Religion and mysticism in juxtaposition, by Kola Oyefeso – – The Eagle Online

The promise was to clearly define what true born again means and to do justice to the matter, it becomes compelling to bring in Mysticism although the acceptable word is Spirituality. When we hear mysticism, the biased fickle minds are wont to conjure some sort of voodoo, occult practices, sorcerers, all kinds of magical incantations, spells and conjurations. This is how poorly mysticism has been misunderstood and badly imagined to be.

Because of this, some are so scared stiff of any assembly that has no faade of a religion. We would rather label some mystical schools such as the Rosicrucian, Grail message, Freemasonry, Theosophy, Bhagavad Gita, Yoga, Vedic, Taoism, Pateniali, Christian Science and a host of others as secret societies.

We condemn their practitioners, yet all the aforementioned sects allow people to be members and opt out, if one is not pleased with their modes of worship. Instead of satisfying our inquisition by taking the bold step of a peep into these sects and ascertain by firsthand experience what those sects stand for, we were clay-footed and in lieu we chose to be judgmental in condemning them as secret societies.

The definition of a secret society itself is very subjective. Any grouping that allows membership with freedom to pull out if dissatisfied cannot really be adjudged as a secret society. Private-membership organisations are not the same with secret societies or cultism.

The secret societies essentially are those that one must be a member as long as one lives, whether one is disillusioned with the sect or not. We wouldnt advice anyone to venture into such darkness and devilish groupings.

The word secret itself is a controversial one. There is a tinge of secrecy or privacy in virtually everything we engage in, be it in the family, associations, businesses and social engagements. Anything that restricts fellow beings in the manner we issue invitation to guests and debar others from participating or partaking in our affairs could be labeled as a secret event. But it could be argued that not all such settings are secret per se, private perhaps.

Jesus Himself could be accused of having secrecy among his disciples because when he goes out to preach he speaks proverbially and at times, the direct disciples often didnt understand him.

It got to a head that at one time Jesus was challenged as to why they dont understand him when he speaks in public. For effects, Matthew 13 vs 10, 13 and 17 are quoted to wit:

Verse 10: AND JESUS WAS ASKED WHY SPEAKETH TO THEM IN PARABLES?

Verse 11: AND JESUS ANSWERED,BECAUSE IT IS GIVEN TO YOU TO KNOW THE SECRET BEHIND THE KINGDOM OF GOD, BUT TO THEM IT IS NOT GIVEN.

Verse 13: THEREFORE I SPEAK TO THEM IN PARABLES,BECAUSE THEY SEE NOT AND HEARING THEY HEAR NOT AND NEITHER DO THEY UNDERSTAND.

Verse 17: FOR VERILY I SAY UNTO YOU MANY PROPHETS AND RIGHTEOUS PEOPLE HAVE DESIRED TO SEE THOSE THINGS WHICH YOU HAVE SEEN AND HAVE NOT SEEN THEM AND HEAR THOSE THINGS WHICH YOU HEAR AND HAVE NOT HEARD THEM.

Could all the above quotes not be given the tag of secrecy? It bothers on individual perception though. They may be secret or private, but not in the sense of being evil. Besides, some things are better revealed after the disciples have been prepared to understand them otherwise, it would make no sense if they are not ready for it. Such preparation and revelation are never a town hall affair.

The exercise of the liberty to access various religions and sects for the purpose of determining what they offer as well as their limitations will go a long way in eliminating the unfounded bias that people have developed against them. Albeit, we shouldnt hesitate to take a flight if it becomes necessary, once our tipster mission is accomplished.

Such experience will open our horizons and when we speak about any sect, we wouldnt be speculating.It is this wherewithal that puts one in good stead to bringing in Mysticism in discussing born again vis a vis Religion, fully cognisant of what they both offer. Once we havent pigeonholed ourselves in the manner of not willing to expand our frontiers, by learning from other climates, we will perceive common purpose in the world and embrace all peoples across the world from a position of expanded consciousness.

The fact remains that we all a projection of the same Lord and only requirement to come to terms with our common pedigree is the flair to broaden our horizons. Nothing more, after all, no knowledge is lost.

Therefore, from hindsight, I make bold to say that whatever religion or mysticism we wish to embrace, the core essence must be the worship of the Word of God. Any religion or school of mysticism whose main objective is not how to access the Word of God, or doesnt teach the method of attuning us with this Creative Energy of the Supreme Lord could not be regarded as holistic, all round and end-to-end.

But if we are satisfied with the exoteric aspects of religion with its attractions being befitting burials, colorful weddings, ceremonial birthdays and other worldly fantasies, which are influencing some people to embracing certain religion, such worldly people need not read further. According to Jesus, they might not be among the chosen few. This is for the fact that Spirituality is for the chosen and strictly about devotion to the Lord, completely devoid of any ceremony, ritual, rites and embellishments.

However, the comforting news is that people can still belong to any religion and still practice spirituality. It must be emphasised that spirituality is needed only if the religion we are practicing is deficient in the real practice of the Word of God. Therefore, if our religion truly practices the Word of God, and not by merely talking about it, we should discard any form of spirituality at once, because it would turn out to be an unnecessary duplication. Both Religion and Mysticism have common goal. It is to rejoin us to the Supreme Lord. Nothing else.

It is instructive that hardly would we find any school of spirituality that has rites or routine for naming ceremony, wedding, burial and other things we celebrate. Spirituality leaves such to the cultures and traditions of individual devotees, provided they dont conflict with the necessary disciplines, towards the worship of God in Spirit and In Truth.

Spirituality is accordingly brought into this discourse because the goal is EXPERIENCE. Ordinarily, Religion should suffice for our purpose, but veritable evidence abounds that religion as it is practiced these days, does not give us personal realisation of unchanging truths. Sadly too, it doesnt yield firsthand experience, which some great Prophets, Messiah, Sages, Avatars of eons of time past no doubt had and which accounts were recorded in the scriptures.

We may be depending for our faith on such writings. We are because we havent made attempt to have their spiritual in-flight. No one showed us in some of our religions because the personae-dramatis themselves dont know and it is impossible to give what one doesnt possess. We thus remain content with reading accounts of others. Certainly, this couldnt be enough. It is impractical to get the taste of sweet meal by merely reading about its recipe, just as we cannot appease hunger by the study of a cookbook.

Worse still, the holy books of different religions depend for their explanation on the mercy of individuals interpretation. This leaves room for differences and discord. Ironically, all these shortcomings are not of religion itself, but of the benighted practitioners passing from generation to generation something they have no direct experience of, beyond intellectual knowledge and emotions, both of which are not exclusive to any religion, believers and atheists alike.

Furthermore, religion as it is currently, gives us only promises of heaven and salvation. Yet, they both remain imaginary because the people dramatising religious sermons to us have no direct experience as the Messiah, Prophets Mohammed and other Saints did. The implication of this scenario is that we may be following religious practitioners who might be worse off than the biblical Nicodemus.

The purpose of all Saints, all Prophets and all sermons is none other than to enable us refrain from doing the bidding of the Negative Power. This Power is known as Lucifer,Satan and referred to as Prince of the world by Jesus. It is in the grand design of the Creator for an intervening Power whose assignment is to sustain the Creation by tempting us continually.

The truth of the matter is that the world can not run without the sins or karma that we are committing daily, through the tempting of the Negative Power and which consequences and unfulfilled desires keep us coming back to perpetuate the world in the cycle of birth and death. This shall be made clear when we go proper into Spirituality.

Meanwhile, religion as a necessity as it is, is unfortunately being made to lose its core objective, through of course those making it an instrument of commerce and exploitation. No thanks too to the gullible followers. It is rueful that religion is generally becoming more concerned with creating social status in the world for its followers. That couldnt have been the original motive. Social Clubs and Service Organisations fare better in that regard.

Nevertheless, we must give credit to religion that it lays emphasis on moral and social reformation alas at the expense of spiritual enlightenment which was the basis of its formation.

Kudos to all believers irrespective of their religions. Without religion the current prevalence of criminality in the world would have been a childs play particularly;

The extreme moral degeneracy going on in the world where babies are being raped, where politicians are emptying the treasury under the notion that the life of their Countries, especially Nigeria, is dated and may be expiring anytime.

In a world where the COVID-19 pandemic is suspected to have been induced by economic and other petty reason of one country trying to outsmart the other. Where the black are being discriminated against in forgetfulness that the Power behind every creature is the same God that has created us only differently on the surface. Internally, there is no distinction between the so called white and the dark complexioned.

The list of what religion has assisted to taper is endless. Because of this we must applaud religion and is strongly recommended for every individual for the purpose of imbibing the fear of God and fellow feelings, after all, we need pure love primarily before attempting to reach back to the Court of the Lord.

As we draw the curtain and take on Spirituality from next week, readers are encouraged to try and find meaning to some of the injunctions that prod us to the true worship of the Word of God. We will find them in several scriptures and for ease of reference I cite: Psalms 46 vs 10. It reads: BE STILL AND KNOW THAT I AM GOD.

Matthews 6 vs 6: AND WHEN YOU PRAY,DO NOT AS THE HYPOCRISIES WHO LIKE TO PRAY STANDING IN THE SYNAGOGUE AND IN STREET CORNERS TO BE SEEN BY MEN. BUT LOCK YOUR DOORS AND WINDOWS AND ENTER THY INNER CLOSET AND PRAY TO YOUR FATHER WHO IS UNSEEN.

Matthew 6 vs 22: LET THINE EYES BE SINGLE AND YOUR BODY WILL BE FULL OF LIGHT.

All the above verses and much more that we will find in the scriptures point to the esoteric method of the true worship of the Lord and they are introduced here as an attestation that the teachings of the Messiah are wholly. Nothing to add and nothing can depreciate them. TRULY WE MUST BE BORN AGAIN.

. Aare Oyefeso, a philosopher and businessman, writes from Lagos.

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Religion and mysticism in juxtaposition, by Kola Oyefeso - - The Eagle Online

The Medicine – Film Threat

The notion of consuming Ayahuasca, the plant at the core ofThe Medicine, has always enticed me. My fear has so far outweighed the magical elixirs allure. Im not sure Im ready to directly face the demons Ive repressed into the darkest recesses of my mind. Yet I keep thinking about it, as society becomes more and more suffocating, fractured and disassembled, as things become clearer while making less and less sense, as time races faster and faster, as I get older. Perhaps, sometime in the future, Ill gather the courage to shed my inhibitions and turn to the wisdom of the shamans.

Farzin Toussis documentary follows two Americans on their Ayahuasca journey. Through their eyes, the film offers curious folks like me a glimpse of what to expect. Its also an incisive look into the history of the plant actually, a combination of two plants as well as its spiritual, medicinal, and psychological effects. Perhaps most compellingly, its a reminder to open our eyes, to notice the bigger world around us for what it is, to see who we really are. Toussi never preaches, gently luring you into an utterly tranquil state, wherein you may just find yourself booking a ticket to Colombia.

follows two Americans on their Ayahuasca journey.

The driving force here, both ofThe Medicineand the people he trains and advises through sances, is Taita Juanito Guillermo Chindoy Chindoy, the spiritual guide to a very special village. Two hours outside of Bogota, Stuart Townsend narrates, an ancient culture continues to practice the ancient teachings of their ancestors. Chindoy spearheads these teachings; hes the real deal, coming from a storied line of shamans (at the filming of the doc, his grandfather was 109 years young). The earth is making a claim against man, he states, seemingly one with nature. Like a forest spirit, he floats around, imparting tidbits of wisdom, relishing the taste of bitter peppers, and sending folks on their paths to enlightenment. As a cinematic subject, hes tremendously compelling.

Our two hapless heroes, unfortunately, are less so. By no fault of their own, mind you anyone would be hard-pressed to match the enigmatic/charismatic screen presence of Taita Juanito. Still, former NFL Safety Kerry Rhodes, and actress/ activist AnnaLynne McCord, as earnest and well-ambitioned as they are, somehow derail the documentary into reality-TV territory. Toussi would have been better off following two ordinary people, as opposed to privileged celebs, if relatability was one of the goals.

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The Medicine - Film Threat

Han and Hindu Nationalism Come Face to Face – Fair Observer

As dusk fell on June 15, a bloody clash broke out between Chinese and Indian soldiers in the Galwan Valley on the northwest China-India border, where a tributary of the Indus flows westward from Aksai Chin to Ladakh. In line with Chinas recent expansionist policy elsewhere, its military had been pushing forward into territory claimed by both nations, altering facts on the ground. In line with Indias status quo policy to maintain its territorial integrity, its troops moved against Chinese intrusion, and a clash ensued. It was a throwback to the past. No one used guns, grenades or bombs. Men fought hand to hand, with fence posts, clubs wrapped in barbed wire, rods studded with nails, knives and even bayonets.

The fight took place on craggy cliffs at icy Himalayan heights. At least 20 Indian soldiers died, including a colonel. China has not revealed its casualties, but reliable sources estimate them to be higher than Indias. Satellite images show that China had been building bunkers, tents and storage units for military hardware near the site of the clash. The Chinese struck the first blow at a time and place of their choosing. They were surprised by the ferocity of the Indian response. Clashes between troops of both countries have occurred regularly along the contested border, but this is the first deadly one for 45 years.

For thousands of years, empires based in China and India did not clash. The mighty Himalayas acted as an insurmountable barrier. The bitter cold and low oxygen levels of the highest mountains in the world were too high even for a Hannibal or a Napoleon. Chinese armies that conquered Tibet were already at the limits of their supply lines, and the Himalayas were more forbidding than the Great Wall of China even for the dreaded Mongol hordes. For the Indian armies, the fabled riches of spice-laden south India were more alluring than the barren, frosty peaks of the north. Hence, many independent Himalayan kingdoms survived until relatively recently. The Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan is the last of the Mohicans and still acts as a buffer state between two Asian giants.

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Tensions between China and India are a recent phenomenon. Both are new postcolonial states. The former is heir to the expansionist Qing Empire and is a revisionist power. It seeks to rewrite the rigged rules of the game of the international order. European powers and the United States forced this order down Chinese gullets when it was going through decline, disorder and disgrace. India is the child of the British Empire that seeks to preserve the status quo. It no longer identifies with the Mughal Empire, Britains predecessor.

Hindu India now sees the Mughals as Muslim oppressors who smashed temples, killed spiritual leaders, made Farsi the language of their empire and looked to Central Asia or the Middle East for inspiration. Today, Indias official language is English. Its laws, political systems and bureaucratic structures are legacies of the British, not of earlier empires. It has inherited the British conflict with the Qing.

At its essence, tensions between the two Asian giants boil down to one simple fact: India seeks to preserve British boundaries, while China seeks to reassert Qing ones. To make sense of what is going on and what might happen next, we have no choice but to go back into the past.

China and India share a 3,440-kilometer border. Each claims territory controlled by the other. This territorial rivalry has led to only one war, in distant 1962, when Jawaharlal Nehru was Indias prime minister, Zhou Enlai was Nehrus Chinese counterpart, and Mao Zedong was the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). India lost that war ignominiously.

Since then, India and China have been uncomfortable neighbors. In 1963, Pakistan ceded Shaksgam Valley to China and commenced a relationship that has strengthened over time. Starting from 1969, Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger used Islamabad as a backdoor to Beijing. In July 1971, Kissinger made a secret trip to China while on a visit to Pakistan. Islamabad was receptive to American blandishments, while New Delhi started the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at the height of the Cold War. Its Marxist-tinged view of Western imperialism clashed with the American Cold War view of international relations.Naturally, the US sided with Pakistan against India when the two countries fought later that year.

Things have come a long way since 1971. The Soviet Union has fallen. China has become the workshop of the world. Pakistan is perceived more as the hiding place for Osama bin Laden than an entryway to Beijing. In 1991, India began a political, economic and philosophical transformation. Until recently, it was progressively rejecting statism. In its own gradualist manner, India has become less fearful of American neocolonialism and evolved into a more confident world power. India and the US have now made up. Both increasingly fear the rise of the Middle Kingdom.

In fact, India has real fears of a two-front war. What happens if Pakistan and China gang up against it? There are also concerns about the string of pearls China has built around India ports in the Indian Ocean in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. New Delhi fears that Beijing might use its string to garotte India. Then there is another tiny little matter: In remote Tibet, looming high above the Indian plains, lies the source of the Brahmaputra, the Indus and other important rivers. Chinese dams could pose an existential risk to hundreds of millions living downstream.

Just as India fears China, the Middle Kingdom fears an alliance of India, Japan, Australia and the US the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD), also known as the Quad. The Chinese still face what then-president Hu Jintao termed the Malacca Dilemma in 2003. About 80% of their oil goes through the Strait of Malacca. A visit to this strait is shocking for a geostrategist: At any given time, dozens of ships are visible, funneling their way for 900 kilometers through a body of water that at its narrowest point is no more than 2 kilometers wide.

If geography is destiny, then China and India seem fated to clash. After all, how can two rising giants with competing strategic interests fail to clash? Graham Allison of the Harvard Kennedy School has popularized the term the Thucydides Trap. As per Allisons argument, the probability of bloodshed runs high when a rising power confronts a ruling power. Allison posited that the US and China might be facing the Thucydides Trap. In the Asian context, China and India might be walking into the very same trap.

If we were to view the world through Samuel Huntingtons prism, both China and India have laid claim over Tibets soul. After the Tibetan Empire collapsed by the 9th century, Lhasa frequently fell under Beijings yoke.Both the Mongol Yuan and the Manchu Qing dynasties exercised suzerainty over Tibet. However, Tibet has always been connected to India culturally. The founder of Tibetan Buddhism arrived from Nalanda, the legendary university of the fertile Gangetic plains. Nalanda no longer exists the Turks sacked it. Buddhism is a religion practiced in certain regions and limited sections of Indian society. Yet Tibetan philosophy has more in common with its Indian counterpart than with the philosophies of Confucius, Mencius or Lao Tzu.

Indian philosophy might have found fertile ground in the barren Tibetan Plateau, but it was China that took charge of this territory. Often confused as a nation-state, the Middle Kingdom was, in more ways than one, an empire. In 1998, Nicola Di Cosmo published an iconic paper analyzing Qing colonial administration in Inner Asia. He concluded that the modern notion of China as a timeless union of many nationalities obscures the tensions and internal contradictions inherent in the process of Chinese empire building.

The Qing were Manchus. Like the Mongols, they were outsiders who seized control of Beijing in 1644. A peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng gave these northern barbarians their chance. They purported to ride in to rescue the Ming and promptly took over. Like previous conquerors, the Qing made enormous efforts to assimilate into Chinese culture, retained Han officials who served the Ming and promoted Confucian values.

Remembering how they had taken over Beijing, the Qing recognized the threat of a Mongol-Tibetan alliance. They embarked on an empire-building project of territorial expansion, which was accompanied by military occupation and a new administrative structure. The empire of the Qing came to comprise thrice the size of the empire of the Ming. Its population grew from about 150 million to over 450 million.

Mongolia, Central Asia and Tibet were all annexed. In 1720, the Kangxi Emperor sent troops to Lhasa. The Lifan Yuan, the court for the outer provinces of Mongolia, Tibet, Qinghai and Xinjiang, sent two ambans, or frontier specialists, to Lhasa. The powers of the ambans gradually increased through the 18th century, but the Qing ruled Tibet with a light touch.

Even as the Qing were expanding, the mighty Mughals were declining. Akbar died in 1605, and his successors did not prove as able. His grandson Shah Jahan took charge in 1628 and is famous for building the Taj Mahal, but it was paid for by oppressive taxation. The English traveler Peter Mundy observed putrefying corpses of the victims of famine and paints a sorry picture of the Mughal realm during his journey through the country.

In 1658, Shah Jahans fanatical son, Aurangzeb, killed his brothers and imprisoned his father. He smashed temples, persecuted non-Muslims and triggered widespread rebellion. Until today, Aurangzeb is one of the most hated names in Hindu and Sikh families with children told tales of his cruelty. The last of the mighty Mughals died in 1707, and the empire disintegrated. Just five decades later, Robert Clive won the historic 1757 Battle of Plassey. An expansionist British India replaced a crumbling Mughal India.

In Rudyard Kiplings Kim, the eponymous hero of the novel becomes the chela, the Hindi word for disciple, of a Tibetan lama. Together, they wander through dusty plains and the invigorating Himalayas. Indeed, it is the lama who pays for Kims education. The former seeks enlightenment while the latter learns the art of espionage, a sine qua non to play a role in the Great Game. The spellbinding yarn of Kim has some basis in reality. Like the Ottomans and the Mughals, the Qing were declining precipitously by the 18th and 19th centuries. Internal disorder and external invasion threatened the dynasty. The Qing military had become pathetic and its mandarins useless. Corruption stalked the land, and the peasants were grossly overtaxed.

During this period, Warren Hastings, the first governor general of India, dispatched George Bogle to Tibet. The Scottish adventurer met the third Panchen Lama in 1775 and established friendly relations. He purportedly went on to marry a close relative of the lama. Bogles mission was not followed up by much. The British had the rest of India to conquer and consolidate. The 1857 uprising and transferring sovereignty from the British East India Company to Queen Victoria put Tibet off their agenda in the 19th century.

Even as the British kept themselves busy in India, they eyed China. The British thrashed the Middle Kingdom in the First Opium War of 1839-42. The war was fought on the principle of free trade. The British insisted that they have the right to export opium to China. Naturally, they grew poppy in India to make the opium. As spoils of victory, the Chinese ceded Hong Kong to Great Britain to serve as a comptoir to China. The British extracted a hefty indemnity as well. More importantly, they now had the legal right to export opium to the Middle Kingdom perversely about the only good the Chinese seemed willing to buy from the barbarian British.

The Chinese capitulation to British arms demonstrated that the Qing emperor had no clothes. The Taiping Rebellion, with its fanatical local version of Christianity but fundamentally a manifestation of a China in utter disarray and decay, broke out in 1850 and lasted until 1864. Even as this revolt raged, China lost the Second Opium War of 1856-60. Both Britain and France teamed up to carve out the Chinese carcass.

It was the era of mercantile imperialism, and the Europeans rivaled with each other even as they cooperated to divide up the hopelessly self-absorbed and utterly sclerotic but potentially lucrative Chinese empire. The Europeans wanted to expand the opium trade to the interior and, of course, more reparations. At home, European leaders justified much of their expansion to their own peoples by demanding freedom to preach Christianity.Sometimes, they were even sincere about advancing the word while planting the flag. In 1860, the two reigning European superpowers, Britain and France, achieved total victory in what The New York Times called a dashing little campaign.

Lord Elgin, the son of the man who took away the Elgin Marbles from Greece and later the viceroy of India, commanded an overwhelming British-French force that involved some Indian troops. When his messenger was killed by the Chinese, the great lord responded in a manner befitting none other than the great Genghis Khan. European troops torched the magnificent Summer Palace to the ground and engaged in an extraordinary orgy of loot. Patriotic Chinese still feel a burning sense of shame about this incident. Many still resent and distrust the West.

Barely had the dust settled on the ruins of the palace when the Dungan Revolt broke out in 1862. This time it was Muslims instead of Christians who struck out against Beijing. Riots broke out between the Hui minority and Han majority in many areas after Taiping rebels invaded the northwest province of Shensi. Ethnic cleansing became par for the course, and the rebellion lasted 15 years. What the scholar Wen-djang Chu wrote in 1958 stands true today: This revolt covered 3,191,680 square kilometers and is still greatly underestimated. The surge of Muslim revolts in the far west of China in fact was more responsible for the final collapse of the tottering Qing dynasty than the red-haired barbarians from the West.

Like the Ottoman Empire, the Qing Empire was ripe for the picking. Internal revolt was the order of the day. Foreign powers sensed their chance. After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan joined the party. The First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 ended in calamity for China. Japans British-trained navy and Prussian-modeled army crushed the Qing forces, altering the balance of power in East Asia and whetting Japans appetite for empire. Now, the land of the rising sun was the rising Asian power.

Tibet increasingly enjoyed de facto independence after the First Opium War, as China struggled to stay afoot. This was also a time when Tibetans had to deal with invasion from the west, not the east. A new Sikh Empire emerged in the east. Its Dogra generals conquered Kashmir. Zorawar Singh Kahluria, the most dashing of the Dogras, led audacious campaigns in high altitude to conquer Buddhist Ladakh, a tributary of Tibet.

Kahluria tried conquering western Tibet but in 1841 ended up with a lance in his chest. The Dogras avenged their general by winning the 1842 Battle of Chushul and then signed a treaty establishing the status quo ante bellum. The Sikh story did not last long by 1849, the British crushed them. The new masters of Indias northwest gave Kashmir to the Dogras for having stabbed their Sikh overlords in the back. Notably, the Dogras still retained some territory in Tibet, especially in areas holy to the Hindus.

The British seemed to reach the limits of their power of expansion to the north of India in the disastrous First Afghan War of 1839-42. The Afghans killed the entire British expeditionary force of 4,500 soldiers and 12,000 camp followers under General Elphinstone. Only one person survived. He was an army doctor who rode into Jalalabad to tell the sorry tale. Despite this disastrous British defeat, the Great Game continued without. Both Britain and Russia continued to expand their influence into Afghanistan. Eventually, the Second Anglo-Afghan War broke out in 1878. From the British point of view, it was an opportunity to avenge the rout of 1842 and contain Russian expansion.

Now, the theater of the Great Game shifted to Tibet. Ngawang Dorjee, a Russian-born monk, was received by Tsar Nicholas II at St. Petersburg as Tibets special envoy in 1901. Naturally, this made the British nervous. In 1904, Colonel Francis Younghusband appeared at the gates of Lhasa with a significant body of troops on a so-called diplomatic mission, designed primarily to forestall Russian inroads to Britains sphere of interest extending north from India, Britains crown jewel. The 13th Dalai Lama, the predecessor to the current one, fled to Mongolia.

The British did not build upon their success in Lhasa. They did not want an international incident. Tensions in Europe were rising, and Britain was coming to view an alliance with Russia as desirable. Therefore, the British government ignored Younghusbands Anglo-Tibetan Convention of 1904. Instead, they took the indemnity China offered on Tibets behalf and signed an Anglo-Chinese convention in 1906, recognizing Chinese sovereignty over Tibet. A year later, an Anglo-Russian agreement on Tibet affirmed the 1906 accord.

The European intervention in Tibet provoked a response. After nearly two centuries of ruling with a light touch, the Manchu Qing, even though it was on its last legs, decided to reassert control over Tibet. Ethnic Tibetan areas east of the Yangtze River were put under Beijings direct administrative control. They are now a part of Sichuan Province. In 1909-10, an army led by Zhao Erfeng arrived in Lhasa.

The 13th Dalai Lama fled to exile again, this time to Darjeeling, a lovely hill station in British India. He developed a close friendship with Sir Charles Bell, the British political officer in the then Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim. It was here that the 13th Dalai Lama organized a military force to win back power. Destiny would smile on him soon. The 1911 Revolution led to the end of the Qing dynasty by 1912. The very next year, the 13th Dalai Lama expelled Chinese troops and officials from Lhasa. He also declared complete self-rule, and Tibet achieved de facto independence. It was to last nearly four decades.

It is important to note that none of the Chinese leaders of the 1911 Revolution accepted Tibetan independence. Yuan Shikai, the man who took over from the Qing, claimed the Five Races [Han, Tibetan, Manchu, Mongol, Muslim] deeply united into one family were all part of the Yellow Church. Sun Yat-sen, the father of the revolution, called for the creation of a strong Chinese state that would expel the Japanese from Manchuria, the Russians from Mongolia and the British from Tibet.

Thanks to the 1911 Revolution, the Han were back in the emperors palanquin. The Manchus were out after a 268-year rule. It was time to restore China to its millennial greatness. Regaining control of Tibet became an article of faith. Luckily for the Tibetans, the Chinese disintegrated into yet another civil war and then had to deal with a brutal Japanese invasion. Tibetan elites ran the country the way they deemed fit.

However, Tibet was unable to gain formal independence. Unlike Sikkim or Bhutan, Tibet did not end up as an Indian protectorate. The British summoned Chinese and Tibetan representatives to Simla, the de facto capital of British India in 1913. After months of discussion, the Simla Convention was signed in July 1914 by Tibet and Britain. China refused to sign this agreement even though it acknowledged Chinese suzerainty over Tibet.

Like most British treaties, this one was rather advantageous to them. It obtained for British India a vast territory east of Bhutan that now forms the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Tibetans lost Tawang, a large Buddhist monastery they revere greatly. Only in 2008 did the Dalai Lama finally accept Tawang to be a part of India. In 1914, Britain was curiously willing to accept vast territory from Tibet without Chinese approval but was unwilling to recognize Tibets independence.

Such lack of formal recognition came to haunt Tibet, starting on October 1, 1949, when the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) was founded. Maos communists were good Chinese nationalists and wanted to reunify the disparate parts of China under a strong central government. The Red Army invaded Tibets eastern province in October 1950, posing as an army of liberation from Western imperialism. This was roughly as accurate as European claims about 90 years before that Christ must accompany the flag into China. In May 1951, the Dalai Lama signed the Seventeen Point Agreement with the Chinese. For the first time, an agreement formally recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet.

Initially, the CCP followed the Soviet Unions nationality system. As Melvyn Goldstein observed in 2004, the communists even allowed the feudal system, with its serflike peasantry, to persist, allowing the Dalai Lama to rule with relative autonomy. The CCP officials presented themselves to Tibetans as the new Chinese, who were in the country to develop, not exploit. As soon as it had consolidated its power, however, the CCP reverted to its guiding principles. In 1955-56, officials launched socialist land reform in the Kham and Amdo regions of Sichuan and Qinghai provinces. This effectively meant the abolition of private property. Bloody rebellion followed. Starting in 1957, Tibetan refugees streamed into Lhasa. By this time, the Cold War has been defining international relations for over a decade. The US had fought China in Korea from 1950 to 1953. It sensed an opportunity to create a problem for the Chinese.

The CIA began training and arming Tibetan guerrillas. Despite the fact that monasteries and feudal lords still controlled their estates and serfs in Tibet, an anti-Chinese uprising erupted in March 1959. The Chinese government crushed the Lhasa uprising. The Dalai Lama renounced the Seventeen Point Agreement and wearisomely fled Tibet yet again to India, where he remains to this day.

This was a bad time for China. The Great Leap Forward resulted not in progress but in the Great Chinese Famine of 1959-61. As Cormac Grda wrote in 2015, it was the greatest famine in recorded history. Like Joseph Stalins first five-year plan of 1928-32, Maos forced collectivization resulted in cataclysm. Estimates vary widely but, as per modern demographic analyses, between 20 and 30 million died.

Han nationalism did not die, however. The more revolutionary CCP cadres blamed Maos moderation in Tibet for the Dalai Lamas duplicity. They remembered how his predecessor had also fled to India and plotted to overthrow Chinese rule. They feared an encore. Emulating the Dalai Lama, the CCP abandoned the Seventeen Point Agreement, terminated traditional Tibetan government, confiscated monastic and aristocratic estates and closed down thousands of monasteries. Out went the gradualist policy of accommodation, in came domination by Han CCP apparatchiks promoting class warfare and proletarian solidarity. Under Mao, this was inevitable. Like the laws of physics, Maoist ideology has proven to be totalitarian, inexorable and inescapable over time.

Just as the CCP is the inheritor of the Qing empire, India is the successor to British India, the jewel in the crown of the once-global British Empire. Neither the British nor the Qing came to an agreement over the border. Once the Qing fell, its successors rejected the Simla Convention of 1914, which the British and the Tibetans agreed upon.

The British themselves were never clear as to the border. To begin with, W.H. Johnson drew an expansive line in 1865 that included all of Aksai Chin in what was then the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1873, the British drew a Foreign Office Line, which stands largely forgotten. In 1897, Major-General Sir John Charles Ardagh followed suit. In the light of China waning and Russia waxing, he proposed a boundary line along the crest of the Kunlun Mountains north of the Yarkand River. This line is now known as the Johnson-Ardagh Line.

Barely was the ink dry on the map, when George Macartney, the consul general at the oasis city of Kashgar in Xinjiang proposed a revised boundary to the Qing in 1899. Lord Elgin, the sacker of the Summer Palace turned viceroy of India, took a fancy to Macartneys idea. The new border was to run along the Karakoram Mountains, forming a natural boundary. British India and its allies would control the Indus River watershed, while the Chinese would be in charge of the Tarim River watershed. Colonel Sir Claude Maxwell MacDonald, Queen Victorias minister in China, authored a diplomatic note proposing the new border to the Chinese. This line is now known as the Macartney-MacDonald Line. Notably, the Qing court never responded to MacDonalds note.

After the 1911 Revolution, the British reverted to using the Johnson-Ardagh Line as the border in official documents. However, they did not attempt to establish posts or exercise actual control over Aksai Chin. As if these lines were not confusing enough, the Simla Convention that led to an Anglo-Tibetan agreement forged a new boundary named after Lieutenant Colonel Sir Vincent Arthur Henry McMahon, a swashbuckling multilingual military man-turned-diplomat in charge of the British delegation. This line lay to the east of the Foreign Office Line and the west of the Johnson-Ardagh Line, which India claims as its rightful border on the northwest. Each of these lines matters because choosing one or the other as a reference point might make China or India gain or lose valuable strategic territory.

McMahon went on to serve in the Middle East as World War I raged. His career ended when the newly formed Soviet Union revealed the secret Anglo-French Sykes-Picot Agreement to carve up the Ottoman Empire. This revelation came when Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence the famous Lawrence of Arabia was promising independence to the Arabs to get them to fight the Turks, and McMahon himself was championing a pro-Arabist policy. His reputation was now tarnished. Therefore, the British quietly dropped references to the McMahon Line with Tibet, which now enjoyed de facto independence. Lhasa even controlled territories such as Tawang that the Simla Convention had deemed a part of India.

Only in 1935 did the colonial British government resuscitate the McMahon Line. It feared renewed Chinese interest in Tibet. When Tibetan authorities arrested English botanist Francis Kingdon-Ward for entering the country illegally, the British made their move. In 1937, the Survey of India published a map showing the McMahon Line as the official boundary. As if on cue, Captain Gordon Lightfoot marched to Tawang in 1938 but met fierce Tibetan resistance. For the moment, Tawang remained in Tibetan hands. This changed during World War II. In 1944, James Philip Mills, a noted colonial administrator, took charge of the area south of Tawang.

After India became independent in August 1947, Tibet protested British acquisitions. In October 1947, it demanded that India return Ladakh, Sikkim and Darjeeling. It did not. In October 1950, Chinese troops routed Tibetan forces at Chamdo. When India demurred, China brushed aside its protests. This led to a rift in the Indian government. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the deputy prime minister, wrote a letter to Nehru expressing anxiety over the problem of Tibet. Patels views mattered. He was a close associate and friend of Mahatma Gandhi. Under Patels leadership, India had assimilated the more than 500 princely states that comprised 40% of the area of pre-independence India and 22% of its population. It had earned the deputy prime minister the epithet of the Iron Man of India.

A month after the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) invaded Tibet, Nehru categorically declared, Our maps show that the McMahon Line is our boundary and that is our boundary map or no map. With this parliamentary statement on November 20, 1950, the die was cast. In February 1951, Indian troops took over Tawang town and removed the Tibetan administration.

Patel saw Chinese action against the Tibetans as little short of perfidy. Chinese officials had assured India they would settle the Tibetan question peacefully but had gone back on their word. Patel felt betrayed because India had been the first non-socialist country to recognize the new communist regime and was championing Chinas entry into the United Nations. He worried about China as a threat to Indias borders and that it was encouraging communists within the country to foment a revolution.

Even at that early stage, India was facing insurgency from armed communist groups, and many in its intelligentsia were seduced by the success of the communist revolutions first in the USSR and then in the PRC. Presciently, Patel warned against Chinese irredentism and communist imperialism. He took the view that the Middle Kingdoms ideological expansion concealed racial, national or historical claims. Patel recommended a reconsideration of [Indias] retrenchment plans to the Army in the light of the new threat as well no longer advocating Chinese entry into the United Nations.

Nehru disagreed with his older deputy. On November 18, two days before declaring the McMahon Line as the international boundary, the prime minister responded that India could not lose its sense of perspective and world strategy and give way to unreasoning fears. The idealistic, anglicized Kashmiri Brahmin and the realpolitik-oriented, earthy member of a Gujarati landowning caste seemed headed for a showdown over China. Patels death on December 15, 1950, averted this crisis. From now on, the Nehruvian view occupied the commanding heights of Indian foreign policy.

In 1954, India published maps showing Aksai Chin as part of the country, setting the Ardagh-Johnson Line as its northwest border with China and adding 37,244 square kilometers to its territory. The Middle Kingdom had never accepted this to be its border and claimed this territory as its own. In 1957, India was incensed to discover that China had built a road through Aksai Chin, connecting Xinjiang to Tibet. China National Highway 219 is a marvel of civil engineering. The Chinese began work on it in 1951 and completed it in 1957. Today, this 1,455-kilometer road runs from Yecheng in Xinjiang to Shiquanhe in Tibet and is known as the Sky Road because it goes through vertigo-inducing elevation of 5,248 meters above sea level. Right from the start, this road had a military purpose and increased India-China tensions.

To cool down these tensions, Zhou Enlai wrote to Nehru on September 8, 1959, about the Sino-Indian boundary question. He argued that the current boundary was a result of British imperialist aggression and was therefore decidedly illegal.Zhou declared that the Chinese government absolutely [did] not recognize the so-called McMahon Line. He complained that Indian troops were trespassing into Chinese territory and harboring Tibetan rebels. Instead, Zhou proposed maintaining the long-existing status quo of the border and resolving the issues step by step over time. This disputed border has come to be called the Line of Actual Control (LAC).

It is poorly defined. Indian and Chinese troops constantly patrol it and occasionally clash over what neither Beijing nor New Delhi accepts as a legitimate boundary. Writing on June 22, 2020, Lieutenant General P.J.S. Pannu observed that both India and China are still defending a historically undefined border line. Both sides still control the territory that the other claims.At stake are thousands of square kilometers of the Himalayas.

A simple question arises: Why was Nehru so naive about China and communism? In a magisterial piece, M.J. Akbar explains the basis of the Nehruvian view. Indias first prime minister was a passionate anti-imperialist who believed in the solidarity of the subjugated peoples. Very early, he saw India and China as two ancient civilizations emerging as modern nations and acting as harbingers of a more just world. Nehru romanticized not only China but also communism.

During a 1927 visit to the USSR, he was deeply impressed by Soviet economic policy, which became an exemplar for Nehruvian socialism. Notably, Nehru considered Vladimir Lenin to be the greatest man of action in the 20th century and the most selfless. In contrast to Patel, Nehru was fascinated by communism and thus blind to its dangers.

The key to understanding Nehrus benign view of China comes from his youth. As a student at Cambridge and a barrister in London, he had sought inspiration from thinkers of the Fabian Society. In an age of empires, he felt the pull of the left. In 1927, Nehru attended the International Congress against Colonial Oppression and Imperialism in Brussels. It rightly discussed Britain and presciently warned against American exploitation of Latin America. The conference designated three nations to lead the world out of oppression: China, Mexico and India.

Nehru was a member of the presiding committee and an inaugural speaker. It was a heady experience for this Harrow-educated dreamy-eyed idealist. For most anti-imperialists of the late 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries, communism was the obvious champion for colonized peoples. More importantly, Nehru made some Chinese friends in Brussels. One of them was Soong Ching-ling, the widow of Sun Yat-sen. Soon, Nehru became friends with Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Yat-sens successor. Nehru saw China as Indias sister in ancient history and closer relations between the two countries as a civilizational imperative. In 1937, he declared September 26 to be China Day. In opposition to Japans invasion of China, he called for the boycott of Japanese goods and for donations to support the Chinese war effort. He went on to visit China in August 1939 as Chiang Kai-sheks guest.

When Nehru became the head of the interim government before independence in September 1946, the first conference he organized was not on national unity but on Asian relations. It was here that Indian romance would first crash against Chinese reality. When Nehrus old friend Chiang Kai-shek learned that Tibetan delegates were attending, he threatened to pull China out of the conference. Nehru promised that Tibets status would not be raised and instructed Tibetan delegates to hold their tongues.

Nehrus generosity to the Chinese soon turned excessive. In 1950, the US offered India Chinas permanent seat in the United Nations Security Council. In 1955, the Soviet Union made a similar offer. Nehru spurned both offers because he did not want a break between India and China. In the 1954 Sino-Indian Treaty on Tibet, Nehru agreed to withdraw Indian troops from the country. He also gave away postal, telegraph and telephone facilities that India had operated in Tibet. China gave India precious little in return.

In 1954, India and China signed the Panchsheel Treaty, which comprised five principles of peaceful coexistence. Zhou Enlai showed up in New Delhi to sign some form of peace treaty and to rally India against a potential American invasion of Vietnam. The slogan Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai, which means Indians and Chinese are brothers, was in the air. Nehru visited China later that year and was cheered in the streets. It did seem that India and China would lead an Asian resurgence together as per Nehrus statesmanly vision. Everyone loves a parade.

Yet trouble was brewing. Noted historian Neville Maxwell records that neither side raised the boundary question. China did not bring it up because it wanted to avoid any discussion about Tibet. India assumed that the boundary was well-known and beyond dispute, and there could be no question regarding it. In 1954, its maps showed Aksai Chin as part of Indian territory. As mentioned above, the discovery of the road through Aksai Chin in 1957 and the Dalai Lamas flight to India in 1959 hardened positions on both sides. Indias romance with China started souring. The first border clash occurred at Longju in August 1959. Nehrus romance was dead, Patels realpolitik was back.

In 1959, Zhou proposed maintaining the status quo in his famous letter proposing the LAC. He followed up with a visit to India in 1960 with an offer: China would recognize Indias claim to the 84,000-square-kilometer area that now comprises Arunachal Pradesh despite its historical connections to Tibet if India accepted Chinas claim to the 38,000-square-kilometer area of Aksai Chin. Nehru rejected Zhous offer.

In 1961, Nehru took two bold decisions. On November 2, 1961, he kicked off the so-called forward policy. Indian troops were to patrol as far forward as possible toward the international border recognized by India. The next month, he ordered troops to liberate Goa after years of diplomacy had failed. Portugal had conquered this coastal state in 1510 and held it for 451 years. Western powers such as the US and the UK condemned Indian action, but African and Asian countries supported it wholeheartedly. Nehrus stock was flying high.

In 1962, Nehru continued with his foreign policy. Once inconvenient generals were replaced by pliant ones, he no longer met any opposition from the army high command. Indian troops set up forward posts on the China border, some even north of the McMahon Line. This riled Beijing, and by mid-summer tensions were running high. Domestic criticism of Nehru was rising by the day. Many accused him of being too conciliatory with China. So, Nehru put a key precondition to talks: Indias boundaries were non-negotiable.

Yet even as Nehru took what he believed to be a hard line, every Indian forward post was being outmatched by more numerous Chinese garrisons. Indias position was increasingly untenable. China called Indias bluff. After a limited action on October 20, 1962, Chinese troops waited for a few days. Then, between November 15 and 19, they destroyed or broke up every organized Indian force in the disputed areas at key points across a front more than 3,000 meters wide. Then, Beijing announced a unilateral ceasefire on the same terms as Zhou had suggested in 1959.

The 1962 war is still a source of shame in India. Its troops were ill prepared and lost badly. Nehru made far too many blunders. He first viewed China romantically and gave it a carte blanche. Then, Nehru embarked on an ill-advised forward policy, with insufficient force that left Indian troops exceedingly vulnerable. Perhaps the biggest blunder of all was Nehrus appointment of Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon as defense minister in 1957.

Energetic, eloquent and brilliant, Menon had made a name for himself in London and New York as a passionate advocate for Indias independence, Nehrus policy of non-alignment and freedom for long-oppressed colonies. Like Nehru, Menon was a great champion of China and was convinced that Indias only threat came from Pakistan. This line of thinking proved to be disastrous. He sidelined outstanding officers like General Kodendera Subayya Thimayya and Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw. Menon shamelessly promoted sycophants like Pran Nath Thapar and Brij Mohan Kaul, both relatives of Nehru. Menon also weakened Indias defense production, which had been the best in Asia when the country won independence in 1947. After Indias defeat along the McMahon Line, Menon resigned but Nehru did not. Like Mao and unlike George Washington, this Harrow and Cambridge man would die on the throne.

Only five years after the 1962 war, Indian and Chinese troops clashed again at the passes of Nathu La and Cho La connecting Sikkim to Tibet. In 1967, India had increased the number of its mountain divisions, improved equipment and beaten Pakistan in 1965. Indian troops held the higher ground, and China had just embarked on the Cultural Revolution. As a result, China came off worse in this brief battle, bolstering Indian morale. In the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War, China sided with Pakistan. Its support for Pakistan was, and remains, an obvious way to put pressure on India. In 1975, India absorbed the Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim as an Indian state. Soon thereafter, the Chinese ambushed an Indian patrol, killing four soldiers. Those were the last soldiers on either side to die for 45 years until the evening of June 15, 2020.

Starting from 1978, relations between the two countries improved. That year, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then foreign minister and later prime minister, visited Beijing to reestablish diplomatic ties. China softened its stand on both Sikkim and Bhutan. Tensions flared in 1986 when Indian troops encountered Chinese occupation of Sumdorong Chu Valley. The following year, India created the new state of Arunachal Pradesh, angering Beijing in the process.

Tensions eased in 1988 when then-Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi visited China. The two sides established better relations, which improved further after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1993, India and China signed a peace and tranquility border agreement. For the next two decades, India and China avoided any major confrontation. In 1996, both sides even agreed not to conduct blast operations or hunt with guns or explosives within two kilometers from the Line of Actual Control. Leaders visited each others countries, increased trade and signed mutual cooperation agreements. Yet despite 22 rounds of talks, they have failed to settle the boundary question.

In recent years, confrontations between Chinese and Indian troops have been on the rise. Scuffles, fistfights and stone-throwing often break out between patrolling platoons. Both sides have embarked on infrastructure projects such as roads, tunnels and bunkers along the poorly defined LAC. Each side views the others steps as threatening the correlation of forces and capabilities. Both sides refuse to accept the others measures.This has led to three major confrontations: at Depsang in northern Ladakh in 2013, at Chumar in eastern Ladakh in 2014 and at Doklam on the China-Bhutan border in 2017. Now, in 2020, Indian and Chinese tensions are at their highest since 1962. Two questions arise: Why, and why now?

China has become more assertive globally since Xi Jinping took charge in 2012. Xi has consolidated power and launched a personality cult reminiscent of Mao. Indeed, he is the son of a Maoist and has dethroned Deng Xiaopings more moderate acolytes from the CCP throne. Xi had the rubber stamp congress in Beijing remove term limits for the numerous positions he occupies. He is modernizing the military and adopting a more muscular foreign policy. In 2013, Xi launched the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and has invested billions into projects in numerous countries. China is becoming a great power once again. However, for the first time in history, China is seeking to assert its power beyond its traditional borders.

In 2018, former Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd gave a lecture at West Point on understanding Chinas rise under Xi Jinping. Rudd is a career diplomat, speaks Mandarin and studies China closely. He made a very important point: Xi looks closely at the past for inspiration. Since the very day Xi came to power, he has declared Chinas national mission to be guojia fuxing a national renaissance. This red engineer, an alumnus of the fabled Tsinghua University, has concentrated enormous power in his hands and in his party. The CCP now plays a bigger role in daily life, business and even the military than at any time since perhaps the death of the Great Helmsman in 1976. Xi has cleaned up the government and, in the process, eliminated all his political opponents.

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Superficially, Xi may appear to be a technocrat. Importantly, however, Xis father was aligned with the left revolutionary wing of the CCP. This leftist faction opposed the economic and political reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping and his allies. Xis views on the role of the state and the supremacy of the CCP are far closer to his fathers and to Maos than to any of his post-Mao predecessors. Additionally, there is the weight of Chinas history and culture, despite the CCPs often murderous efforts to stamp it out. Xis views on the role of the state, harmony, and social and personal hierarchy are closer to those of a mandarin or an emperor in the Forbidden City than to reformists like Deng.

For 40 years following the death of Chairman Mao, all Chinese leaders have moved away from the cult of personality. But, in a touch of hubris, Xi has formally enshrined Xi Jinping Thought in the constitution.Xiis now chairman of everything and the great atheist god of China. In this brave new China, blasphemy does not go unpunished. Those who post seemingly innocuous photos online comparing Xi to Winnie the Pooh find themselves in jail for creating a negative social impact. After decades of incremental liberalization, Xi has turned back the clock. He has destroyed any alternative power or authority to that of the CCP.It seems that Xi and the CCP fear that their communist state lacks legitimacy. Also, like all previous Confucian leaders, they believe that the exercise of power by the masses would disturb the harmony of the state and could destroy it.

The solution, again as with all totalitarian states, is to identify the legitimacy of the regime with that of the nation. Chinese nationalism is now arguably the essential component of CCP ideology. Confucius has been incongruously married to Marx to legitimize a strong, modern, authoritarian hierarchical state. Xis CCP subjects people to constant propaganda and consummate censorship.

In Xis and the CCPs version of the world, China is encircled by revanchist imperial powers. Chinese greatness and strength will return by rectifying all the wrongs to Chinas borders, and that government and society suffered during the century of humiliation. China has always been the Middle Kingdom, the center of the world, and has to resume its rightful place in it. To do so, China cannot be passive. It must extend its direct influence beyond its borders. This will win Xi the support of Chinas population, affirm the leadership of the CCP and assure the stability and increasing strength of his country so that in the coming decade or two China assumes its rightful place as the worlds greatest power.

Yet something is not quite right in the realm of Emperor Xi. The domestic security apparatus has a larger budget and employs more people than the PLA. Like the Qing, the CCP worries deeply about separatism, disorder and downfall because it seized and continues to maintain power through the barrel of a gun. It remembers the lesson of 1989, when on the night of June 3, tanks rolled into Tiananmen Square, crushing student protests and massacring some 10,000 pro-democracy protesters to preserve communist rule. In contrast, German and Soviet communists capitulated on November 9, 1989, when millions flocked to the Berlin Wall.

The specter of communist collapse and Soviet disintegration haunts the CCP to this day. Rudd tells us that the CCPs top two priorities are to continue its stranglehold on power and maintain the unity of the motherland.

Under Xi, the CCP has tightened screws on Tibet, Xinjiang and, most recently, Hong Kong. Human Rights Watch tells us that new regulations in Tibet now criminalize even traditional forms of social action, including community mediation by religious figures. In Xinjiang, over 1 million people have been detained in Chinas infamous reeducation camps. They are mainly Uighurs. Under Chinese communism, reeducation is merely a sick totalitarian euphemism for the destruction of Muslim Uighur culture that is seen as a threat to the unity of China.

Xis CCP has been forcibly Han-icizing the entire Uighur population, which simply put is a policy of cultural genocide. As per a recent report by China scholar Adrian Zenz, the Chinese authorities have been forcibly sterilizing Uighur women or fitting them with contraceptive devices. Zenz also calls Chinas coercive birth control a demographic campaign of genocide against the Uighurs.

For quite some time, Chinas security services have been kidnapping book store owners, journalists, students and other dissenters from Hong Kong. Selling books or sponsoring gatherings or making speeches that the CCP considers threatening to its primacy brings swift and severe retribution. Beijing has passed a security law giving it new powers over Hong Kong. In the name of national security, the CCP can now curb free speech, the right to protest and undermine Hong Kongs largely independent judiciary.Hong Kongs autonomous status no longer exists. Winnie the Pooh is no more safe in Hong Kong now than in what used to be called mainland China.

Even as China tightens the screws at home, it is now acting more aggressively abroad. There is a new nationalism in and an excessive prickliness to Xis China. The Middle Kingdom now squabbles more with its neighbors. A new wolf warrior diplomacy has emerged. It is building artificial islands and air bases in the South China Sea. It is making all sorts of territorial claims and alienating its neighbors. China now challenges more openly and aggressively the legitimacy of international agreements, boundaries or conventions when they do not serve its national objectives. Beijing denounces them as unjust impositions by an imperialist West. International rules were made without Chinas fair input and, therefore, are invalid. Thus, woe to states with border or maritime disputes with China and to any state that dares challenge a position that the CCP takes on Chinese domestic issues such as Hong Kongs civil rights or international issues such as the sovereignty of the South China Sea. To be fair, China has resolved some border disputes peacefully, but that was in the pre-Xi era.

Perhaps increasing economic pressures also contribute to Chinas new nationalism. Chinas phenomenal growth has been centered on global integration and strong exports. The Middle Kingdom became the workshop of the world because of three key factors. First, Chinas leaders have allowed the Chinese to engage in de facto private enterprise and investment. Second, the state invested heavily in public infrastructure in the form of telecommunications, broadband, road, rail, port, power generation, transmission and distribution. Third, small enterprises took to low-wage, labor-intensive manufacturing.

This Chinese model can no longer drive economic growth as it once did. When Deng Xiaoping embraced market economics in 1979, wages were low. Today, China has become a higher wage economy with numerous low-wage rivals and has a declining, aging workforce that peaked in 2011. By 2018, it had shrunk by 2.8%. Besides, the country has now reached economic and scientific maturity in many sectors. Its high catch-up growth rates are bound to slow down.

In manufacturing, Vietnam, Bangladesh and Indonesia are emerging as new rivals. They have lower wages than China, making them more competitive for labor-intensive industries. Also, a new form of smart manufacturing is emerging in Europe and the US, threatening Chinese dominance. High-quality products are increasingly manufactured through a combination of research, robotics, new materials, additive manufacturing and cheap computing. A new economy based on interdisciplinary collaboration, international talent and cutting-edge technologies has emerged.

In geopolitical terms, China threatens the US, and the ruling superpower is determined to stay top dog. President Barack Obama negotiated a gargantuan trade deal in the form of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). He sought to create a free-trade regime to strengthen the economic system that has underpinned international economic relations since 1945. Pointedly, the Middle Kingdom was not part of the TPP because the trade deal was meant to counterbalance Chinas rise and to pressure China to adhere to and embrace these hard-won free trade, free market norms. Obamas Asia Pivot was also designed to check China.

Unlike Obamas collaborative, multilateral effort, Donald Trump has opted for a bar fight by unleashing a full-fledged trade war on Beijing. He is following mercantilist and isolationist policies. Trump has steadily withdrawn the US from the Pacific, weakening its post-World War II role as global hegemon.Nonetheless, Trump has directly, if in a ham-fisted way, called China out on decades of intellectual property theft and unbalanced domestic market protectionism. It is increasingly clear that the US-China trade war has rattled the CCP leadership. As if these pressures were not enough, there are persistent fears that Chinas gigantic debt bubble might burst. This could cause huge numbers of bankruptcies, a crash of the renminbi, a fall in growth rates and a potentially destabilizing surge in unemployment.

Xi might appear serene, but he must be deeply worried about the stresses and creaks in his realm. With many nations, internal tensions have often led to external aggression. This phenomenon might be contributing to Chinas aggressive actions against India.There are six other proximate reasons why China might be ratcheting up the pressure on Indias borders.

First, China has been touchy about Tibet, Aksai Chin and its border with India since the days of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. In 1962, it taught India a lesson after it refused to back down on its forward policy and turned down its boundary deal. Last year, India ended the special status for Jammu and Kashmir. New Delhi also carved out a brand new union territory of Ladakh. Official maps show Pakistani-held Gilgit and Baltistan as well as China-held Aksai Chin to be a part of Ladakh. In 1954, Maos China was not pleased with Indias maps. In 2019, Xis China is similarly displeased.

Furthermore, India has built the worlds highest airfield at Daulat Beg Oldi, a spectacular feat of effort and engineering. Once this was an old campsite on the base of the strategic Karakoram Pass that leads to the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang. It lies on the fabled Silk Route where travelers rested on their long journeys from Beijing to Constantinople. Located at 5,065 meters above sea level, this airfield is close to Siachen Glacier, where Indian and Pakistani troops face off. After 20 years of work, engineers also have built the 255-kilometer Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie road that offers India far better access to the LAC.

India has been belatedly building its border infrastructure to match its Chinese counterpart. Naturally, the CCP wants to preserve its advantage. Ma Jiali, an India analyst at the China Reform Forum, a think tank affiliated with the CCPs elite Central Party School, blames the June 15 clash on Indias forward-moving posture in the disputed area. He claims Indias infrastructure development triggered a Chinese response.

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Second, Pakistan was incensed by Indias fait accompli in Jammu and Kashmir but wishes to avoid a full-out war in response. For decades, China has maintained close relations with Pakistan, which it uses as a lever to pressure India.Chinas increasing pressure on India along the border is a way to help Pakistan meddle in Kashmir, and both China and Pakistan want to make India pay some price for its unilateral action.

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Han and Hindu Nationalism Come Face to Face - Fair Observer

China Says There’s a New Disease That’s Even Deadlier Than COVID – Futurism

Chinas embassy inthe former Soviet republic of Kazakhstan has put out a statement warning of an unknown pneumonia that is reportedly even deadlier than the coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the South China Morning Post reports.

The death rate of this disease is much higher than the novel coronavirus, read the warning to Chinese citizens in Kazakhstan, as quoted by the SCMP. The countrys health departments are conducting comparative research into the pneumonia virus, but have yet to identify the virus.

Pneumonia is an infection of either one or both lungs and is caused by either bacteria, viruses or fungi. The inflammation can make it difficult to breathe and in some extreme cases can be life-threatening.

The statement doesnt include any details and doesnt elaborate on the nature of the virus. COVID-19 has also been shown to cause severe pneumonia in both lungs for some patients.

Local media have been reporting a worrying uptick in pneumonia cases in a number of Kazakh cities since mid-June, as the SCMP reports, with as many as 500 reported patients across three locations, 30 of whom are in critical condition. Officials and the media in Kazakhstan, according to the SCMP, are saying the cases are just regular pneumonia.

Reported pneumonia deaths in June account for over a third of pneumonia deaths in the country since the beginning of the year, according to the embassys statement.

Kazakhstan hasnt been immune to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. A state of emergency was declared in mid-March, with lockdowns lifted in mid-May. Kazakhstans President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev warned of a second wave this week on a televised address.

There have been over 250 COVID-19 deaths in the country of roughly 18 million residents so far, with just shy of 50,000 reported cases.

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China Says There's a New Disease That's Even Deadlier Than COVID - Futurism

NASA Discovers Huge Potential Caches of Metal On the Moon – Futurism

Using a small device called the Miniature Radio Frequency (Mini-RF) instrument attached to NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft, a team of scientists found that there may be vastly more subsurface metals beneath the Moons surface than previously thought.

The discovery could force us to rethink the evolution of the Moon itself. The dominant theory is currently that a collision between a Mars-sized space object and the Earth sheered off the Moon as a result of collapsing gravitational forces clumping dust and debris together.

The theory has often been used to explain why the Moons composition is so similar to Earths. But in reality, the material making up the lunar highlands, a bright silicate layer covering more than 80 percent of the moon, seemed to contain far fewer metal-bearing minerals than what youd find on Earth.

But darker regions and plains of the crust formed through volcanic processes, the Moons maria, seem to be more metal-rich which has researchers scratching their heads.

The Mini-RF instrument on board NASAs Moon orbiter found that the larger the crater, the more the material was able to transmit electric fields, a property known as the dielectric constant. Scientists have found a direct link between this constant andthe concentration of metal minerals including iron and titanium oxides. Yet, for craters between three and 12 miles wide, this constant didnt change.

It was a surprising relationship that we had no reason to believe would exist, Essam Heggy, co-investigator of the Mini-RF experiments from the University of Southern California and lead author of the paper published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters last week, said in a statement.

Their hypothesis: meteors excavated metals from below as they battered the lunar surface, forming the craters in the process. That would mean there would be vast caches of useful metals lurking below a few hundred meters of Moon rock.

In fact, the lower wed dig, the more iron and titanium oxides wed find, according to the researchers.

That thinking echoes research releasedin June 2019 that suggests there is a huge mass of metal hiding beneath the Moons four billion years-old South Pole-Aitken basin.

Imagine taking a pile of metal five times larger than the Big Island of Hawaii and burying it underground, Peter B. James, author of the paper, said in apress release. Thats roughly how much unexpected mass we detected.

This exciting result from Mini-RF shows that even after 11 years in operation at the Moon, we are still making new discoveries about the ancient history of our nearest neighbor, Noah Petro, LRO project scientist at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center, who was not involved in the research, said in the newer statement.

The MINI-RF data is incredibly valuable for telling us about the properties of the lunar surface, but we use that data to infer what was happening over 4.5 billion years ago! Petro added.

READ MORE: Theres more metal on the moon than we thought [Space.com]

More on metal on the Moon: Scientists Are Baffled by Huge Mass Under the Moons Surface

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NASA Discovers Huge Potential Caches of Metal On the Moon - Futurism

Employer Use of Contact Tracing Apps: The Good, the Bad, and the Regulatory – JD Supra

Employers struggle with COVID-19 for any number of reasons. However, perhaps one of the main challenges they face is how to keep employees safe, even when one of them tests positive for or is exposed to COVID-19. They are looking for innovative ways to stay a step ahead of the curve. One of the innovations employers are currently considering are contact tracing apps.

In general, a contact tracingapp is downloaded to a Bluetooth/Wi-Fi enabled device and allows users to be aware of potential exposure to COVID-19 and enable them to self-quarantine for the incubation period or seek medical diagnosis. Is an employers implementation of a contact tracing app in the workplace a good or bad idea? Are there any legal requirements in play one way or the other? This post will discuss some of the various considerations employers should remember.

At the end of the day, employers may decide to utilize contact tracing apps to augment their own safety protocols and procedures to maintain a healthy work environment amidst the pandemic. However, it is important to remember that there are risks and limitations associated with the use of these apps.

First things first. There are currently no specific federal- or state-level laws specifically prohibiting employers use of contact tracing apps. As the EEOC has noted, COVID-19 constitutes a direct threat under the ADA, so employers may make more robust medical inquiries than would normally be allowed. Certain state-level laws might impact employers use of the apps, though, such as Californias general prohibition of electronic tracking devices, requirement that employers reimburse employees for necessary expenditures and losses, and prohibition of employer requests for access to personal social media accounts of employees. State-level laws are varied and, of course, rapidly developing, so employers are well-served to monitor relevant jurisdictions closely and consult with their legal counsel before requiring employees to use contract-tracing technology. Generally, however, employers in the United States are, as of this post, permitted to use these sorts of apps, provided they follow various rules and best practices to manage the associated risksnamely, privacy risks.

With that in mind, why would an employer want to take the risks associated with contact tracing apps?

Simply put, employers are struggling to find an efficient path to protect employees, while remaining open for business. Employers are generally required, under OSHAs General Duty Clause, to provide workers a work environment free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm. OSHA has expressed that COVID-19 fits this bill, such that employers must affirmatively act to reduce and manage COVID-19-related hazards in the workplace. As weve reported previously, OSHA suggests employers implement some combination of (among other things) personal protective equipment (PPE), cloth face coverings (which OSHA is clear are not PPE), administrative controls, and engineering controls, depending on the level of employee exposure risk involved. Local public health authorities may also impose an added layer of workplace precautions and protections.

In light of this guidance, perhaps one of the most persuasive reasons to utilize contact tracing apps to reduce and manage COVID-19-related hazards in the workplace is in the arguably flexible and efficient technology itself. After installation on a Bluetooth and/or WiFi enabled device, contact tracing apps transmit (usually) anonymous user identification numbers to other app-installed devices within range using the devices Bluetooth or WiFi features. If a user reports a positive COVID-19 test, the technology alerts other app users who received the identification number of the positive user due to proximity. Some apps may have a geolocation feature that creates maps of impacted areas or otherwise only tracks contacts within a particular geographic location (e.g., a workplace). That said, Google and Apple do not use location tracking in their joint Exposure Notifications System (which allows contact tracing apps to notify users who have likely been exposed to COVID-19). Certainly, the apps may have other features that employers may want as well, such as pre-shift COVID-19 symptom reporting.

For these reasons, contact tracing apps may provide a flexible and efficient method to augment employers current workplace safety protocols. Use of the apps and an exposure notifications system would, arguably, be quicker and more efficient than traditional contact tracing investigations at identifying exposed individuals in the workplace and isolating them before they can infect others. In this way, employers hope to reduce, or even avoid, the COVID-19 curve in their workplaces.

As with any enhancement tied to technology, there are risks and limitations. Further, just as the technology itself provides the most persuasive reason to implement the use of the apps, it also ironically supplies the biggest limitation. That is, the reliability and accuracy of the technology is only as good as its user.

Consider the reality of the modern workplace, be it a factory, office, or other setting, as well as the modern employee in any of those settings. Employees may choose (or be required) to leave phones in their lockers or private workspaces before going to the factory floor, production yard, or conference room. Employees may choose (or be required) to turn their phones off during meetings, or may experience weak WiFi or cellular signals in some workplaces. Or they may forget to charge their phones or even lend them to colleagues or family members. Employees may also be lax or inaccurate in their own manual input of information pertaining to exposure and/or positive COVID-19 tests. In any of these instances, the employees actual exposure and contacts (or lack thereof) would not be accurately and reliably recorded in the app.

The obvious risk with this is the potentially dangerous false sense of security the apps could inadvertently provide where all of an infected employees actual contacts are not notified of exposureor conversely, the false alarm and unnecessary business disruption they could create, if someone is notified of exposure when not really exposed. Keep in mind that most of the apps in the marketplace and being developed would create random identification numbers for users, so there is no reliable way to verify accuracy without an independent investigation. Regardless, employers would generally be relying on employees truthful uploading of information about testing positive.

Of course, verification of reliability and accuracy is only part of the risk. Privacy is, frankly, the bigger consideration.

It is worth mentioning that employers often ask about HIPAA when they consider employee medical information. But, in reality, HIPAA only applies to Covered Entities (i.e., health plan, health care clearinghouse, or health care provider transmitting health information in electronic form with a covered transaction) and Business Associates (i.e., health information organization transmitting PHI to covered entities; person offering personal health records to individuals on behalf of a covered entity; or a subcontractor creating, receiving, maintaining, or transmitting PHI on behalf of another Business Associate). Most employers would not fit the definitions of either of these phrases.

Nevertheless, the EEOC has cautioned that, while employers may ask employees about whether they are experiencing COVID-19 symptoms and take employee temperatures upon entering the workplace, they must maintain the confidentiality of any information collected regarding employee illnesses and keep any related records for certain periods of time. In the employment context, this means keeping the medical records and information separately from other personnel records and information and limiting access to the same.

In addition to federal EEOC guidance, certain states may have applicable privacy laws as well. For example, California has the Consumer Privacy Act (CPA), for which the California Attorney General just submitted final proposed regulations on June 1, 2020. Under Californias CPA, consumers have various rights pertaining to personal information collected by a business, including a right to disclosure of the information to be collected, deletion (upon request) of the information collected, and to be free from discrimination for exercising these rights. Similarly, the Illinois Biometric Information Protection Act (BIPA) may impose notice and record retention obligations on employees or the app developers themselves. Employers with employees in these and other states with similar laws should therefore ensure these rights are communicated to and permitted to be exercised by employees. Employers should consult their own legal counsel prior to endorsing contract-tracing app use and seek to work with the app developer, where possible, to ensure laws like these are accounted for in the app technology through disclosures, disclaimers, acknowledgments, and consents.

Lastly, and relatedly, a lot of individuals, companies, and governments are racing to develop contact tracing apps. So, employers may have to make a difficult decision on which app by which developer is most appropriate. With this decision comes the consideration of the risk of choosing incorrectly and inadvertently opening employee information to data mining or scams.

In light of these risks and the current lack of federal law pertaining to the apps, there is some effort in Congress to manage the use. In early June, several Senators introduced a bipartisan bill, called the Exposure Notification Privacy Act, that would regulate the use of contact tracing apps. Among other things, the bill makes participation in the exposure notification systems voluntary, limits the categories of information collected, limits the use of the same, and contains various enforcement provisions. The full text of the bill can be viewed here, and a one-pager summarizing the bill can be viewed here.

Other partisan groups of Senators have introduced related legislation as well, including the COVID-19 Consumer Protection Act (Republican) and the Public Health Emergency Privacy Act (Democrat). There are significant differences between the three bills in terms of consent, use, and enforcement, and the bipartisan Exposure Notification Privacy Act is certainly narrower in its approach to these issues. However, it is currently unclear how or whether those differences will be resolved. Employers should therefore monitor this sort of federal legislation in addition to staying on top of local and state requirements as well.

For its part, the CDC has published some general guidance on digital contact tracing tools. The CDC suggests that the tools should, among other things, ensure data is secure and confidential, be able to receive input from public health authorities, facilitate identification of known contacts, and be able to send notifications of exposure in multiple electronic formats. While these guidelines currently appear to be geared towards use of digital tools by public health departments, the tenets outlined are worth noting and considering because they are generally consistent with best practices for employers using the apps.

In light of the above considerations, if an employer implements a contact tracing app in the workplace, the employer should do at least the following:

In this way, employers will be best suited to manage the various risks associated with the use of contact tracing apps.

[View source.]

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Employer Use of Contact Tracing Apps: The Good, the Bad, and the Regulatory - JD Supra

People In Melb’s Locked Towers Are Sharing Their Situation On TikTok – Pedestrian TV

Dekas North Melbourne apartment block was shut down without warning last Saturday. The 17-year-old was at work when her phone suddenly blew up with missed calls from friends and family.

Her building was one of the nine towers locked down by police due to a surge in coronavirus cases. After finally getting home, making TikToks was the last thing on her mind, but when when she saw what narrative was being painted by outsiders, she started uploading.

I thought, you know what, let me just say what Ive got to say, Deka told PEDESTRIAN.TV.

TikTok has a way of getting things out to people compared to other social media platforms.

Being stuck at home all day, her videos cover everything from from showing how rough her situation is, to answering peoples questions on camera, and even just making memes out of all the chaos.

While plenty of residents, as well as their friends and family, have been posting updates about the massive police presence and lack of essential goods on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, many of these posts havent gained too much traction outside of their immediate circles.

Thats not the case on TikTok, where the mysterious algorithms of the For You page spread new and interesting videos like wildfire.

Watching the news is something different to what Im actually experiencing, she added.

By making the TikToks, Im controlling what I post so I get to show what Im actually experiencing.

The response has been massive. In the space of a few says, Deka has gotten thousands of likes and followers, and even had to disable comments because she was getting too many notifications.

Theres been a lot of support but theres also been a lot of hate, but the hate doesnt even get to me I just use it for new TikTok ideas, she said.

Shes not the only one, either. Other TikTokers trapped inside the towers have gotten as much as 400,000 views on their videos explaining the situation.

Just because we have less privilege does not mean we have no human rights, one user said in a video.

The main point Deka and many others want to drive home is the shitty food situation. She said her family has received nothing from the DHHS and was only able to get donated food from local volunteer group AMSSA after waiting for two days.

While the community has stepped up massively with food donations, police initially stopped volunteers from entering the buildings with the food. One volunteer was even arrested earlier in the week.

In response to one person asking where they could donate to in the comments, Deka made a video explaining that while the foods important, she and many others are way more concerned about being able to leave their own building.

I wanted these TikToks to show that we want an opportunity to go shopping for ourselves, because its hard calling other people, she told P.TV.

Id prefer to go to the shops myself and get the stuff I need.

Now that the rest of Melbourne has gone back into Stage 3 lockdown, videos like this are more important than ever to show how different communities are still being treated by the state government.

A lot of people also have been commenting on my videos like, were all going into lockdown today anyway, so why are you complaining?' Deka said.

But its not the same lockdown because they can go out for essentials, they can go an exercise, they can work and study.

They also had a day to prepare.

Nobodys certain when residents will be able to leave the towers again. Until then, Deka says shell keep making TikToks to show what things are really like.

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People In Melb's Locked Towers Are Sharing Their Situation On TikTok - Pedestrian TV

Exclusive: Lachy Wiggle and James Harkness Dish On The Wiggles World – Moms

Finding new stuff to keep our little ones entertained is getting harder the longer we're home. Many of us parents are relying more heavily on screentime to get us through, but even then, trying to find new stuff can be a challenge. Thankfully, we have The Wiggles and their stream of constant content. If you're looking for something new, they're uploading clips from their latest show The Wiggles World to their YouTube channel for us.

The show, which was available previously only in Australia, is a new creation of the super group. Filmed back in 2019, it's a completely new series that introduces some new faces but still has the same Wiggles flavor. Moms.com was lucky enough to talk to Lachlan Gillespie (aka Lachy Wiggle) and the star of their new segment 'Le James Cafe,' James Harkness about the flair of this new world they've created.

"There's so much color there's so much singing and dancing and it's a really nice statement," Lachy says of The Wiggles World.

In The Wiggles World, kids get to get to visit 'Le James Cafe' along with The Wiggles to learn about new foods and cultures through their signature blend of song and dance.

"James's cafe segments are a different food each day," Lachy explains. "So the child has to go through that with one Wiggle sitting at the cafe and work out the clues for what food you're going to be served up. What's the meal of the day."

Like much of their content, this was all the brainchild of the blue Wiggle himself, Anthony Feld. Anthony is the founding member of the group, who have been ground for almost 30 years! Educating kids is the driving force of their content, and it's a passion for Anthony.

"I think it's one of the great strengths of Anthony. His big thing is letting children have an experience with in so many different cultures and languages," Lachy explained.

One of the easiest ways to expand kids' world is to introduce new people. The Wiggles have created quite a little universe in itself, but this new series introduces us to new people like James, Australian ballet dancer Paul Knobloch, who plays the cafe's waiter, Shirley Shaun the Unicorn and the cartoon Wiggles!

Lachy was really excited about the addition of the new folks, but especially getting to work with James on the cafe segments' music and vision. "It's just a really, really great experience to work with someone talented like that," he says.

But who is the proprietor of 'Le James Cafe'? James Harkness is an American stage actor, known for his performances on Broadway. In the fall of 2018 while on a tour stop in Toronto, The Wiggles caught a performance of Ain't Too Proud: The Life and Time of The Temptations, in which James stars as Paul Williams. Anthony Field was so inspired by the performance, he began a friendship with James via Instagram.

"I didn't know who The Wiggles were," he explains. "But I was like, well, this is actually really cool. And it's educational."

As Anthony was developing the idea for The Wiggles World, he knew that James would fit perfectly into this new world. James posts a variety of things on his Instagram, including his love of music, dance and food.

"[Anthony says] 'I see, I know you love food, and I have this idea. Would you be interested in coming to Australia?'" James explained.

RELATED:EXCLUSIVE: Anthony Wiggle Talks All Things Potty With 'The Toilet Song'

A veteran of the entertainment business, James was aware that sometimes things don't play out the way they seem. So his excitement at the prospect of working with The Wiggles was tempered with the reality that it might not actually happen.

But then he explained that a few days after their initial conversation, Anthony called back to set up James's trip. Because of his Broadway work schedule, they had to cram two weeks' worth of work into five days. But he was up for the challenge.

"I was actually really nervous about it because they're a big entity. And I'm like 'you are, you are putting a lot of faith in someone you don't know'," James said.

But Anthony knows what he's doing. The process creating the 'Le James Cafe' segments were incredibly collaborative, giving James the chance to share his songwriting skills and offer them to the group.

"I would say,' hey, do you think' and each time he would go, 'hey, yeah, that's great.' And the third time, there was a little bit more of a in his voice to let me know, I trust you. This is a collaboration. You do your thing, and we are going to come to the table and create something that is going to be really cool. And that was an incredible things in experience."

With The Wiggles World, Anthony knew that he wanted to expand on the normal Wiggles crew. His inclusion of James was intentional, and not just for his overwhelming talent, which would have been more than enough. Inclusion was at the front of his mind too.

"He was like, 'I want kids, not only in my country, but in other countries to see other skin types, and to know that they can look at the TV screen and go: Hey, that guy looks like me'," James explained.

In the first 'James Cafe' segment posted on YouTube, you can see that inclusion is important to The Wiggles. There are dancers of various races, showcasing different styles of dance. Anthony and The Wiggles have always been great about presenting kids with that diversity, but it's nice to see, especially as the conversation about diversity is really taking front and center.

"He wants, kids across the world that are Wiggles fans to see that there is a lot more out there in the world," James says.

Right now The Wiggles World is only available in full in Australia, but they'll be adding new video clips to their YouTube channel in the coming weeks, so keep checking back.

READ NEXT:EXCLUSIVE: Anthony Wiggle Talks His Three Year Health Battle, And The Wiggles' Upcoming US Tour

Raven-Symon On Her Struggles Of Coming Out In The Entertainment Industry

Sa'iyda Shabazz is a mom and freelance writer who lives in Los Angeles. She is a pop culture fanatic who loves to cook and bake in her spare time. She is also a writer for Scary Mommy, and has had written for sites including, HelloGiggles, The New York Times and the Washington Post. She graduated with a degree in Theatre Studies before deciding that she wanted to trade the stage for the page. Find her on Twitter:@xoxsai or on Facebook: Sa'iyda Shabazz, Writer.

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Exclusive: Lachy Wiggle and James Harkness Dish On The Wiggles World - Moms

Black Lives Matter Murals Are Being Defaced In Cities Throughout The Country – Forbes

TOPLINE

A Black Lives Matter mural outside of Chicago was painted over to read "All Lives Matter" earlier this week, the latest occurrence of what has become a nationwide trend in recent weeks of vandals defacing similar BLM murals, as the U.S. painfully comes to terms with an evolving public dialogue centered around racism following the death of George Floyd.

NEW YORK, USA - JUNE 15: An aerial view of 'Black Lives Matter' mural painting is seen on Fulton ... [+] Street in Brooklyn, New York City, United States on June 15, 2020. (Photo by Tayfun Coskun/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)

A portion of a street mural, which had been completed just two weeks ago in Oak Park (an Illinois neighborhood north of Chicago), was vandalized overnight Tuesday into Wednesday.

Overnight Monday into Tuesday, in Martinez, California, local police opened an investigation after "White Lives Matter" was illegally painted onto a roadway.

Just three days earlier in Martinez, a couple (who would later be charged with a hate crime) was filmed vandalizing a city-approved Black Lives Matter mural, located outside a courthouse.

On Monday, state police in Vermont informed the Attorney General's Office that two Black Lives Matter roadway murals and a "Black Trans Lives Matter" mural were defaced.

Last month in Baltimore, chalk messages written by elementary students on their school's walls in support of the Black Lives Matter movement were power-washed away by adults.

Tire marks were left across a Black Lives Matter mural in uptown Charlotte in early June.

Black Lives Matter originated in 2013, but according to recent polling data, there has been a significant shift in how American citizens view the movement. A Pew Research survey last month found that roughly 67% of U.S. adults support the BLM movement, with 38% saying they strongly support it. In early June, a Monmouth University poll found that 76% of Americans now consider racism and discrimination a "big problem," whereas only half the country agreed with that sentiment as recently as five years ago. According to data analyzed by the New York Times, "about 15 million to 26 million people in the United States participated in demonstrations over the death of George Floyd and others in recent weeks. These figures would make the recent protests the largest movement in the country's history."

Last week, President Trump inflamed tensions on both sides of the debate when he declared that a "Black Lives Matter" mural painted on a New York City street would be "a symbol of hate." In a series of tweets, Trump added that painting a "big, expensive, yellow Black Lives Matter sign on Fifth Avenue" (which, coincidentally, is home to his flagship building, Trump Tower) would denigrate the street. Nonetheless, the mural was completed Thursday afternoon.

"The president is a disgrace to the values we cherish in New York City," Julia Arredondo, a spokeswoman for NYC Mayor Bill De Blasio, said earlier this month. "He can't run or deny the reality we are facing, and anytime he wants to set foot in the place he claims is his hometown, he should be reminded that Black lives matter."

Trump Calls Planned Black Lives Matter Sign By Trump Tower A Symbol Of Hate (Fobes)

Vandals alter Black Lives Matter mural outside of Chicago to say 'All Lives Matter' (Fox News)

BLM MuralDecried By President As A Symbol Of HateGoes Up Outside Trump Tower (Forbes)

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Black Lives Matter Murals Are Being Defaced In Cities Throughout The Country - Forbes

NYC Begins Painting Black Lives Matter Mural In Front Of Trump Tower | 90.1 FM WABE – WABE 90.1 FM

A mural with the words Black Lives Matter will soon emblazon Manhattans Fifth Avenue, right in front of one specific landmark: Trump Tower.

On Thursday morning, work crews blocked off traffic between 56th and 57th streets. Groups of painters then used rollers to start filling in large yellow letters on the pavement.

President Trump derided the mural plan last week, saying it would be denigrating this luxury Avenue and antagonize the citys police as a symbol of hate.

New York Mayor Bill de Blasio responded: Black people BUILT 5th Ave and so much of this nation. Your luxury came from THEIR labor, for which they have never been justly compensated. We are honoring them. The fact that you see it as denigrating your street is the definition of racism.

The new artwork takes a cue from another mural at Trumps doorstep.

In early June, Washington, D.C., Mayor Muriel Bowser had the words Black Lives Matter painted in huge yellow letters on the street that leads to the White House. Local activists soon added the words Defund The Police.

Across New York City, Black Lives Matter murals have been painted on the streets. One in bright yellow in Bedford Stuyvesant. A colorful, eclectic one in Lower Manhattan. In Harlem, a multicolored mural that spans both sides of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard.

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NYC Begins Painting Black Lives Matter Mural In Front Of Trump Tower | 90.1 FM WABE - WABE 90.1 FM

Driver charged in fatal hit-and-run at Seattle Black Lives Matter protest – ABC News

A 27-year-old man arrested on suspicion of barreling into a Black Lives Matter protest on a closed Seattle freeway, killing one demonstrator and seriously injuring another, was charged Wednesday with vehicular homicide, vehicular assault and reckless driving, authorities said.

The King County prosecuting attorney filed charges against Dawit Kelete in the deadly incident early Saturday on Interstate 5 in Seattle, according to court documents.

Charges could be added as the investigation continues, authorities said.

Protester Summer Taylor, 24, was pronounced dead at a local hospital hours after Kelete allegedly drove his white Jaguar onto a closed section of the interstate where ongoing demonstrations have been occurring, and slammed into Taylor and another protester, Diaz Love, 32, who was seriously injured, police said.

Emergency personnel work at the site where a driver sped through a protest-related closure on the Interstate 5 freeway in Seattle, July 4, 2020.

Love suffered multiple leg and arm fractures, and remained hospitalized for at least four days after the crash, according to the charging documents.

Surveillance video captured the 2013 Jaguar apparently speeding down the freeway, swerving around cars supporting the protest that were blocking the lanes, and striking Taylor and Love, who were walking on the shoulder. The blow knocked them into the air, over the roof of the vehicle, and onto the pavement.

According to the charging documents, Kelete allegedly did not slow down as he drove on the shoulder.

A photo of Summer Taylor, who suffered critical injuries and died after being hit by a car while protesting on July 4, 2020, sits among flowers at the King County Correctional Facility where a hearing was held for the suspect, July 6, 2020, in Seattle.

The incident unfolded at about 1:40 a.m. when the driver allegedly entered the closed freeway by going the wrong way on an exit ramp, and drove at high speed toward a crowd of people protesting the police-involved death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, authorities said.

State police said the Jaguar continued to drive south on the freeway and was chased by a protester in a car for about a mile before the car managed to get in front of the Jaguar. According to a police report released by prosecutors, the driver of the Jaguar was able to steer around the protester's car and keep going.

After the crash Seattle police and Washington state police officers quickly located the suspected hit-and-run car and pulled it over, according to the report. The vehicle sustained heavy front-end damage and a shattered windshield, authorities said.

Kelete, who was identified as the driver and registered owner of the car, was given field sobriety tests and volunteered to take a Breathalyzer test at the scene, according to the report.

"It was determined the driver was not impaired," court documents said. "The driver was sullen throughout his time in custody. At one point, he asked if the injured pedestrians were okay."

He denied taking any medication, according to the charging documents. Later, Kelete allegedly told jail personnel that he struggles with an untreated Percocet addiction, the documents said.

The results of a blood test approved several hours after the crash are pending. A substance that "appears similar to crystal methamphetamine" recovered from Kelete's car is also pending testing, according to the charging documents.

Kelete is expected to enter a plea at his arraignment on July 22.

Police are still investigating a motive for the attack.

Dawit Kelete wears handcuffs chained to his waist as he walks into a court appearance, July 6, 2020, in Seattle.

Kelete, who was described in the police report as Black, was initially arrested on suspicion of vehicular assault. He appeared in court on Monday and a judge set his bail at $1.2 million.

Taylor was pronounced dead after being taken to Harborview Medical Center in Seattle. Love, of Bellingham, Washington, remains in serious condition with multiple broken bones, police said.

Love had been broadcasting the protest for about two hours on Facebook Live under the caption "Black Femme March takes I-5." The video ended abruptly after someone was heard yelling, "Car!"

In the aftermath of Saturday's incident, protesters in New York and Indiana were struck and injured by drivers who authorities say appeared to deliberately target demonstrations.

A demonstrator in Bloomington, Indiana, and two others in Huntington Station, on New York's Long Island, were hurt Monday evening during peaceful protests, police said. The driver who allegedly ran over two people in New York was arrested, while police were still searching Wednesday afternoon for the operator of a red car and her male passenger who fled following the Indiana incident.

Several hundred protesters had gathered in downtown Bloomington Monday to demonstrate in support of Vauhxx Booker, a Black civil rights activist and a member of the Monroe County, Indiana, Human Rights Commission, who said he was attacked on the Fourth of July by a group of white people who shouted racial slurs and called for someone to "get a noose." The Indiana Department of Natural Resources Law Enforcement is investigating the attack, which was caught on cellphone video and has gone viral since being posted on social media.

Booker was let go after a group of people intervened.

The Long Island incident occurred at around 6:45 p.m. Monday during a Black Lives Matter protest in Huntington Station.

Suffolk County Police said they arrested the driver, Anthony Cambareri, 36, of Coram, New York, after he drove into the protesters as they participated in a demonstration on the street. The two victims were taken to Huntington Hospital and treated for non-life-threatening injuries.

Cambareri sped away, but police caught him a short time later, authorities said.

He was arrested on charges of third-degree assault and was issued a desk appearance ticket. He will be arraigned at First District Court in Central Islip at a date yet to be determined.

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Driver charged in fatal hit-and-run at Seattle Black Lives Matter protest - ABC News

We stand in solidarity with Black Lives Matter movement: CSA – Deccan Herald

Cricket South Africa (CSA) acting CEO Jacques Faul said his board stands in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement, adding that the organisation will use its platform to educate on all forms of discrimination.

In a media statement, CSA underlined that the board was founded on the principles of non-racialism and inclusion.

"The vision of CSA, to become a truly national sport of winners supported by the majority, finds resonance in the ethos of 'Black Lives Matter'. Black Lives Matter. It is as simple as that," the statement read.

"As a national sporting body representing more than 56 million South Africans and with the privileged position of owning a platform as large as we do, it is of vital importance that we use our voice to educate and listen to others on topics involving all forms of discrimination," Faul said.

Faul added that CSA will use its voice to spread anti-racism through the BLM campaign and will also speak out against all forms of violence.

"During our celebrations of Nelson Mandela International Da, CSA will further spread the message of anti-racism through the BLM campaign while we also speak out against all forms of violence..."

South Africa has a history of segregation. Although the cricket team now has a fair representation of coloured players as per CSA's policy but things were different prior to the country's isolation in 1970, when sports team were made up of white players only.

The CSA statement comes after star speedster Lungi Ngidi, who is a supporter of the BLM movement, was slammed by former Proteas Pat Symcox, Boeta Dippenaar and others for not speaking up against the attacks on white farmers in the country.

The BLM movement gathered momentum following the death of African-American man George Floyd at the hands of a white police officer in United States.

The incident triggered protests with West Indies cricketers such as Michael Holding, Jason Holder, Darren Sammy and many more around the globe speaking out against racism.

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We stand in solidarity with Black Lives Matter movement: CSA - Deccan Herald

Black Lives Matter movement finds new urgency and allies because of COVID-19 – The Conversation CA

The brutal killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis Police Department officer Derek Chauvin captured the public consciousness unlike few other events in American history. In the U.S. and around the world, protesters have taken to the streets outraged by the abhorrent murder of yet another defenceless Black man by police.

The question, however, is how this particular incident has galvanized so many people worldwide overwhelmingly young to protest for so long?

Certainly, police brutality directed toward Black people in the U.S. is not new. The chant and hashtag say their names brings attention to the brutal killings of Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, Eric Garner, Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown and many others, along with George Floyd.

Similarly, here in Canada, Black and Indigenous people have experienced significant brutality at the hands of the police. In recent weeks, the public has seen news of the deaths of Regis Korchinski-Paquet and Chantel Moore, and the arrest of Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation Chief Allan Adam.

Economic and political disadvantages experienced in the U.S. and Canada are not new. Economic disparities between Black and white families in the U.S. have been obvious for years.

As in many previous cases, the killing of George Floyd was caught on camera. The recording was striking, producing a visceral impression of a public lynching, but it was not unlike the recordings of Rodney King, Alton Sterling and others in sparking public outcry.

The difference this time around is the contemporaneous outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has contributed to making these protests more enduring and widespread. COVID-19 has exacerbated the problems of racial injustice, isolation, frustration and stagnation and caused higher unemployment, which provides the time to air these grievances. When coupled with mixed messages from elites, the spark lit a fire that continues to burn.

Right from the beginning, government officials gave contradictory messages. President Donald Trump told the public on Jan. 22 that the virus was totally under control and that he was not at all worried about it. A month later, on Feb. 26, he repeated this. By March 15, Trump changed his tune, admitting that the virus was indeed contagious and not under control. Still, he concluded on March 25 that all would be back to work as usual in several weeks. In contrast, governors across the country were declaring states of emergency.

The flip flop regarding the pandemic resulted in mixed messages and demonstrated a division among the elites. When political leaders are divided or provide mixed messages, the public has a variety of authorities to choose from and may ignore whatever semblance of rules are in place. From this, a state of anomie or normlessness can emerge.

COVID-19 policies and government directives have resulted in economic downturn. By May, 20.5 million Americans were unemployed, an increase of 14 million from February. Although the unemployment rate increased for all groups, it was highest among Black Americans and other racialized groups. Unemployment rates for Black men and women in May were 15.8 per cent and 17.2 per cent, respectively, while the national rate of unemployment for all groups was 13 per cent. The rate was even higher among people aged 16 to 24, standing at 25.3 per cent in May.

Unemployed Black people in Canada and the U.S. also faced greater financial challenges to supporting their families due to the pandemic than their white counterparts.

COVID-19 has amplified the ordinary inequality in unemployment, which increases dissatisfaction and inclination towards speaking out.

By the end of June, more than 10 million people had contracted COVID-19 worldwide and over 500,000 had died. The uncertainty, unemployment and confused government directives on business lockdowns and social distancing increased stress and anxiety.

For some, social distancing felt like house arrest. Frustrations were enhanced by uncertainty due to misinformation. The extent of misinformation was such that some started to believe conspiracies. In addition, the frustration of Black Americans was further increased because they are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 and receive poor health care and treatment.

Government advice to shelter at home further increased frustrations and exposed economic inequalities. Black Americans, who are on average significantly less well off than their white counterparts, are more likely to live in crowded housing, work in essential services, have prior health conditions that increase mortality rates and rely on public transport. COVID-19 increased levels of frustration among the public in general, but Black Americans and other minorities have been hit hardest.

In such circumstances, people tend to live in a state of endless suspense, fearful about their health, uncertain of the truth, unable to know when it will end. These can all be drivers toward tangible action to affect change.

COVID-19 also has a curious effect in enabling protests. Even as health concerns over protests rose, many protesters attended with face masks, providing additional protection from the recognition and prosecution. The existence of CCTV cameras is a deterrence against protests, but masks offer some anonymity that may prevent legal consequences or illegal retribution. The pandemic helped increase participation of those who wished to be involved, but feared surveillance apparatuses.

But perhaps the greatest factor that allows participation of those with grievances is time. When people have discretionary time, they are more likely to participate in social movements to effect change. Prior to COVID-19, the cycle of work and life limited extra time for taking to the streets to demonstrate for a cause, particularly when a choice had to be made between protesting for a better tomorrow and earning a paycheck.

COVID-19 removed the need to make that decision. All countries experienced increased unemployment, some form of social distancing and lockdown. The consequent extra time provided opportunities for people to join the demonstrations en masse, ensuring that the spark which ignited the protest could last for a long time and grow worldwide.

Intensifying inequalities elevated dissatisfaction while grievances in the U.S. and elsewhere and the video of George Floyds death, reminiscent of a public lynching, provided the spark. However, what may have helped make the movement larger, enduring and international in scope were the lockdowns and the mass unemployment that came with them. And although the media has begun to pay less attention, the protesters continue to have the time and motivation to keep the flame burning.

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Black Lives Matter movement finds new urgency and allies because of COVID-19 - The Conversation CA

Workplace tensions flare over whether employees can wear Black Lives Matter masks – The Detroit News

As companies declare support for the Black Lives Matter movement, some are not allowing employees to wear masks or other attire that express solidarity with the cause.

Employees have pushed back against what they say is an attempt to silence them staging protests at Whole Foods, denouncing Trader Joes on Twitter, calling for boycotts of Taco Bell and Starbucks while their employers defend the restrictions as a matter of dress code.

Starbucks is using this logo for its new Black Lives Matter T-shirts, which employees may wear at work if they choose. The move comes after the coffee chain reportedly banned employees from wearing Black Lives Matter gear. (Starbucks/TNS)(Photo: Starbucks / TNS)

Tensions could flare at more workplaces as they reopen and the mask-wearing forced by the pandemic collides with a national reckoning on racial injustice sparked by the death of George Floyd, a Black man, at the hands of white police. In Long Island, New York, a Target customer was asked to leave after confronting an employee wearing a Black Lives Matter mask and asking if she didnt think all lives matter, according to news reports describing the June 25 incident.

Employers, reluctant to alienate customers or employees, may hope banning personal statements across the board will keep conflict at bay. But they must consider the legal ramifications of restricting certain forms of expression, and the cost of bad publicity and poor employee morale.

This is definitely a challenge employers are going to face, if not now it is likely they will face it in future, said Lauren Novak, an attorney with Schiff Hardin in Chicago who represents employers in labor and employment cases.

In the Chicago suburbs, a Costco employee wore a Black Lives Matter mask to work after hearing about managers making racially insensitive comments to other employees at the warehouse. After working two shifts with the mask, the employee was called into a managers office in late June and told to stop wearing it because it was political, controversial and disruptive, the employee told the Tribune in an interview.

In a silent protest in the days that followed, the employee, who is Black, arrived at work wearing the mask, made sure people were watching, and flipped it inside out upon clocking in.

For so long we have been taught that we cannot speak out against an unjust system that affects every aspect of our life, said the employee, who has worked at Costco for over a decade and asked not to be identified for fear of retribution. We are supposed to shut up and take it.

Cell phone photos of Costcos employee handbook that the employee provided to the Tribune show its dress code says only that employees must be neat, clean and professional. People identifying themselves as Costco employees have posted pictures of themselves on Facebook wearing attire celebrating LGBTQ pride.

Costco declined to comment or answer a list of written questions.

Last week, the Chicago-area employee was given permission to wear a mask depicting a raised fist as long as it doesnt include words. The employee plans to make more such masks to distribute to co-workers who want them.

Telling me that I cannot wear Black Lives Matter because its political or controversial is another way of being complicit in the systematic injustices that Black people in the US face, the employee said in a text message. Its another way of letting me know that I truly do not Matter.

Private employers have the right to regulate what employees wear to work. But restricting some forms of expression could risk violating labor or employment law.

Employers should consider whether employees are wearing Black Lives Matter masks to protest racially discriminatory working conditions, which could be considered protected, concerted activity under the National Labor Relations Act, Novak said.

Employers could also face allegations of discrimination or creating a hostile work environment if the dress code policy isnt consistently enforced and disadvantages people based on race or another protected class, said Fern Trevino, an employment lawyer in Chicago who represents workers.

They could run into issues if attire celebrating LGBTQ pride is permitted but Black Lives Matter is not.

Employers should inform employees of the dress code policy in writing and should assure the policy is consistently and equitably enforced, Trevino said.

Some companies have responded to public pressure and are letting employees display their solidarity with the cause at work.

Taco Bell apologized after an Ohio employee who declined to remove his Black Lives Matter mask was fired from a franchised restaurant, saying we believe the Black Lives Matter movement is a human rights issue and not a political one. The fast food chain told USA Today that it doesnt prohibit the wearing of such masks and is working to clarify its policies.

Starbucks quickly reversed course after BuzzFeed News published an internal memo explaining that Black Lives Matter buttons were verboten because they violated dress code policies forbidding attire that advocates for political, religious or personal issues and could be used to amplify divisiveness. The coffee giant had been quick to avow its commitment to Black Lives Matter as protests erupted over Floyds death, and committed $1 million to racial equity organizations. After the BuzzFeed report, Starbucks said in a letter to employees it was producing 250,000 T-shirts with a graphic expressing support for the movement, and employees could wear their own until those arrived.

Company-issued merchandise gives companies some control over the matter.

McDonalds, which requires uniforms and provides plain masks for employees to wear, said it is making pins and bracelets available for employees who want to show support to end social injustice. The company had previously expressed solidarity with Black employees and promised to donate $1 million to the National Urban League and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in the wake of Floyds death.

But Faith Booker, a McDonalds employee in Lakeland, Fla., said she hasnt heard anything about these accessories. A co-worker was instructed to remove a Black Lives Matter mask a few weeks ago and no one has tried since, she said, but its important to her that the company support the wearing of such masks at work to amplify the cause.

I have five kids, two of whom are boys, and my sons lives matter, said Booker, 32, who is Black. I dont want them to go through everything that everyone is going through today.

Other retailers have stood by their prohibitions on employees displaying Black Lives Matter messaging.

Whole Foods says that in order to operate in a customer-focused environment, employees must comply with its longstanding dress code prohibiting clothing with visible slogans, messages, logos or advertising that are not company-related. It provides face masks to employees if theirs dont comply.

Whole Foods, which sent home two New Hampshire employees for wearing Black Lives Matter and I Cant Breathe masks, has seen protests in Massachusetts, Philadelphia and Seattle over the issue.

Workers organizing at Whole Foods in Cambridge, Mass., accused the Amazon-owned grocer of hypocrisy and performative, empty activism for refusing to allow employees to wear the masks while publicly declaring support for the movement and committing $10 million to relevant causes. Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., tweeted last week that she supports a resolution at the Cambridge City Council to support the Whole Foods workers right to wear the masks.

Trader Joes has also been accused, by people identifying as employees on social media, of sending workers home for declining to remove Black Lives Matter masks or pins. A Twitter account called Crew for a Trader Joes Union posted a script for what employees should say if confronted, including asking to see the written policy and questioning the companys support for Black lives.

Trader Joes did not respond to a request for comment. Last month it issued a statement to the publication The North Star acknowledging that some employees are choosing to speak up against racial and social injustice in a number of ways.

We understand this is a time for us to use our voice, and we appreciate the desire to hear how we plan to take action, sooner rather than later, it said. Its also critical that we take the time and steps that bring about the most meaningful change. When we say were committed to listening, caring, acting and continuously improving, we mean it.

A central concern for employers is that allowing employees to wear Black Lives Matter apparel will provoke other employees to don All Lives Matter, Blue Lives Matter or other potentially divisive slogans, Novak said. Employers have to decide whether they will take a stance against those viewpoints, she said.

I think most employers would allow Black Lives Matter masks but they fear what other employees might wear to disturb the workplace, Novak said. So by creating a neutral policy it eliminates people wearing masks that are clearly offensive.

For a smaller employer out of the limelight, a dress code prohibiting all forms of expression could be a safe bet. But companies in the public eye may not be able to stay neutral if they are accused of failing to support their Black employees, Novak said.

Supporting Black Lives Matter, but not All Lives Matter, attire could open an employer up to a discrimination claim. But attorneys doubt it would hold water, since the All Lives Matter message is not tied to a specific race in the way the Black Lives Matter movement is.

The basis of the alleged discrimination isnt based on a race, it is based on a message, said Joe Yastrow, an attorney with Chicago-based Laner Muchin who represents management.

Yastrow said his advice to clients would be to not stand in the way of employees who wish to wear Black Lives Matter paraphernalia at work.

Under the circumstances and given the volatility of the issue and the gravitas of the issue at this point in time, I dont think I would encourage an employer to take that issue on, Yastrow said.

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Workplace tensions flare over whether employees can wear Black Lives Matter masks - The Detroit News

Two people were hurt by a car as a Black Lives Matter demonstration was ending in Indiana – CNN

Witnesses reported to police that the incident started because an electric scooter had been left in the road. A red Toyota drove up to the scooter, and the male passenger got out and threw the scooter aside, according to a news release Tuesday from the Bloomington Police Department.

A 29-year-old woman stood in front of the car with her hands on the hood, but the car started to accelerate, causing the woman to go up onto the hood, police said. A man grabbed the car and clung to the driver's side as it sped off, police said.

In a short video posted on Twitter, a red vehicle can be seen speeding down a road with at least two people on it -- one holding onto the driver's side and another person on the hood.

Rodney Root, who captured video of the incident, said in an interview with CNN, "This was right after the Black Lives Matter protest had broken up. There was a man attempting to hold traffic with an electric scooter and the passenger of the car got out, slammed the scooter to the ground and got back in. ... A lady ran up to confront the car and the car struck her and sped off at full speed. I was so shocked I started chasing and stopped the video."

The two people stayed on the car until it quickly made a right turn, causing both of them to fall off, police said.

The 35-year-old man who had held onto the side suffered abrasions to his arms when he fell off, police said. The woman was knocked unconscious and suffered a laceration to her head, and was taken to a hospital, police said.

WRTV spoke to Geoff Stewart, the man who was holding onto the side of the car.

"A woman driving the vehicle came up to the stop and had started revving her engine toward us and we tried to stop her and let her know that the crowd is clearing up just wait a second. But, she and her passenger both wanted to go right away -- so, they started to push, they pushed into the woman that was with me and when she pushed again both of us went on the vehicle," Stewart said in an interview with WRTV.

Stewart continued, "I was just trying to block her vision so she would slow down. So I tried to pull myself as far in her way to kind of obstruct her view. She drove through red lights and made her turn up here that threw both of us off the car."

Police said they are still looking for the car and trying to determine the identities of the two people who were inside.

CNN's Rebekah Riess and Amanda Jackson contributed to this report.

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Two people were hurt by a car as a Black Lives Matter demonstration was ending in Indiana - CNN

Govt must rescue and revive mining sector to boost economic recovery – The Financial Express

The mining sector is a core driver of a nations economic development. The sector is a significant contributor to GDP, a major source of employment, and a catalyst of growth in other vital industries (such as power, steel, cement, etc.) that are, in turn, critical for overall economic development. As aptly stated in the National Mineral Policy, 2019 (NMP): Minerals are a valuable natural resource being the vital raw material for the core sectors of the economy. Exploration, extraction and management of minerals have to be guided by national goals and perspectives, to be integrated into the overall strategy of the countrys economic development. Endeavour shall be to promote domestic industry, reduce import dependency, and feed into Make in India initiative.

India is richly endowed with metallic and non-metallic mineral resources the country produces as many as 95 minerals, which includes 4 fuel, 10 metallic, 23 non-metallic, 3 atomic and 55 minor minerals. Considering this abundance of minerals in India, the mining sector has huge economic potential. However, this potential is yet to be fully realised.

Reform to Rebound

India, like much of the world, has been left reeling as a result of the black swan impact of COVID-19.Ensuring economic rebound is now an issue of high priority. The mining sector has the potential to play a crucial role in making this aspiration a reality both in terms of its own economic output as well as in responding to the demands of other allied/ dependent industries. Additionally, the sector has the capacity to create over 5 crore jobs directly and indirectly which will be vital given the widescale unemployment that has been brought about by the current crisis. However, for the sector to do so efficaciously, there is a need to address the clear and present fallout of the pandemic, as well as the various issues that have hampered and hamstrung its growth.

This article proposes measures to suitably address identified challenges unique to the mining industry, both in general and as a result of the present crisis. In doing so, the article builds on the reform initiatives outlined in the NMP, viz., incentivising exploration through seamless transmission to mining, pre-identification of no-go areas, simpler and time-bound procedures for granting permits, harmonising royalty rates with international standards, and assuring security of tenure.

Immediate Relief Measures

At the outset, in order to grant relief from the plunging prices of minerals and slumping demand, it should be considered to offer rebates or reductions in royalty payments and contributions to the District Mineral Fund and National Mineral Exploration Trust. Another urgent relief measure to be considered is waiving the GST compensation cess on coking-coal for power intensive industries such as aluminium and streel.

Addressing Systemic Issues

New Exploration Framework

Exploration is an expensive and high-risk proposition with an extremely low success rate. The currentdispensation for exploration contemplates a non-exclusive reconnaissance permit, and a compositelicence (i.e., a prospecting licence cum mining lease). However, the present dispensation leaves a lot to be desired.

For starters, the non-exclusivity of the reconnaissance permit and the lack of in-built transition to mineral exploitation make the concession unattractive to the industry. With respect to composite licences, since it is the State Government that is responsible for notifying mineral blocks for auction, there is often undue delay in initiation of auctions, and the very real risk of blocks being considered sub-optimal by bidders. Another challenge is that of the mineral auction process being completed, only for environmental clearances to be refused this results in much time, effort and investment being wastefully expended.

In order to address these issues, it may be considered for the Central Government and State Governments to work together to develop a mineral exploration atlas that divides the geography of India into grids. Based on the mineral atlas, applicants should be permitted to freely carve out an areaand seek a composite license in respect of the same. Upon receipt of an application, the State Government should put up for auction the area so carved out by the applicant. The applicant may be given an incentive in the auction process (e.g., a right to match). The grant of the concession may be subject to checks in the form of periodic relinquishment and minimum investment requirements. This approach would be in line with the Open Acreage Licensing Policy currently in vogue in the Oil & Gas industry.

As an immediate measure, the Central Government should hasten the issuance of rules laying down requisite bidding parameters necessary to operationalise the newly introduced Section 10C of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (whereby holders of non-exclusive reconnaissance permits for deep-seated minerals (i.e., minerals which occur at a depth of more than300 meters, with poor surface manifestations) may be granted composite licences or mining leases).

Simplifying Approvals Framework

Presently, developers may expend considerable time and effort on a mineral block, only for environmental clearances to be subsequently denied. In this regard, the atlas described above should set out predefined no-go areas where reconnaissance, prospecting or mining operations cannot be undertaken. Such areas may be identified based on the presence of reserve forests, sensitive eco-zones, coastal areas, defence land, et al.

Additionally, there are currently multiple permits that have to be variously obtained under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981,and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (and the rules and notifications issued thereunder). Thiscreates multiple overlapping applications processes, despite mostly involving the same grantingauthority, i.e., the respective pollution control board.

In this regard, taking cue from this Governments earlier successful attempts to consolidate and streamline laws (e.g., labour, bankruptcy, etc.), the legislations and executive rules relating to environmental protection should be consolidated in a comprehensive code. In doing so, care should also be taken to restructure and rationalize the approvals process in a manner that avoids overlap and repetition, particularly when the granting authority is one and the same.

Rationalising Royalty

Indias rates of royalty are amongst the highest in the world. This royalty plays a substantial part in driving up costs of production as well as the cost of end-use products produced from the mineral. The high incidence of royalties coupled with the flat structure of royalty discourages investment in mineral processing and value addition, which, in turn, impedes uptake of new technologies which may enhance sustainability and economic growth. Further, there are presently 60 different royalty rates for 55 minerals with varied bases, making Indias royalty regime amongst the worlds most cumbersome.

The rates of royalty should be rationalised by way of benchmarking the same with other mining jurisdictions, and ensuring appropriate incentives for efficiency, economical use of the resources, good performance and optimum investments. In particular, the constituent components of the base value on which royalty is charged should be reconsidered to avoid a situation of a royalty on royalty. Further, to encourage competition amongst the states to attract investments, State Governments should be allowed to offer concessional rates of royalty similar to the practice in Australia and Canada.

Tenure of Leases

Currently, the law prescribes a fixed tenure of mining concessions that is unrelated to the actual mineral potential and realisable ore in a block. Such prescribed tenure of leases causes manifold problems. Firstly, it leads to closure of mine prior to complete exhaustion of mineral resources, which runs contrary to the objective of mineral development and conservation. Secondly, reauctioning the block to a new lessee requires existing lessee to remove all the equipment thereby allowing the former to invest anew in requisite equipment/labour. This is time consuming and inefficient.

In order to avoid the above stated issues, the tenure of all the mining leases should be linked to exhaustion or depletion of minerals to such an extent that it is no longer economical to work the mineral. For existing leases, a similar allowance may be made subject to prescribed conditions, including payment of additional dues by the lessee over and above the existing royalties.

The Road Ahead

The world presently faces an unprecedented economic challenge, and it is incumbent on governments to respond responsibly and demonstrably. To this end, policy makers and industry players should work together and put in concerted efforts to revive, rescue and rebuild the mining sector, thus aiding the countrys overall economic recovery.

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Govt must rescue and revive mining sector to boost economic recovery - The Financial Express

Room for more fiscal support in India in near term given severity of economic situation: IMF – Economic Times

Washington: A top IMF official has said that there is room for more fiscal support in India in the near term, particularly for vulnerable households and SMEs, given the severity of the country's economic situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Vitor Gaspar, Director of the International Monetary Fund's Fiscal Affairs Department, told that a complete and successful implementation of the existing support measures (in particular, food provision to households) is of paramount importance.

"Given the severity of the economic situation, in the near-term there is room for more fiscal support, particularly for vulnerable households and SMEs (Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises)," he said.

Over the medium-term, India will continue to have a very limited fiscal space, and a credible and well-communicated consolidation plan will be urgently needed once the coronavirus pandemic subsides, Gasper said.

The economic impact of the COVID-19 in India has been substantial and broad-based, he said, adding that high frequency indicators point to a sharp decline in economic activity, as reflected in the industrial production, business sentiment (in the purchasing managers index), vehicle sales and trade.

In the June World Economic Outlook (WEO), growth in fiscal year 20/21 was revised down to -4.5 per cent, he said.

The downward revision compared with the April WEO was driven primarily by the continued rise in the number of COVID-19 cases in India.

"This led the International Monetary Fund to make specific two adjustments. First, the assumed length of the partial lockdown was extended somewhat. Second, and more important, we made more conservative assumptions about the speed of recovery given that the health crisis has not yet been contained," Gasper said in response to a question.

He said that the near-term growth outlook in India continues to be clouded by the global and domestic slowdown and uncertainties relating to the evolution of the coronavirus pandemic.

According to the senior IMF official, India's general government fiscal deficit is projected to reach 12.1 per cent of the GDP in fiscal year 20/21, primarily due to weak tax revenues, as well as a denominator effect associated with the negative projected nominal GDP growth -- as with all other macro variables, estimates are highly uncertain.

"Consistent with this, and the deterioration in economic activity, India's public debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to reach about 84 per cent this fiscal year," Gasper added.

According to Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, the contagion has infected over 12 million people and killed more than 554,000 across the world.

The US is the worst affected country with over 3.1 million cases and more than 1,33,000 deaths. India's COVID-19 caseload stands at 7,93,802 with 21,604 deaths.

The COVID-19, which originated in China's Wuhan city in December last year, has also battered the world economy with the International Monetary Fund saying that the global economy is bound to suffer a "severe recession".

Scientists are racing against time to find a vaccine or medicine for its treatment.

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Room for more fiscal support in India in near term given severity of economic situation: IMF - Economic Times

Is nature conservation, a drain or a net contributor to global economy? Experts weigh in – Philippine Information Agency

The ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, with the High Ambition Coalition for Nature and the National Geographic Societys Campaign for Nature, organised a webinarfor the officials and representatives of the ASEAN Member States. (Screengrabbed from ACB)

LAGUNA, July 10 -- Carving out 30 percent of the Earths surface for protection can be the wisest economic decision that the world will ever make as the nature sector drives the global economy, experts said.

The High Ambition Coalition for Nature and People, with the National Geographic Societys Campaign for Nature and the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), recently organised a webinar titled Making the case for protecting at least 30% of the planet by 2030: the biodiversity, climate, and economics of 30by30,with officials and representatives of the ASEAN Member States in attendance.

Among the webinars resource persons wereCosta Rica Minister of Environment and Energy Carlos Manuel Rodriguez, National Geographic Society Explorer in Residence Dr. Enric Sala, Campaign for Nature Director Brian ODonnell, Professor Zakri Abdul Hamid,founding chair of theIntergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)andco-chair the Secretariat of Malaysia's Global Science and Innovation Advisory Council, and ACB Executive Director Theresa Mundita Lim.

ODonnellin his presentation gave a preview of the groundbreaking global report, which lays out the economic costs and benefits of protecting 30 per cent of the planet by 2030. The report on the comprehensive study led by Anthony Waldron of Oxford University and 100 other experts, was published on 8 July 2020.

The zero draft of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, which was released in January 2020, calls for the protection of 30 percent of the Earth surface in 10 years, or touted as 30by30.

Most people think that protected areas are going to be a drain on the global economy. But this report showed that the nature sector is, in fact, a net contributor, not a drain, ODonnell said.

The tourism sector, which includes nature-based tourism, is one of the drivers of global economic growth, outweighing the impacts of other sectors, such as agriculture, timber, or fisheries.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism was growing at 4 to 6 per cent annually, while agriculture and timber industries have been growing by less than 1 per cent and the fisheries sector posting negative growth,ODonnellexplained.

Apart from these economic benefits, 30by30 also provides nonmonetary benefits, such as climate change mitigation, flood protection, clean water, and soil conservation.

ODonnell said according to the global report, which ran different scenarios of biodiversity conservation for terrestrial and marine areas, the financial and economic benefits of protecting 30 per cent of the planet exceed its costs by a factor of 5 to 1. This means that for every dollar cost of nature conservation, the economic benefit is equivalent to five USD.

To meet the proposed target of protection, USD 140 billion globally every year should be set aside.

Small fraction of global GDP

Minister Rodriguez did a quick math and pointed out that while the figures sounded like a huge sum of money, the amount is a mere 0.16 percent of the Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the combinedgross nationalincome of all the countries in theworld.

There is no excuse for us not to mobilise resources to be able to achieve our goal in the next 10 years, said Rodriguez, who has been selected as the next CEO and Chair of theGlobal Environment Facility.

The governments of Costa Rica and France are leading theHigh Ambition Coalition for Nature and People, a grouping of nations pushing for the proposed 30by30 global target.

Rodriguez spoke about how Costa Rica doubled the size of its forest cover and at the same time tripled its economic growth in 30 years.

I come from a country that has systematically invested in policy development, institutional solutions that balance nature conservation, human wellbeing, and economic development, he said, emphasizing the short window of opportunity to address the biodiversity collapse.

Rodriguez underlined the correlation between establishing ecotourism protected areas and efforts to restore degraded landscapes, and the growth of the countrys economy and income per capita.

In Costa Ricas case, 2.5 million tourists visit the country every year and spend around 3.5 billion USD in total, according to Rodriguez.

Effective management

Sala, meanwhile, stressed the importance of effectively managing protected areas, saying only five per cent of the worlds terrestrial protected areas and one per cent of the marine protected areas are considered to be effectively managed.

When protected areas have higher budget and number of personnel, and active and effective management, they not only restore biodiversity effectively, they provide benefits including jobs for local people through tourism, fisheries; they bring in more economic revenues, Sala said.

In her opening remarks, Lim said the onlinediscussion on the science and rationale behind the proposed target will help the ASEAN region determine its own contributions to the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework and define its priority actions to ensure the agreed targets are met.

Lim stressed that setting aside protected areas still remains as one of the most effective ways to tackle biodiversity decline.

Although we are crafting the post-2020 global biodiversity framework, we are not reinventing the wheel. The ASEAN Member States, all of which are parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, have shown considerable commitment to achieving the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, particularly Target 11, whichcalls for the protection of at least 17 percentof terrestrial and 10per cent of marine areas by 2020, Lim said.

Professor Zakri, on the other hand, noted some of the challenges of biodiversity conservation in the ASEAN region, such as poaching, lack of conservation staff, the need for coordinated efforts in transboundary protected areas, and funding for conservation programmes.

The post-2020 global biodiversity framework will be adopted bytheConference of the Parties to the CBD in its 15thmeeting, which was originallyscheduled to take place in October this year, in Kunming, China.

The 15th meeting is tentatively expected to take place during the second quarter of 2021, according to the announcement of the CBD Secretariat. (ACB)

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Is nature conservation, a drain or a net contributor to global economy? Experts weigh in - Philippine Information Agency

Mining Weekly Infrastructure at core of business’ R3.4-trillion economic recovery proposal – Creamer Media’s Mining Weekly

Business for South Africa (B4SA) released an economic recovery strategy paper on July 10 that includes a list of 12 priority initiatives, many infrastructure-related, which the formation argues could bolster gross domestic product (GDP) by R1-trillion, create up to 1.5-million jobs and increase yearly tax revenues by R100-billion in the coming three years.

It also called for the establishment of a Joint Reconstruction Task Team to coordinate the implementation of the recovery plan, which would require public and private funding of R3.4-trillion over the coming three years.

The paper follows hot on the heels of the recent Sustainable Infrastructure Development Symposium South Africa at which President Cyril Ramaphosa argued that infrastructure should be the flywheel of the countrys economic recovery from Covid-19.

It also coincides with the release of a discussion document published by the African National Congress economic transformation committee, which asserts that mobilising society around an infrastructure-led recovery should be the first pillar of a new policy framework introduced to address the economic damage associated with the pandemic.

B4SA, which was established in response to Covid-19, said its paper had the support of a number of business associations, including the Association for Savings and Investments South Africa, the Black Business Council (BBC), the Banking Association of South Africa, Business Unity South Africa (Busa), Business Leadership South Africa and Minerals Council South Africa.

In fact, Busa president Sipho Pityana described the paper as the first-ever unambiguously united response by organised business to any issue, while BBC president Sandile Zungu labelled the intervention a demonstration of business commitment to being a reliable social partner.

Titled A New Inclusive Economic Future for South Africa: Delivering an Accelerated Economic Recovery Strategy, the document includes 12 initiatives, each comprising several specific projects, that mostly overlap with the 18 Strategic Integrated Projects that the Presidential Infrastructure Coordinating Committee has been prioritising in recent years.

Pityana acknowledged that the proposals contained in the document were not new.

He stressed, however, that the projects and reforms outlined remained fundamental to placing South Africa on a new growth trajectory and noted that they had also not yet been implemented as envisaged.

For instance, B4SA said that projects and initiatives to ensure affordable and secure electricity supply should be prioritised along with efforts to fast-track green-economy investments through an acceleration of the deployment of renewable energy and the launch of a green stimulus and national green funding strategy.

It also wanted Eskoms operating and capital structures to be addressed and the Integrated Resource Plan 2019 (IRP 2019) updated to include revised gas-to-power targets. The IRP 2019 currently allocates 3000 MW to gas until 2030.

The other ten projects and initiatives identified, included:

A recurring conclusion across most sectors is that infrastructure is a key enabler which must be addressed with urgency if businesses are to deliver inclusive growth, B4SA argued, adding that a constructive and effective policy framework was also required to support and sustain growth.

B4SAs Martin Kingston said the funding required to implement the plan would be split between the public sector (R2.4-trillion) and the private sector (R1-trillion) and could only be raised if South Africa presented a coherent and compelling case to domestic and international investors.

Given the structure and size of South Africas financial markets, this level of funding need cannot be met by domestic sources, nor is it possible for the South African Reserve Bank to address the shortfall in a responsible and sustainable manner through monetary measures. Increased foreign capital will therefore be required, which South Africa will have to compete for, Kingston said.

FORK IN THE ROAD

Key constraints to accessing the estimated $12-trillion in pandemic-related support available globally was South Africas weak growth, its worsening fiscal position and recent downgrades by the credit rating agencies.

B4SA warned that the Covid-19 pandemic was likely to result in South Africas GDP declining by between 8% and 10% in 2020, as well as a sharp increase in the 2020/21 fiscal deficit to about 13.3%.

In the absence of growth-enhancing structural reforms, budget deficits are expected to remain high and government debt is expected to exceed 100% of GDP in 2023 (versus 26% in 2008), as annual Budget deficits remain above 13% of GDP.

The paper urges government to pursue a zero-based reconstruction Budget and for Finance Minister Tito Mboweni to provide visibility of such a budgetary response when presenting his Medium-Term Budget Policy Statement in October.

The Covid-19 economic shock, B4SA asserts, presents an opportunity to reimagine South Africas future, and has placed South Africa at a fork in the road and actions taken in response to the crisis will determine whether the country follows a low road or a high road.

Should it take the low road, the gains made since 1994 would be lost, while the high road to reposition the economy to grow at a yearly rate of about 5% would help reduce unemployment, inequality and poverty.

The immediate imperative is to kick-start inclusive economic growth by restoring confidence, attracting investment, and implementing projects which will lead to near-term employment gains, and which then support inclusive growth over the medium and long-term, the paper asserts.

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Mining Weekly Infrastructure at core of business' R3.4-trillion economic recovery proposal - Creamer Media's Mining Weekly

Putting Together all the Pieces of the Sustainable Cooling-For-All Puzzle – R744.com

Professor Toby Peters of the Centre for Sustainable Cooling, in conjunction with shecco, is refining the definition of Clean Cooling, and developing a process for auditing whether cooling projects fulfill the definition.

Over the past five years, three global agreementsof immense importance to the future of humanity have been enacted: the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on HFC reduction.

The SDGs, born at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, encompass 17 urgent environmental, political and economic challenges around the world. They were adopted by world leaders in September 2015 at the UN Sustainable Development Summit 2015 in New York City, and went into force in January 2016.

Around that time (December 2015), the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 21) was held in Paris, where 196 governments negotiated and drafted the Paris Agreement on climate change; it was signed the following April in New York City, and has been ratified by 189 governments as of June 2020. Its objective: keeping the rise in global temperatures since the industrial revolution well under 2C (3.6F), preferably no greater than 1.5C (2.7F).

To support the goals of the Paris Agreement, the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol was enacted on October 15, 2016, by 198 governments (including the European Union) in Kigali, Rwanda; it took effect on January 1, 2019. The Amendment calls for the phase down of the production and use of HFCs, which are potent greenhouse gases, by developed and developing countries, targeting a roughly 85% reduction compared to baselines by 2047.

While these three global treaties all aim to dramatically improve the environmental, economic and social health of the world during the 21st century, they each go about it in different ways. But there is one, often overlooked, area of overlap that is essential to the realization of all three: cooling or, to be more precise, Clean Cooling.

Clean Cooling sits at the intersection of Paris, Kigali and the SDGs, said Toby Peters, Professor in Cold Economy at the University of Birmingham, U.K., and Co-Director of the Birmingham-based Centre for Sustainable Cooling, who first defined the concept several years ago. He has written extensively about it, including a study called A Cool World: Defining the Energy Conundrum of Cooling for All. (See Meeting the Demand for Cooling in a Warming World, Accelerate Magazine, July-August 2019.)

Clean Cooling, Peters explained, is the link that shows how the three treaties are not separate entities but are in fact interrelated; moreover, it is the linchpin that enables you to deliver all three simultaneously, that is, meeting basic societal needs while protecting the environment, he said.

The criteria for the Global Cooling Prize are fully aligned with the intent of the Clean Cooling definition-Iain Campbell, Rocky Mountain Institute

Clean Cooling, which dramatically raises the bar on current norms, is Peters call to arms. If were going to hit our targets, we have to challenge the world to be more aggressive, he said.

The implementation of Clean Cooling would not only help countries achieve the goals of the three major treaties, but in so doing would also deliver what Peters calls Cooling for All. Over a billion people now lack adequate access to cooling for food, health and physical well-being, according to Sustainable Energy for All Chilling Prospects reports. Moreover, unchecked warming will result by 2070 in 1-3 billion people being exposed to mean annual temperatures warmer than nearly anywhere today, said a study, Future of the human climate niche, published in May in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The concept of Clean Cooling as a gold standard for sustainable cooling is currently being refined by Peters and colleagues in concert with shecco, publisher of Accelerate and in discussion with external experts. Its current definition can be found at https://bit.ly/2WQs39D. Peters expects the definition to evolve over time as cooling solutions and strategies improve.

He stressed that Clean Cooling is an attempt to get beyond nebulous terms like sustain-able cooling. I see technologies using refrigerants with a 1,900 GWP, or transport refrigeration running on diesel, called sustainable; they might offer incremental improvements, but they are not sustainable, he said.

Peters and shecco are also, over the course of 2020, leading a collaborative project to develop a standard Clean Cooling process in effect, a series of questions by which cooling projects can be audited. This process could be employed by a variety of stakeholders, including end users, planners, banks, and governments. They will welcome industry feedback on the definition and standards that are developed.

Iain Campbell, Senior Fellow at the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI), which developed the Global Cooling Prize, said he agrees that there is a need for a clearer definition of sustainable cooling that reflects both long-term aspiration while still being in reach, and is a definition that can be applied with rigor and transparency. The criteria for the Global Cooling Prize are fully aligned with the intent of the Clean Cooling definition, he added.

Among the organizations seeking to facilitate the use of efficient cooling in developing countries is the Swiss group BASE (Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy), which is helping companies offer the cooling-as-a-service (CaaS) financing model. Thomas Motmans, Sustainable Energy Finance Specialist for BASE, sees Clean Cooling as aligning with CaaS and other financial instruments.

A standard for clean cooling resulting from an auditable and certifiable process will be a valuable tool to support financial instruments, as it will support investors building portfolios of sustainable projects to better understand what they are investing in, said Motmans.

The concept of Clean Cooling as a gold standard for sustainable cooling is currently being refined by Peters and colleagues in concert with shecco, publisher of Accelerate and in discussion with external experts. Its current definition can be found at https://bit.ly/2WQs39D. Peters expects the definition to evolve over time as cooling solutions and strategies improve.

He stressed that Clean Cooling is an attempt to get beyond nebulous terms like sustain-able cooling. I see technologies using refrigerants with a 1,900 GWP, or transport refrigeration running on diesel, called sustainable; they might offer incremental improvements, but they are not sustainable, he said.

Peters and shecco are also, over the course of 2020, leading a collaborative project to develop a standard Clean Cooling process in effect, a series of questions by which cooling projects can be audited. This process could be employed by a variety of stakeholders, including end users, planners, banks, and governments. They will welcome industry feedback on the definition and standards that are developed.

Iain Campbell, Senior Fellow at the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI), which developed the Global Cooling Prize, said he agrees that there is a need for a clearer definition of sustainable cooling that reflects both long-term aspiration while still being in reach, and is a definition that can be applied with rigor and transparency. The criteria for the Global Cooling Prize are fully aligned with the intent of the Clean Cooling definition, he added.

Among the organizations seeking to facilitate the use of efficient cooling in developing countries is the Swiss group BASE (Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy), which is helping companies offer the cooling-as-a-service (CaaS) financing model. Thomas Motmans, Sustainable Energy Finance Specialist for BASE, sees Clean Cooling as aligning with CaaS and other financial instruments.

A standard for clean cooling resulting from an auditable and certifiable process will be a valuable tool to support financial instruments, as it will support investors building portfolios of sustainable projects to better understand what they are investing in, said Motmans.

In simple terms, we need a step-change intervention to reduce the energy consumption of cooling by 70% by 2050.-Toby Peters, University of Birmingham

The size of the challenge

If Clean Cooling has an ambitious agenda, it is because the scale of the challenge achieving all three global treaties is so immense, noted Peters. The numbers tell the story.

To begin with, the warming world is adding an estimated 13 to 19 cooling appliances per second, and we could see more than 9.5 billion in use by 2050, up from approximately 3.6 billion today, Peters said. But in order to deliver access to cooling for all who need it, this number could be closer to 14 billion appliances without step-change intervention in how we deliver cooling, he said.

With all of those appliances, and meeting the cooling needs of all implied by the 17 SDGs, cooling by itself, without intervention, could account for 17-18Gt CO2e emissions per year at a time when many are targeting net zero. An acceptable cooling number to hit climate targets might be 2Gt, which wont be possible unless we massively change how we do cooling, Peters said, Thats the size of the problem.

In terms of energy consumption, delivering cooling for all, while meeting the new demand for air conditioning in developing countries, could rack up an estimated 19,500tWh (terawatt hours) of energy annually by 2050 without mitigation measures, Peters said. However, under the Paris agreement goal of preventing global warming from exceeding 2C, no more than 6,300tWh or cooling would be acceptable, according to data provided by the International Energy Agency (IEA). (Relying on renewables is not the answer because cooling for all could consume 63%-104% of the total renewable energy generation projections for 2050, Peters added.)

How then to get from 19,500 tWh to 6,300tWh? Peters believes it can only happen through a firm global commitment to Clean Cooling. In simple terms, we need a step-change intervention to reduce the energy consumption of cooling by 70% by 2050, he said, It requires us to radically rethink cooling.

Achieving the 2050 goal in reality requires integrated solutions that meet the targets between 2030 and 2040, given the 10-12 year lifespan of cooling equipment, Peters said. To that end, a room air conditioner that is five times more efficient than conventional models is on the horizon as a result of the Global Cooling Prize, organized by a global coalition led by the Government of India and RMI. Eight finalists who have developed highly efficient AC systems will compete for a US$1 million prize, which will be announced in March 2021.

But Peters, who is a judge for the Global Cooling Prize, stressed the need for countries to recognize what can be achieved and adopt regulations so that affordable AC units consuming 80% less energy become standard by 2030.

A Cooling Mosaic

Efficient equipment alone will not be enough to deliver Paris and the other global accords, Peters said. That requires Clean Cooling.

Clean Cooling, as it pertains to air conditioning and refrigeration, in both stationary and mobile applications, encompasses a wide array of elements akin to a mosaic that gives form to many pieces.

In its essence, Clean Cooling is resilient cooling for all who need it, without environmental damage and climate impact and with the optimal use of natural and thermal resources throughout the lifespan of the cooling system, Peters said.

But Clean Cooling starts with a quantitative assessment and understanding of the need for cooling, he said. For end users of cooling, it means changing the question from How much electricity do I need? to Have I thought about what cooling service I need? he added. This means considering not only the total cooling load, but also the steps that have been taken to minimize the load, and the available energy resources, before the equipment is even installed. Peters calls this thinking thermally not about how much electricity is needed, but how much cooling.

So it is not enough to install an energy-efficient air conditioning system in a building to achieve Clean Cooling, explained Peters. The building itself needs to be designed to reduce the cooling demand via steps like white roofs, shading and natural ventilation to mitigate the need for mechanical cooling. In addition, such a building would seek to instill behavioral or system changes to maintain a reasonably comfortable temperature of, say, 24C-26C (75F-79F) while minimizing room humidity. A computer center would need to leverage free cooling during lower ambient temperature periods. A supermarket would need to have doors on all of its coolers, and reclaim the coolers waste heat to make hot water.

And then the equipment itself has to be accessible, affordable, financially sustainable, flexible, scalable, targeted, safe and reliable, according to the model definition.

Clean Cooling does not stop at installation. It continues with a committed maintenance program something often neglected today to ensure that equipment keeps up peak efficiency, and includes the latest digital monitoring and control systems. It is estimated that upwards of 25% of AC emissions could be cut today via optimization, monitoring and maintenance. But for that to happen, it will be essential to train a sufficient number of technicians to work with natural refrigerants in the latest AC and refrigeration systems.

In addition to offering best-in-class efficiency, Clean Cooling equipment uses refrigerants that have little to no global warming potential (GWP) or wider environmental impacts. That means natural refrigerants (CO2, hydrocarbons, ammonia, water and air) are a fundamental part of Clean Cooling, except in rare and urgent instances where they are not available or cant be supported by technicians. Over time, as natural refrigeration becomes more mainstream globally, the exception will be dropped.

Clean Cooling also applies to mobile air conditioning (MAC). Like stationary AC, MAC will experience increasing demand as global temperatures rise, to the point where up to 24%-26% of the electrical demand in an electrically powered vehicle used in hot, humid climates could be for cooling by 2050, said Peters. (It is now about 3%-7% of a vehicles fuel consumption.) To reduce demand, cars will likely need to be designed with better insulation, along with having more efficient MAC systems, he noted.

Most car manufacturers have switched to R1234yf refrigerant (an HFO), though some, like Daimler, are starting to employ CO2 as the refrigerant.

As with climate change mitigation, natural resource conservation is a byproduct of Clean Cooling. By using cooling to prevent food loss, farmers are able to conserve massive amounts of natural resources like water and land, Peters noted. The efficient use of natural resources in equipment is another mark of Clean Cooling. To that end, it may be better to use ice rather than lithium batteries for cooling energy storage, Peters said.

Clean Cooling is not done inside a social vacuum; it takes into account the basic human needs for food, health and comfort. So, if you are building a factory, alongside mitigating cooling demand, you check that the staff will be kept safe and productive, said Peters. In an agricultural setting, Clean Cooling specifically must include cold chains for food and medical needs to meet both SDG and climate targets. This means integrated, seamless and resilient networks of interconnected refrigerated and temperature controlled storage, aggregation, distribution and process points, and transport modes.

Renewables and Other Energy Sources

Energy management is a critical feature of Clean Cooling.

Importantly, energy for Clean Cooling does not need to come from electricity, stressed Peters. It can also be run on low-grade waste energy (absorption chillers), trigeneration (power, heat, cold) or other thermal energy (including. solar). Waste cold from liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification can be used, while geothermal energy, bodies of water and sky cooling can effectively provide free energy for cooling. In hot dry climates, water evaporation is commonly employed for cooling. Likewise, energy can be efficiently and cost-effectively stored in phase-change materials, like ice or even tanks of water, not just batteries.

Indeed, these alternatives will be increasingly required given that cooling (thermal services) is one of the fastest-growing energy sectors, observed Peters. That needs to be recognized, he added, as the global transition to renewables is implemented, and the energy system is designed for a variety of needs, including new services, e-vehicles and e-logistics, intermittent generation, flexible loads, peak energy demands, and multiple energy resources requiring different operating conditions.

Thus, Clean Cooling is cognizant of how communities use cooling, such as when peak demand takes place; it endeavors to alleviate the burden that peak demand places on the power grid (including variable renewable energy generation) by switching to thermal storage, such as blocks of ice created when demand is low. In many hotter climates, a significant percentage of peak electricity demand is to drive ACs, noted Peters.

Meeting the challenge of cooling and the transition to renewables simultaneously needs integrated approaches using bundles of technologies that leverage all energy resources, including untapped synergies between thermal sources and sinks, said Peters. It will also mean delivering added value from system optimization, allowing new economic values to be captured, and ensuring resilience and optimized energy management across the transport and built-environment.

In effect, Clean Cooling calls for holistic thinking that includes, not solely the technological domain, but also energy sources, energy storage, manufacturing strategies, social, ecological and economic considerations, governance, policy, finance, business, education and training, he said. For Peters, this will preclude sub-optimal solutions due to adopting a siloed business-unit perspective and a lack of understanding of local needs and requirements.

In short, he said, Clean Cooling calls for a systematic approach to cooling along a value chain with the following elements: planning, making, storing, moving, using, managing and financing cold. He sees this as part of an interconnected cold eco-system designed for circularity.

Who Uses Clean Cooling?

Peters foresees Clean Cooling standards being used by a variety of stakeholders, including end users, banks, and governments.

The UN is already asking governments to develop National Cooling Action Plans (NCAP) that meet the needs of communities and contribute to a countrys Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the Paris agreement. However, Peters believes that many NCAPs are failing to assess a countrys total cooling needs. If you dont know how much cooling is needed to meet your goals feed your population, deliver vaccines, keep people safe and productive then how can you have a robust plan? he asked.

To assist countries in determining their cooling demand, Edinburgh, U.K.-based Heriot-Watt University, where Peters is a Senior Research Fellow in Transformational Innovation for Sustainability, has recently released a cooling needs assessment tool, he said.

In order to fulfill Clean Coolings vision of a world with cooling for all, banks and other institutions will need to employ creative solutions, such as CaaS, a pay-as-you-go servitization model that eliminates onerous first costs for the end user. Such a model could be especially helpful to farmers in developing countries with cold-chain equipment, and also help city dwellers pay for more efficient AC units, noted Peters. District cooling is another scheme that could distribute cooling more economically.

Motmans of BASE said his organization would see a strong value in using a Clean Cooling standard to evaluate CaaS projects. Setting clear standards would motivate cooling users and investors alike to seek clean cooling certified CaaS providers, and would motivate the latter to innovate to reach such a standard, he said.

The CaaS model, added Motmans, incentivizes technology providers to implement Clean Cooling strategies, such as passive cooling, to minimize cooling demand prior to installing the cooling system, and preventive maintenance in order to maximize operating efficiency. With CaaS, the technology provider has the incentive to implement those strategies that will reduce the life-cycle cost of the plant, because these will reduce the costs to deliver the cooling service to the customer, he said.

To jumpstart Clean Cooling in India, several projects are underway. For example, a Centre of Excellence (COE) in the form of a pack house that will showcase modern refrigeration technologies is being developed in Haryana state, India, to improve and integrate the local cold chain and help reduce food loss. The COE project has broad support and is being undertaken by a part-nership of the AgriTech Sector Team in the U.K. Department for International Trade, the British High Commission India, as well as the Haryana State Government.

In addition, researchers from the University of Birmingham and Heriot-Watt University have launched a project in India with Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation and the Consortium for Energy Efficiency (CEE) to help try to engineer an efficient clean cooling COVID-19 vaccine-logistics mechanism.

Banks could employ Clean Cooling standards to force loan applicants to pare the cooling cost of a project. For a building loan, the first question is, have you mitigated the cooling demand? said Peters. Dont get me to fund an air-conditioning system until its the smallest size because you designed the building properly. Then, can you confirm that the AC is at the highest efficiency and the refrigerant is natural? If not, then its back to the drawing board.

The Washington, D.C. (U.S.)-based World Bank, which provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries, has embraced the concept of Clean Cooling. Last year, the World Bank announced the Efficient Clean Cooling Programme designed to accelerate the uptake of sustainable cooling solutions (air conditioning, refrigeration and cold chain) in developing countries. Led by the World Banks Energy Sector Management Assistance (ESMAP) and the World Banks Climate Change Group, the program received a $3 million grant from the Kigali Cooling Efficiency Program (K-CEP) to ensure that efficient, clean cooling is included in investment projects and to mobilize further financing.

The bank also last year announced that it was developing a roadmap that will help it look at projects at a system level, considering all of the energy and thermal elements.

In promoting Clean Cooling as an aspirational standard for the world, Peters is trying to orchestrate a shift in the way people generally perceive energy. Instead of simply equating energy loads with electricity, they should understand that energy also includes cooling (thermal energy), he believes.

When we talk about energy, people think electricity and dont realize that in many countries the biggest growth in energy demand is cooling loads, he explained. We need to start thinking thermally. That is the challenge.

This article appeared in issue #110 of Accelerate Magazine.

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Putting Together all the Pieces of the Sustainable Cooling-For-All Puzzle - R744.com