Reflections on the pandemic – Huntsville Item

So much has been written about the Covid-19 epidemic that its hard to imagine what else can be said. And yet as the virus stubbornly persists, we are driven to talk and write even more. As much as we would like to generalize, the impact of this pandemic is personal and subject to personal interpretation.

The whole mask phenomenon is a conundrum. To wear or not to wear is the big question. Ive been in businesses where every employee wore a mask, in others where no one wore a mask, and in others where some employees wore masks and some did not. Customers wearing masks tend to be older on average, but way fewer than half are masked.

While government can require or strongly encourage mask-wearing, it comes down to a personal decision. While older people are at greater risk, its not simply generational, gender-based, or racial either. People of all ages, sexes, and races individually choose to don a mask or not.

Those who accept the reality that their behavior may impact another persons health wear masks. Those who view mask-wearing as wimpy or giving up constitutional rights - dont. Is it political? The President doesnt wear a mask in public view, while former VP Biden does. Im surprised I havent seen a Make America Great Again mask.

As has been said many times, your mask protects those around you, not you. Wearing a mask is a public profession of a private decision that you care for the other person enough to be inconvenienced by wearing a mask. Safe to say, as time goes by, fewer and fewer are wearing masks.

This crisis has triggered some other issues along with the obvious medical ones. The question of individual rights versus public safety looms large. Should the government be able to tell you to wear a mask, social distance, stay home from work, or even decide for you whether your business can open or not? The answer seems to be yes, for a few weeks, and then no, as the crisis persists and self-discipline lags. We now see too-large groups congregate tightly in parties, at the beach, and in some churches, all oblivious to the potential harm to others. With no vaccine, disregarding masks and ignoring social distancing can predictably lead to prolonging the Covid-19 problem in those places.

Churches are a special category. Initially compliant, some are increasingly asserting their right to assembly and their freedom to worship. Anecdotal evidence suggests clustering encourages contagion in houses of faith. Still, some are pursuing court challenges to limits on their free expression of worship. Others consider themselves like businesses, and follow applicable guidelines to protect their members. Within places of worship, one finds those who wear a mask, and those who wont. It seems that the Golden Rule isnt always the final arbiter even in sacred spaces.

If you work in a business, or perhaps are even a business owner, how has it felt to learn whether your business is essential or non-essential? Usually the marketplace determines which business is essential, even if its product seems frivolous. Interestingly, all government jobs seem to be essential. Wonder if taxpayers (including some closed down), agree?

What you really dont want to hear is that the essential/nonessential determination is being made by the government, which may or may not know much about your particular business. Then you find out that the essential/nonessential definition differs from one jurisdiction to the next. The question of fairness naturally arises. Its something for people to contemplate when big government is advocated as being the solution to the marketplace and most of lifes inequities.

Whats missing in the Covid-19 picture? Could it be the concept of individual accountability and personal responsibility for ones actions? Personal sacrifice is something we applaud in key professions but often fail to practice in our own lives. Putting anothers welfare ahead of your own is earnestly endorsed in theory but fast-disappearing in practice. The herd mentality is strong, and manifests at beaches, bars, and swimming pools, where social distance is measured in inches, not feet.

There was no crystal ball when China exported Covid-19 to the world. Washington and Austin have exhibited diligence in formulating and implementing policy on the fly. It had to be trial and error, to some extent. Did we overdo it by shutting down the whole country? Time will tell, but it looks like the answer is yes, judging from the ensuing economic carnage. Huntsville is not Hoboken; New Mexico is not New Jersey. Perhaps a partial geographic shutdown? Who really knows yet?

Hindsight is 20/20. My guess is that the effort and outcome would have been about the same if the other party had been in power. There is no magic bullet, no proven protocol.

Much is still unknown because of the power of individual citizens to alter the results of any bureaucratic plan. How Americans choose to comply with or flout social policies to defeat the outbreak will go a long way to determining whether we put this storm behind us or continue to feel its wrath because of blatant selfish disregard for the health and welfare of our neighbors.

Think about that the next time you see someone enter a business or common space unmasked, or run up somebodys back in the grocery checkout line. And hope that the person before you and behind you is considerate of the less robust. Old and frail lives matter too.

Gene G. Blair has been a resident of Huntsville for 40 years. He is retired from the Criminal Justice Center at SHSU, and is also retired from the U.S. Army. He is a director on the executive board of CASA of Walker, San Jacinto, and Trinity counties.

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Reflections on the pandemic - Huntsville Item

Coronavirus Showed How Globalization Broke the World – The New York Times

If recent weeks have shown us anything, its that the world is not just flat. Its fragile.

And were the ones who made it that way with our own hands. Just look around. Over the past 20 years, weve been steadily removing man-made and natural buffers, redundancies, regulations and norms that provide resilience and protection when big systems be they ecological, geopolitical or financial get stressed. Weve been recklessly removing these buffers out of an obsession with short-term efficiency and growth, or without thinking at all.

At the same time, weve been behaving in extreme ways pushing against, and breaching, common-sense political, financial and planetary boundaries.

And, all the while, weve taken the world technologically from connected to interconnected to interdependent by removing more friction and installing more grease in global markets, telecommunications systems, the internet and travel. In doing so, weve made globalization faster, deeper, cheaper and tighter than ever before. Who knew that there were regular direct flights from Wuhan, China, to America?

Put all three of these trends together and what you have is a world more easily prone to shocks and extreme behaviors but with fewer buffers to cushion those shocks and many more networked companies and people to convey them globally.

This, of course, was revealed clearly in the latest world-spanning crisis the coronavirus pandemic. But this trend of more frequent destabilizing crises has been building over the past 20 years: 9/11, the Great Recession of 2008, Covid-19 and climate change. Pandemics are no longer just biological they are now geopolitical, financial and atmospheric, too. And we will suffer increasing consequences unless we start behaving differently and treating Mother Earth differently.

Note the pattern: Before each crisis I mentioned, we first experienced what could be called a mild heart attack, alerting us that we had gone to extremes and stripped away buffers that had protected us from catastrophic failure. In each case, though, we did not take that warning seriously enough and in each case the result was a full global coronary.

We created globalized networks because they could make us more efficient and productive and our lives more convenient, explained Gautam Mukunda, the author of Indispensable: When Leaders Really Matter. But when you steadily remove their buffers, backup capacities and surge protectors in pursuit of short-term efficiency or just greed, you ensure that these systems are not only less resistant to shocks, but that we spread those shocks everywhere.

Lets start with 9/11. You could view Al Qaeda and its leader, Osama bin Laden, as political pathogens that emerged out of the Middle East after 1979. Islam lost its brakes in 1979 its resistance to extremism was badly compromised said Mamoun Fandy, an expert on Arab politics.

That was the year that Saudi Arabia lurched backward, after Islamist extremists took over the Grand Mosque in Mecca and an Islamic revolution in Iran brought Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to power. Those events set up a competition between Shiite Iran and Sunni Saudi Arabia over who was the real leader of the Muslim world. That battle coincided with a surge in oil prices that gave both fundamentalist regimes the resources to propagate their brands of puritanical Islam, through mosques and schools, across the globe.

In doing so, they together weakened any emerging trends toward religious and political pluralism and strengthened austere fundamentalism and its violent fringes.

Remember: The Muslim world was probably at its most influential, culturally, scientifically and economically, in the Middle Ages, when it was a rich and diverse polyculture in Moorish Spain.

Diverse ecosystems, in nature and in politics, are always more resilient than monocultures. Monocultures in agriculture are enormously susceptible to disease one virus or germ can wipe out an entire crop. Monocultures in politics are enormously susceptible to diseased ideas.

Thanks to Iran and Saudi Arabia, the Arab-Muslim world became much more of a monoculture after 1979. And the idea that violent Islamist jihadism would be the engine of Islams revival and that purging the region of foreign influences, particularly American, was its necessary first step gained much wider currency.

This ideological pathogen spread through mosques, cassette tapes and then the internet to Pakistan, North Africa, Europe, India and Indonesia.

The warning bell that this idea could destabilize even America rang on Feb. 26, 1993, at 12:18 p.m., when a rental van packed with explosives blew up in the parking garage below the 1 World Trade Center building in Manhattan. The bomb failed to bring down the building as intended, but it badly damaged the main structure, killing six people and injuring more than 1,000.

The mastermind of the attack, Ramzi Ahmed Yousef, a Pakistani, later told F.B.I. agents that his only regret was that the 110-story tower did not collapse into its twin and kill thousands.

What happened next we all know: The direct hits on both twin towers on Sept. 11, 2001, which set off a global economic and geopolitical crisis that ended with the United States spending several trillion dollars trying to immunize America against violent Islamic extremism via a massive government-directed surveillance system, renditions and airport metal detectors and by invading the Middle East.

The United States and its allies toppled the dictators in Iraq and Afghanistan, hoping to stimulate more political pluralism, gender pluralism and religious and educational pluralism antibodies to fanaticism and authoritarianism. Unfortunately, we didnt really know how to do this in such distant lands, and we botched it; the natural pluralistic antibodies in the region also proved to be weak.

Either way as in biology, so, too, in geopolitics the virus of Al Qaeda mutated, picking up new elements from its hosts in Iraq and Afghanistan. As a result, violent Islamic extremism became even more virulent, thanks to subtle changes in its genome that transformed it into ISIS, or the Islamic State.

This emergence of ISIS, and parallel mutations in the Taliban, forced the United States to remain in the area to just manage the outbreaks, but nothing more.

The 2008 global banking crisis played out in similar ways. The warning was delivered by a virus known by the initials LTCM Long-Term Capital Management.

LTCM was a hedge fund set up in 1994 by the investment banker John Meriweather, who assembled a team of mathematicians, industry veterans and two Nobel Prize winners. The fund used mathematical models to predict prices and tons of leverage to amplify its founding capital of $1.25 billion to make massive, and massively profitable, arbitrage bets.

It all worked until it didnt.

In August 1998, recalled Business Insider, Russia defaulted on its debt. Three days later, markets all over the world started sinking. Investors began pulling out left and right. Swap spreads were at unbelievable levels. Everything was plummeting. In one day, Long-Term lost $553 million, 15 percent of its capital. In one month it lost almost $2 billion.

Hedge funds lose money all the time, default and go extinct. But LTCM was different.

The firm had leveraged its bets with so much capital from so many different big global banks with no trading transparency, so none of its counterparties had a picture of LTCMs total exposure that if it were allowed to go bankrupt and default, it would have exacted huge losses on dozens of investments houses and banks on Wall Street and abroad.

More than $1 trillion was at risk. It took a $3.65 billion bailout package from the Federal Reserve to create herd immunity from LTCM for the Wall Street bulls.

The crisis was contained and the lesson was clear: Dont let anyone make such big, and in some ways extreme, bets with such tremendous leverage in a global banking system where there is no transparency as to how much a single player has borrowed from many different sources.

A decade later, the lesson was forgotten, and we got the full financial disaster of 2008.

This time we were all in the casino. There were four main financial vehicles (that became financial pathogens) that interacted to create the global crisis of 2008. They were called subprime mortgages, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs), commercial mortgage-backed securities (C.M.B.S.) and collateralized debt obligations (C.D.O.s).

Banks and less-regulated financial institutions engaged in extremely reckless subprime and adjustable rate mortgage lending, and then they and others bundled these mortgages into mortgage-backed securities. Meanwhile, rating agencies classified these bonds as much less risky than they really were.

The whole system depended on housing prices endlessly rising. When the housing bubble burst and many homeowners could not pay their mortgages the financial contagion infected huge numbers of global banks and insurance companies, not to mention millions of mom-and-pops.

We had breached the boundaries of financial common sense. With the worlds financial system more hyper-connected and leveraged than ever, only huge bailouts by central banks prevented a full-on economic pandemic and depression caused by failing commercial banks and stock markets.

In 2010, we tried to immunize the banking system against a repeat with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in America and with the Basel III new capital and liquidity standards adopted by banking systems around the world. But ever since then, and particularly under the Trump administration, financial services companies have been lobbying, often successfully, to weaken these buffers, threatening a new financial contagion down the road.

This one could be even more dangerous because computerized trading now makes up more than half of stock trading volume globally. These traders use algorithms and computer networks that process data at a thousandth or millionth of a second to buy and sell stocks, bonds or commodities.

Alas, there is no herd immunity to greed.

I dont think that I need to spend much time on the Covid-19 pandemic, except to say that the warning sign was also there. It appeared in late 2002 in the Guangdong province of southern China. It was a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus SARS-CoV known for short as SARS.

As the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website notes, Over the next few months, the illness spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia before it was contained. More than 8,000 people worldwide became sick, including close to 800 who died. The United States had eight confirmed cases of infection and no deaths.

The coronavirus that caused SARS was hosted by bats and palm civets. It jumped to humans because we had been pushing and pushing high-density urban population centers more deeply into wilderness areas, destroying that natural buffer and replacing it with monoculture crops and concrete.

When you simultaneously accelerate development in ways that destroy more and more natural habitats and then hunt for more wildlife there, the natural balance of species collapses due to loss of top predators and other iconic species, leading to an abundance of more generalized species adapted to live in human-dominated habitats, Johan Rockstrom, the chief scientist at Conservation International, explained to me.

These include rats, bats, palm civets and some primates, which together host a majority of all known viruses that can be passed on to humans. And when these animals are then hunted, trapped and taken to markets in particular in China, Central Africa and Vietnam, where they are sold for food, traditional medicine, potions and pets they endanger humans, who did not evolve with these viruses.

SARS jumped from mainland China to Hong Kong in February 2003, when a visiting professor, Dr. Liu Jianlun, who unknowingly had SARS, checked into Room 911 at Hong Kongs Metropole Hotel.

Yup, Room 9-1-1. I am not making that up.

By the time he checked out, The Washington Post reported, Liu had spread a deadly virus directly to at least eight guests. They would unknowingly take it with them to Singapore, Toronto, Hong Kong and Hanoi, where the virus would continue to spread. Of more than 7,700 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome tallied so far worldwide, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 4,000 can be traced to Lius stay on the ninth floor of the Metropole Hotel.

It is important to note, though, that SARS was contained by July 2003 before becoming a full-fledged pandemic thanks in large part to rapid quarantines and tight global cooperation among public health authorities in many countries. Collaborative multinational governance proved to be a good buffer.

Alas, that was then. The latest coronavirus is aptly named SARS-CoV-2 with emphasis on the number 2. We dont yet know for sure where this coronavirus that causes the disease Covid-19 came from, but it is widely suspected to have jumped to a human from a wild animal, maybe a bat, in Wuhan, China. Similar jumps are bound to happen more and more as we keep stripping away natures natural biodiversity and buffers.

The more simplified and less diverse ecological systems become, especially in huge and ever-expanding urban areas, the more we will become the targets of these emerging pests, unbuffered by the vast array of other species in a healthy ecosystem, explained Russ Mittermeier, the head of Global Wildlife Conservation and one of the worlds top experts on primates.

What we know for sure, though, is that some five months after this coronavirus jumped into a human in Wuhan, more than 100,000 Americans were dead and more than 40 million unemployed.

While the coronavirus arrived in the U.S. via both Europe and Asia, most Americans probably dont realize just how easy it was for this pathogen to get here. From December through March, when the pandemic was launching, there were some 3,200 flights from China to major U.S. cities, according to a study by ABC News. Among those were 50 direct flights from Wuhan. From Wuhan! How many Americans had even heard of Wuhan?

The vastly expanded global network of planes, trains and ships, combined with far too few buffers of global cooperation and governance, combined with the fact that there are almost eight billion people on the planet today (compared with 1.8 billion when the 1918 flu pandemic hit), enabled this coronavirus to spread globally in the blink of an eye.

You have to be in total denial not to see all of this as one giant flashing warning signal for our looming and potentially worst global disaster, climate change.

I dont like the term climate change to describe whats coming. I much prefer global weirding, because the weather getting weird is what is actually happening. The frequency, intensity and cost of extreme weather events all increase. The wets get wetter, the hots get hotter, the dry periods get drier, the snows get heavier, the hurricanes get stronger.

Weather is too complex to attribute any single event to climate change, but the fact that extreme weather events are becoming more frequent and more expensive especially in a world of crowded cities like Houston and New Orleans is indisputable.

The wise thing would be for us to get busy preserving all of the ecological buffers that nature endowed us with, so we could manage what are now the unavoidable effects of climate change and focus on avoiding what would be unmanageable consequences.

Because, unlike biological pandemics like Covid-19, climate change does not peak. Once we deforest the Amazon or melt the Greenland ice sheet, its gone and we will have to live with whatever extreme weather that unleashes.

One tiny example: The Washington Post noted that the Edenville Dam that burst in Midland, Mich., this month, forcing 11,000 people out of their homes after unusually heavy spring rains, took some residents by surprise, but it didnt come as such a shock to hydrologists and civil engineers, who have warned that climate change and increased runoff from development is putting more pressure on poorly maintained dams, many of them built like those in Midland to generate power early in the 20th century.

But unlike the Covid-19 pandemic, we have all the antibodies we need to both live with and limit climate change. We can have herd immunity if we just preserve and enhance the buffers that we know give us resilience. That means reducing CO emissions, protecting forests that store carbon and filter water and the ecosystems and species diversity that keep them healthy, protecting mangroves that buffer storm surges and, more generally, coordinating global governmental responses that set goals and limits and monitor performance.

As I look back over the last 20 years, what all four of these global calamities have in common is that they are all black elephants, a term coined by the environmentalist Adam Sweidan. A black elephant is a cross between a black swan an unlikely, unexpected event with enormous ramifications and the elephant in the room a looming disaster that is visible to everyone, yet no one wants to address.

In other words, this journey I have taken you on may sound rather mechanistic and inevitable. It was not. It was all about different choices, and different values, that humans and their leaders brought to bear at different times in our globalizing age or didnt.

Technically speaking, globalization is inevitable. How we shape it is not.

Or, as Nick Hanauer, the venture capitalist and political economist, remarked to me the other day: Pathogens are inevitable, but that they turn into pandemics is not.

We decided to remove buffers in the name of efficiency; we decided to let capitalism run wild and shrink our governments capacities when we needed them most; we decided not to cooperate with one another in a pandemic; we decided to deforest the Amazon; we decided to invade pristine ecosystems and hunt their wildlife. Facebook decided not to restrict any of President Trumps incendiary posts; Twitter did. And too many Muslim clerics decided to let the past bury the future, not the future bury the past.

Thats the uber lesson here: As the world gets more deeply intertwined, everyones behavior the values that each of us bring to this interdependent world matters more than ever. And, therefore, so does the Golden Rule. Its never been more important.

Do unto others as you wish them to do unto you, because more people in more places in more ways on more days can now do unto you and you unto them like never before.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And heres our email: letters@nytimes.com.

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Coronavirus Showed How Globalization Broke the World - The New York Times

Ask Eartha: Don’t be part of the recycling contamination problem – Summit Daily News

Dear Eartha,I was at the Frisco Recycling Center recently and noticed bubble wrap and plastic bags in one of the plastic recycling containers. Are these items accepted?

The short answer to your question is no, neither plastic bags nor bubble wrap are accepted at the local recycling centers. If left at the recycling centers, plastic bags and bubble wrap are considered contamination. Thats the industry term for nonrecyclables mixed with recyclable material.

Contamination can include dirty or food-filled containers, unaccepted items like the plastic bags or bubble wrap, and trash. Its an issue that significantly reduces the value of recycling, and too much contamination can send an entire load of recycling to the landfill.

According to Waste Management, the nations average contamination rate, or the percentage of what we throw in the recycling bin thats actually trash, sits at roughly 25%. A study last summer showed Summit Countys single-stream contamination at 38%. Ouch.

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What is recycling contamination?

Local recycling centers accept plastic Nos. 1 and 2 bottles and jugs, aluminum, tin, paper, cardboard, glass, cartons and food scraps. Anything else is a contaminate (aka: garbage). For example, if you collect all your No. 1 water bottles in a plastic bag, then throw the bag into the No. 1 plastic bin, that bag is a contaminate, and its highly likely that all your hard work is going straight to the trash. Just skip the plastic bag altogether!

Remember, the recycling centers accept Nos. 1 and 2 bottles and jugs only think items with screw-tops like laundry detergent or ketchup bottles (but pitch the lids). This means that strawberry and salad containers, takeout containers, bubble wrap and hard plastic sleds are not recyclable, regardless of the little number stamped on the bottom.

Even recyclables such as paper and glass can act as contaminates if you put them in the wrong bin.

Lets talk paperboard. Thats the technical term for brown paper packaging like cereal boxes. Paperboard and brown paper bags go in the cardboard bin. When placed in the paper bin, that cereal box becomes contamination.

Why is contamination a problem?

Recycling is a business, largely based on whether someone wants those recyclables to make new things. Think about your favorite pair of long underwear for a moment. Crazy as it sounds, many No. 1 plastic bottles spend their next lives as fleece.

The folks who transform bottles into fleece are called end markets. These end markets want clean plastic bottles, not your greasy takeout containers, not your broken sleds or plastic packaging, and certainly not your foam egg cartons. A lot of contamination in a load of No. 1 bottles significantly increases recycling costs because of the added time required to separate the good from the bad. In the worst cases, that contamination causes everything to end up in the trash.

Why is this a big deal? If end markets cant get the recycled material they need, theyll resort to using new material, thus defeating the point of recycling completely.

How can I help?

The most important thing you can do is read and understand local recycling guidelines. And remember the golden rule of recycling: when in doubt, throw it out. If you find yourself questioning something, perhaps the plastic packaging that came with your new toothbrush, do some research. In Summit County, thats as simple as calling the High Country Conservation Center at 970-668-5703. Staff there is available to answer your recycling questions from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Mondays through Fridays. Oh, and about that toothbrush packaging? Its trash.

The conservation center also offers an online tool affectionally dubbed the Recycling Robot that lets you search any item to see if its recyclable locally. So, if you really want to recycle those plastic bags, the Recycling Robot will tell you that most grocery stores take them.

If you prefer a little more personal guidance physically distanced, of course join conservation center staff and volunteers at the recycling centers. Theyll help you understand whats accepted in our local programs. Visit HighCountryConservation.org for June dates, recycling tips and free printouts that you can post at your home or office.

Recycling is a great habit, but we need to remember that trying to recycle the wrong materials can cause big problems. I challenge you to be part of the solution and recycle the right way.

Ask Eartha Steward is written by the staff at the High Country Conservation Center, a nonprofit organization dedicated to waste reduction and resource conservation. Submit questions to Eartha at info@highcountryconservation.org.

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Ask Eartha: Don't be part of the recycling contamination problem - Summit Daily News

Evart angler has enjoyed amazing spring – The Pioneer

John Raffel, john.raffel@pioneergroup.com

EVART Paul Higgins is a diehard fisherman who was thinking in mid-March his fishing might be curtailed this spring since he was coaching the Evart JV baseball team.

But after a week of practice the season was done because of the Coronavirus.

When this whole virus thing took off, we were still steelhead fishing, Higgins, an Evart area resident, said. We were fishing the Manistee up at Tippy before they closed it down. We got in a good week of fishing there before they closed it down. We hit Croton Dam, that area, and we were able to fish that. We did fairly well there for steelhead.

We did go up in the Bear Creek area, up by Brethren to do some fishing there and did fairly well there. Once we were able to get our boats back out, we were able to hit some walleyes. I was fishing off shore at Cadillac and did real well for a week and a half to two weeks. Catching fish in the shallow, youre wading out and doing fairly well.

Higgins had success in the Frankfort area.

The weather is starting to stable out, Higgins said. Water temperatures are starting to climb and the fish are getting more active. Your catch rates are going up. For the most part, youre catching good numbers of fish. You still have those days where you dont do as well as you did the day before.

Were doing some trout fishing too, locally, a little bit. We havent got into it that much this year for some reason. Weve been catching quite a few walleye. I would rather eat walleye over trout any day of the week.

Higgins said warming weather means everything is in transition.

Evart's Paul Higgins continues to have major success fishing. (Courtesy photo)

Evart's Paul Higgins continues to have major success fishing. (Courtesy photo)

Evart's Paul Higgins continues to have major success fishing. (Courtesy photo)

Evart's Paul Higgins continues to have major success fishing. (Courtesy photo)

Evart angler has enjoyed amazing spring

I go by the Golden Rule, like for walleye, 68 degrees at the surface is usually pretty good and Ive had pretty good success for walleye, he said. Its right in the ball park right now in a couple of the lakes that were fishing. By Cadillac and Frankfort, its getting at that happy temperature. Up until your mayflies hatch, it should be pretty good fishing, I think. Theyre getting more active. Bluegills are starting to get on the beds some.

It should be some pretty good fishing for the next couple of weeks for sure, if not for the whole summer hopefully.

His favorite partner is his son, Cooper Higgins, and sometimes Josh Johnson.

Weve fished a lot this spring, Paul Higgins said. Its been good for me and my son. Hes experienced some pretty good fishing. You can get a lot of education just being in the outdoors.

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Evart angler has enjoyed amazing spring - The Pioneer

Know the rules: The A-Z for tourism in Greece in the Covid-19 era | Kathimerini – www.ekathimerini.com

Below youll find a comprehensive list of all of the key measures to prevent the spread of Covid-19 being implemented at airports, hotels, shops, restaurants, beaches and more in Greece during the summer tourism period.

Please note that all of the measures are subject to change. We will be regularly updating this article as necessary, however measures not listed here may be implemented if this is deemed necessary.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Archaeological sites now operate on extended summer hours (8 a.m.-8 p.m.) to avoid large crowds from forming. In order to maintain the minimum 1.5m safety distance between people, the number of visitors allowed in at every archaeological site is limited, as is the number of visitors allowed to enter every hour.

Specific routes have been demarcated, the entrance and exit separated and plexiglass screens installed wherever needed and possible for example, at the Propylaea on the Acropolis. The use of protective masks and alcohol-based sanitizers on site is strongly advised.

ARRIVALS

The tourism period in Greece will officially begin on June 15, with international visitors able to arrive (without being quarantined) at Athens and Thessaloniki airports. From July 1 direct international flights will be permitted at all other remaining airports around the country, allowing tourists to fly directly to tourist destinations. Spot Covid-19 tests for visitors arriving to Greece will be conducted using swab tests and will be mandatory for those selected for tests; visitors will not, however, be quarantined on arrival, as was the case during the lockdown phase.

AHENS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

The use of face masks is mandatory after entering the airport terminal; a mask must be kept on throughout a passengers stay in the airport areas, during boarding, and during the flight (domestic or international). Passengers should also be aware that they may be asked to temporarily remove their mask during security processes and identity checks. Hand sanitizer dispensers are available in over 300 spots at the airport, including the bathrooms.

Plexiglass panels have been installed for additional protection in areas where contact with employees is necessary such as ticket desks and information counters. To minimize waiting times, passengers are encouraged to select e-service options (web check-in) prior to their departure for the airport, as well as within the airport areas (self check-in, baggage-tag printing, drop-off baggage, e-parking). Seating in all waiting areas has been re-arranged to allow for safe minimum distances. The current recommendation is that every other seat be left vacant. However, families or couples traveling together do not have to keep this distance.

BEACHES ORGANIZED WITH BEACH CLUBS

At organized beach clubs, a maximum of 40 people will be allowed per 1,000m2; an entrance/exit count will be carried out to make sure this measure is respected. A minimum distance of 4 meters must be maintained between individual umbrellas, each of which will provide shade for two sun loungers at most this does not apply to families with children. Two sunbeds that are under different umbrellas cannot be placed closer to each other than 1.5m.

Placing a towel on top of sun loungers is mandatory and considered the responsibility of the user. The staff at organized beaches and beach clubs are required to disinfect sun loungers/chairs after every use. Additionally, they must regularly disinfect sanitary facilities and post a schedule of that cleaning for official review.

Cantinas and beach bars will operate on a take-away basis; seating will not be allowed. Customers waiting in line to be served will have to remain at least 1.5m apart. The sale of alcohol is currently forbidden on beaches, but a review of that policy is expected.

BOATS (FERRIES)

Boats (ferries) will travel at 50% capacity or 55% for boats with cabins on board. Passengers will be required to answer a series of questions and have their temperatures taken before boarding. Passengers who present symptoms or are deemed at risk of infection (e.g. due to exposure to a Covid-19 patient in the 14 previous days) will be refused permission to board the boat.

Passengers inside the boat will have to remain at a 1.5m distance from each other, and the number of aircraft-type seats will be reduced. One person maximum will be allowed in each cabin, except for families of up to 4 people, and people with disabilities traveling with companions.

The use of a mask on board vessels is mandatory. Crews have been trained to respond to potential coronavirus cases, and boats will be disinfected after completing each sea route. Further policy updates are expected as of June 15.

CAMPING

The golden rule of maintain a distance of at least 1.5m between people who dont belong to the same family or friend circle and do not live under the same roof applies here, too.

Tents and camper vans must be at least 5 meters apart on the entrance/exit side, and 3 meters apart on every other side. Upon arrival, customers must agree to and comply with the instructions and safety measures establishments reserve the right to refuse entrance to anyone refusing to cooperate.

The use of masks is advised in interior covered spaces. Entrance to the site, as well as passage through it and the use of the campground facilities will be restricted to customers only. All common-use areas and facilities, as well as rental equipment, will be thoroughly disinfected on a regular basis.

CHECK-IN/CHECK-OUT AT HOTELS

Check-in and check-out times have been changed check-out to 11 a.m. and check-in to 3 p.m.. The added time between each check-out and check-in is necessary to ensure that each room is thoroughly disinfected between stays, and that the space is adequately ventilated.

You may see a plexiglass screen at the reception desk their presence is at the discretion of hotel management. Hand sanitizers, on the other hand, are mandatory.

Other measures the hotel must perform include disinfecting all card keys after each stay. Wherever possible, you are encouraged to check in at an outdoor reception station. The use of electronic alternatives to check-in and check-out, such as Mobile Concierge apps, is preferable, as are electronic payments upon check-out. It is likely that any accounts, invoices or receipts will be sent to you via email. Cash will only be accepted under exceptional circumstances.

DRINK & EAT

At present, all seating at restaurants and caf-bars is outdoors only; indoor spaces might reopen on June 15. The minimum distance allowed between tables ranges from 70cm to 170cm, and no more than six people are allowed at one table, although these restrictions do not apply to families with children.

Information signs will remind people of individual hygiene rules and of safety measures applying to all spaces. Customers will be encouraged to make electronic transactions. Sanitizer gel will be available at cash registers; if the owner deems it necessary, a protective plexiglass screen will be installed, as well as markings on the floor to delimit safe distances for queuing.

EMERGENCY NUMBERS

The European Emergency Number is 112. For any Covid-19-related inquiries, dial 1135.

FINES

The fine for not using a mask where required is 150.

FLIGHTS

All of the countrys airports are expected to open for international flights on July 1. Until then, all international flights to and from Greece will fly in and out of Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport or Thessaloniki Airport (the latter from June 15).

GARDENS/ PARKS

The 1.5m safety distance applies for parks and public gardens, too; the use of masks is advised.

HAIRDRESSERS/BEAUTY SALONS

Hair and beauty salons operate by appointment only, with a minimum 2m distance between stations/chairs. The use of masks is mandatory for everyone, and employees a must wear disposable gloves as well. Working hours have been extended from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. on weekdays and 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. on Saturdays.

HOUSEKEEPING AT HOTELS

Housekeeping will be less frequent during stays, and turndown services have been abolished. Towels and sheets will be changed upon customer request only. As you enter your room for the first time, look for the sign that will tell you when and how your room was last cleaned.

Hotel owners have the choice between two cleaning options: they can either clean it in the usual way after a customer leaves and keep it closed for 24 hours until the next one comes, or perform a thorough cleansing and disinfection using a steam cleaner, UV rays or other such equipment on all room and bathroom surfaces.

Hotel owners have been advised to get rid of decorative objects such as throw pillows. Getting rid of reusable items likely to be shared, such as menus and magazines, is recommended as well. Disposable covers will be placed on TV and air conditioner remote controls. Upholstery fabric must be cleaned with a vapor steam cleaner at temperatures exceeding 70C.

NFORMATION (HEALTH-RELATED) @ HOTELS

Upon arrival, youre advised to ask about the establishments policy in case of health incidents and about the medical facilities in the general area, including the public and private hospitals, Covid-19 referral hospitals, and the pharmacies. Hotels are advised to provide printed brochures with basic health instructions translated into English, French and German, as no such electronic app currently exists.

LIVE PERFORMANCES

Live performances will begin after July 15 and will take place exclusively at outdoor venues. Artists and crew must wear face masks on stage and maintain a distance of at least 1.5 meters between each other. Venues will operate at 40% capacity to allow distances to be kept. The stage will be set at least 3 meters away from the first row of seats; for concerts where the audience is standing, a distance of 1.5 meters must be maintained between members of the audience.

MASKS

The use of disposable or reusable fabric masks is mandatory on the Metro (subway) and all other forms of public transportation, including taxis, shuttle buses, and other tourist vehicles. Face masks must also be worn in shops.

MUSEUMS

Museums are expected to open on June 15. More information will follow on their mode of operation naturally, visitors will have to keep a distance of 2 meters between each other. Museums can only use air conditioning where these are open-circuit (i.e. allow fresh air to enter the building). A limited number of people will be allowed entry every hour. The use protective masks and alcohol-based antiseptic hand sanitizer is recommended.

PEN-AIR CINEMAS

This summer delight comes back to us on June 1, but will operate with new safety rules the most important one being the reduction of the number of seats to 40% of the theaters capacity. It is likely that ticket offices will open two hours prior to movies start times, and stop ticket sales 15 minutes before so that people have time to properly take their seats while maintaining social distancing. Here too, the use of masks and alcohol-based hand sanitizer will be recommended on entry.

PRIVATE BEACHES @ HOTELS & RESORTS

Seats of any kind must be placed in such a way that the distance between two people sitting under two different umbrellas is no less than 3 meters in any direction. People will be discouraged from placing their towels or beach mats within the safe distance areas. Towels large enough to cover all of a seats surfaces will be provided and disinfected after every use.

QUEUES

Greeks have recently shown remarkable discipline in complying with the queuing regulations now in place (okay, with a few exceptions). The main rule to observe is to remain at least 1.5 2 meters from others in the queue. In many shops and other areas floor markings have been placed to aid with physical distancing.

RENT A CAR

Rental cars will be disinfected between uses by different clients. Additionally, the number of passengers allowed will be restricted: For cars with up to five seats, only the driver plus one passenger will be allowed in the vehicle. For those with 6-7 seats, the driver plus two passengers. For eight or nine-seat vehicles, the driver will be allowed to carry up to 3 passengers. These restrictions do not apply for families with children.

SHOPPING

You may need to wait for a few minutes before entering many shops. Smaller ones up to 20 m2 will be able to host a maximum of 4 people at the same time (including employees). Stores from 20 to 100 m2 can have a maximum of 4 people inside plus one person for every additional 10 m2. Stores 100 m2 and above will be able to welcome a maximum of 12 people, plus one more person for every additional 15 m2. Distances of at least 1.5 meters must be maintained by customers and employees and the use of masks is mandatory.

SWIMMING POOLS

Sunbeds must be placed so that two people sitting under two different umbrellas, or two people staying in two different rooms maintain a distance of at least 2 meters in every direction. Every time a customer leaves, seats, tables, security boxes, menus and any other item the next customer may use must be disinfected. Pools are advised to provide towels covering beds surfaces as well as to clean every sunbed / chair between uses. It is recommended that cushions and fabric coverings be removed from sunbeds.

The use of indoor swimming pools is forbidden until further notice. Opaque dividers are recommended for swimming pool showers, to allow people to thoroughly wash before entering and after exiting the water. Swimming pools are advised to provide all necessary amenities (soap, shower gel, etc.) as well as antiseptic gel by the shower entrance

TOUR BUSES

All tourist buses are allowed to operate at up to 50% capacity. All passengers must wear protective masks on board. All tour buses must provide hand sanitizer by the entrance. Companies are advised to install transparent protective dividers in buses between the driver and the passengers. On special open-air tourist buses, at stops passengers will only be allowed to embark after all those getting off have done so. After each route, the cleaning of surfaces and high contact spots (e.g. handles) is advised.

TRANSFER CARS

Customer transport will be allowed via private transfers only. Vehicles with up to 5 seats can carry no more than one passenger plus the driver. Companions of people with disabilities are exempt from this rule. 6-7 seat cars can carry the driver plus two passengers, while 8-9 seat cars can carry up to 3 passengers. The passenger limit will not apply if the passengers are parents with their children. The driver and passengers must all wear masks.

VISITORS @ HOTEL ROOMS

Rooms in hotels and resorts, as well as tents and campers at campsites, are for customer-use only. No visitors will be permitted.

WATERSPORTS

Anything that comes in contact with customers every surface, life jacket, wetsuit etc must be cleaned and disinfected between each use. Only members of the same family, or individuals able to maintain a 2m distance between them, will be allowed on any single piece of equipment (such as a canoe or inflatable ride).

YACHTS

Faraway destinations where medical help is scant are to be avoided. The maximum number of passengers allowed on board will depend on a boats size and the number of passengers allowed by its license. On every boat there will be a book with all passenger details and their hours of embarking and disembarking, which must be available in written or electronic form for inspection by port and health authorities. The only people allowed on board will be the people who have boarded from the start of the journey. No other passengers or visitors will be allowed on board at intermediate stops.

Additionally, a log must be kept to monitor everyones health on board: all crew and passengers will have their temperatures taken once daily and logged. If somebody starts developing Covid-19 symptoms on board a cough, fever, shortness of breath this must be logged in the book and a prearranged plan for dealing with a suspected coronavirus case must be activated. There must be sufficient quantities of antiseptic, disinfectant, cleaning supplies and personal protection equipment for all on board.

ZEUS

The God of philoxenia (hospitality) wishes you a great, safe holiday in Greece!

This article first appeared in Greece-Is.com, an English-language publishing initiative by Kathimerini.

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Know the rules: The A-Z for tourism in Greece in the Covid-19 era | Kathimerini - http://www.ekathimerini.com

Tenancy Agreements and COVID-19 Lockdown: A Majeure Headache – The Wire

When Prime Minister Narendra Modi appeared on our televisions and screens on March 24, he was announcing the beginning of a nationwide lockdown. To contain the spread of the coronavirus, the entire population was asked to stay indoors. People have not been able to go to work, many have lost their jobs, corporations have imposed salary cuts, incomes of self-employed people have taken a major hit. This is certainly not a good time to indulge.

The lockdown has sent shockwaves across the economy. The ability of people to spend money is no longer what it used to be. This has also had a significant effect on landlord-tenant relations. While the tenants ability to pay rent has been adversely affected, the economics of the landlords has also been disturbed. Tenants are seeking a waiver of rent as they have been unable to access their premises or because their incomes have been impacted.

Tenants are hoping to invoke the doctrine of force majeure as legal protection against the non-fulfilment of their contractual obligations. Even large corporations like PVR and Reliance Retail have been forced to invoke this maxim. Statutory bodies like the RERA in many states have had to take note of the pandemic as a force majeure.

What is force majeure?

Though the Indian Contract Act does not refer to force majeure as such. The term is used as a convenient label to refer to a foreseeable stipulated circumstance or a supervening superior force that prevents someone from fulfilling their part of the contract.

The occurrence of a force majeure would trigger the consequences stipulated in the contract. A typical force majeure clause would first define the events that would constitute a force majeure and would then specify what consequences would follow if such an event occurred. The phrasing of the clause will decide whether a specific event falls within the force majeure clause and what consequences must follow. Force majeure is not a magic wand upon the waiving of which all contractual obligations, such as payment of rent, are terminated.

The sanctity of a contract is the first and golden rule of contract law. Contracts must be honoured and performed, and there is no easy way to wriggle out of them. They are governed by the Contract Act and have the sanction of law which binds parties to faithfully perform their obligations.

Great India Mall in Noida has been shut indefinitely in Noida as business suffers. Photo: Shome Basu/The Wire

Implied or explicit

According to Indian law, a force majeure clause is not ordinarily an implied term of a contract. A court would not normally read such a clause into a contract. Besides, the threshold of proving an implied term is very high, especially for a fundamental term which will have the effect of releasing a party from performing its obligations. Ideally, it ought to be expressly stipulated.

If the contract does stipulate a Force Majeure it has to be strictly and narrowly construed. Even the court cannot rewrite that clause or read into it what is not expressly stipulated. Nothing can be added or taken away.

Also Read: Will Act of God Clauses in India Incs Contracts Help Restart the Economy?

The mere occurrence of a force majeure event is not by itself a reason to be excused from performance. Even if governments declare the coronavirus outbreak as a force majeure, it would only serve as evidence that a force majeure event has occurred. It would not alone be sufficient to excuse tenants from the rent due. Moreover, only those consequences which are stipulated in the force majeure clause would flow. Therefore, the language of the clause will dictate when the clause kicks in, and whether a party is exempted from performing its obligations. If the clause states that the event ought to be such that it causes failure of the lessee to perform its obligations or that it prevents a party from fulfilling its obligations, one must determine not only the nature of the obligation that the tenant claims it is failing or prevented from performing, but also whether such failure or prevention is directly caused by the force majeure event.

In such a clause if the lessee desires to be excused from discharging its liability it must not only demonstrate that the force majeure was beyond its control but also prove that the event itself has caused the lessee to fail to perform its responsibility. The fact that if the tenant was compelled to perform its obligation, it would cause economic hardship or inconvenience, is not sufficient to take refuge under the force majeure clause. If there is an alternative way to overcome the effect of the force majeure event, the tenant would not be excused from payment of rent. If the tenant has funds available then its obligation to pay rent is not impacted. The tenant cannot rely on the force majeure clause, without trying to mitigate or explore alternative ways of performing the contract.

Anticipation is also a key. Relying on Act of God as a force majeure event, in the words of our Supreme Court does not operate as an excuse from liability, if there is reasonable possibility of anticipating their happening. In the recent past the world was inflicted with epidemics like SARS and H1N1. Eminent personalities like Bill Gates, former US President Barack Obama, are only a few examples of people who cautioned the world on the need to be prepared for a deadly pandemic. As to whether COVID-19 and the resultant lockdown were anticipated events and therefore force majeure events, would require some debate. Though tenancy agreements entered into prior to the SARS and H1N1 pandemics, may qualify as a force majeure event since a pandemic such as COVID-19 was not an anticipated event yet the consequent lockdown may not satisfy that requirement. But this is not to say that on the happening of the pandemic or the lockdown the tenant would be automatically entitled to suspend payment of rent. The tenant will be entitled to claim only that relief which is stipulated in the agreement.

Unless the force majeure clause expressly stipulates, even the inability to use the premises does not solely satisfy its requirements. Use does not only mean the ability to come and go from the premises. It also includes its utilisation to house equipment, servers, furniture, security personnel etc.

Some of these views have been echoed by the Delhi high court in a judgment delivered on May 21. Noting various decisions of the Supreme Court, the learned judge considered the following factors:

The court, having taken these into account, denied relief to a tenant who was seeking suspension of rent due to COVID-19 and the resulting lockdown.

Most force majeure clauses provide for a notice period. In those cases, a tenant must issue a timely intimation to the landlord of his intention to invoke the clause. If the tenant omits to issue a timely notice but does so later on, he would be entitled to waiver of rent only for the period after the date of the notice.

Supreme Court of India in New Delhi. Photo: PTI

Frustration of contract

There is a popular notion that in the absence of a force majeure clause, the occurrence of COVID-19 can be cited as an event that has made performance of obligations under the lease agreement impossible or impracticable; and therefore the contract stands frustrated within the meaning of Section 56 of the Contract Act.

Section 56 of the Contract Act has no application to leases:

The essential ingredients of the second part of Section 56 are that:

There is no doubt that the doctrine of frustration applies to contracts. A lease, however, is more than a mere contract as it results in the creation of an estate, or an interest in favour of the lessee. Once the lessee has been put in possession of the premise there is nothing more to be performed and thus condition (2) would not be satisfied. Section 56 i.e. doctrine of frustration has no application in cases of completed transfer unless there is an express provision to the contrary in the contract itself or in local usage.

As made clear by the Delhi high court in Airport Authority of India vs Hotel Leela Venture Limited, the events which discharge a contract cannot invalidate a concluded transfer. The said judgment also clarifies that Section 108 (e) of the Transfer of Property Act, which defines, inter alia, the obligations of a lessee, is a special law and would supersede the doctrine of frustration, as the latter is a part of general law contained in the Contract Act.

The lease would be void at the option of lessee only if it falls within Section 108(e) i.e. when any part of the property is wholly destroyed or rendered substantially and permanently unfit for the purposes for which it was let due to fire, tempest or flood, or violence of an army or of a mob, or other irresistible force. Section 108 does not envisage epidemics or pandemics as such events.

Also Read: COVID-19: What Will It Take to Flatten the Curve of Commercial Disputes in India?

Comparative hardship

Comparative hardship will have to be considered. A multinational corporation invoking force majeure to excuse itself from paying rent for premises owned by an individual who is dependent on the rent for their survival would result in a huge hardship to the owner whereas in a converse situation may equally affect the tenant. Though this is not a legal argument, it should motivate the parties to find a mutually convenient solution so that hardship is avoided in distressful times. Even if protection can be sought under the force majeure clause, it might be inequitable to do so.

The economic devastation due the spread of the coronavirus has forced private parties and advocates to look through the fine print in order to future proof contracts. The invisible hand of force majeure is affecting contractual obligations throughout. Of course, the effect of the virus on leases will depend on final determinations made by courts. That is yet to be seen.

P.V. Kapur is a senior advocate and barrister at law. He has been practicing at various courts and tribunals in India for over four decades and has a vast experience in civil commercial and financial criminal litigation.

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Tenancy Agreements and COVID-19 Lockdown: A Majeure Headache - The Wire

Less government is the solution – Pueblo Chieftain

In a political first, Pueblo County delegates played a part in the Libertarian Party's first online convention recently.

This convention marked the first time that any American political party that is organized and active in all 50 states has held all or part of its national nominating convention online.

About 1,000 Libertarians from across America convened in the first 3-hour session to determine who will be the Libertarian presidential candidate in the November election.

I am John Pickerill, one of the registered Coloradans from the area who took part.

Some parts of this session were difficult since the whole online process was entirely new to all of us, but today, we established our schedule and procedures for the rest of the weekend and got to practice how to interact with each other online.

Everything was uncharted territory -- all of our partys previous 20 national conventions since 1971 were conducted face-to-face.

I am a Libertarian because I want people to be left alone to live their lives peacefully in whatever manner they choose. A vote for a Libertarian is a way to tell the world that you dont consent to the theft of your liberties or wallets by the parasitic political class.

Whenever our ideas are given a fair hearing, we win. Thats why the Democratic and Republican parties never allow Libertarians into debates -- because they know that on the day the philosophy of limited government is allowed to be heard, that is the day their grip on the American voter will slip away.

The daunting odds dont deter Libertarians. There are two times as many Libertarians now than five years ago. There are now almost half a million voters registered Libertarian across the country.

In another five, years we will be even bigger.

The big-government parties will eventually have to deal with us. And when they do, they will lose.

We will continue to persuade more of their supporters that less government is always better. The contributors and voters they depend on are going to continue abandoning them to join us.

In the last century, all of the ancient ideas for governing societies with huge, bloated, bossy, expensive governments have been tried. They have all failed.

Big governments dont protect their own people very well; nor can big governments and their teeming bureaucracies be trusted to mind their own

business. In the last century, governments were the biggest killer of people -- with about 200 million deaths to their credit -- most of those being their own citizens.

Its time to turn away from that Leviathan. Time has proven that only a frugal, limited government that is asked to do almost nothing is the only kind that brings about more justice, more peace, and more prosperity.

Only Libertarians are working toward those things.

Voters interested in learning more about the Libertarian Party are invited to visit the website at http://www.LP.org.

Those interested in finding out more about libertarianism in general can find several bibliographical resources at https://lpedia.org/wiki/List_of_Books.

Here are the top seven Libertarians who have been seeking the Libertarian Party nomination for president:

Jim Gray http://www.GraySharpe2020.com/

Jacob Hornberger https://JacobForLiberty.com/

Jo Jorgensen https://JOJ2020.com/

Adam Kokesh https://KokeshForPresident.com/

John Monds https://Monds2020.com/

Vermin Supreme https://VerminSupreme2020.com/

Arvin Vohra https://www.VoteVohra.com/

John Pickerill is a Pueblo County resident who has run for public office.

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Less government is the solution - Pueblo Chieftain

There Is No Such Thing as Safe – Competitive Enterprise Institute

My colleague Iain Murray has a great essay up at Law & Liberty today on why some groups of Americans are perceiving quarantine policies so differently from others. The reason is largely because different Americans have different value hierarchiesthat is, they prioritize different values when it comes to public policy. Some consider order and tradition most important (hierarchists), some consider equality to be number one (egalitarians), and some prefer to maximize freedom and individual autonomy (libertarians). As Iain writes:

When these values clash, we see political polarization at its worst. When they align, we see consensus and reform. Today, when consensus is probably most needed, they are clashing hard.

Egalitarians think an end to the lockdowns would hurt the vulnerable. Libertarians view the lockdowns as threatening freedomand even contact tracing as threatening civil liberties. Hierarchists particularly oppose restrictions on religious gatherings.

Persuading groups of people with different value orientations to agree on a single best policy is often a difficult enterprise. But we should still do the best we can to seek out the most relevant facts. When our friends and neighbors values lead them (and us) to focus only on certain factors and ignore others, good communicators should supply the perspective that our cognitive orientations are disposed to ignore. Sometimes that means being made aware of factors we failed to educate ourselves about entirely, but sometimes it means introducing nuance to a false binary. Iain again:

In thinking through this, we need to remember that risks are often relative. If we focus exclusively on the risks we are most concerned about, we can miss the other risks that obtain should our demands be met. It requires a degree of humility about the importance of our values to recognize this.

Nothing in life is entirely risk-free, but as human beings we have an unfortunate tendency to put things in safe and unsafe mental buckets. Were likely to think of driving a passenger sedan with multiple airbags a few miles to the nearest grocery store as being categorically safe, but driving a motorcycle all the way from Sturgis, South Dakota, to Daytona Beach, Florida, as being terribly risky. But of course there are hazards and pleasures to be found in each experience. One could get into a fatal accident pulling out of ones driveway on the road to Safeway or end up perfectly healthy after a cross-country bike tour as you turn onto Ridgewood Avenue in Daytona. Its a matter of chance, driving skill, and many other factors ranging from the weather to traffic conditions.

Thus, it was fascinating for me to read this article from Politico this morning that polled Americans on certain common behaviors during the coronavirus quarantine. They didnt just ask respondents and public health experts whether they thought something was safe or not, they asked how safe (or unsafe) they thought it was. So, on a scale from one (extremely low risk) to 10 (maximum risk), Americans thought that going for a run outside without a mask on was a 4.3 out of 10. The public health experts, on the other hand, thought that running without a mask was more like a 2.9 very low risk. On the other end of the spectrum, Americans thought attending a baseball game in a stadium full of people was a 7.7 out of 10, while the health experts scored it all the way up at 8.6.

These relative risk scores tell us a lot about both public perception and (assuming we respect the credentials of the health experts recruited by Politico), actual disease transmission hazards. This is, to put it lightly, much more useful and informative than simply being subject to a quarantine order with a long list of forbidden behaviors.

Any cityor household for that matterhas limited enforcement bandwidth, and when it comes to phased reopening plans, which most state and cities have embraced, we need to know which behaviors are less risky so that they can be permitted, while only continuing to restrict the very highest risk behaviors and activities.

But in most public policy and law enforcement cases, we never receive an explicit acknowledgment that there is anything like a risk spectrum or hierarchy; there are only permitted and forbidden categories. When activities that are actually low risk are included on lists of forbidden activities, it brings the entire enterprise into suspicion and disrepute.

Witness decades of government anti-drug propaganda that suggest that every illegal substance is equally hazardous. Anyone who has ever smoked marijuana knows that it doesnt immediately lead one into a soul-destroying Reefer Madness-style spiral of doom, countless televised public service announcements to the contrary. A widespread realization of this kind makes every other public health message issued by a government agency that less believable.

This doesnt mean that the government should publish a recreational drug shopping guide, but it does mean that public policy should acknowledge the relative risks of various behaviors, substances, and products, as well as the varying risk tolerances of its citizens.

If Americans knew that one thing they wanted to go out and do during the pandemic was four times more dangerous that another similar thing that they also wanted to do, I believe that the vast majority of them would voluntarily choose the activity that put their families and neighbors at less risk. But when we only have a long unranked list of do not activities, people are going tothe longer quarantine and stay-at-home orders stay in placeincreasingly disregard the entire list. And that makes us all less safe.

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There Is No Such Thing as Safe - Competitive Enterprise Institute

COMMENTARY: A pandemic prompts the return of the tea party – The Daily World

By Rich Lowry

Its 2009 again, or feels like it.

That was when spontaneous, grassroots protests against overweening government sprang up and were widely derided in the media as dangerous and wrong-headed.

The protesters then were inveighing against Obamacare; the protestors now are striking out against the coronavirus lockdowns.

The anti-lockdown agitation shows that, despite the revolution in Republican politics wrought by President Donald Trump, opposition to government impositions is deeply embedded in the DNA of the right, and likely will reemerge even more starkly if former Vice President Joe Biden is elected president.

The tea party that was so powerful in the Obama years, roiling Republican Party politics and making stars out of the likes of Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz, sputtered out and was subsumed by the Trump movement in 2016.

The emphasis on constitutionalism, opposition to deficit spending, and American exceptionalism gave way to an emphasis on American strength, opposition to immigration, and nationalism.

The differences shouldnt be exaggerated the tea party was opposed to amnesty for undocumented immigrants and Trump has faithfully nominated constitutionalist judges. The tea party, like Trump, hated the mainstream media with a passion. But the shift from an overwhelming focus on fiscal issues to Trumpian cultural politics was very real.

The change was exemplified by the House Freedom Caucus, founded in 2015 and defined by its hard line on government spending, reliably lining up behind Donald Trump who has pursued a notably expansionary fiscal policy with huge budget deficits even before the coronavirus crisis.

The intellectual fashion among populists and religious traditionalists has been to attempt to establish a post-liberty or post-liberal agenda to forge a deeper foundation for the new Republican Party. Instead of obsessing over freedom and rights, conservatives would look to government to protect the common good.

This project, though, has been rocked by its first real-life encounter with governments acting to protect, as they see it, the common good.

One of its architects, the editor of the religious journal First Things, R.R. Reno, has sounded like one of the libertarians he so scorns during the crisis. First, he complained that he might get shamed if he were to host a dinner party during the height of the pandemic, although delaying a party would seem a small price to pay for someone so intensely committed to the common good.

More recently, he went on a tirade against wearing masks. Reno is apparently fine with a much stronger government, as long as it never issues public-health guidance not to his liking.

Reno has published vituperative attacks on the conservative writer (and my friend and former colleague) David French, supposedly for having a blinkered commitment to classical liberalism. But it is the hated French who has actually tried to thoughtfully balance liberty and the common good during the crisis, favoring the lockdowns at first and favoring reopening now that the lockdowns goals have been achieved.

Whats happened during the lockdowns is that the natural distrust that populists have of experts has expressed itself in opposition to government rules. Being told what to do by epidemiologists and government officials wielding all-caps SCIENCE as their authority has been enough to bring tea party-era liberty back in vogue.

Weve also seen a return of the glue that has held moral traditionalists and libertarians together in the conservative coalition for so long the belief that big government is a threat to traditional institutions. Hence, the focus on resuming church services.

In retrospect, the tea party wasnt as much a purely liberty movement as it seemed at the time. A populist anti-elitism was an enormously important factor, which is why it faded into the Trump movement so seamlessly. On the other hand, Trumpian populism has a big streak of liberty to it.

All it has taken to bring it to the fore is extraordinary government intrusion into our lives. If Biden is elected president, theres more where that came from.

Rich Lowry has been the editor of National Review since 1997. Hes a Fox News political analyst and writes for Politico and Time. He is on Twitter @RichLowry.

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COMMENTARY: A pandemic prompts the return of the tea party - The Daily World

You Dont Have to Like the Decree, But Wear Face Masks Anyway – Bacon’s Rebellion

Wise King Ralph keeps a face mask at the ready.

by James A. Bacon

Im still digesting Governor Ralph Northams face-mask mandate, but my initial reaction is that it could be worse. I dislike the coercive aspect of his executive order. But requiring Virginians to wear face masks in public buildings and places of commerce is less intrusive than compelling businesses and workplaces to shut down. If ordering people to wear face masks allows Northam to feel better about loosening other restrictions, then its a net gain.

Theres an element to the face mask debate that I find curiously neglected in the conservative/libertarian commentary Ive seen. Conservatives and libertarians tout the virtue of personal responsibility. Regardless of whether or not face coverings protect you from getting the COVID-19 virus, they do reduce the chances that you will spread the virus. If we believe in personal responsibility as an alternative to government coercion, conservatives and libertarians need to live their values by acting responsibly.

I would go one step further: If conservatives and libertarians want to see Northam release his Vulcan Death Grip on Virginias economy, they should do everything within their power to ensure that the coronavirus does not spread. If Virginia sees a significant uptick in the spread of the virus, thats all the Governor needs to back peddle on his timid reversal of emergency shutdown measures.

There are good reasons to oppose the mandate. The Richmond Times-Dispatch actually gives a decent summary here:

Clark Mercer, Northams chief of staff, said health inspectors at the agency had the power to pull a license to operate if a business is found out of compliance with health regulations.

The Virginia Association of Chiefs of Police earlier Tuesday strongly opposed a face mask requirement, arguing that it could force businesses to enforce it, potentially exposing them to dangerous encounters.

The police chiefs association said the order turns good advice into a mandate that will be enforced with trespassing citations and by physically removing violators from businesses.

The group argued it destroys police/community relations and puts business owners in a no-win situation: either be prepared to confront people you value as customers, or avoid the risk of a potentially violent confrontation by keeping your business closed.

I fully share those concerns, and they are worth highlighting in the hope of reversing the mandate. But at the end of the day, Northam has virtually limitless power to rule by emergency decree. While we should work to limit that power legislatively and constitutionally, that is a long-term project. In the short term, we need to reopen the economy, and given Northams mindset and the fact that he has the power and we dont, that means doing what we can to drive the COVID-19 infection rate down.

Exercise personal responsibility: Wear masks and protect others from the virus.

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You Dont Have to Like the Decree, But Wear Face Masks Anyway - Bacon's Rebellion

Will: The rise of conservative authoritarians – Roanoke Times

WASHINGTON From Harvard Law School comes the latest conservative flirtation with authoritarianism. Professor Adrian Vermeule, a 2016 Catholic convert, is an integralist who regrets his academic specialty, the Constitution, and rejects the separation of church and state. His much-discussed recent Atlantic essay advocating a government that judges the quality and moral worth of public speech is unimportant as a practical political manifesto, but it is symptomatic of some conservatives fevers, despairs and temptations.

Common-good capitalism, Sen. Marco Rubios recent proposal, is capitalism minus the essence of capitalism limited government respectful of societys cumulative intelligence and preferences collaboratively revealed through market transactions. Vermeules common-good constitutionalism is Christian authoritarianism muscular paternalism, with government enforcing social solidarity for religious reasons. This is the Constitution minus the Framers purpose: a regime respectful of individuals diverse notions of the life worth living. Such respect is, he says, abominable.

He would jettison libertarian assumptions central to free-speech law and free-speech ideology. And: libertarian conceptions of property rights and economic rights also will have to go, insofar as they bar the state from enforcing duties of community and solidarity in the use and distribution of resources. Who will define these duties? Integralists will, because they have an answer to this perennial puzzle: If the people are corrupt, how do you persuade them to accept the yoke of virtue-enforcers? The answer: Forget persuasion. Hierarchies must employ coercion.

Common-good constitutionalisms main aim, Vermeule says, is not to minimize the abuse of power but to ensure that the ruler has the power needed to rule well. Such constitutionalism does not suffer from a horror of political domination and hierarchy because the law is parental, a wise teacher and an inculcator of good habits, wielded if necessary even against the subjects own perceptions of what is best for them. Besides, those perceptions are not really the subjects because under Vermeules regime the law will impose perceptions.

He thinks the Constitution, read imaginatively, will permit the transformation of the nation into a confessional state that punishes blasphemy and other departures from state-defined and state-enforced solidarity. His medieval aspiration rests on a non sequitur: All legal systems affirm certain values, therefore it is permissible to enforce orthodoxies.

Vermeule is not the only American conservative feeling the allure of tyranny. Like the American leftists who made pilgrimages to Fidel Castros Cuba, some self-styled conservatives today turn their lonely eyes to Viktor Orban, destroyer of Hungarys democracy. The prime ministers American enthusiasts probably are unfazed by his seizing upon COVID-19 as an excuse for taking the short step from the ethno-nationalist authoritarianism to which he gives the oxymoronic title illiberal democracy, to dictatorship.

In 2009, Orban said, We have only to win once, but then properly. And in 2013, he said: In a crisis, you dont need governance by institutions. Elected to a third term in 2018, he has extended direct or indirect control over courts (the Constitutional Court has been enlarged and packed) and the media, replacing a semblance of intragovernmental checks-and-balances with what he calls the system of national cooperation. During the COVID-19 crisis he will govern by decree, elections will be suspended, and he will decide when the crisis ends supposedly June 20.

Explaining his hostility to immigration, Orban says Hungarians do not want to be mixed ... We want to be how we became eleven hundred years ago here in the Carpathian Basin. Ivan Krastev and Stephen Holmes, authors of The Light that Failed, dryly marvel that Orban remembers so vividly what it was like to be Hungarian eleven centuries ago. Nostalgia functioning as political philosophy Vermeules nostalgia seems to be for the 14th century is usually romanticism untethered from information.

Last November, Patrick Deneen, the University of Notre Dame professor whose 2018 book Why Liberalism Failed explained his hope for a post-liberal American future, had a cordial Budapest meeting with Orban. The Hungarian surely sympathizes with Deneens root-and-branch rejection of classical liberalism, which Deneen disdains because it portrays humans as rights-bearing individuals who can fashion and pursue for themselves their own version of the good life. One name for what Deneen denounces is: the American project. He, Vermeule and some others on the Orban-admiring American right believe that political individualism the enabling, protection and celebration of individual autonomy is a misery-making mistake: Autonomous individuals are deracinated, unhappy and without virtue.

The moral of this story is not that there is theocracy in our future. Rather, it is that American conservatism, when severed from the Enlightenment and its finest result, the American Founding, becomes spectacularly unreasonable and literally unAmerican.

Will is a columnist for The Washington Post Writers Group.

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Candidates seek party nominations for Indiana’s Sixth Congressional District – The Republic

Two Republicans and three Democrats are seeking their respective parties nominations for Indianas Sixth Congressional District in Tuesdays primary.

The seat is currently held by Rep. Greg Pence, R-Indiana, who is seeking a second term.

Pence is being challenged in the GOP primary by Mike Campbell of Wayne County, according to candidate filings.

In 2018, Pence defeated Democratic challenger Jeannine Lee Lake, winning his first term in Congress.

In Bartholomew County, Pence received 16,161 votes (60.86%), while Lake received 9,607 votes (36.18%), and Libertarian Thomas Ferkinhoff, 56, of Richmond, received 782 votes (2.95%). All sought political office for the first time in 2018.

Lake is running for the Democratic nomination again. She is being challenged by Barry Welsh of Hancock County and George T. Holland of Rush County, according to candidate filings.

The winners of the Republican and Democratic primaries will face each other in Novembers general election.

The Republic reached out to all five candidates to talk about why they are running and how they would address major issues affecting voters in their district. Only Pence and Lake responded.

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Candidates seek party nominations for Indiana's Sixth Congressional District - The Republic

All at sea: the future of cruises in the age of contagion – Globetrender

From cheap deals and health screening, to group charters and party ships, the cruise industry is working hard to rebuild its appeal. Anthony Pearce, co-founder of Cruise Adviser magazine, reports on what lies ahead

Since the beginning of the outbreak of the Covid-19, cruise ships have provided visual representations of the pandemics devastation the images of a quarantined Diamond Princess off the port of Yokohama in early February will linger long in the mind.

As the virus spread, borders were closed and lockdowns introduced, ships were caught up in a global panic and forced to take circuitous routes back to land after ports refused access regardless of whether cases of coronavirus had been recorded on board or not.

In April, in a piece that infuriated the travel industry, The Guardian described cruise ships as floating dungeons and ideal incubators of infectious diseases. The article argued that even prior to coronavirus, cruise ships had fairly common outbreaks of norovirus, a vomiting bug.

In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes these outbreaks as relatively infrequent, but does note that close living quarters may increase the amount of group contact, while people joining the ship may bring viruses to other passengers and crew, as appears to be the case in Australia, where infected cruise guests helped to spread Covid-19.

Some have since accused cruise lines of being too slow to cancel itineraries, with some ships continuing to sail after the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared coronavirus to be a pandemic on March 11. But, to put it in context: that same day, Viking Cruises became the first to suspend its operations some 12 days before the UK entered lockdown and others followed suit soon after.

Its obvious now, in hindsight, that the whole world should have acted sooner and taken different steps to mitigate the spread of Covid-19, says Andy Harmer, director of the Cruise Line International Association (Clia), UK and Ireland. Cruise lines took immediate and aggressive action in response to this crisis with policies and protocols that went above and beyond the actions of other industries.

However, cruises proximity to the outbreak and the criticism that has followed will no doubt have a long-term effect on customers willingness to get back on board.

According to a survey by The Independent in April, of those who have previously sailed, three in ten said they would not do so again. In lieu of a vaccine, cruise lines must ask: how do they protect their guests, deal with potential outbreaks in future, and convince customers to come back on board?

Prior to Covid-19, the cruise industry had been experiencing record growth: the total number of ocean-going cruise ships on order was estimated to be 124 an investment of about US$69 billion.

This had been spurred on by two things: the fierce loyalty of the cruise customer, who returns time and time again to the holiday type and their preferred brands; and the growing new-to-cruise market, which is estimated to account for about 40 per cent of passengers.

Richard Bransons Virgin Voyages has been particularly designed to appeal to this younger demographic, but its launch has been (unsurprisingly) delayed until at least October. With pent-up hedonism abound among more virus-resistant millennials and Gen Zs, it hopes to do well.

It is undoubtedly past customers who will provide the launchpad from which the industry re-emerges. Getting first-timers on board will be a considerable challenge even with cruise lines promoting incredible offers.

We certainly believe we can get new-to-cruise guests onboard and have seen this through a number of new customer enquiries during lockdown, Francesco Galli Zugaro, founder and CEO of Aqua Expeditions, a small-ship specialist, adding: We have always been very transparent with our guests on our strict health and safety policy; this will be even more important moving forwards.

Zugaro says that small-ship cruise lines and those offering group charter were well placed in future, noting that its ships only visit remote destinations, far removed from crowded areas, with a focus on nature and wildlife regions.

Similarly, luxury lines, who operate ships where space is in abundance and who target customers more likely to have avoided a loss in earnings during lockdown, may be better equipped to weather the storm.

Wybcke Meier, the CEO of the Germany brand Tui Cruises, told The Telegraph that she is convinced that in the long-term the demand for premium and luxury cruises will not change, predicting that we will see the demand for cruises return to pre-crisis level within 12 to 18 months.

Cruise operators will need to be rigorous in their sanitation procedures and inventive in their planning. Uniworld has announced that all guests will be required to complete health screening prior to embarkation; disinfectant wipes will be available throughout the ship; while gloves, face masks and bottles of hand sanitiser will readily available for all guests.

The luxury river line also added that shared food items such as butter and communal snacks such as cookies will now be served individually; restaurant dining will be reserved (to ensure guests are sat with the same people each day); and for excursions, the maximum occupancy per bus will be reduced.

Avalon, another luxurious river cruise line, has promised similar things, adding that it will reduce capacity on board; a sentiment echoed by Royal Caribbean International, which operates the worlds largest cruise ships. The lines president and CEO Michael Bayley has also said that, to begin with, there will no buffets on its ships. (Interestingly, Virgin Voyages banned buffets from the outset.)Carnival Cruise Line has said it plans to resume service on August 1 with eight ships less than a third of its fleet, which is the largest in the world noting that it is taking a measured approach, focusing our return to service on a select number of homeports where we have more significant operations that are easily accessible by car for the majority of our guests.

For now, much is out of the cruise lines hands. The CDC, whose no-sail order in the US was first issued on March 14, originally for a month, says it does not have enough information to say when it will be safe for cruise ships to resume sailing and has not discussed timetables with cruise lines. For now, its a case of waiting and planning.

The cruise industry is resilient and Im confident that when the time is right, we will welcome back people who enjoy cruising and also newcomers, says Harmer. There is no doubt that the cruise industry will emerge stronger for the challenges we have faced and the lessons we have learned along the way in confronting this unique virus.

The important task for cruise lines and travel agents will be effectively communicating the enhanced protocols and measures that show customers the industrys dedication to the health and safety of guests and crew.

Although cruise ships might be able to get people on board, the reality is, they might not be welcome to unload their passengers when going port to port. In anticipation, the Seychelles has announced it will be closed to cruise ships until 2022 in an effort to prevent the spread of Covid-19 across its islands. Globetrender predicts that it wont be the only one.

Rheanna Norris, associate analyst at GlobalData, a leading data and analytics company, says: The decision to ban cruise ships from visiting the Seychelles via its Victoria port could spark a major downturn for this tourism-reliant economy. Cruise ships do not only bring visitors to its 115 islands, but also encourages spending on entertainment and food service, alongside accommodation and inspiration for repeat trips.

Arrivals to the Seychelles via cruise ships quadrupled between 2017 and 2018, with further increases forecasted for 2020 and beyond. This new legislation will eradicate this increase and the islands will rely on tourism by air travel only.

According to GlobalData, tourism accounted for 25.5 per cent of the Seychelles GDP in 2019, making it one of the most tourism dependent countries in the world. Alongside existing travel restrictions and a global slowdown in travel, banning cruise ships is further bad news for this luxury destination.

This strategic move will help the Seychelles other key economic sector: fishing. As its port in Victoria is its only point of entry for the rest of the world, its priority is to not compromise the maritime industry and to protect the nation from the global pandemic at all costs.

The Seychelles still have a point of entry for tourism via air, and it has already embarked on the road to recovery. With assistance from the government, civil society and Seychelles Investment Board, tourism businesses can look to adapt to the future and inevitable changes in travel.

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Seychelles prepares the reopening of its National Museum during the COVID-19 pandemic – India Education Diary

Signage put in place in the National Museum of Seychelles to promote safe physical distancing and hand sanitizing measures while visiting the museum Seychelles National Museum/Beryl Ondiek

Following a lockdown that started on 9 April 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Museum in Seychelles is preparing to reopen to the public on 1 June 2020. In doing so, Seychelles will be the first country in the Eastern Africa Region to reopen its museum during the pandemic.

Following Guidance for Workplaces on resuming normal business issued by the Seychelles Department of Health, staff of the Seychelles National Museum have spent the last two weeks preparing the museum with preventive measures to protect employees and visitors from the spreading the Coronavirus.

Physical distancing is required within the museum spaces and information on handwashing is provided. Visitors are encouraged to use credit cards instead of cash, our ticketing agents will now work from behind plexiglas shields, and we will require temperature checks for all visitors to the museum.Ms. Beryl Ondiek, Director of the National Museums of Seychelles

The International Council of Museums has issued guidelines for reopening museums, which contain some basic measures that can be taken to protect the health of both visitors and staff, and are meant to compliment national regulations, which vary depending on the specific evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. These include tips for preparing for the arrival of the public, adapting the flow of visitors, strengthening health measures, restricting some access if necessary, as well as measures for reception and security staff, cleaning and conservation measures, and guidance for office staff.

UNESCO has been tracking actions taken by museum around the globe in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including efforts to safely re-open to the public. Together UNESCO and ICOM have undertaken global surveys to monitor the impact of the crisis on museums.

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Seychelles prepares the reopening of its National Museum during the COVID-19 pandemic - India Education Diary

NASA Supercomputer Used to Fight COVID-19 – Voice of America

A consortium of U.S. government agencies and private industry is using the U.S. space agency NASAs supercomputer to help fight the COVID-19 pandemic, examining everythingfromhow the virus interacts with cells in the human body,to genetic risk factors,to screening for potential therapeutic drugs.

The consortiumwas organized by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and includes industry partners IBM, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Amazon, Microsoft and others, as well as the Department of Energys National Laboratories, the National Science Foundation, and several universities.

The consortium is a pairing up supercomputing resources with proposals for using high-end computing power for COVID-19 studies. The agencys supercomputer is housed at NASAs Ames Research Center in northern California, and, while it is usually used for Earth and space-related projects, it has time reserved for national priorities.

Supercomputers are suited for processing large amounts of data and are invaluable for NASAs usual projects, such as running simulations used to hunting for planets outside our solar system, studying the behavior of black holes, or designing aeronautic or aerospace vehicles.

Likewise, it is well-suited forrunning simulations to help researchers understand COVID-19. The computer-run simulations help researchers understand how the coronavirus reacts on the cellular and molecular level.

The NASA computer so far is being used to study geneticriskfactorsin the virus that may lead toRespiratory DistressSyndrome, (ARDS); develop 3D molecular geometry to search forpossibledrugtherapies against the virus, research the coronavirusproteinshelland how itmay besusceptible to drugs or vaccines, and toidentify COVID-19-relatedbiomarkersand how they react with the human body tocausereactions.

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Sandia to Receive Fujitsu A64FX-based System – HPCwire

ALBUQUERQUE, N.M., May 26, 2020 This spring, Sandia National Laboratories anticipates being one of the first Department of Energy laboratories to receive the newest A64FX Fujitsu processor, a Japanese Arm-based processor optimized for high-performance computing.

Arm-based processors are used widely in small electronic devices like cell phones. More recently, Arm-based processors were installed in SandiasAstra supercomputer, where they are the frontline in a DOE effort to keep competitive the market of supercomputer chip providers.

Being early adopters of this technology benefits all parties involved, said Scott Collis, director of Sandias Center for Computing Research.

Penguin Computer Inc. will deliver the new system the first Fujitsu PRIMEHPC FX700 with A64FX processors.

This Fujitsu-Penguin computer offers the potential to improve algorithms that may not perform well on GPU (graphics processing unit) accelerators, Collis said. In these cases, code performance is often limited by memory speed, not the speed of computation. This system is the first that closely couples efficient and powerful Arm processors to really fast memory to help breakdown this memory-speed bottleneck.

Said Ken Gudenrath, Penguins director of interactions with DOE, Our goal is to provide early access to upcoming technologies.

Sandia will evaluate Fujitsus new processor and compiler using DOE mini- and proxy-applications and share the results with Fujitsu and Penguin. Mini- and proxy-apps are small, manageable versions of applications used for initial testing and collaborations. They are also open source, which means they can be freely modified to fit particular problems.

Said James Laros, program lead of Sandias advanced-architectures technology-prototype program called Vanguard, tasked to explore emerging techniques in supercomputing, This acquisition furthers the labs research and development in Arm-based computing technologies and builds upon the highly successful Astra platform, the worlds first petascale Arm-based supercomputer.

Processor maximizes green computational power

The 48-core A64FX processor was designed for Japans soon-to-be-deployed Fugaku supercomputer, which incorporates high-bandwidth memory. It also is the first to fully utilize wide vector lanes that were designed around Arms Scalable Vector Extensions. These wide vector lanes make possible a type of data level parallelism where a single instruction operates on multiple data elements arranged in parallel.

The new processors efficiency and increased performance per watt provides researchers with significantly greater fractions of usable peak performance, said Sandia manager Robert Hoekstra. The Japanese supercomputing team at the RIKEN Center for Computational Science has partnered with Fujitsu and focused on increasing vectorization and memory bandwidth to maximize the computational power of the system. The result is that an early A64FX-based system sits atop the Green500 list of most efficient supercomputers.

In addition to expanding Sandias efforts to develop new suppliers by advancing Arm-based technologies for high-performance computing, this acquisition also supports DOEs collaboration with the Japanese supercomputing community. Cooperation with the RIKEN center is part of amemorandum of understanding signedin 2014 between DOE and the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Both organizations have agreed to work together to improve high performance computing, including collaborative development of computing architectures.

About Sandia National Laboratories

Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration. Sandia Labs has major research and development responsibilities in nuclear deterrence, global security, defense, energy technologies and economic competitiveness, with main facilities in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Livermore, California.

Source: Sandia National Laboratories

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Sandia to Receive Fujitsu A64FX-based System - HPCwire

COVID-19 HPC Consortium Expands to Europe, Reports on Research Projects – HPCwire

The COVID-19 HPC Consortium, a public-private effort delivering free access to HPC processing for scientists pursuing coronavirus research some utilizing AI-based techniques has expanded to more than 56 research teams and extended to supercomputing centers and programs in Europe.

IBM, which in March helped form the consortium with the White House Office of Science & Technology and the U.S. Department of Energy, has issued an update on the programs growth and on its research work. Members ofPRACE, the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe, have pledged to lend their supercomputing platforms to the effort, including the Swiss National Supercomputing CentresPiz Daint, the sixth ranked supercomputer in the world, according to the Top500 list. And the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI)will make available three of its supercomputers, includingARCHER, a 2.55 petaflops system based at the University of Edinburgh. Other systems include the UKRIs Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) DIRAC supercomputing facility and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Councils (BBSRC) Earlham Institute, Norwich, UK.

COVID-19 is a global problem, so its important that we bring the tools to solve it to as many places across the globe as we can, Dave Turek,IBMVP of Technical Computing, told us. Thats why, even though the consortium originated in the U.S., were focused on adding members from other regions to enable supercomputing-fueled discovery where researchers need it.

Theconsortiums aggregate supercomputing power, now at 430 petaflops (IBMs Summit, at Oak Ridge National Lab and the worlds no. 1 supercomputer, is a 148.6 petaflops machine per the Linpack benchmark) supports research work in bioinformatics, epidemiology and molecular modeling of up to trillions of bits of pieces of data.

Projects include deep learning-based COVID-19 drug discovery.Innoplexus, Frankfurt, Germany, is using the consortiums compute power to train and improve the generative process, and the company reports it has identified five potentially promising molecules.

Researchers atUtah State University, in collaboration withLawrence Livermore National Laband the University of Illinois, are mapping how virus-laden droplet clouds are transported and and settle within hospitals and other indoor environments. The research involves complex multiphase turbulence simulations.

At theUniversity of Utah, researchers using the IBM Longhorn supercomputer are studying how the potential energy generated by atoms can give an overall molecule a positively or negatively charged force field that attracts or repels other molecules. Using AMBER molecular simulation software developed by one of the researchers, IBM said the scientists can measure experimental results to within one hundred-millionth of a centimeter, a measure that is imperceptible to all but the strongest microscopes, a capability used to combat the Ebola outbreak in 2014. The researchers have generated more than 2,000 molecular models of COVID-19-relevant compounds ranked based on the molecules force field energy estimates.

India-based Novel Techsciences is working to identify phytochemicals from among Indias 3,000 medicinal plants and anti-viral plant extracts that, its hoped, can act as natural drugs against the SARS-Cov 2 protein targets. Other work will be done to identify plant-derived compounds that could help tackle multi-drug resistance that may arise as the coronavirus evolves, according to IBM.

And atNASA, researchers are examining genetic traits for COVID-19 susceptibility, defining risk groups with genome analysis and supercomputer-enhanced DNA sequencing, IBM said. A goal of the work is to identify patients suited for clinical trials of vaccines and antivirals. The virus, the researchers state, seems to cause pneumonia, triggering an inflammatory response in the lungs called acute respiratory distress (ARDS), IBM reported. The researchers want to identify patients who are more prone to developing ARDS for clinical trials.

Beyond providing HPC access, the consortiums primary function is matchmaking between researchers with projects suitable for supercomputing. The platform providers themselves provide on-boarding and technical support.

Related Coverage:

DOE COVID Consortium Drives Faster, More Collaborative Science

DOE Expands on Role of COVID-19 Supercomputing Consortium

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Research Computing Team Studies Supercomputer Reliability – HPCwire

May 26, 2020 Researchers running demanding computations, especially for projects like infectious disease modeling that need to be re-run frequently as new data becomes available, rely on supercomputers to run efficiently with as few failures of the software as possible. The more jobs that fail, the less science can get done.

Understanding why some jobs fail and what can be done to make supercomputers more reliable is the focus of a recent project led by Saurabh Bagchi, a professor of electrical and computer engineering, and ITaP senior research scientist Carol Song.

The project, which began almost five years ago and was supported by three awards from the National Science Foundation (award numbers 1405906, 1513051, and 1513197) totaling over $1.1 million, analyzed data from supercomputer systems at Purdue, as well as the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Texas-Austin. At Purdue, theConteandHalsteadcommunity clusters were studied.

Among the conclusions Bagchi and Song have drawn:

Bagchi says these are practical takeaways that supercomputer systems administrators can implement to make applications run on their computers more reliably.

In addition to their own data analysis, Bagchi and Songs NSF grant funded the development of an open access repository known asFRESCO, where systems data from Purdues clusters and UT-Austins Stampede supercomputer is stored, as well as the teams conclusions and actionable suggestions for the people who run computer clusters. Theyve also included simple scripts that will let anyone run their own data analysis on the data from the three schools. A similar repository houses the data from the Blue Waters supercomputer located at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois.

We really want the computing community to benefit from this resource, says Bagchi, of the open source repositories.

Rajesh Kalyanam, a software engineer on Songs team, developed the technical infrastructure to collect data from supercomputers, and Stephen Harrell, a former ITaP scientific applications analyst, helped get the data from the Purdue clusters onto the FRESCO repository.

FRESCO not only serves the computer systems researchers designing more dependable systems, it also has the potential to help researchers develop and test new big data algorithms, as well as train students in applying data science methods on real-world datasets, says Song. We in ITaP Research Computing are collaborating with faculty on both fronts.

The team has published their findings in a recent paper to be presented at the upcomingDependable Systems and Networks conference, which will be held virtually in June. That papers first author is Rakesh Kumar, one of Bagchis former graduate students who is now employed at Microsoft. Ravishankar Iyer, the George and Ann Fisher Distinguished Professor of Engineering and professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Illinois, is the lead investigator from Ilinois. Other researchers on the team include Ashraf Mahgoub from Purdue; Saurabh Jha, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk, William T. Kramer from the University of Illinois; and Todd Evans and Bill Barth from the University of Texas.

Source: Adrienne Miller, Information Technology at Purdue (ITaP)

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Research Computing Team Studies Supercomputer Reliability - HPCwire

Supercomputer Simulations Explain the Asteroid that Killed the Dinosaurs – HPCwire

The supercomputing community has cataclysms on the mind. Hot on the heels of supercomputer-powered research delving into the fate of the neanderthals, a team of researchers used supercomputers at the DiRAC (Distributed Research using Advanced Computing) high-performance computing facility to simulate a different extinction event: the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs.

Over the last half-century, researchers have become increasingly confident that a massive asteroid impact killed off the vast majority of the dinosaurs, causing vast climatic changes that rendered much of life on Earth impossible. Scientists believe that the impact occurred around what is now the Yucatn Peninsula in Mexico, creating a 93 mile-wide, 12-mile deep crater (the Chicxulub crater) that remains gouged into the continental crust to this day.

Rewinding 66 million years is no easy task. The researchers hailing from Imperial College London, the University of Freiburg and the University of Texas at Austin said that they used supercomputing resources at DiRAC to run the first ever 3D numerical simulations to reproduce the whole Chicxulub impact event, from the moment the asteroid struck the ground until the final crater was formed. Previous simulations, they said, had only covered the first few seconds of the impact and worse, had operated on a 2D plane, and thus were only able to consider head-on collisions by the asteroid.

Thankfully, the DiRAC resources allowed for a much more robust analysis. The simulations revealed that the asteroid likely struck Earth at an angle of around 60 degrees, at which point billions of tons of sulfur exploded into the atmosphere, blocking the sun. According to the researchers, this was more or less the worst-case scenario for the dinosaurs, causing the maximum negative effect possible. The researchers also gathered new insights about the formation of the ring of mountains within the crater and the uplift of dense mantle rocks miles beneath the Earths surface.

When you study a complex problem such as crater formation, a key challenge is the number of variables you have to consider, said Mark Wilkinson, director of DiRAC and a professor at the University of Leicester. DiRACs computing services allow researchers to reduce the time-to-science the time it takes to make a breakthrough by providing access to both the computers themselves and technical support teams who give guidance on how to use them. To date, DiRAC has provided about two million core hours of computing time to this project and its great to see that they have already made such exciting new discoveries.

To read the study, which was published as A steeply-inclined trajectory for the Chicxulub impact in the May 2020 issue of Nature Communications, click here.

Header image: a painting by Donald E. Davis depicting the devastating asteroid impact via Wikimedia Commons.

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Supercomputer Simulations Explain the Asteroid that Killed the Dinosaurs - HPCwire

Calculating Your Way to Antivirals | In the Pipeline – Science Magazine

My intent is to start mixing in some non-coronavirus posts along with my pandemic science coverage you know, like the blog used to be way back earlier in the year (!) Todays subject might be a good transitional one its an article in the New England Journal of Medicine on coronavirus drug discovery, but the points it raises are generally applicable.

How to Discover Antiviral Drugs Quickly is the attention-getting title. The authors are all from Oak Ridge, not known as a center of drug discovery, but the connection is the massive computational resource available there. Their Summit supercomputer is recognized as currently the most powerful in the world, which is a moving target, of course Oak Ridge itself is expecting an even larger system (Frontier) next year, and other labs in China, etc., are not sitting around idly, either.

The authors note that The laborious, decade-long, classic pathway for the discovery and approval of new drugs could hardly be less well suited to the present pandemic. I dont think anyone would argue with that, but it slides past a key point: it could hardly be less well suited to any other disease were trying to treat, either. Right? Is there any therapeutic area thats best served by these timelines as opposed to something quicker? So this is not a problem peculiar to the coronavirus situation, although it does make for a more dramatic disconnect than usual.

Docking and Screening

The paper makes the case for high-throughput ensemble docking of virtual compound libraries. Many readers here will be familiar with the concept, and some of you are very familiar indeed. If this isnt your field, the idea is that you take a three-dimensional representation of a candidate molecule and calculate its interactions (favorable and unfavorable) with a similar three-dimensional representation of a protein binding site for it. Youre going to be adding those up, energetically, and looking for the lowest-energy states, which indicate the most favorable binding. If that sounds straightforward, thats because I have grievously oversimplified that description. Lets talk about that.

Among the biggest complications is that both the molecules of interest and their binding site can generally adopt a number of different shapes. Thats true even when theyre by themselves some of the bonds can rotate (to one degree or another) at room temperature without much of an energetic penalty, and taken together that gives you a whole ensemble of reasonable structures, each with a somewhat different shape. A real kicker is that the relative favorability of these depends first on the compounds (or the binding sites) interactions with itself: they could swivel around to the point, perhaps, where it starts to bang into itself, or you could rotate a bond to where nearby groups start to clash a bit, or you could cause a favorable interaction (or break one up) with such movements. And these energetic calculations are also affected by each partners interaction with solvent water molecules, which are numerous, highly mobile, and interacting with each other at the same time. Finally, the relative energies of each partner will be affected by the other partner. As a target molecule approaches a binding site, a dance begins with the two partners shifting positions in response. You can have situations (for example) where there might be a favorable binding arrangement at the end of such a process, but no good way to get to it by any step-by-step route. The whole field of molecular dynamics is an attempt to figure out this process frame-by-frame, and if you thought getting a static picture was computationally intensive, MD will eat all the computing cycles you can throw at it. (Heres an older post on that topic, but many of its issues are still relevant). One thing that becomes clear is that there may well be some arrangements of either partner along the way that would be considered unfavorable if you calculated them alone in a vacuum or surrounded by solvent, but which make perfect energetic sense when theyre interacting with the other partner nearby.

Practitioners in this area will also appreciate that all those energetic calculations that the last long paragraph relied on are not so straightforward, either. Binding energy involves both an enthalpic term and an entropic one, and these can work in the same direction or can largely cancel each other out (a common situation). Even such an apparently straightforward step as displacing a water molecule from a proteins binding site (to make room for a candidate small molecule) can be enthalpically favorable or unfavorable and entropically favorable or unfavorable, too. These calculations involve (among other things) the interactions of hydrogen bonds (very important), of charged or potentially charged groups such as acids and amines, of local concentrations of electron density such as pi-electron clouds and around electronegative atoms, and of plain noncharged alkyl groups that can attract each other weakly or strongly repel each other if theyre jammed together too closely.

Theres a lot going on, and dealing with all of these things computationally is always going to involve a list of tradeoffs and approximations, no matter what your hardware resources. Skilled molecular modelers will know their way around these, realize the weaker points in their calculations, and adjust their methods as needed to try to shore these up. Less skilled ones (and let me tell you, I am one of those) might be more likely to take some softwares word for it, whether thats a good idea or not. These various software approaches all have their strong points and weak ones, which might reveal themselves to the trained eye as the molecules (and the relative importance of their interacting modes) vary across a screen.

Now, all this is to point out that while speeding up the calculations is a very worthy goal, speeding up calculations that have underlying problems or unappreciated uncertainties in them will not improve your life. The key is, as always, to validate your results by experiment and to their credit, the Oak Ridge authors specifically make note of this. This is a good way to expose weaknesses in your approach that you wouldnt have appreciated any other way, which sends you back for another round of calculation (improved, one hopes).

Virtual screening of this sort has been a technique in drug discovery for many years now, and its usefulness varies. Sometimes it really does deliver an enhanced hit rate compared to a physical assay screen, and sometimes it doesnt (and sometimes you never really know, because youre doing the virtual one because the real-world screen isnt feasible at all). Its definitely improved over the years, though the methods for calculating the energies involved are better, and we can evaluate more far more shapes and conformations more quickly. But its important to realize that the larger the screen, the more work needs to be done up front to set it up properly heres a post on a paper that goes into that topic.

What Screening Gets You

And now we come to the bad news section, when we ask: how much time does one save in a drug-development process through improvements in high-throughput screening? Unfortunately, the answer is, mostly, not all that much. The laborious parts come after the screen is done, and theyre pretty darn laborious. Hits that come out of a screen have to be modified by medicinal chemists for potency, selectivity (against the things you know you should worry about, anyway), metabolic stability and clearance, toxicology (insofar as you understand it), and other factors besides, not all of which will be working in the same direction. Some of these things can be helped a bit by computational approaches, sometimes. But not all, and definitely not always.

And all this is before you even think about going into clinical trials. But those are the really hard part, where we have, for new investigational drugs, a 90% failure rate. None of the most common reasons for those failures are addressed by the supercomputer screen that started off the project. One big problem is that you may have picked the wrong target, and another big one is that your drug may end up doing something else to patients that you didnt want. Neither of those problems are amenable yet to calculation, especially not the kind that the NEJM paper is talking about. You have pick a target before you start your screen, of course, and you get ambushed later by toxicology that you never even knew was coming. Its not that we dont want a computational way to avoid such nasty surprises that would be terrific but nothing like that is on the horizon yet. Billions of dollars, big ol stacks of cash, are waiting for the people who figure out how to do such things. But no one can do them for you at the moment.

Now, I understand that the early computational screens against coronavirus proteins were for repurposing existing drugs, which is indeed a really good idea its the way to get something into the front lines the quickest. But the Oak Ridge folks ran that screen back in February (and good for them for doing it). The last paragraph of the current article is a bit vague, but as it ascends into the clouds it seems to be aiming for something more than repurposing. That, though, will subject it to just those problems mentioned in the last paragraph.Virtual screening gets a lot of effort thrown at it because, honestly, its just a lot more amenable to a computational approach, so far, than the really hard parts are. People can do it, so they do.

In the end, though, screening is just not a rate-determining step. Making it faster is no bad thing, but its like cutting a couple of minutes off your trip to the airport to catch a six-hour flight.

Read more from the original source:

Calculating Your Way to Antivirals | In the Pipeline - Science Magazine