyberpunk, even if it's only to hear that it's still coming along. Keep in mind too that their Twitter for this title came back to live after years of being radio silent: big things are happening! It's unclear if that is a hard stop, as CD Projekt can file an extension. For the moment, "We can't create Witcher 4, because that was a trilogy from the beginning".

We're expecting an official reveal at this year's E3, they've already confirmed that they have something planned for the event.

Cyberpunk 2077 is now in development, but is without an official release date.

If a new Witcher project does materialize, it's safe to assume it will release before 2077. Let us know in the comments!

Are you excited for Cyberpunk 2077, or do you hate unbelievable, ambitious projects from talented teams with a proven track record of both gameplay quality and customer loyalty?

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Cyberpunk 2077 is CD Projekt Red's "new Witcher"

CD Projekt have blockbuster ambitions for Cyberpunk 2077 …

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Cyberpunk 2077 will be bigger and more ambitious than the Witcher III according to devs CD Projekt RED. They say they want to create a blockbuster franchise out of the Cyberpunk IP and that 2077 will be a true rpg.

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Regenerative Nanomedicine Lab

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Our recent research article "In-vitro Topographical Model of Fuchs Dystrophy for Evaluation of Corneal Endothelial Cell Monolayer Formation" appeared on theBack cover of Advanced Healthcare Materials latest issue.

Several diseases have been known to be caused by microstructural changes in the extracellular microenvironment. Therefore, the knowledge of the interaction of cells with the altered extracellular micro-structures or surface topography is critical to develop a better understanding of the disease for therapeutic development. One such disease is Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy (FED). FED is the primary disease and major reason of corneal endothelial cell death. If left untreated, corneal blindness will be resulted; thus, FED is the leading indication for corneal transplantation. In the USA, 4% of population over the age of 40 is believed to have compromised corneal endothelium due to FED, which will further increase due to increasing life expectancy and rapidly ageing population. A diagnostic clinical hallmark of FED is the development of discrete pillar or dome-like microstructures on the corneal endothelial basement membrane (Descemet membrane). These microstructures are called corneal guttata or guttae. Cell therapies have been proposed as an alternative treatment method for Fuchs dystrophy patients. However, currently, no in-vitro or in-vivo FED disease model is available to study the cell therapies before clinical trials.

In this study, the pathological changes in the micro-structure of basement membranes resulting from FED disease was analyzed, to identify geometrical dimension to develop an in-vitro disease model of synthetic corneal guttata pillars/domes by using microfabrication techniques. This model was used to study the monolayer formation of donor-derived human corneal endothelial cells to test the effectiveness of the corneal endothelial cell regenerative therapies. The results suggest that the corneal cell therapies may not be equally effective for patients at different stages of disease progression. The pre-existing guttata in patients could interfere with the cells thus hampering monolayer formation within the eye. Surgical removal of the guttata from the diseased Descemet membrane prior to cell regenerative therapy could increase the success rate of monolayer formation, which could potentially increase the chances of cell therapy success. This study also demonstrate how biomaterial design can be employed to mimic the pathological microstructural changes in basement membranes for better understanding of cellular responses in disease conditions.

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Regenerative Nanomedicine Lab

Abraham Lincoln on Freedom, Wage labour and Slavery

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The liberal tradition is employed by the left and the right to justify their positions concerning contemporary capitalist society. An issue often raised concerns US slavery, whether it made life better for slaves, whether it was better or worse than wage slavery in the north. While weve all heard Noam Chomsky talk about this, its probably a good idea to look for other sources on what 19th century liberals actually thought about freedom. Micheal Sandel has written about Lincolns conception of freedom and how it relates to wage labour and slavery in a book called Democracys Discontent: America in a search for Public Policy. The following quotations are taken from a chapter called Free Labour versus Wage Labour:

Although he shared the abolitionist moral condemnation of slavery, Lincoln did not share their voluntarist conception of freedom. Lincolns main argument against the expansion of slavery rested on the free labour ideal, and unlike the abolitionists, he did not equate free labour with wage labour. The superiority of free labour to slave labour did not consist in the fact that free labourers consent to exchange their work for a wage whereas slaves do not consent. The differences was rather that the northern wage labourer could hope one day to escape from his condition, whereas the slave could not. It was not consent that distinguished free labour from slavery, but rather the prospect of independence, the chance to rise to own productive property and to work for oneself. According to Lincolm, it was this feature of the free labour system that the southern critics of wage labour overlooked: They insist that their slaves are far better off than Northern freemen. What a mistaken view do these men have of Northern labourers! They think that men are always to remain labourers here but there is no such class. The man who laboured for another last year, this year labours for himself. And next year he will hire others to labour for him. (181)

Lincoln did not challenge the notion that those who spend their entire lives as wage labourers are comparable to slaves. He held that both forms of work wrongly subordinate labour to capital. Those who debated whether it is best that capital shall hire labourers, and thus induce them to work by their own consent, or buy them, and drive them ot it without consent, considered too narrow a range of possibilities. Free labour is labour carried out under conditions of independence from employers and masters alike. Lincolm insisted that, at least in the North, most Americans were independent in this sense: Men, with their families wives, sons and daughters work for themselves, on their farms, in their houses and in their shops, taking the whole product to themselves, and asking no favours of capital on the one hand, nor of hirelings or slaves on the other.

In Lincolns hands, the conception of freedom deriving from the artisan republican tradition became the rallying point for the northern cause in the Civil War. In the 1830s and 1840s, labour leaders had invoked this conception in criticizing northern society; wage labour, they feared, was supplanting free labour. In the late 1850s, Lincoln and the Republicans invoked the same conception in defending northern society; they superiority of the North to the slaveholding South consisted in the independence the free labour system made possible. (183)

The Union victory in the Civil War put to rest the threat of free labour posed by the slave power, only to revive and intensify the threat posed by the wage system and industrial capitalism. Lincoln had led the North to war in the name of free labour and the small, independent producer, but the war itself accelerated the growth of capitalist enterprise and factory production. (183)

In 1869 the New York Times reported on the decline of the free labour system and the advance of wage labour. Small workshops had become far less common than they were before the war, and the small manufactures thus swallowed up have become workmen on wages in the greater establishments, whose larger purses, labour-saving machines, etc., refused to allow the small manufacturers a separate existence. THe article criticized the trend it described in terms reminiscent of the labour movement of the 1830s and 1840s. THe fall of the independent mechanic to wage earner status amounted to a system of slavery as absolute if not as degrading as that which lately prevailed in the South.

The 1870 census, the first to record detailed information about Americans occupations, confirmed what many workers already knew. Not withstanding a free labour ideology that tied liberty to ownership of productive property, American had become a nation of employees. (183)

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Abraham Lincoln on Freedom, Wage labour and Slavery

What is Cloning – Learn Genetics

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Many people first heard of cloning when Dolly the Sheep showed up on the scene in 1997. Artificial cloning technologies have been around for much longer than Dolly, though.

There are two ways to make an exact genetic copy of an organism in a lab: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Artificial embryo twinning is a relatively low-tech way to make clones. As the name suggests, this technique mimics the natural process that creates identical twins.

In nature, twins form very early in development when the embryo splits in two. Twinning happens in the first days after egg and sperm join, while the embryo is made of just a small number of unspecialized cells. Each half of the embryo continues dividing on its own, ultimately developing into separate, complete individuals. Since they developed from the same fertilized egg, the resulting individuals are genetically identical.

Artificial embryo twinning uses the same approach, but it is carried out in a Petri dish instead of inside the mother. A very early embryo is separated into individual cells, which are allowed to divide and develop for a short time in the Petri dish. The embryos are then placed into a surrogate mother, where they finish developing. Again, since all the embryos came from the same fertilized egg, they are genetically identical.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), also called nuclear transfer, uses a different approach than artificial embryo twinning, but it produces the same result: an exact genetic copy, or clone, of an individual. This was the method used to create Dolly the Sheep.

What does SCNT mean? Let's take it apart:

Somatic cell: A somatic cell is any cell in the body other than sperm and egg, the two types of reproductive cells. Reproductive cells are also called germ cells. In mammals, every somatic cell has two complete sets of chromosomes, whereas the germ cells have only one complete set.

Nuclear: The nucleus is a compartment that holds the cell's DNA. The DNA is divided into packages called chromosomes, and it contains all the information needed to form an organism. It's small differences in our DNA that make each of us unique.

Transfer: Moving an object from one place to another. To make Dolly, researchers isolated a somatic cell from an adult female sheep. Next they removed the nucleus and all of its DNA from an egg cell. Then they transferred the nucleus from the somatic cell to the egg cell. After a couple of chemical tweaks, the egg cell, with its new nucleus, was behaving just like a freshly fertilized egg. It developed into an embryo, which was implanted into a surrogate mother and carried to term. (The transfer step is most often done using an electrical current to fuse the membranes of the egg and the somatic cell.)

The lamb, Dolly, was an exact genetic replica of the adult female sheep that donated the somatic cell. She was the first-ever mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.

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CD Projekt RED’s Cyberpunk 2077 Plans "More Ambitious" Than …

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According to Kicinski, the developer wants to build a new blockbuster franchise, and called it a "true RPG".

Great game, more ambitious than Witcher 3, and we believe that we can aim [at] more ambitious business goals as well-of course, still having gamer-centric focus and quality focus as a main priority. The confirmation the game is coming to Steam came directly from CD Projekt Red. 'No one said that one day we won't decide to develop something in the Witcher universe.

Meghalaya elections: 75% voter turnout recorded, EVM malfunctions reportedFor the first time, 67 all-women polling stations and 61 model polling stations were set up in the state, the CEO said. In the app, the voters can also search their respective polling stations besides locating their booths.

Rumored Matches for Wrestlemania 34However, Lesnar didn't appear and WWE had Reigns cut a promo in the ring about how Lesnar does what he wants when he wants. Undertaker lost an emotional match to Reigns previous year at WrestleMania and hinted at retirement when he left the ring.

Specs: ASUS ZenFone 5Z - MWC 2018There's a triple slot housing two SIM cards and one microSD alongside them, and a fingerprint scanner is included on the back. Asus has announced the new Asus ZenFone 5 series smartphones at an event at Mobile World Congress 2018 in Barcelona , Spain.

Former Dragon Age creative director Mike Laidlaw has revealed he would be sorely tempted to work on Cyberpunk 2077. Cyberpunk 2077 has not been released yet, which is the bad news. To many, it is one of the best games ever made and fans are eager to see what the studio does next. It would be the flawless time to share footage, the hype has been successfully built and the game is making solid progress with its development. As first reported by PC Gamer, CD Projekt CEO Adam Kicinski told the Pareto Securities Gaming Seminar that (hold on to your butts here) he thinks Cyberpunk 2077 is going to be good and big and good at being big. "It's handcrafted, detailed, of course open-world, with open-ended gameplay", he said. The announcement of the game took place in 2012, but a large part of resources was spent on creating new parts of "the Witcher" by donating the release of a new action. We know that the game will be similar to The Witcher 3. You'd expect no less for the development of Cyberpunk 2077. Sony has been a bit slow to promote and push all games to 4K when compared to Microsoft but from a gamer perspective, the overall experience remains the same considering the fact that the PS4 Pro has more number of upcoming AAA exclusives which many seem to adore.

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Cyberpunk 2077 Will Be Even More Ambitious Than The Witcher 3 …

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CD Projekt Red is without question one of the most revered developers in the industry right now, even though their gaming output is much less than many others. Following up on the incredibly well received The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, the developer is looking to go even higher with Cyberpunk 2077.

Cyberpunk 2077 is the much anticipated followup to the Witcher 3 for CD Projekt Red, though this time they are trying something very different. You might have though they would play it a little safe with the start of a new potential franchise, but it sounds like they are not planning on holding back with Cyberpunk 2077.

CD Projekt Reds CEO Adam Kicinski recently spoke during the Pareto Securities Game Conference and naturally Cyberpunk 2077 was a topic of discussion. Part of this discussion involved how big they are aiming with Cyberpunk 2077 versus with The Witcher 3, which we have a snippet of courtesy of transcription by PC Gamer.

Cyberpunk is our new Witcher 3, but even more ambitious. Our goal is to establish a new blockbuster franchise from the beginning. We work [in a] new universe, futuristic universe. We believe its very appealing to players, not only RPG playersbut this is [a] true RPG, like Witcher, like Witcher 3, for mature audiences. Its handcrafted, detailed, of course open-world, with open-ended gameplay.

It was also recently revealed that the game will be releasing on Steam alongside GOG as well as we told you the other day. We are expecting to learn more about Cyberpunk 2077 later this year at E3, where we are hoping for lots of new information and maybe even a release window announcement.

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What does Extropianism mean? – Definitions.net

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Extropianism

Extropianism, also referred to as the philosophy of Extropy, is an evolving framework of values and standards for continuously improving the human condition. Extropians believe that advances in science and technology will some day let people live indefinitely. An extropian may wish to contribute to this goal, e.g. by doing research and development or volunteering to test new technology.Extropianism describes a pragmatic consilience of transhumanist thought guided by a proactionary approach to human evolution and progress.Originated by a set of principles developed by Dr. Max More, The Principles of Extropy, extropian thinking places strong emphasis on rational thinking and practical optimism. According to More, these principles "do not specify particular beliefs, technologies, or policies". Extropians share an optimistic view of the future, expecting considerable advances in computational power, life extension, nanotechnology and the like. Many extropians foresee the eventual realization of unlimited maximum life spans, and the recovery, thanks to future advances in biomedical technology or mind uploading, of those whose bodies/brains have been preserved by means of cryonics.

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What Is NEO Coin? Everything to Know About the “Chinese Ethereum”

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What Is NEO Cryptocurrency?
NEO is a relatively new cryptocurrency, but one should not dismiss it as the new kid on the block (chain). NEO coin is regarded among industry gurus as China’s response to Ethereum. In this review, we’ll discuss everything from how NEO coin works to the NEO coin potential.

NEO is a blockchain platform as well as a cryptocurrency designed to create a smarter economy and easily facilitate the transfer of digital and traditional assets between users. The primary aim of NEO is to use smart contracts and become a digital, decentralized,.

The post What Is NEO Coin? Everything to Know About the “Chinese Ethereum” appeared first on Profit Confidential.

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What Is NEO Coin? Everything to Know About the “Chinese Ethereum”

Fiscal Freedom – heritage.org

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Tax Burden is a measure of the tax burden imposed by government. It includes direct taxes, in terms of the top marginal tax rates on individual and corporate incomes, and overall taxes, including all forms of direct and indirect taxation at all levels of government, as a percentage of GDP. Thus, the fiscal freedom component is composed of three quantitative factors:

Fiscal freedom scores are calculated with a quadratic cost function to reflect the diminishing revenue returns from very high rates of taxation. The data for each factor are converted to a 100-point scale using the following equation:

Fiscal Freedomij= 100 (Factorij)2

where Fiscal Freedomij represents the fiscal freedom in country i for factor j; Factorij represents the value (based on a scale of 0 to 100) in country i for factor j; and is a coefficient set equal to 0.03. The minimum score for each factor is zero, which is not represented in the printed equation but was utilized because it means that no single high tax burden will make the other two factors irrelevant.

As an example, in the 2013 Index, Mauritius has a flat rate of 15 percent for both individual and corporate tax rates, which yields a score of 93.3 for each of the two factors. Mauritiuss overall tax burden as a portion of GDP is 18.5 percent, yielding a tax burden factor score of 89.7. When the three factors are averaged together, Mauritiuss overall fiscal freedom score becomes 92.1.

Sources. Unless otherwise noted, the Index relies on the following sources for information on taxation, in order of priority: Deloitte, International Tax and Business Guide Highlights; International Monetary Fund, Staff Country Report, Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix, and Staff Country Report, Article IV Consultation, 20092012; PricewaterhouseCoopers, Worldwide Tax Summaries, 20092012; countries investment agencies; other government authorities (embassy confirmations and/or the countrys treasury or tax authority); and Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Commerce and Country Finance, 20092012.

For information on tax burden as a percentage of GDP, the primary sources (in order of priority) were Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development data; Eurostat, Government Finance Statistics data; African Development Bank and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, African Economic Outlook 2012; International Monetary Fund, Staff Country Report, Selected Issues, and Staff Country Report, Article IV Consultation, 20092012; Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific, 20092012; and individual contacts from government agencies and multinational organizations such as the IMF and World Bank.

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