‘I try to stress the positive’ – Albert Lea Tribune – Albert Lea Tribune

Director of nursing at St. Johns The Woodlands tries to be upbeat and fun

The director of nursing at St. Johns Lutheran Communitys The Woodlands campus is approaching her one-year anniversary at the nursing home after what has been a busy first year amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.

Chastity Peterson started in the position last November and said she has enjoyed her time thus far.

Peterson has a background in geriatrics and memory care and also worked for a time in insurance for HealthPartners.

Peterson previously lived in the Twin Cities, but moved to Albert Lea after she got the position. She is engaged to Josh Fossum, manager of Bayview/Freeborn Funeral Home, and the two are planning to be married Aug. 1.

She said though it initially was an adjustment moving to Albert Lea from the Cities, she has grown to love the community and the slower pace here.

In her role as director of nursing, she oversees the nurse managers at the facility, who in turn oversee other nursing staff.

She also guides the admissions coordinator and works with medical records.

Peterson noted how important each member of the team is for residents at St. Johns. She credited the frontline staff since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and their dedication to the residents.

I praise my frontline workers, she said. Theyve stayed positive through it all and supported each other.

She said staff have planned special things to try to help residents during this difficult time with therapy and activities.

They enjoy taking residents out on the porch when possible, have planned theme days, a car cruise and parades. The chaplain has also conducted hallway services, in which residents can listen to the service from their doorways, and they try to set up FaceTime visits for residents with families and tele-visit doctor visits.

Gina Keith asks Chastity Peterson for clarification on a bladder scan reading at St. Johns Lutheran Community. Provided

During this whole thing, I try to stress the positive, she said.

Residents are still tested two times a day for temperature and other COVID-19 screening questions. If a resident has even one of the COVID-19 symptoms, they call the Mayo mobile testing unit, which comes to the facility to test the patient for the virus.

Its a day-by-day thing, and were following the guidance of the Department of Health, she said.

Nursing homes recently started allowing outdoor visits with families and residents, and the nursing home also recently opened its beauty shop.

Overall, it really has helped the residents, Peterson said.

Peterson can often be seen wearing Wonder Woman clothing, and outside of work, she said she likes doing things with her Jeep and loves finding ugly pieces of furniture on the side of the road and fixing them up.

Between Peterson and her fiance, they have seven children and two grandchildren. They also enjoy being outdoors, canoeing and fishing.

She said she also serves as president of the Halverson Elementary School parent-teacher organization.

Chastity is a very motivated and hardworking person who always puts the safety and happiness of St. Johns residents first, said Kathy Woodside, director of public relations, fund development and volunteers at St. Johns. She is always greeting everyone with a warm smile and is upbeat and fun to work with.

St. Johns Lutheran Community on Fountain Lake Director of Nurses Chastity Peterson takes a residents blood pressure. Provided

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'I try to stress the positive' - Albert Lea Tribune - Albert Lea Tribune

Original artist working to restore D.C. Booth fish car – Black Hills Pioneer

SPEARFISH In 1999, local sign painter Tim Peterson helped paint a former passenger rail car when it was converted into a historically accurate replica of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Car No. 3, one of the nations original fish cars.

Now, 21 years later, Peterson is recreating his original artwork to restore the signage on the car, the pinstriping, and other painted details that create a historically accurate depiction of the rail car.

The artwork I am doing now, the lettering and the striping, is based on a model that is in the museum, Peterson said of his original artwork on the rail car. I made drawings of the rail car in the museum and Ive got those drawings in my files. I redrew them in full size and applied them to the rail car, and copied what I saw off the model. That was my template.

Hatchery Superintendent Carlos Martinez said the rail car is a replica of the original Fish Car No. 3 from 1884, which were once the U.S. governments way of quickly transporting fish and their eggs to lakes and hatcheries across the country. The 10 original fish cars were recycled during World War II for materials. Thus, a passenger rail car was converted into a historically accurate fish car based on an original architectural model from 1898. The fish car helps to effectively tell the story of hatcheries.

This is U.S. Bureau of Fisheries Car No. 3. Its the only replica of a federal fish car in the country, Martinez said, adding that the rail car is important to the history of fisheries across the country. We get people from all over the country coming here just to see the rail car. Train enthusiasts, fisheries historians, they come here specifically to see this. Then they see the rest of the facility and they fall in love with it.

Since the fish car is so important to telling the story of fisheries across the country, including D.C. Booth Fish Hatchery, Martinez said it is important to keep it maintained, and part of that is doing regular painting. Peterson said he was thrilled to restore his original artwork on the rail car.

It was looking kind of shabby, Peterson said of the paint job. He added that he is especially happy to work on the project with his son, Bill. Peterson primarily paints signs with his business, Flat Earth Art Company. But Bill Petersons painting business Peterson Painting focuses more on exterior painting and finishing. Because of the different nature of their businesses, Tim said this is the first project theyve done as a father-son team.

That was pretty interesting to me, he said. This is the first time weve done our own thing.

Martinez said he is thrilled to have the Peterson team help with the restoration, especially with Tim as the original artist.

Anytime you can have the same artist, and the same methodology, and the same paint, its good, he said. We called him to do this. I knew he had done the work on here and I had worked with him on some other projects. I approached him before we even knew we could pay for it and got a quote. Things fell together. Were super excited to have him work on this.

Martinez added that the restoration work comes right in time for the D.C. Booth Historic Fish Hatcherys 125th Anniversary celebration next year.

The effort to restore the fish car back to its original grandeur as a replica was made possible with several funding sources, including the Deadwood Historic Preservation Commission, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Retirees Association, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Booth Society. The project is a joint venture between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Booth Society, and is expected to be completed in August.

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Original artist working to restore D.C. Booth fish car - Black Hills Pioneer

Barbara Palumbo and Kate Peterson Provide Retailer Insights and Tips for The Plumb Club’s July Podcasts – INSTORE MAG

(PRESS RELEASE) NEW YORK Two renowned and well-respected jewelry industry experts have lent their voices and wisdom to The Plumb Clubs July podcast additions. Journalist, writer and media personality Barbara Palumbo and author, retail consultant and sales trainer Kate Peterson have each created powerful informational seminars that have been added to The Plumb Clubs library of retailer educational tools and are available for download.

10 Tips To Strengthen Your Social Media: Barbara Palumbo provides 10 Tips to help retailers strengthen their social media presence and gain traction! Barbara explains why Instagram is The King of social media and how a retailers social media should be looked upon as having an additional salesperson. From consistency, to engagement, to the art of the hashtag, these insights and tips will help retailers boost their social media presence across all platforms.

Barbara Palumbo is a full-time editor, writing about both jewelry and watches on her blogs adornmentality.com and whatsonherwrist.com, as well as for nationally recognized publications. Additionally, she is the host of InStore Magazines The Barb Wire podcast and is a frequent speaker at industry events and trade fairs.

Clicks & Mortar Staying Relevant In Todays Marketplace: Kate Peterson provides insights on how the evolution of consumer behavior has been drastically accelerated and how retailers must be innovative in order to stay relevant. She points out the shifting information balance between the consumer and retailer and provides tips and tools on both where and how to meet and work with this new customer in a way that will exceed their expectation and keep the retailer in the forefront of their market. Peterson is the President and CEO of Performance Concepts Inc., a company that provides innovative and effective consultation and training in the luxury industry.

The Plumb Club podcasts, which are added monthly, provide strategies, knowledge and immediately actionable steps that will help retailers across a variety of business areas. The newest podcasts, as well as the previous ones, are available on The Plumb Club website under the Resources

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Peterson: Unique perspectives of Big Ten’s non-conference football decision that engulfs Cy-Hawk – Des Moines Register

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First went the Iowa State Fair. Thursday, coronavirus claimed another of our State of Iowa staples:

The 2020 Cy-Hawk football game.

Talk about a one-two punch to the gut, said Dan McCarney, who has one of the most unique perspectives of the rivalry game thats been played annually since 1977. Those are fabrics of the State of Iowa. Even non-football fans look toward that special Saturday every season, that special fall tradition of the Iowa-Iowa State football game. Itll be a real void, not having it this year.

McCarney, who coached 25 of those games either as the Cyclones head coach or a Hawkeye assistant, was one of three insiders weighing in on Friday, a day after the Big Ten Conference proclaimed that its 14 teams would play conference games only. See ya, for now, anyway, Cy vs. Hawk.

It is certainly a sad time for our country and for college athletics, said Big 12 Conference commissioner Bob Bowlsby, who also has a one-of-a-kind tie to what was announced Thursday.

From the coach to the commissioner and finally, to the longtime radio broadcaster, losing Cyclones vs. Hawkeyes for this fall means something different.

Already, the Ivy League said no fall sports will be played. Voluntary football workouts have shut down temporarily at a number of schools, due to outbreaks of COVID-19, and then came Thursdays announcement:

No Big Ten non-conference games this fall. No Sept. 12 Cy-Hawk in Iowa City. No Sept. 5 Northern Iowa at Iowa.

These games are highly anticipated and substantial economic drivers for the schools and the communities, Bowlsby wrote in an email to The Register. The games never disappoint; they are typically closer than anticipated, and lots of fun under any circumstances.

Bob Bowlsby, left, outgoing University of Iowa athletic director, congratulates his replacement and longtime friend, Gary Barta, after a news conference Friday, June 23, 2006, in Iowa City, Iowa, where Barta was named Bowlsby's replacement.(Photo: Register file photo)

Bowlsby knows more about our in-state rivalries than most. Hes a former Northern Iowa athletics director. Hes a former athletics director at Iowa. From financial to fun-loving, he understands the ramifications the Big Tens decision has on our state.

Northern Iowa, for example, stood to make $650,000 to play at Iowa. Thats big bucks for any athletics department, especially an FCS department that relies on big non-conference game revenues to help pay the bills. Already some financially-strapped schools have cut sports. More could follow, as everyone is bracing for a financial hit.

The Cy-Hawk game, which rotates annually between Ames and Iowa City, brings millions of dollars into communities. Hotels from miles around the stadiums are filled. As many fans party in parking lots, as ticket-owning people actually watch from inside. Independent street-side vendors will suffer financially. Restaurants will be empty. Bars, too. Radio advertisers. Television advertisers. Everyone suffers.

Having been involved in many of the (Cy-Hawk and UNI-Iowa) games, I feel bad for the players and coaches who will not have the fun of the competition, Bowlsby said. I feel bad for all of the fans, both in-stadium and those consuming by radio or television."

**

I feel absolutely horrible for the seniors, McCarney, an Iowa City native and former Hawkeye player, said. Memories of careers are easy to forget after time, but I guarantee you that every senior knows what happened the last time he played in the Cy-Hawk game. I feel like I missed a lot never having played in the game. A lot.

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McCarneys unique view of this game was from the sidelines as an Iowa assistant coach between 1977-1989, and as Iowa States head coach while leading the Cyclones to five bowl games between 1995 and 2005. His playing days included the rivalrys interruption. His head coaching days included leading the Cyclones to one of the biggest upsets in school history.

Iowa State lost 15 games against Iowa in a row when McCarney took his four-touchdown underdog squad to Iowa City in 1998. Hed not beaten the school for whom he played and coached. Hayden Fry, on the other sidelines, hadnt lost against the Cyclones anywhere since 1982.

That 27-9 Iowa State win was something for the ages, indeed.

Ill never forget the look on the seniors faces, McCarney said. Theyd finally beaten Iowa.

And to you who say Iowa didnt take the game as seriously as Iowa State? Bunk.

Hayden, God bless him, was all about the Iowa-Iowa State game, McCarney recalled. In staff meetings during that week, hes always say something about players not looking focused in practice, the position coaches not coaching them well enough, and motivational things like that. Hed never mention names. We nudged each other under the table, wondering which coach he was talking about? Was it me, was it Kirk (Ferentz), (Bill) Snyder, Barry (Alvarez), Donnie Patterson? We never knew which one he was actually talking about, which made us make sure we worked harder the next day.

**

So Dolph, what do you now have planned for Sept. 12?

Wanna play golf? he asked Friday. Im in my 49th year of broadcasting, and Ive never had a stretch of three weeks in a row off during a football season.

None of us who for decades have set our fall schedules around college football in the fall have.

Theres just so many unknowns, said Dolphin, who just happened to be golfing in Iowa City during our conversation. Look at the lost revenue, not only from the schools standpoint, but also the hotels and restaurants and the advertising. Devastating.

**

Our college football fall wasnt going to feel the same, anyway, but no Cy-Hawk?

It was a prudent decision.It was expected that some conferences would skip the non-conference portions of schedules. Other conferences may even follow, including the Big 12.

That doesnt lessen the blow for Iowans who have planned weddings and funerals around the Iowa State-Iowa football games.

As Dolphin said:

Its a punch to the belly-button.

Iowa State columnist Randy Peterson has been writingfor the Des Moines Register for parts of sixdecades. Reach him at rpeterson@dmreg.com, 515-284-8132, and on Twitter at @RandyPete. No one covers the Cyclones like the Register. Subscribe today at DesMoinesRegister.com/Deal to make sure you never miss a moment.

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Parayko, Bortuzzo not on the ice as Blues start training camp – St. Louis Post-Dispatch

Of course, not all the test results came back negative. But at least the Blues are past Phase 2. The voluntary phase of the pandemic pause is over. They will be playing their round-robin opener in less than three weeks, on Aug. 2 against the Colorado Avalanche.

The key to getting there is successfully navigating through the two weeks of camp at Centene. Right now, the players are free to go where they please once they leave Centene. And thats where trouble can take place.

The news that teammates had tested positive was a sobering reminder that COVID-19 can strike anyone, anywhere, at any time.

Yeah, its real, goalie Jordan Binnington said. A very uncertain time. So in those times, I think all you can do is kinda take care of yourself and be a good citizen to those around you.

Ive kept it pretty tight. Wearing masks everywhere I go, I try to at least. Keeping your distance in conversations. You miss hugging people and shaking peoples hands a little bit.

Binnington has been so diligent about wearing a facemask that he has caught himself occasionally driving by himself with his mask on.

You make fun of those people who are driving by themselves with a mask on, but I sometimes forget, he said. So I understand where theyre coming from.

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Parayko, Bortuzzo not on the ice as Blues start training camp - St. Louis Post-Dispatch

In overnight orders, justices allow federal execution to proceed – SCOTUSblog

In the early hours this morning, after a flurry of last-minute filings, a divided Supreme Court cleared the way for federal executions to resume for the first time in nearly 20 years. According to news reports, the federal government then moved quickly to carry out an execution that had been scheduled for Monday afternoon, executing Daniel Lewis Lee at a federal prison in Indiana shortly after 8 a.m. EDT this morning.

The battle over the federal governments efforts to resume executions has been a hard-fought one for the last few months. Late last month, the justices declined to intervene in the dispute over the new lethal-injection protocol that the Department of Justice devised in order to avoid problems obtaining the drugs that have historically been used to put inmates to death. The court denied a request by four federal death-row inmates, including Lee, to review a ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit that upheld the new federal regulations for carrying out the death penalty. The decision by a divided three-judge panel had overturned a ruling by U.S. District Judge Tanya Chutkan, who held that federal law requires the government to carry out executions using precisely the same protocol as the state where the execution takes place.

Lee was scheduled to be executed Monday at 4 p.m. EDT for the 1996 murders of William and Nancy Mueller and Nancys daughter, eight-year-old Sarah Powell. After stealing approximately $50,000 worth of cash, guns and ammunition from the Muellers to fund a white supremacist movement, Lee and his accomplice shot the Muellers with a stun gun, placed plastic bags over their heads, and threw them into a bayou.

On July 10, a federal district court in Indiana put the execution on hold. The postponement came at the request of Earlene Peterson, the 80-year-old mother of Nancy Mueller, and other family members of the victims. The family members have long said Lee should not be executed, but they insisted that, if he were going to be executed, they wanted to attend the execution. In their request for a postponement, they argued that traveling to the prison to attend Lees execution during the COVID-19 pandemic would risk their health. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit lifted the district courts stay on July 12, prompting Peterson and the other family members to seek emergency relief at the Supreme Court on Monday.

In a 29-page filing, Peterson asked the justices to reinstate the district courts order blocking Lees execution until her right to safely travel and attend the execution during the resurgent pandemic can be adequately considered. Peterson suffers from congestive heart failure, while Monica Veillette, Nancy Muellers niece, has chronic asthma. They would have faced substantial risks from the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic had they traveled to attend the execution as matters now stand, Peterson wrote, particularly when a staff member at the prison who has tested positive for COVID-19 was at the death chamber after he was exposed to the virus.

Peterson contended that the Supreme Court should intervene because it was likely to eventually grant review to weigh in on whether the federal government can disregard the rights of crime victims and their families to attend the execution. They are not trying, Peterson stressed, to dictate the Attorney Generals choice of a date for an execution. Instead, Peterson argued, the district courts decision simply would require the government to consider the danger to close family members of the victims from traveling and attending an execution to which they have already been invited. And if Lees execution goes forward as scheduled, when she cannot safely attend, Peterson concluded, she and her family members will effectively be denied their right to attend. By contrast, Peterson observed, there was no reason why the government had to go forward with Lees execution; there was no deadline, and it did not explain why a delay would cause any problems.

Lee also filed his own request on Monday asking the Supreme Court to put his execution on hold to give the justices time to review his appeal, which raised Sixth Amendment arguments and other issues. In a petition for review, Lee urged the justices to weigh in on whether federal laws governing post-conviction relief would allow him to challenge the adequacy of his trial lawyer.

Also on Monday, Chutkan again put the scheduled executions on hold. She concluded that Lee and other inmates with upcoming execution dates were likely to succeed on their claim the standard for temporary relief that the federal governments lethal-injection protocol violates the Eighth Amendments ban on cruel and unusual punishment. Among other things, she noted, the scientific evidence before the court overwhelmingly indicates that the protocol is very likely to cause Plaintiffs extreme pain and needless suffering during their executions. Moreover, she added, the inmates identified two other options that would reduce the risk of such serious pain: giving the inmate a dose of either pain medication or an anti-anxiety medication before the execution begins; or execution by firing squad. In the governments emergency appeal from Chutkans order, the D.C. Circuit late on Monday rejected the governments request to allow the executions to go forward and ordered the appeal to be fast-tracked.

Shortly before 4 p.m. EDT, when Lees execution was scheduled to take place, the federal government came to the Supreme Court, asking the justices to block Chutkans order or lift it altogether. In a filing signed by Acting U.S. Solicitor General Jeffrey Wall, the government complained about the last-minute nature of the order, writing that the justices should not permit such tactics. But more broadly, the government continued, Chutkans order was meritless and highly unlikely to survive on appeal. The order, the government argued, turns on a profound misunderstanding of this Courts Eighth Amendment jurisprudence. It also would produce the implausible results that huge numbers of recent state executions have violated the Constitution and would convert courts into precisely the kinds of boards of inquiry refereeing battles of the experts this Court has repeatedly made clear they are not, the government said.

At approximately 2 a.m. EDT, the Supreme Court issued a trio of rulings. In an unsigned three-page opinion, by a vote of 5-4, the justices granted the governments request to lift Chutkans order and allow the executions to proceed. Stressing that the inmates claim that the governments lethal-injection protocol violates the Eighth Amendment faces an exceedingly high bar, the court explained that the inmates had not shown that they are likely to succeed on that claim. The Supreme Court, the opinion noted, has yet to hold that a States method of execution qualifies as cruel and unusual, in all likelihood because states have generally tried to make their methods of execution more humane, rather than more painful. And although the inmates have presented evidence suggesting that pentobarbital, the drug that the federal government has selected for its lethal-injection protocol, will cause the inmate to experience a form of respiratory distress that temporarily produces the sensation of drowning or asphyxiation, the government has countered that such a condition occurs only after the inmate has become unconscious or dies. The court emphasized that last-minute intervention like Chutkans Monday-morning order should be the extreme exception, not the norm. It is our responsibility, the court concluded, to ensure that method-of-execution challenges to lawfully issued sentences are resolved fairly and expeditiously, so that the question of capital punishment can remain with the people and their representatives, not the courts, to resolve.

Justice Stephen Breyer dissented from the courts ruling, in an opinion joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Lees case, Breyer argued, illustrates at least some of the problems the death penalty raises in light of the Constitutions prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. Lee spent over 20 years on death row, Breyer noted, which can cause severe psychological suffering and undermine the penological rationale for the death penalty. Moreover, Breyer continued, the death penalty is often imposed arbitrarily: Lees accomplice received a life sentence even though he committed the same crime. And there are significant questions regarding the constitutionality of the lethal-injection protocol that the federal government has adopted for the executions of Lee and other federal prisoners. Because the resumption of federal executions promises to provide examples that illustrate the difficulties of administering the death penalty consistent with the Constitution, Breyer reiterated his view that the solution may be for this Court to directly examine the question whether the death penalty violates the Constitution.

Justice Sonia Sotomayor also filed a dissenting opinion, which was joined by Ginsburg and Justice Elena Kagan. She warned that the majority had set a dangerous precedent by granting the governments request to allow the executions to proceed. In accepting the governments artificial claim of urgency to truncate ordinary procedures of judicial review, Sotomayor cautioned, there will be no meaningful judicial review of the grave, fact-heavy challenges respondents bring to the way in which the Government plans to execute them. She noted that when the Supreme Court denied a government request to allow executions to go forward late last year, three of her colleagues Justices Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh observed that in light of what is at stake, it would be preferable for the D.C. Circuit to review the district courts decision on the merits before the federal government could carry out the executions. And more broadly, Sotomayor noted that the court was again granting what she described as an emergency application from the Government for extraordinary relief, resulting in the most irreparable of harms without the deliberation such an action warrants.

At the same time that the court granted the governments request to lift the stay that Chutkan imposed, it also denied in brief orders, without any noted dissents the requests by Peterson and Lee to postpone Lees execution. According to CNN, Lee was pronounced dead at 8:07 a.m. EDT in Terre Haute, Indiana.

The justices did not act on a separate request by the government to allow the execution of Wesley Purkey, scheduled for Wednesday afternoon, to go forward. The 7th Circuit put Purkeys execution on hold earlier this month.

This post was originally published atHowe on the Court.

Posted in Lee v. Watson, Peterson v. Barr, Barr v. Lee, Featured, Capital Cases

Recommended Citation: Amy Howe, In overnight orders, justices allow federal execution to proceed, SCOTUSblog (Jul. 14, 2020, 11:00 AM), https://www.scotusblog.com/2020/07/in-overnight-orders-justices-allow-federal-execution-to-proceed/

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Former QB Campbell remembers his time in Washington – NBC Sports Washington

After receiving immense public pressure from major sponsors earlier this month, Washington announced in a statement on Monday that the team would retire the name 'Redskins' and its logo. The change was likely not one owner Dan Snyder wanted to make, as he stated in 2013 that the team would "never" change its name.

However, former Washington GM Vinny Cerrato believes there might have been another reason Snyder agreed to finally move on from the name.

In an interview on ESPN's 'Golic and Wingo,' Cerrato explained that he believes Snyder will try and use the name change as a "chip" to eventually build a new stadium in Washington, D.C., one "bigger and better" than his good friend Jerry Jones' 100,000-seater in Dallas.

"Ever since Jerry [Jones] built his stadium...we're playing the Cowboys, and we flew down and had dinner in Jerry's box," Cerrato said."Jerry gave us a tour of the stadium, he's pushing the button opening and closing the roof. Ever since then, [Snyder said] 'I'm going to have one bigger and better.'"

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Cerrato said that now that the name has been retired, Snyder will be able to turn his dream stadium into a reality.

"Trust me when I tell you this, Dan will have one bigger and better," Cerrato said."He'll use it as a chip to get that land where RFK was, to change the name. I would bet that it's somewhere involved in there. The name change is also probably helping him get the property he really wants."

RELATED: THEISMANN HOPES WASHINGTON CAN BE AN EXAMPLE OF ACTING ON SOCIAL CHANGE

Prior to the name change, it's been no secret that the owner wants a new stadium, specifically one in downtown Washington at the team's old RFK site. However, the process of building a new stadium may not be so easy.

D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser said in June that she believes the name must be changed and that the team won't be allowed to build a new stadium in D.C. until that happens. Even after Washington's statement earlier this week, Mayor Bowser said there are still plenty of hurdles that remain for Washington to build a new stadium at the old RFK location.

Washington's current lease as FedEx Field in Landover, Md., is set to expire at the end of the 2027 season.

Only time will tell if the name change ends up helping Snyder build his "bigger and better" stadium in D.C. Despite that, Cerrato believes the owner will look back on the name change and wonder why he took so long to make it.

"For where we are at in society, I think it was an absolute that needed to be done. I think he realized that," Cerrato said."His business partners, Dwight [Schar], Rob Rothman and Fred Smith, they tried to push upon on him recently. So I think it was something that needed to be done. In five years when Dan thinks back about it, he'll probably think 'Why did I wait so long?"

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Peterson: No matter the obstacles and unknowns, Matt Campbell says his Cyclones will be ready – Des Moines Register

Iowa State Cyclones head coach Matt Campbell runs out with teammates prior to the game against the Notre Dame Fighting Irish at Camping World Stadium.(Photo: Kim Klement/USA TODAY Sports)

Matt Campbell isnt a huge fan of playing a college football season during the spring. His brand of football starts in late August or early the first week of September. It ends in December or January.

Hes a coach, and a darn good one. Campbell willadapt to whatpeople trying to combat the coronavirus mandate because he has to.

But unlike in past years, coaches aren't in charge of college football. The virus is in charge.

If its starting what could be a very good Iowa State season Sept. 5 against South Dakota at Jack Trice Stadium, thats super. If its starting later? Thats all right, too. Conference games only? CommissionerBob Bowlsby simply responded"No," when asked Thursday if an announcement would be coming soon.

No Cy vs. Hawk? No problem. This season, whenever it starts, is about adapting. It's not about tradition.

You just stay ready, Campbell told reporters Thursday. Anywhere, anytime, anyplace has always been our motto, anyways.

Whatever comes our way, well be able to handle it. Whether thats Sept. 5, whether thats in the winter, or whether thats in the spring of 2021 our kids want to play football. Our kids want to have the opportunity to get on the football field and play. I know well be ready for that.

Iowa State quarterback Brock Purdy (15) passes to a teammate during the first half of an NCAA college football game against Kansas State in Manhattan, Kan., Saturday, Nov. 30, 2019. (AP Photo/Orlin Wagner)(Photo: Orlin Wagner, AP)

When, however, is a gigantic question. The Ivy League announced Wednesday that it will not sponsor any fall sports. Many programs have been temporarily shut down because of positive COVID-19 tests.

Coaches, like Campbell, are doing their best to keep players minds on what they can control.Wearing masks. Staying away from social gatherings. Hunkering down in apartments when not at the football facility. Staying away from people you dont know.

Maybe itll pay off with some semblance of a season that starts in around Labor Day. Maybe. Its a topic thats been discussed everywhere the past few months. Now its even in the locker room.

As a player, you question with all this work that were putting in now, is it going to be worth it down the road? quarterback Brock Purdy wondered. Are we going to have a season? Its real. Its a real question, to be honest, that the whole team has.

College teams are working toward a normal start. What happens after thatis one of the great unknowns. Campbell spoke with reporters, by the way, before the news swirled Thursday about the Big Ten playing only conference games, which means no Cy-Hawk game for 2020.

We cant control whats going on outside, Campbell said during his first extensive interview in a while. We cant control what we dont know. What we can control is whats going on in our bubble.

You can get so caught up in everything else thats going on outside of our walls, that you can deviate from where you need to be. Where we all need to be right now is to stay ready, and prepare our young people.

Iowa State freshman running back Breece Hall breaks a tackle in the second quarter against Kansas on Saturday, Nov. 23, 2019, at Jack Trice Stadium in Ames.(Photo: Bryon Houlgrave/The Register)

Just four people associated with the Iowa State football program have tested positive for COVID-19, according to a letter to fans from athletics director Jamie Pollard two weeks ago. Thats far fewer than many other Big 12 programs. All are back with the program, Campbell said.

It started with a great medical plan. It included sacrifice by players.

Those are life choices where the 21 or 22 hours (players) are not in the facility that theyre going to have to make, Campbell said. Its really easy to say that, but its hard to do that.

Were dealing with 18- to 22-year-old young people that are continuing to grow. Were continuing to educate them on what its going to take to be able to train and continue to prepare for our football season. Our kids so far have done a great job investing.

They're giving up a lot of personal sacrifice for the betterment of the whole, but they've done a great job, and I'm really proud of them.

Some players will test positive during the season, regardless of how well programs mitigate risk. Some scheduled games wont be played. Some teams may play 12 regular-season games, and some might play only conference opponents.

Theres no book for this, Campbell said.

He knows that he cant keep star players, like Purdy, in bubble wrap between now and whenever what would be his junior season ends.

We play a sport where injuries do occur, Campbell said. All 105 players are critical to your success, because you never know when your number is going to get called. That's how we built our program. And it's going to be really critical to our success going forward, whether were dealing with a virus that could hold a player out a week or two weeks, or whether you're dealing with an injury.

Purdy summed up best, the great unknowns:

The only thing we can control is whats in front of us. Whatever the calls going to be as far as having the season now, or in the spring or if were not going to have one thatll come.

To be honest, if we freak out about it right now, thats not going to do us any good.

Iowa State columnist Randy Peterson has been writingfor the Des Moines Register for parts of sixdecades. Reach him at rpeterson@dmreg.com, 515-284-8132, and on Twitter at @RandyPete. No one covers the Cyclones like the Register. Subscribe today at DesMoinesRegister.com/Deal to make sure you never miss a moment.

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Peterson: No matter the obstacles and unknowns, Matt Campbell says his Cyclones will be ready - Des Moines Register

Covid-19 is a ‘pandemic of historic proportions,’ expert says, as cases climb in the South and Southwest – CNN

While New York and New Jersey were the early virus hotspots, California, Florida, Arizona and Texas now have become the states to watch, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the nation's top infectious disease doctor, said Tuesday.

Fauci, a member of the White House coronavirus task force, called Covid-19 a "pandemic of historic proportions."

"I think we can't deny that fact," he said during a Georgetown University Global Health Initiative webinar. Fauci compared the current crisis to the 1918 influenza pandemic that killed more than 50 million people globally and about 675,000 in the US. "That was the mother of all pandemics and truly historic. I hope we don't even approach that with this, but it does have the makings of, the possibility of ... approaching that in seriousness."

As new cases continue to emerge, at least 27 states have paused or rolled back plans to reopen their economies. Among them is Nevada, where 37 bars have filed a lawsuit to fight Gov. Steve Sisolak's order to revert back to Phase 1 of the state's reopening plan.

But Fauci cautioned that relaxed restrictions in California, Florida, Arizona and Texas are partly to blame for rising cases in those states, particularly among young people.

Addressing the climb in the number of cases overall and among young people, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Director Dr. Robert Redfield said Tuesday the nation is in a much better place than it was in the spring, because the mortality rate is lower, but said "we're not out of the woods for this."

"While we've made a lot of progress, we still have a ways to go in terms of getting this under control," Redfield said during a webinar with the Buck Institute.

Hopes for a successful vaccine

A major determinant in how long the US will have to live with a coronavirus pandemic, experts say, is how quickly researchers can produce a vaccine.

Without one, Redfield said, "we're going to have to go through two or three years of wrestling with this virus."

But Redfield also said he has "never seen the government move faster" and is hoping that the nation will have a successful vaccine by January.

Creation of the vaccine is not the end of the virus, however. It must then be distributed to enough people, along with survivors of the virus, to establish herd immunity.

Companies developing vaccines have said they will be able to make up to a billion doses, Fauci said Tuesday. He is hopeful those vaccines can be developed and distributed within the next year to a year and a half, he said.

"I'm feeling much better about getting a vaccine that's distributed not only within our country, but then to be able to have doses for people throughout the world, who cannot afford, nor are they in a situation where it's very easy for them to get vaccinated," Fauci said.

Death toll predictions rise from surge

Before that happens thousands more Americans will die from the virus, an influential model says.

The model from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington is now projecting that 224,000 people will die from the virus by November 1, which is an increase of almost 16,000 from the week before.

That jump is due to skyrocketing cases around the country, particularly in Florida, Texas, Arizona, California, Louisiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Nevada, New Mexico, South Carolina, Tennessee and Utah, chair of the IHME Dr. Chris Murray told CNN's Don Lemon Tuesday.

Some of those states set coronavirus records Tuesday.

Texas reported a record high daily number of new cases Tuesday with more 10,745. Mississippi has its highest numbers of coronavirus hospitalizations by far since the first case was reported, Gov. Tate Reeves said. California also set records with 6,745 hospitalizations and 1,886 ICU admissions, according to data from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH).

The virus is so widespread that laboratories are getting more coronavirus samples than they can process, the American Clinical Laboratory Association said Tuesday.

Debate continues as back-to-school dates draw closer

In California, some of Orange County's largest school districts said they will not follow the county Board of Education's controversial recommendations to return students and teachers to the classroom this fall without the use of face masks or social distancing.

Many are still discussing their alternatives, but Anaheim and Santa Anita Unified School Districts said their school years will start with full distance learning.

"During these challenging times, the safety of our school community continues to be our top priority. While we hope at some point to have our students attend our schools alongside their classmates and teachers, now is not the time," said Santa Ana Unified School District Superintendent Jerry Almendarez.

President Donald Trump, who has threatened the funding of schools that do not return to campus in the fall, said Tuesday in an interview with CBS News that it would be a "terrible decision" for schools not to go back and that people are playing politics with the issue.

CNN's Sarah Moon, Amanda Watts, Joe Sutton, Jason Hoffman, Jennifer Henderson, Molly Silverman, Raja Razek and Jenn Selva contributed to this report.

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Covid-19 is a 'pandemic of historic proportions,' expert says, as cases climb in the South and Southwest - CNN

Masks offer much more protection against coronavirus than many think – Los Angeles Times

Theres a common refrain that masks dont protect you; they protect other people from your own germs, which is especially important to keep unknowingly infected people from spreading the coronavirus.

But now, theres mounting evidence that masks also protect you.

If youre unlucky enough to encounter an infectious person, wearing any kind of face covering will reduce the amount of virus that your body will take in.

As it turns out, thats pretty important. Breathing in a small amount of virus may lead to no disease or far more mild infection. But inhaling a huge volume of virus particles can result in serious disease or death.

Thats the argument Dr. Monica Gandhi, UC San Francisco professor of medicine and medical director of the HIV Clinic at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, is making about why if you do become infected with the virus masking can still protect you from more severe disease.

There is this theory that facial masking reduces the [amount of virus you get exposed to] and disease severity, said Gandhi, who is also director for the Center for AIDS Research at UC San Francisco.

The idea of requiring mask-wearing in public has become an increasingly pressing and politicized issue as California and the rest of the nation see a surge in new cases as the economy reopens.

California this week ordered a reclosure of many businesses, include a statewide halt to all indoor dining and the closure of bars. The state also ordered the closure in dozens of hard-hit counties, including L.A. County of indoor gyms, houses of worship, hair salons, nail salons and offices for nonessential industries.

But experts say masks are essential for people to wear when they go out in public, such as to shop or go to medical appointments, and when close to other people at the beach or park.

California has mandated face coverings in public settings since June 18, and a growing number of communities say they will ticket people who disobey the rules. But there remains resistance to the government mandating wearing masks in some corners of the state, including Orange County.

Some leaders in Orange County have pushed back against requiring students to wear masks should they return to classrooms in the fall.

In policy recommendations approved by the Orange County Board of Education on Monday, a document stated that requiring children to wear masks during school is not only difficult if not impossible to implement but [is] not based on science. It may even be harmful. Individual districts will have the final say on how schools open.

Some health experts were appalled by that language.

This anti-mask rhetoric is mind-blowing, dangerous, deadly and polarizing, said Dr. Peter Chin-Hong, professor of medicine and an infectious diseases specialist at UC San Francisco. There is no evidence that it is dangerous.

In fact, wearing masks can help prevent children from being infected and suffering serious consequences of infection, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome, a rare condition that has been seen in children who have been infected with the coronavirus. Kids not only transmit, but they can get sick as well, Chin-Hong said.

While children are less likely to develop severe illness from the coronavirus than adults, they can still be infected, be contagious and transmit the virus to other people, Gandhi said.

Wearing a mask at school would not only reduce their ability to transmit the virus to other classmates, teachers and administrators, but also protect the students from getting infected with a large dose of virus from infected people.

Transmission rates for coronavirus have been rising across the state. Nearly 1,000 of San Franciscos nearly 4,600 cases have been diagnosed in just the last two weeks, said Dr. Grant Colfax, the citys director of public health.

In San Francisco, nearly half of all those who have tested positive in the city are Latinos, he said, even though Latino residents make up just 15% of the citys population. Overall, the city has seen 7.8 new infections per 100,000 residents over the last seven days, far above its goal of no more than 1.8 new infections per 100,000 people.

This, again, indicates that the virus is spreading throughout the city, particularly ... in the southeast part of the city, Colfax said.

For every one person who contracts the virus, another 1.25 people on average are now infected, he said. We really need to drive that down to 1 or below as quickly and as soon as possible.

The transmission rate also rose above 1 in L.A. County in June, but has fallen back to 1. The virus currently rages on in our community, Public Health Director Barbara Ferrer said.

The reason why masks are so important in controlling the spread of the coronavirus is that it can be widely spread by people who are not visibly sick either because they havent yet shown signs of illness, or they will spend the entire course of their infections with little or no symptoms at all.

A key piece of evidence for this emerged earlier this year, on the Diamond Princess cruise ship that carried infected crew and passengers in Asia. A study published by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that of 712 people testing positive for the virus, nearly half were asymptomatic at the time of testing.

We also know that viral load is highest early during disease, said Dr. Chaz Langelier, an assistant professor at UC San Francisco, during the panel discussion. In fact, 44% of transmissions are believed to occur when the infected person has no symptoms, according to a study published in Nature Medicine.

Thats different from the seasonal flu, where peak infectiousness occurs about one day after the onset of symptoms, Langelier said.

Masks dont filter out all viral particles, Gandhi said. But even cloth face masks filter out a majority of viral particles.

And even if a person wearing a mask gets infected, the mask by filtering out most of the viral particles exhaled by the infected person probably leads to less severe disease, Gandhi said.

The idea that a lower dose of virus when being infected brings less illness is a well-worn idea in medicine.

Even going back to 1938, there was a study showing that by giving mice a higher dose of a deadly virus, the mice were more likely to get severe disease and die, Gandhi said.

The same principle applies to humans. A study published in 2015 gave healthy volunteers varying doses of a flu virus; those who got higher doses got sicker, with more coughing and shortness of breath, Gandhi said.

And another study suggested that the reason the second wave of the 1918-19 flu pandemic was the deadliest in the U.S. was because of the overcrowded conditions faced in Army camps as World War I wound down. In 1918, the Army camps [were] characterized by a high number of contacts between people and by a high case-fatality rate, sometimes 5 to 8 times higher than the case-fatality rate among civilian communities, the study said.

Finally, a study published in May found that surgical mask partitions significantly reduced the transmission of the coronavirus among hamsters. And even if the hamsters protected by the mask partitions acquired the coronavirus, they were more likely to get very mild disease, Gandhi said.

So what happens if a city dramatically masks up while in public?

If Gandhi is right, it may mean that even if theres a rise in coronavirus infections in a city, the masks may limit the dose of virus people are getting and result in less severe symptoms of illness.

Thats what Gandhi said she suspects is happening in San Francisco, where mask wearing is relatively robust. Further observations are needed, Gandhi said.

Theres more evidence that masks can be protective even when wearers do become infected. She cited an outbreak at a seafood plant in Oregon where employees were given masks, and 95% of those who were infected were asymptomatic.

Gandhi also cited the experience of a cruise ship that was traveling from Argentina to Antartica in March when the coronavirus infected people on board, as documented in a recent study. Passengers got surgical masks; the crew got N95 masks.

But instead of about 40% of those infected being asymptomatic which is what would normally be expected 81% of those testing positive were asymptomatic, and the masking may have helped reduce the severity of disease in people on board, Gandhi said.

The protective effects are also seen in countries where masks are universally accepted for years, such as Taiwan, Thailand, South Korea and Singapore. They have all seen cases as they opened ... but not deaths, Gandhi said.

The Czech Republic moved early to require masks, issuing an order in mid-March, Gandhi said; thats about three months before Gov. Gavin Newsom did so statewide in California. But in the Czech Republic, every time their cases would go up ...their death rate was totally flat. So they didnt get the severe illness with these cases going on.

By May, the Czech Republic lifted its face mask rule. And theyre doing great, Gandhi said.

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Masks offer much more protection against coronavirus than many think - Los Angeles Times

Immunity to the coronavirus may last only a few months, UK study finds – CNBC

A woman in a protective face mask walks through Brixton Market in South London, as the UK continues in lockdown to help curb the spread of the coronavirus.

Victoria Jones | PA Images via Getty Images

Immunity to Covid-19 may last only a few months, according to a U.K. study that casts doubts over the longevity of potential coronavirus vaccines.

Antibody responses to the coronavirus can peak three weeks after onset of symptoms, but then begin to decline after as little as two months, researchers at Kings College London found.

The study,published Saturday on preprint server MedRxivand not yet peer-reviewed, examined the antibody levels of 64 patients and six health-care workers who had tested positive for the virus at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS foundation trust (which runs several London hospitals) between March and June. It also monitored 31 other members of staff who volunteered to have regular antibody tests.

Researchers found that levels of antibodies that can fight the coronavirus peaked three weeks after the onset of symptoms but then declined. While 60% of the people tested in the study had a "potent" level of antibodies after an average of 23 days following first onset of symptoms, only 16.7% had that level of antibodies 65 days after the first signs of symptoms.

The levels of antibodies were higher in patients who had more severe disease, although it is not clear why, the researchers said, and some individuals who developed antibodies were asymptomatic.

The researchers noted that their study found the antibody response to Covid-19 was similar to that of other human coronaviruses, such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and seasonal coronaviruses associated with common colds, in which an individuals' antibody response tends to "wane over time, from as little as 12 weeks to 12-34 months after infection."

The study was led by Katie Doores from KCL's School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences. She said the study highlights that the antibody responses circulating in the blood are declining after infection and that further research is needed to determine the level of antibodies required for protection from infection.

"We need to continue to measure antibody responses in these individuals to see if antibody titres continue to drop or plateau to a steady state," she said. Antibody titres refer to the presence, and amount, ofantibodieswithin a person's blood.

The research calls into question how much protection individuals who have had the coronavirus have from subsequent reinfection, and the durability of any potential vaccine.

World Health Organization officials said Monday that patients who recover from Covid-19 may be able to get the coronavirus again, citing similar studies that suggest immunity may wane after a few months.

Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove, head of the WHO's emerging diseases unit, said patients"do mount some level of an immune response."

Speaking at a news conferenceat the organization's Geneva headquarters, she added that, "what we don't know is how strong that protection is and for how long that protection will last."

"So there are a number of studies under way that are trying to answer these questions," she said.

A peer-reviewed study published in the Lancet medical journal last week claimed thatCovid-19 antibodies in Spain's population were "insufficient to provide herd immunity,"which refers to when a population is allowed some exposure to the virus in order to buildimmunity among the general population.

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Immunity to the coronavirus may last only a few months, UK study finds - CNBC

A Health Worker Raised Alarms About the Coronavirus. Then He Lost His Job. – The New York Times

MILAN In February, he said the directors of the nursing home where he worked kept him from wearing a mask, fearing it would scare patients and their families. In March, he became infected and spoke out about the coronavirus spreading through the home. In May, he was fired amid claims that he had damaged the companys image.

Hamala Diop, a 25-year-old medical assistant, challenged the decision in a lawsuit that was first heard in court on Monday. The proceedings will raise the issue of whether whistle-blowers have paid a price in raising alarms about dangerous conditions at medical facilities.

After successfully lowering the curve of new cases after a devastating initial outbreak, Italy is now bracing for a potential second wave.

The country, with the oldest population in Europe, was affected especially deeply by the coronavirus, and nearly half the infections reported in April happened in nursing homes, according to the Italian National Institute of Health. The breadth of the outbreak put the management of nursing homes under judicial and media scrutiny.

As the country fears the emergence of new clusters, some worry that Mr. Diops experience could have a chilling effect on those seeking to raise early warnings about potentially dangerous behaviors.

Nobody protected us from catching the virus, Mr. Diop said, and nobody protected us from getting fired.

On Feb. 26, as officials had already sealed off towns in the northern region of Lombardy, a director at the Palazzolo Institute of the Don Gnocchi Foundation, a nursing home in Milan where Mr. Diop worked, walked to the ward where Mr. Diop and his colleagues were tidying up the dining room. Mr. Diop said in an interview the director told them not to wear masks, that the building was safe and that they should not scare the residents. When presented with this account, the foundation said that they had always rejected any accusation that the employees were kept from using masks as serious and baseless.

For more than two weeks, while the coronavirus epidemic was exploding in the region, Mr. Diop said that he and his colleagues washed, changed and fed the residents without wearing masks or other protection. More than 150 residents would die in March and April, according to Milans prosecutors investigating the case. Asked if that figure was accurate, nursing home officials declined to comment.

They watched TV and saw what was going on outside, he said of the residents, but I had to reassure them and tell them that the virus will never come into our safe place.

The human resources director encouraged managers to place on leave employees who polemicized or insisted on wearing protective gear even when they are not required to, according to an email submitted as evidence. Mr. Diop said that he received his first mask on March 12, when more than 15,000 people in the country had already been infected and days after the government had imposed nationwide restrictions on movement and work.

That same day, Mr. Diop fell ill. A week later, his swab test came back positive for the virus. His mother, who also works at the home, was infected, too.

Eleven days after becoming sick, he filed his complaint along with 17 colleagues, most of whom also had the virus. In it, they argued that management had covered up the first coronavirus cases among the staff and prevented them from using the necessary protective gear, contributing to the spread in the nursing home.

Updated July 7, 2020

The coronavirus can stay aloft for hours in tiny droplets in stagnant air, infecting people as they inhale, mounting scientific evidence suggests. This risk is highest in crowded indoor spaces with poor ventilation, and may help explain super-spreading events reported in meatpacking plants, churches and restaurants. Its unclear how often the virus is spread via these tiny droplets, or aerosols, compared with larger droplets that are expelled when a sick person coughs or sneezes, or transmitted through contact with contaminated surfaces, said Linsey Marr, an aerosol expert at Virginia Tech. Aerosols are released even when a person without symptoms exhales, talks or sings, according to Dr. Marr and more than 200 other experts, who have outlined the evidence in an open letter to the World Health Organization.

Common symptoms include fever, a dry cough, fatigue and difficulty breathing or shortness of breath. Some of these symptoms overlap with those of the flu, making detection difficult, but runny noses and stuffy sinuses are less common. The C.D.C. has also added chills, muscle pain, sore throat, headache and a new loss of the sense of taste or smell as symptoms to look out for. Most people fall ill five to seven days after exposure, but symptoms may appear in as few as two days or as many as 14 days.

A commentary published this month on the website of the British Journal of Sports Medicine points out that covering your face during exercise comes with issues of potential breathing restriction and discomfort and requires balancing benefits versus possible adverse events. Masks do alter exercise, says Cedric X. Bryant, the president and chief science officer of the American Council on Exercise, a nonprofit organization that funds exercise research and certifies fitness professionals. In my personal experience, he says, heart rates are higher at the same relative intensity when you wear a mask. Some people also could experience lightheadedness during familiar workouts while masked, says Len Kravitz, a professor of exercise science at the University of New Mexico.

The steroid, dexamethasone, is the first treatment shown to reduce mortality in severely ill patients, according to scientists in Britain. The drug appears to reduce inflammation caused by the immune system, protecting the tissues. In the study, dexamethasone reduced deaths of patients on ventilators by one-third, and deaths of patients on oxygen by one-fifth.

The coronavirus emergency relief package gives many American workers paid leave if they need to take time off because of the virus. It gives qualified workers two weeks of paid sick leave if they are ill, quarantined or seeking diagnosis or preventive care for coronavirus, or if they are caring for sick family members. It gives 12 weeks of paid leave to people caring for children whose schools are closed or whose child care provider is unavailable because of the coronavirus. It is the first time the United States has had widespread federally mandated paid leave, and includes people who dont typically get such benefits, like part-time and gig economy workers. But the measure excludes at least half of private-sector workers, including those at the countrys largest employers, and gives small employers significant leeway to deny leave.

So far, the evidence seems to show it does. A widely cited paper published in April suggests that people are most infectious about two days before the onset of coronavirus symptoms and estimated that 44 percent of new infections were a result of transmission from people who were not yet showing symptoms. Recently, a top expert at the World Health Organization stated that transmission of the coronavirus by people who did not have symptoms was very rare, but she later walked back that statement.

Touching contaminated objects and then infecting ourselves with the germs is not typically how the virus spreads. But it can happen. A number of studies of flu, rhinovirus, coronavirus and other microbes have shown that respiratory illnesses, including the new coronavirus, can spread by touching contaminated surfaces, particularly in places like day care centers, offices and hospitals. But a long chain of events has to happen for the disease to spread that way. The best way to protect yourself from coronavirus whether its surface transmission or close human contact is still social distancing, washing your hands, not touching your face and wearing masks.

A study by European scientists is the first to document a strong statistical link between genetic variations and Covid-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus. Having Type A blood was linked to a 50 percent increase in the likelihood that a patient would need to get oxygen or to go on a ventilator, according to the new study.

If air travel is unavoidable, there are some steps you can take to protect yourself. Most important: Wash your hands often, and stop touching your face. If possible, choose a window seat. A study from Emory University found that during flu season, the safest place to sit on a plane is by a window, as people sitting in window seats had less contact with potentially sick people. Disinfect hard surfaces. When you get to your seat and your hands are clean, use disinfecting wipes to clean the hard surfaces at your seat like the head and arm rest, the seatbelt buckle, the remote, screen, seat back pocket and the tray table. If the seat is hard and nonporous or leather or pleather, you can wipe that down, too. (Using wipes on upholstered seats could lead to a wet seat and spreading of germs rather than killing them.)

If youve been exposed to the coronavirus or think you have, and have a fever or symptoms like a cough or difficulty breathing, call a doctor. They should give you advice on whether you should be tested, how to get tested, and how to seek medical treatment without potentially infecting or exposing others.

We are their arms and their legs and they all become like our grandpas and grandmas, Mr. Diop said of the residents. And they kept us from protecting them, he said in reference to the management.

In a statement, the foundations lawyers said the home had followed the instructions of the Italian National Institute of Health on the use of masks, and that communications about the infections among workers took place according to privacy laws.

After news of the lawsuit was published by Italian newspapers, dozens of victims families filed similar complaints. Milanese prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into the homes management. On May 7, Mr. Diop was fired by the cooperative that employed him, a subcontractor for the foundation, for talking to reporters about the lawsuit, and many of his colleagues have also been transferred or dismissed.

Mr. Diop challenged the decision, and his lawyer, Romolo Reboa, argues in court filings that Italian and European laws on whistle-blowers should protect workers who raise alarms about situations that put lives at risk. Mr. Reboa cited a similar case of a nurse in Rome who was fired after anonymously speaking on the radio about the lack of masks in his hospital.

In nursing homes, the politics of Covid was if you speak, you get sanctioned, Mr. Reboa said. And this created a climate of intimidation that had a direct impact on the number of deaths.

Mr. Diop, originally from Mali, lives with his parents and two siblings in Cormano, a small town north of Milan. He said that losing his job was a serious financial setback and that he was worried he would not find new work given his record.

While he had expected to face some consequences for his actions, he said he did not think he would lose his job, since the government had imposed a freeze on layoffs during the emergency and health care workers were particularly in demand.

We only are heroes when they like it, he said.

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A Health Worker Raised Alarms About the Coronavirus. Then He Lost His Job. - The New York Times

3M partners with MIT researchers to develop U.S.-backed rapid coronavirus antigen test – CNBC

3M and researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced Tuesday a partnership to develop a rapid coronavirus antigen test they say will be widely available in the U.S.

With new cases of Covid-19 surging across much of the country, major test manufacturers and laboratories have warned of delays in processing. Delivering quick testing results is crucial to the U.S. response to ensure that infected individuals can be quickly isolated and local public health workers can find potentially exposed people early in their infection,health officials say.

Antigen tests are a relatively new for Covid-19. They work by scanning for proteins that can be found on or inside a virus.The Food and Drug Administration has touted the tests as an important tool for combating the pandemic because they can be produced quickly, at relatively low costs, and test patients in a variety of settings.

3M and MIT's testing device, which is in the early stages of development, would function "like a pregnancy test," 3M senior technical manager Cathy Tarnowski told CNBC. It will be a paper-based point-of-care testing device, which will help reduce the cost, the company said.

If development goes well,Tarnowski said, 3M is looking to manufacture millions per day, allowingfor frequent and affordable diagnostic testing.

The device has receivedphase oneapproval from the National Institutes of Health's Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics Tech program, which comes with $500,000 in funding to accelerate development, Tarnowski said.

"We're really looking forward to understanding whether we can create a low-cost, high-accuracy device to be able to detect the antigen," she said. "Our focus right now really is understanding and demonstrating that we have a device that has the accuracy that we're looking for."

3M has been partnered for years with the MIT team, which is led byHadley Sikes,associate professor in the department of chemical engineering,Tarnowski said. Seeing the testing shortage amid the pandemic, the partnership pivoted to develop an effective diagnostic test.

The partnership will help to ramp up manufacturing of the testing devices if and when they prove effective and receive FDA authorization, Sikes told CNBC. The newly announced partnership with NIH provides some financial as well as technical support, she added, and the NIH program helps to coordinate national research efforts to eliminate redundancies.

"One of the problems that we're having is that the RNA tests that are there, people take them, but they typically take them only once," Sikes said. "But if you're able to do more tests and take more time points, then you have a better chance of getting the right answer."

A major emphasis will be making the test accessible to the general public, she said, which means making it affordable and manufacturing enough that they can be widely distributed to rural and as well as urban communities across the country.

While so-called PCR diagnostic tests are typically the most accurate kind of screening that detects current Covid-19 infections, antigen tests can be processed much more rapidly, according to the FDA. However, the agency says antigen tests are typically less sensitive than PCR tests, which means they can result in false negatives that misdiagnose someone who actually has an active infection.

The FDA has authorized two antigen tests since May 8. The first one granted an emergency use authorization is produced by Quideland the second, which was authorized for emergency use last week, is produced byBecton Dickinson. Becton Dickinson said its test can be administered at the point of care and produce results within 15 minutes.

"The biggest challenge in the outbreak is identifying who is infectious," Sikes said. "Trying to figure out who is infectious and having them isolate. That's really what we need."

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3M partners with MIT researchers to develop U.S.-backed rapid coronavirus antigen test - CNBC

July 14 evening update: The latest on the coronavirus and Maine – Bangor Daily News

The BDN is making the most crucial coverage of the coronavirus pandemic and its economic impact in Maine free for all readers. Click here for all coronavirus stories. You can join others committed to safeguarding this vital public service by purchasing a subscription or donating directly to the newsroom.

Another eight cases of the coronavirus have been detected in Maine, health officials said Tuesday.

There have now been 3,566 cases across all of Maines counties since the outbreak began here in March, according to the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Thats up from 3,558 on Monday.

Of those, 3,168 have been confirmed positive, while 398 are likely positive, according to the Maine CDC.

New cases were tallied in Aroostook (1), Cumberland (3), Franklin (1) and York (3) counties. Daily changes in county-level data may vary from new case reports as the Maine CDC continues to investigate cases.

No new deaths were reported Tuesday, leaving the statewide death toll at 114. Nearly all deaths have been in Mainers over age 60.

Meanwhile, 54 more people have recovered from the coronavirus, bringing total recoveries to 3,062. That means there are 390 active and likely cases in the state, down from 436 on Monday.

Heres the latest on the coronavirus and its impact on Maine.

A record flood of absentee ballots is expected to help Maine meet turnout projections in Tuesdays election, even as the coronavirus pandemic curbs in-person turnout across the state. Michael Shepherd, BDN

The state is now opening 18 new drive-up coronavirus testing sites in places as far abreast as South Portland and Presque Isle as part of a previously announced expansion to the states overall ability to detect the disease. Charles Eichacker, BDN

The Bangor and Brewer school departments, like many others in the state, are putting together three separate plans for reopening public schools in fall, including a full return to in-person schooling, a combination of in-person and online learning and a fully online semester. But to decide which plan to put into action, they will need input from the state. Eesha Pendharkar, BDN

Three inmates at the Cumberland County Jail in Portland have become infected with the coronavirus as part of a new outbreak of the disease, according to state health officials. Charles Eichacker, BDN

Maine could benefit from a potentially rich trove of unused federal funds that have not yet factored into state discussions on rebuilding an economy hammered by the coronavirus. Lori Valigra, BDN

One hundred years from now, when future Mainers decide to research what happened during the coronavirus pandemic of 2020, what information will they find? What photos and artwork will they see? What kinds of documents will they come across? Whose stories will they read? A number of Maine libraries are hoping to create an archive of all those things by asking Mainers to contribute their stories, photos, artwork and other documents about their experience during the pandemic. The goal is to create a large-scale picture of how the state got through the pandemic the bad, the good and everything in between. Emily Burnham, BDN

As of Tuesday evening, the coronavirus has sickened 3,407,798 people in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as caused 136,252 deaths, according to Johns Hopkins University of Medicine.

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July 14 evening update: The latest on the coronavirus and Maine - Bangor Daily News

Russell Westbrook Says He Tested Positive for the Coronavirus – The New York Times

Russell Westbrook of the Houston Rockets, the N.B.A.s most valuable player in the 2016-17 season, said on Monday in a social media post that he had tested positive for the coronavirus. He said he received his test result before the team left for Walt Disney World in Florida, where the N.B.A. is attempting to restart its season.

Im currently feeling well, quarantined, and looking forward to rejoining my teammates when I am cleared, Westbrook said in his statement. He added: Please take this virus seriously. Be safe. Mask up!

Westbrook and Houstons other star guard, James Harden, did not travel with the team on Thursday to the Walt Disney World campus. Luc Mbah a Moute, a veteran forward whom the Rockets signed this month, also did not make the trip. Coach Mike DAntoni did not specify why, in comments to reporters over the weekend, but said he expected the players to arrive soon.

These are things that people are dealing with, DAntoni said. Were not going to get into why not. Theyre on their way.

It was unclear when Westbrook would be able to join the Rockets or when his quarantine period began. According to the N.B.A.s guidebook on health protocols, Westbrook will be allowed to join others on the campus when he tests negatively for the coronavirus in two separate tests at least 24 hours apart. He must also be cleared by a league-approved infectious disease physician and undergo a cardiac screening.

The Rockets were 40-24 and tied for fourth place in the Western Conference before the pandemic suspended the season in March. Westbrook, the teams second-leading scorer, struggled with his shooting throughout the season, but still averaged 27.5 points a game, with eight rebounds and seven assists a game.

The N.B.A. also announced on Monday that two other players had tested positive for the coronavirus upon arriving in Florida. In total, 322 were tested, the league said in a statement. The two players, who were not identified, never cleared quarantine and have since left the campus to isolate at home or in isolation housing.

Shortly before the N.B.A. announced its findings, one player, Richaun Holmes of the Sacramento Kings, said that he had left the campus to pick up a food delivery order and now has eight days left in another quarantine.

Since July 1, according to the N.B.A., 19 players had tested positive for the coronavirus before arriving in Florida. That number includes players like Spencer Dinwiddie and DeAndre Jordan of the Nets, who are skipping the N.B.A. restart entirely as a result. Commissioner Adam Silver had said that the league expected more positive cases as players arrived on campus. But even so, Silver has expressed confidence that the N.B.A. season will be able to conclude and that players will be safer on campus than off.

What would be most concerning is once players enter this campus and then go through our quarantine period, then if they were to test positive or if we had any positive tests, we would know we would have an issue, Silver told Fortune this month.

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Russell Westbrook Says He Tested Positive for the Coronavirus - The New York Times

Inslee pauses reopening of Washingtons counties through July 28 as COVID-19 cases spike – Seattle Times

OLYMPIA Counties in Washington state wont be able to relax restrictions further for at least two weeks as confirmed cases of the new coronavirus climb around the state, Gov. Jay Inslee announced Tuesday.

And with a steady increase in cases across Washington, the governor, in a news conference, warned he may have to roll back parts of the gradual reopening made in recent months since the pandemic peaked here.

As the virus roars back across chunks of America, Washington, so far, has avoided the steep rise in confirmed cases and hospitalizations seen in Arizona, Florida and elsewhere.

But Inslee said the current rise of confirmed cases here along with an estimated transmission rate indicating infected people are spreading the virus to others leaves Washington in a dangerous position if left unchecked.

You can drown with the tide coming in, if you dont move, even though its really slow, just as much as a big, instant wave, Inslee said. And thats the situation were looking at. An incoming tide, in my view.

Hospitalizations for cases of COVID-19 in Washington ticked up in June, but have remained below the pandemics peak earlier in spring.

State health officials confirmed 547 new COVID-19 cases in Washington on Tuesday, and five new deaths.

The update brings the states totals to 42,304 cases and 1,404 deaths, meaning about 3.3% of people diagnosed in Washington have died, according to the state Department of Health (DOH). The data is as of 11:59 p.m. Monday. Nationally, COVID-19 has killed more than 136,000 people.

The governor, however, cited an increase recently in cases among younger residents. While they arent as prone to serious illness and thus being hospitalized they can spread it to older or more vulnerable people.

Maybe this week and the next week its the 20-year-olds, but in weeks three, four and five its the parents, Inslee said. And in weeks six and seven, its the grandparents thats when you really get the explosion of the hospitalizations.

We think thats to some degree, what is happening in Arizona and Florida, he added.

The governor urged people to wear masks and keep social distancing to prevent further spread of the virus.

In one bright spot, Inslee said most residents in Yakima County one of the hardest-hit regions are wearing masks and confirmed cases there have declined in recent days.

The governors statewide requirement for people to wear masks when they cant socially distance has shown early success, Inslee said.

But rollbacks could come to the four-part reopening plan if new confirmed cases continue to climb, the percentage of coronavirus tests coming back positive are elevated and if hospitalization rates for the virus start to rise, he said.

No decisions have been made about any rollbacks, but restrictions could potentially be reimposed for bars and indoor seating at restaurants, Inslee said.

Health officials are seeing outbreaks of the virus across Washington, state Health Officer Kathy Lofy said.

Theyre being detected in businesses, manufacturing and food-production settings, restaurants, long-term care facilities and some child-care centers, Lofy said in the news conference.

It is really across the board, unfortunately, she said.

The announcement comes two weeks after Inslee and state Health Secretary John Wiesman announced a pause on approving any counties hoping to move to the fourth and least restrictive phase of the plan.

No county has yet made it to the fourth phase. King, Pierce and Snohomish counties now are in the second phase of the plan. That has allowed for the reopening of a host of businesses like nail and hair salons and barbershops and some indoor dining with safety guidelines to protect against the spread of COVID-19.

The pause announced Tuesday would prevent counties from advancing to any new phase in the governors four-part plan through at least July 28.

The developments come as some Washingtonians continue to protest the governors use of emergency powers to try and curb the global pandemic.

A group Tuesday announced they would seek signatures to qualify an initiative to the Legislature that would curtail the emergency authority that lawmakers long ago gave Washingtons governors.

Among other things, proposed Initiative 1114 would limit a governors emergency Proclamations to no longer than 14 days unless state lawmakers then voted to extended them.

Organizers have until Dec. 31 to submit signatures for that proposal. If it qualified with enough valid signatures, the measure then would go before state lawmakers and likely Washington voters next year.

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Inslee pauses reopening of Washingtons counties through July 28 as COVID-19 cases spike - Seattle Times

California’s new rules on who can be tested for COVID-19 – Los Angeles Times

State officials adopted new guidelines Tuesday outlining who should be prioritized for COVID-19 testing in California as cases surged and counties reported delayed lab results.

The new rules mark a move away from the Newsom administrations plans for anyone, including those without symptoms, to be tested for the virus in California. The guidelines instead adopt tiers that prioritize the testing of hospitalized patients with coronavirus symptoms, other symptomatic people, and then higher-risk asymptomatic individuals, according to state health officials.

Todays testing guidelines ... set priorities Tier 1 and Tier 2 priorities that look to really focus our initial testing on people who have symptoms, said Dr. Mark Ghaly, the states secretary of Health and Human Services, during a briefing on Tuesday. Through such testing, he said, we can make really important efforts in suppressing disease transmission.

The change comes as California reports more than 330,000 confirmed COVID-19 cases, as well as increases in hospitalizations and the rate of positive tests over the last two weeks. Some counties are reporting bottlenecks at testing labs that have resulted in delayed results or a shortage of supplies as more people seek tests.

The new state testing guidelines are:

Tier 1:

Tier 2:

Tier 3:

Tier 4:

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California's new rules on who can be tested for COVID-19 - Los Angeles Times

Coronavirus: nurses not wearing masks led to A&E closure, inquiry finds – The Guardian

Nurses not wearing face masks or staying two metres apart led to an outbreak of Covid-19 that shut an A&E unit after 70 staff at a hospital had to go into quarantine, an inquiry has found.

An investigation by Hillingdon hospital in north-west London has found that a nurse who had coronavirus unwittingly infected 16 others during a training session they all attended on 30 June, in what was described by a doctor as a super-spreading event.

The hospital, which serves Boris Johnsons constituency, made headlines last week when it stopped accepting emergency admissions because the outbreak had led to 70 staff being off work and in isolation.

The training session has now been identified as the source of the unusually high number of staff who later fell ill or had to stay off work because they were in close contact with those infected.

Hospital sources say that not everyone who attended wore a mask or stayed two metres apart, and that social distancing broke down to a significant extent during the lunch break.

Staff at the hospital are baffled as to why the training session was allowed to go ahead, given that most medical training in the NHS is now done online to avoid people gathering.

One consultant said that holding the training session as a physical event had been disastrous. Ambulances were still being diverted from Hillingdon to other nearby hospitals more than a week after the policy was introduced on 7 July.

The same senior doctor said: This training session became a super-spreading event. The sanctioning of such a large gathering of health care workers indoors seems extremely unwise and out of kilter with how the hospital has handled meetings of all kinds during Covid.

Most meetings have been avoided since late March or moved online or kept to a minimal number of people with appropriate spacing.

The ongoing inquiry is being undertaken by senior trust executives in tandem with officials from Public Health England (PHE), Hillingdon councils public health team and NHS England. They have pinpointed the training sessions key role in spreading the virus.

The nurse who passed on the infection is thought to have contracted Covid-19 from a patient a man who had recently returned from abroad who was being treated for the disease in the hospitals acute medical unit.

The nurse became increasingly ill during the training session and ended up being taken to the hospitals A&E. There is no suggestion she acted inappropriately.

The 16 others she infected worked mainly alongside her in that unit or in the hospitals A&E.

Three nurses who attended the event held in a lecture theatre in Hillingdons education centre have needed hospital treatment as a result of getting infected.

The Guardian revealed last week that Sarah Tedford, the trusts chief executive, had emailed staff on 3 July blaming lack of mask-wearing and lack of social distancing by some of them for the outbreak. It is not clear if she was referring specifically to the training session, which was held four days earlier.

One health official with knowledge of the inquirys findings said: Social distancing is very important in this pandemic, so its worrying to find that not done by an NHS trust. They shouldnt be breaching any social distancing rules at the moment.

These things [training sessions] shouldnt be happening with current social distancing and Im sure the trust will learn lessons from that. These situations can be avoided.

Under hospital policy, all members of staff should wear a mask while at work, to reduce the risk of infection.

The trust declined to answer a series of detailed questions about the training session, including why it went ahead.

In a statement, it said: There is an ongoing investigation into the outbreak of Covid-19 at Hillingdon hospital. Our priority is to maintain safe and high quality care, and the trust is taking appropriate actions to reduce transmission in line with Public Health England guidance.

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Coronavirus: nurses not wearing masks led to A&E closure, inquiry finds - The Guardian

New electric propulsion chamber explores the future of space travel – Space Daily

Deep inside a laboratory at The Aerospace Corporation's El Segundo campus, scientists are recreating the vacuum of space here on Earth.

Aerospace's electric propulsion lab specializes in testing electric thrusters in space-like conditions, and they recently installed a new vacuum chamber that will enable them to test the newer, high-powered thrusters needed for future space exploration.

"This chamber adds not just to Aerospace's testing capability, but adds to the world's testing capability," said Rostislav Spektor, Laboratory Manager in Electric Propulsion and Plasma Science. "When it becomes operational, it will be the best electric propulsion testing facility in the world."

Why Electric Propulsion?Everyone is familiar with the sight of fire and smoke pouring out of the bottom of a rocket using chemical propulsion.

Electric propulsion takes a different approach, harnessing electric energy to ionize gas into a plasma, which is accelerated out of the thruster through a combination of electric and magnetic forces.

Electric propulsion produces significantly less thrust than chemical propulsion but is much more efficient in terms of the amount of fuel used. It's too weak to launch rockets through the atmosphere, but once in space, the lack of gravity allows electric propulsion thrusters' true potential to shine.

"It's the Tortoise and the Hare. Electric propulsion is slow but steady and chemical propulsion starts very fast, but runs out of steam quickly," Spektor said.

Historically, electric propulsion has mostly been used for station-keeping of satellites. But its highly efficient nature opens up possibilities for long-distance space exploration missions with the small but constant thrust building up over time, accelerating the spacecraft to a very high velocity.

A Testing PowerhouseIn order to make those long journeys, however, scientists need to be able to trust that the thrusters will perform consistently and reliably over the duration of the mission.

That's where electric propulsion vacuum chambers come into play. These school bus-sized devices are outfitted with a series of cryopumps that make the chamber very cold. When the pumps run, the air in the chamber sticks to the chamber sides, similar to condensation on a cold glass of water on a hot day. With the air gone, the chamber simulates the vacuum of space, and the team can place electric thrusters inside for testing.

"Electric propulsion devices perform differently in space than they do on Earth. The relationship isn't linear, which can make predicting exactly how it will perform difficult," said Spektor. "The closer you are to test-as-you-fly conditions, the closer you are to measuring performance you would expect in orbit."

The new chamber, 14 ft in diameter and 30 ft long, is considerably larger than the lab's older 8-foot diameter chamber, which means it has more room for cryopumps. The Aerospace team considered buying commercial pumps, but in the end decided to design their own pumping system to ensure optimal performance.

The chamber body was delivered in four segments over the course of a week and then bolted together. The custom-designed cryopump system will be installed over the next six months, followed by the diagnostic system.

End-to-End Electric Propulsion TestingAs a federally-funded research and development center (FFRDC), Aerospace is not allowed to produce flight hardware that could compete with commercial companies.

Instead, Aerospace provides end-to-end testing of electric propulsion thrusters, from measuring thrust, exhaust velocity and specific impulse to more advanced work like plume characterization, which helps quantify the risk of damage to other parts of the spacecraft. The lab also offers non-invasive testing using laser and optical diagnostics.

"We've carved ourselves a niche in electric propulsion as the testing warehouse. All the commercial companies come to us for unbiased testing and measurement," Spektor said. "We have probably the most comprehensive set of electric propulsion diagnostics that you could find anywhere in the world."

The recently installed vacuum chamber, with its increased pumping speed, is just the latest addition to this laboratory's arsenal of testing equipment.

"As electric propulsion devices get larger and more powerful, higher pumping speeds are needed to maintain the proper pressure ratio and allow for accurate testing," said Spektor. "If there are any potential issues with the thruster, you might not see them at lower pumping speeds because you're not at the conditions you are in space."

Aerospace is equipped to test the latest large electric propulsion devices or smaller micro-thrusters that go on CubeSats, with tests spanning from just a few hours up to more than a year.

The Future of Electric PropulsionWhen operational, the expanded testing facility will allow the lab to double its workload, providing testing services to military and civil customers, as well as a growing field of commercial manufacturers.

One of the first customers will be NASA, testing its 12.5-kilowatt Advanced Electric Propulsion System (AEPS) thruster, which is part of the Gateway mission to orbit the moon.

Other customers are also lining up to access the world-class chamber and benefit from Aerospace's expertise.

"There are new potential applications developing with our national security space customers for high power electric propulsion," said Tom Curtiss, director of the Propulsion Science Department. "Watching those come to fruition will be a great thing, and we'll be able to help reduce the costs of qualifying and developing technology for the next 10 or 20 years."

Related LinksAerospace CorporationRocket Science News at Space-Travel.Com

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New electric propulsion chamber explores the future of space travel - Space Daily

Duckweed is an incredible, radiation-fighting astronaut food and by changing how it is grown, we made it better – The Conversation US

The Research Brief is a short take about interesting academic work.

Current industrialized food systems were optimized for a single goal growing the maximum amount of food for the least amount of money. But when room and supplies are limited like during space travel you need to optimize for a different set of goals to meet the needs of the people you are trying to feed.

NASA and the Translational Research Institute for Space Health asked my lab to figure out how to grow an edible plant for long-term space missions where fresh, nutritious food must be produced in tight quarters and with limited resources. To do this, we turned to a plant called duckweed.

Duckweed is a small floating plant that grows on the surface of ponds. It is commonly eaten in Asia but is mostly considered a pest plant in the U.S. as it can quickly take over ponds. But duckweed is a remarkable plant. It is one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth, is the most proteindense plant on the planet and also produces an abundance of important micronutrients. Two of these micronutrients are the inflammation-fighting antioxidants zeaxanthin and lutein. Zeaxanthin is the more potent of the two, but is hard to get from most leafy greens since fast-growing plants accumulate zeaxanthin only under extremely bright lights.

I proposed to the Translational Research Institute for Space Health that in addition to maximizing nutritional, space and resource efficiency, we also try to optimize the production of these antioxidants.

With just a little bit of experimentation, our team determined that under relatively low-intensity light less than half as intense as midday sun on a clear summer day duckweed accumulates more zeaxanthin than other fast-growing plants do in full sunlight while still maintaining the same incredible growth rate and other nutritional attributes that make it the perfect plant for a space farm.

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We are also testing another strategy that would grow duckweed in even lower-intensity light but would supplement those light levels with a few pulses of high-intensity light. In other plants, my team discovered that this can trigger high amounts of zeaxanthin accumulation and fast growth and, relevant to a spaceship, would cost less energy.

From these experiments, we are planning several customized growth conditions to optimize zeaxanthin production for a variety of different applications whether it be a spaceship a greenhouse or even outdoors.

Due to the ionizing radiation in space, astronauts are susceptible to chronic inflammation and diseases caused by cellular oxidation. Zeaxanthin and lutein have been shown to fight radiation damage as well as eye disease, another common health problem that astronauts experience.

Many essential micronutrients have a finite shelf life often only a few months. As astronauts begin going on longer missions, the only way they will be able to get these antioxidants is to grow them on board.

While we know that intense light makes duckweed and other plants produce zeaxanthin, plants quickly remove it from their leaves when light levels drop. To meet the specific challenge of producing large amounts of zeaxanthin, more work is needed on how to coax leafy greens to retain zeaxanthin post-harvest.

Our project used duckweed grown in sterile environments we used plants stripped of the microbes that normally occur in the water on which duckweeds float. Since researchers know that optimizing soil microbes can increase plant productivity, our next goal will be to explore opportunities to further enhance duckweed productivity by experimenting with beneficial microbial communities.

Duckweed is already grown for many uses on Earth, and duckweed salad might be a high-protein staple in the diets of many future space explorers. But this work is also proof that win-win solutions to food production are possible.

With the right know-how, it is possible to make small changes to a few variables in how plants are grown and get them to produce more micronutrients. Similar approaches taken with other crops could benefit people across the world, not just astronauts. On Earth, slight changes in how people grow food, backed by scientific research like ours, offer opportunities to greatly improve food production systems such that they need less, produce more and keep people healthier.

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Duckweed is an incredible, radiation-fighting astronaut food and by changing how it is grown, we made it better - The Conversation US