COVID-19 Impacts: Educational Robots Market Will Accelerate at a CAGR of Almost 28% through 2020-2024 | Decline in the Price of Educational Robots to…

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LONDON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Technavio has been monitoring the educational robots market and it is poised to grow by 590.82 thousand units during 2020-2024, progressing at a CAGR of almost 28% during the forecast period. The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment.

Technavio suggests three forecast scenarios (optimistic, probable, and pessimistic) considering the impact of COVID-19. Please request Free Sample Report on Covid-19 Impact

Frequently Asked Questions-

The market is fragmented, and the degree of fragmentation will accelerate during the forecast period. BLUE FROG ROBOTICS & BUDDY, fischerwerke GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation First International Inc., LEGO System AS, Makeblock, Modular Robotics Incorporated, PAL Robotics, Pitsco Inc., ROBOTIS Co. Ltd., and SoftBank Group Corp. are some of the major market participants. The decline in the price of educational robots will offer immense growth opportunities. To make the most of the opportunities, market vendors should focus more on the growth prospects in fast-growing segments, while maintaining their position in the slow-growing segments.

Educational Robots Market 2020-2024: Segmentation

Educational Robots Market is segmented as below:

To learn more about the global trends impacting the future of market research, download a free sample: https://www.technavio.com/talk-to-us?report=IRTNTR40898

Educational Robots Market 2020-2024: Scope

Technavio presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources. Our educational robots market report covers the following areas:

This study identifies emergence of startups in global educational robot market as one of the prime reasons driving the educational robots market growth during the next few years.

Educational Robots Market 2020-2024: Vendor Analysis

We provide a detailed analysis of vendors operating in the educational robots market, including some of the vendors such as BLUE FROG ROBOTICS & BUDDY, fischerwerke GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation First International Inc., LEGO System AS, Makeblock, Modular Robotics Incorporated, PAL Robotics, Pitsco Inc., ROBOTIS Co. Ltd., and SoftBank Group Corp. Backed with competitive intelligence and benchmarking, our research reports on the educational robots market are designed to provide entry support, customer profile and M&As as well as go-to-market strategy support.

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Educational Robots Market 2020-2024: Key Highlights

Table of Contents:

Executive Summary

Market Landscape

Market Sizing

Five Forces Analysis

Market Segmentation by Product by Volume

Customer landscape

Geographic Landscape

Drivers, Challenges, and Trends

Vendor Landscape

Vendor Analysis

Appendix

About Us

Technavio is a leading global technology research and advisory company. Their research and analysis focuses on emerging market trends and provides actionable insights to help businesses identify market opportunities and develop effective strategies to optimize their market positions. With over 500 specialized analysts, Technavios report library consists of more than 17,000 reports and counting, covering 800 technologies, spanning across 50 countries. Their client base consists of enterprises of all sizes, including more than 100 Fortune 500 companies. This growing client base relies on Technavios comprehensive coverage, extensive research, and actionable market insights to identify opportunities in existing and potential markets and assess their competitive positions within changing market scenarios.

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COVID-19 Impacts: Educational Robots Market Will Accelerate at a CAGR of Almost 28% through 2020-2024 | Decline in the Price of Educational Robots to...

Robots in Action: How a Pandemic Affects the Future Face of the Armed Forces – Valdai Discussion Club

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At this point in time, most countries and defense industries that manufacture unmanned military systems are still on track to deliver them to their respective militaries. For example, in April 2020, US military was testing out a new tactical UAV that would replace an older, mass-produced drone. On May 8, in the midst of global pandemic quarantines, Russian defense-industrial establishment tested a breakthrough deep-water unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV), with possible transfer of this vehicle to the Russian Ministry of Defense. Another example of business as usual is Russias Rostec Corporations deal to manufacture tilt-rotor UAVs for the Artic. In other worlds, the industry pace is staying on course.

Should there be another COVID-like wave that could potentially limit the movement and deployment of military forces, the need for the "eyes, ears and sensors" would be even more acute. Since the military unmanned systems are becoming a key part of the C4ISR structures (command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance), a force that could be limited in basic operations would rely on technology that could overcome such a limitation. This is where numerous unmanned systems are most useful. In armed forces with more advanced unmanned weapons development, that means greater pace of utilization of this capability for operating well beyond the horizon - from a few to a few hundred miles. Should human aircraft pilots, artillery complements or naval units be grounded due to health concerns, the unmanned systems could potentially step in their place to deliver key information or strike the adversary, while allowing the operators to work from remote and safe locations.

Moreover, todays military sometimes borrows from the civilian technologies and lessons learned in order to hone its own operations and TTPS. As the COVID-19 spread around the world, the frequency of discussions about using unmanned systems in place of humans in different industries has accelerated. For example, aerial drones and unmanned ground vehicles were used to monitor populations, deliver products and disinfect physical objects. For the law enforcement, security and interior ministry-type organizations, the UAVs in particular offered a cheap and capable solution for population oversight. Many nations may choose to incorporate the use of such unmanned systems in their daily CONOPS, as the threat of repeat pandemics is discussed. For the military, using unmanned systems for logistics and support was already a rapidly growing development area even before COVID-19 hit. There is no indication today that the development, testing and use of such technology would slow down in a post-COVID world, since the use of robotics safeguards human lives on the battlefield, and frees up human assets for other missions.

For the United States, one of the main leaders in unmanned military technology research, development, testing and evaluation, post-COVID budgetary pressures may require the government to identify cost-informed means to conduct its national security activities more affordably, as the severity of the crisis required the government to spend trillions to mitigate its financial impact and protect the economy. For Washington, engaging in the global competition during the pandemic requires maintaining deterrence that may be achieved more economically through indirect and asymmetric military means. Such requirements are not unique to the US alone, and invoke the need for cheaper technological solutions that can achieve potentially the same results as using more expensive alternate platforms. As an example, todays combat UAVs are slowly closing the capability gaps with manned aircraft, and are utilized across the world in place of, or as complementary units to manned aviation.

Todays unmanned/remotely controlled military systems are slowly maturing into more sophisticated designs that are starting to perform more independent tasks, in non-military and actual combat environments. The ongoing and future pandemics are unlikely to reverse this trend. Most importantly, conflict around the world - intra-state, cross-border, and even potentially inter-state - is unlikely to stop even in the midst of a severe pandemic. These conflicts are not hitting a pause button due to medical reasons, which in turn assures the constant need for new and improved weapons that can augment existing human capabilities. This is where military robotics come in, as more and more nations and their armed forces build on current experience with using and building machines to further their goals.

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Robots in Action: How a Pandemic Affects the Future Face of the Armed Forces - Valdai Discussion Club

Global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces Market 2025 Industry Analysis, Applications, Investments & Key Business Players|Avs(Advanced Vacuum…

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Competitive Market Research Report on Global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces Market with focus on Industry Analysis, Regional Forecasts, Growth Analysis, Opportunities and Investments, Regional Developments, Business Strategies and Regional Forecast by 2025.

This research report contains an in-depth information on all the major aspects of the global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces market. This report contains crucial data such as facts and figures, market forecast, market analysis, SWOT analysis, risk analysis, competitive landscape, growth analysis and future challenges. The report also contains qualitative and quantitative research which gives you a detailed analysis of the global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces market. The report is perfect as you can see information on the recent developments, based on which you can make risk assessments and investments in the global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces industry.

Get The Sample Report PDF with TOC & List of Figures @ https://marketresearchport.com/request-sample/58808

Leading Companies Covered in this Research Report:

Avs(Advanced Vacuum System), Hi-Tech Furnace Systems, Tevtech, Thermal Technology, Structured Materials Industries, Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment

This global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces market research report has data of all the leading players operating in the global industry. From their market shares in the industry, to their growth plans, recent development status, all crucial information has been compiled in the report to let you get an insightful look at the profiles of the leading players in the Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces industry. The report includes the forecasts, analysis and discussion of important industry trends, market size, market shares, growth estimates and business strategies of the leading industry players.

The analysis includes the global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces market size, upstream situation, market segmentation, market opportunities, investments and industry environment. In addition, this report outlines the key factors driving the industry growth and the description of important market channels. The report presents the overview of industrial chain structure, and describes the market trends and future challenges. Besides, the report analyses the market shares and forecast in different geographic regions, product type and major applications. In addition, the report introduces market competition overview among the leading companies and key players, along with the market revenue and channel features are covered in the research report.

This Market Research Report is further divided into the Following Segments:

Market Segmentation by Product Types:?1000?, 1000-1500?

Market Segmentation by Applications:Silicon Carbide, Pyrolytic Carbon

Key Regions mentioned in the Global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces Market:

North America South America Europe Middle East Africa Asia Pacific Rest of the World

Key Industry Pointers covered in this Research Report

Overview of the Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces market including production, supply, growth estimates, forecast and market growth2016-2020 historical data and 2021-2026 market forecastGeographical analysis including major countries and regionsOverview the product market including recent trends and developmentsOverview the end-user market including competitive developmentsImpact of Coronavirus on the Global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces Industry

Explore Complete Report on Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces Market @ https://marketresearchport.com/reports/2015-2025-global-vapor-deposition-cvd-furnaces-market-research-report-industry-analysis-by-product-type-appl/58808

Major Points From The Table of Content:

Chapter 1 Market Overview1.1 Market Definition And Segment1.1.1 Product Definition1.1.2 Product Type1.1.3 End-Use1.1.4 Marketing Channel1.2 Major Regions1.2.1 Europe Market Size And GrowthFigure Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Size And Growth Rate, 2015e-2020f (Million Usd)Figure Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Forecast And Growth Rate, 2020-2025f (Million Usd)1.2.2 America Market Size And GrowthFigure America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Size And Growth Rate, 2015e-2020f (Million Usd)Figure America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Forecast And Growth Rate, 2020-2025f (Million Usd)1.2.3 Asia Market Size And GrowthFigure Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Size And Growth Rate, 2015e-2020f (Million Usd)Figure Asiavapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Forecast And Growth Rate, 2020-2025f (Million Usd)1.2.4 Oceania Market Size And GrowthFigure Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Size And Growth Rate, 2015e-2020f (Million Usd)Figure Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Forecast And Growth Rate, 2020-2025f (Million Usd)1.2.5 Africa Market Size And GrowthFigure Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Size And Growth Rate, 2015e-2020f (Million Usd)Figure Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Forecast And Growth Rate, 2020-2025f (Million Usd)

Chapter 2 Global Market Segmentation2.1 Global Production OverviewTable Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume (Volume), Ex-Factory Price, Revenue (Million Usd) And Gross Margin (%) List, 2015-20202.2 Global Consumption OverviewTable Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume (Volume), Terminal Price And Consumption Value (Million Usd) List, 2015-20202.3 Global Production By TypeTable Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue By Type, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue Share By Type In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume By Type, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume Share By Type In 2020 (Volume)2.4 Global Consumption By End-UseTable Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value Share By End-Use In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume Share By End-Use In 2020 (Volume)2.5 Global Consumption By RegionTable Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By Region, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Table Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By Region, 2015-2020 (Volume)

Chapter 3 Europe Market Segmentation3.1 Europe Production OverviewTable Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume (Volume), Ex-Factory Price, Revenue (Million Usd) And Gross Margin (%) List, 2015-20203.2 Europe Consumption OverviewTable Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume (Volume), Terminal Price And Consumption Value (Million Usd) List, 2015-20203.3 Europe Production By TypeTable Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue By Type, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue Share By Type In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume By Type, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume Share By Type In 2020 (Volume)3.4 Europe Consumption By End-UseTable Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value Share By End-Use In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume Share By End-Use In 2020 (Volume)3.5 Europe Consumption By RegionTable Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By Region, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Table Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By Region, 2015-2020 (Volume)

Chapter 4 America Market Segmentation4.1 America Production OverviewTable America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume (Volume), Ex-Factory Price, Revenue (Million Usd) And Gross Margin (%) List, 2015-20204.2 America Consumption OverviewTable America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume (Volume), Terminal Price And Consumption Value (Million Usd) List, 2015-20204.3 America Production By TypeTable America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue By Type, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue Share By Type In 2020 (Million Usd)Table America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume By Type, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume Share By Type In 2020 (Volume)4.4 America Consumption By End-UseTable America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value Share By End-Use In 2020 (Million Usd)Table America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume Share By End-Use In 2020 (Volume)4.5 America Consumption By RegionTable America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By Region, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Table America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By Region, 2015-2020 (Volume)

Chapter 5 Asia Market Segmentation5.1 Asia Production OverviewTable Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume (Volume), Ex-Factory Price, Revenue (Million Usd) And Gross Margin (%) List, 2015-20205.2 Asia Consumption OverviewTable Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume (Volume), Terminal Price And Consumption Value (Million Usd) List, 2015-20205.3 Asia Production By TypeTable Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue By Type, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue Share By Type In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume By Type, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume Share By Type In 2020 (Volume)5.4 Asia Consumption By End-UseTable Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value Share By End-Use In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume Share By End-Use In 2020 (Volume)5.5 Asia Consumption By RegionTable Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By Region, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Table Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By Region, 2015-2020 (Volume)

Chapter 6 Oceania Market Segmentation6.1 Oceania Production OverviewTable Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume (Volume), Ex-Factory Price, Revenue (Million Usd) And Gross Margin (%) List, 2015-20206.2 Oceania Consumption OverviewTable Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume (Volume), Terminal Price And Consumption Value (Million Usd) List, 2015-20206.3 Oceania Production By TypeTable Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue By Type, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue Share By Type In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume By Type, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume Share By Type In 2020 (Volume)6.4 Oceania Consumption By End-UseTable Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value Share By End-Use In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume Share By End-Use In 2020 (Volume)6.5 Oceania Consumption By RegionTable Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By Region, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Table Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By Region, 2015-2020 (Volume)

Chapter 7 Africa Market Segmentation7.1 Africa Production OverviewTable Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume (Volume), Ex-Factory Price, Revenue (Million Usd) And Gross Margin (%) List, 2015-20207.2 Africa Consumption OverviewTable Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume (Volume), Terminal Price And Consumption Value (Million Usd) List, 2015-20207.3 Africa Production By TypeTable Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue By Type, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue Share By Type In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume By Type, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume Share By Type In 2020 (Volume)7.4 Africa Consumption By End-UseTable Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Figure Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value Share By End-Use In 2020 (Million Usd)Table Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By End-Use, 2015-2020 (Volume)Figure Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume Share By End-Use In 2020 (Volume)7.5 Africa Consumption By RegionTable Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By Region, 2015-2020 (Million Usd)Table Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By Region, 2015-2020 (Volume)

Chapter 8 Global Market Forecast8.1 Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production ForecastFigure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue And Growth Rate Forecast 2020-2025f (Million Usd)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume And Growth Rate Forecast 2020-2025f (Volume)8.2 Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Forecast By TypeTable Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue By Type, 2020-2025f (Million Usd)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Revenue Share By Type In 2025 (Million Usd)Table Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume By Type, 2020-2025f (Volume)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Production Volume Share By Type In 2025 (Volume)8.3 Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Forecast By End-Use (2020-2025f)Table Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By End-Use, 2020-2025f (Million Usd)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value Share By End-Use In 2025 (Million Usd)Table Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By End-Use, 2020-2025f (Volume)8.4 Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Forecast By Region (2020-2025f)Table Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value By Region, 2020-2025f (Million Usd)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Value Share By Region In 2025 (Million Usd)Table Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume By Region, 2020-2025f (Volume)Figure Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Consumption Volume Share By Region In 2025 (Volume)

Chapter 9 Global Major Companies List9.1 Avs(Advanced Vacuum System)9.1.1 Avs(Advanced Vacuum System) ProfileTable Avs(Advanced Vacuum System) Overview List9.1.2 Avs(Advanced Vacuum System) Products & Services9.1.3 Avs(Advanced Vacuum System) Company Dynamics & News9.1.4 Avs(Advanced Vacuum System) Business Operation ConditionsTable Business Operation Of Avs(Advanced Vacuum System) (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)9.2 Hi-Tech Furnace Systems9.2.1 Hi-Tech Furnace Systems ProfileTable Hi-Tech Furnace Systems Overview List9.2.2 Hi-Tech Furnace Systems Products & Services9.2.3 Hi-Tech Furnace Systems Company Dynamics & News9.2.4 Hi-Tech Furnace Systems Business Operation ConditionsTable Business Operation Of Hi-Tech Furnace Systems (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)9.3 Tevtech9.3.1 Tevtech ProfileTable Tevtech Overview List9.3.2 Tevtech Products & Services9.3.3 Tevtech Company Dynamics & News9.3.4 Tevtech Business Operation ConditionsTable Business Operation Of Tevtech (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)9.4 Thermal Technology9.4.1 Thermal Technology ProfileTable Thermal Technology Overview List9.4.2 Thermal Technology Products & Services9.4.3 Thermal Technology Company Dynamics & News9.4.4 Thermal Technology Business Operation ConditionsTable Business Operation Of Thermal Technology (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)9.5 Structured Materials Industries9.5.1 Structured Materials Industries ProfileTable Structured Materials Industries Overview List9.5.2 Structured Materials Industries Products & Services9.5.3 Structured Materials Industries Company Dynamics & News9.5.4 Structured Materials Industries Business Operation ConditionsTable Business Operation Of Structured Materials Industries (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)9.6 Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment9.6.1 Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment ProfileTable Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment Overview List9.6.2 Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment Products & Services9.6.3 Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment Company Dynamics & News9.6.4 Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment Business Operation ConditionsTable Business Operation Of Zhuzhou Chenxin Induction Equipment (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)

Part 10 Market Competition10.1 Key Company Market ShareTable Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Sales Revenue 2015-2020, By Companies, In Usd MillionTable Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Sales Revenue Share, 2015-2020, By Companies, In UsdTable Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Sales Volume By Companies, 2015-2020 (Volume)Table Global Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Sales Volume Share By Companies, 2015-2020 (Volume)10.2 Regional Market ConcentrationFigure Europe Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Concentration Ratio In 2020Figure America Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Concentration Ratio In 2020Figure Asia Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Concentration Ratio In 2020Figure Oceania Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Concentration Ratio In 2020Figure Africa Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Market Concentration Ratio In 2020

Part 11 Coronavirus Impact On Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Industry11.1 Impact On Industry Upstream11.2 Impact On Industry Downstream11.3 Impact On Industry Channels11.4 Impact On Industry Competition11.5 Impact On Industry Obtain Employment

Part 12 Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Furnaces Industry Summary & Conclusion

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Global Vapor Deposition (CVD) Furnaces Market 2025 Industry Analysis, Applications, Investments & Key Business Players|Avs(Advanced Vacuum...

Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis, Latest and Future Trends, Opportunities, Regional Demand and Forecast 2026 | Rokid, ISG, Fluke – Bulletin…

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Latest market research report on Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Market 2020 with Industry Analysis, Share, Size, Competitors, Trends and Forecast 2026.

Market Research Port offers you a comprehensive market research report on the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market. This report contains in-depth information on all the key aspects of the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market. This report contains data such as facts & figures, market research, market analysis, competitive landscape, regional analysis, and future growth prospects. The report also contains qualitative and quantitative research which gives you a detailed analysis of the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market. The report has been compiled by experts who have researched and documented all the important aspects of global Wearables Thermal Imaging market. The report authors are experienced and highly qualified, so you can trust the data provided in this report.

Get The Sample Report PDF with Detail TOC & List of [emailprotected]https://marketresearchport.com/request-sample/49394

This market research report also has data of all the important players in the industry. From their market share in the industry, to their growth plans, important information has been compiled in the report to let you get an insightful look at the leading players operating in the industry and what their strategies are. The functioning of the leading companies in the (industry name) market has a huge impact on how the market behaves. Therefore, data on these companies can also help you understand and predict how the market behaves. The competitor analysis in the report will give you a complete breakdown of all the important information you need about these top market players.

Major Companies Covered:

Rokid, ISG, Fluke

In the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market report, there is solid in-depth data on various segments as well. These segments give a deeper look into the products, applications and what impact they are going to have on the market. The report also looks at new products and innovation that can be real game-changers.

The Report is Divided into The Following Segments:

Market Segmentation by Product Types:Glasses, Camera, Others

Market Segmentation by Applications:Military, Industrial, Household, Commerical

Regions Mentioned in the Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Market:

The Middle East and Africa North America South America Europe Asia-Pacific Middle East Oceania Rest of the World

Following Questions are Answered in This Report:

What will be the size of the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market in 2025? What is the current CAGR of the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market? Which product is expected to show the highest market growth? Which application is projected to gain a lions share of the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market? Which region is foretold to create the most number of opportunities in the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market? Will there be any changes in market competition during the forecast period? Which are the top players currently operating in the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market? How will the market situation change in the coming years? What are the common business tactics adopted by players? What is the growth outlook of the global Wearables Thermal Imaging market?

The data of the market research report has been studied, compiled and corroborated by leading experts and established authors. The format followed in the report is in accordance with most international market research reports. However, if you have any specific requirements, you can get in touch with us, and we will modify the report accordingly.

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Table of Content:Chapter 1 Industry Overview1.1 Definition1.2 Assumptions1.3 Research Scope1.4 Market Analysis by Regions1.4.1 North America Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)1.4.2 East Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)1.4.3 Europe Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)1.4.4 South Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)1.4.5 Southeast Asia Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)1.4.6 Middle East Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)1.4.7 Africa Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)1.4.8 Oceania Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)1.4.9 South America Market States and Outlook (2021-2026)1.5 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 20261.5.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026 by Consumption Volume1.5.2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Size Analysis from 2021 to 2026 by Value1.5.3 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Price Trends Analysis from 2021 to 20261.6 COVID-19 Outbreak: Wearables Thermal Imaging Industry Impact

Chapter 2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Competition by Types, Applications, and Top Regions and Countries2.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging (Volume and Value) by Type2.1.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)2.1.2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Revenue and Market Share by Type (2015-2020)2.2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging (Volume and Value) by Application2.2.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)2.2.2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Revenue and Market Share by Application (2015-2020)2.3 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging (Volume and Value) by Regions2.3.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)2.3.2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Revenue and Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)

Chapter 3 Production Market Analysis3.1 Global Production Market Analysis3.1.1 2015-2020 Global Capacity, Production, Capacity Utilization Rate, Ex-Factory Price, Revenue, Cost, Gross and Gross Margin Analysis3.1.2 2015-2020 Major Manufacturers Performance and Market Share3.2 Regional Production Market Analysis3.2.1 2015-2020 Regional Market Performance and Market Share3.2.2 North America Market3.2.3 East Asia Market3.2.4 Europe Market3.2.5 South Asia Market3.2.6 Southeast Asia Market3.2.7 Middle East Market3.2.8 Africa Market3.2.9 Oceania Market3.2.10 South America Market3.2.11 Rest of the World Market

Chapter 4 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import by Regions (2015-2020)4.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption by Regions (2015-2020)4.2 North America Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)4.3 East Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)4.4 Europe Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)4.5 South Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)4.6 Southeast Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)4.7 Middle East Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)4.8 Africa Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)4.9 Oceania Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)4.10 South America Wearables Thermal Imaging Sales, Consumption, Export, Import (2015-2020)

Chapter 5 North America Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis5.1 North America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Value Analysis5.1.1 North America Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Under COVID-195.2 North America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Types5.3 North America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Structure by Application5.4 North America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption by Top Countries5.4.1 United States Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20205.4.2 Canada Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20205.4.3 Mexico Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 6 East Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis6.1 East Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Value Analysis6.1.1 East Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Under COVID-196.2 East Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Types6.3 East Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Structure by Application6.4 East Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption by Top Countries6.4.1 China Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20206.4.2 Japan Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20206.4.3 South Korea Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 7 Europe Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis7.1 Europe Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Value Analysis7.1.1 Europe Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Under COVID-197.2 Europe Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Types7.3 Europe Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Structure by Application7.4 Europe Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption by Top Countries7.4.1 Germany Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20207.4.2 UK Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20207.4.3 France Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20207.4.4 Italy Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20207.4.5 Russia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20207.4.6 Spain Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20207.4.7 Netherlands Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20207.4.8 Switzerland Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20207.4.9 Poland Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 8 South Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis8.1 South Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Value Analysis8.1.1 South Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Under COVID-198.2 South Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Types8.3 South Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Structure by Application8.4 South Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption by Top Countries8.4.1 India Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20208.4.2 Pakistan Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20208.4.3 Bangladesh Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 9 Southeast Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis9.1 Southeast Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Value Analysis9.1.1 Southeast Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Under COVID-199.2 Southeast Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Types9.3 Southeast Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Structure by Application9.4 Southeast Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption by Top Countries9.4.1 Indonesia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20209.4.2 Thailand Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20209.4.3 Singapore Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20209.4.4 Malaysia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20209.4.5 Philippines Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20209.4.6 Vietnam Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 20209.4.7 Myanmar Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 10 Middle East Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis10.1 Middle East Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Value Analysis10.1.1 Middle East Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Under COVID-1910.2 Middle East Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Types10.3 Middle East Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Structure by Application10.4 Middle East Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption by Top Countries10.4.1 Turkey Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202010.4.2 Saudi Arabia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202010.4.3 Iran Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202010.4.4 United Arab Emirates Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202010.4.5 Israel Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202010.4.6 Iraq Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202010.4.7 Qatar Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202010.4.8 Kuwait Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202010.4.9 Oman Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 11 Africa Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis11.1 Africa Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Value Analysis11.1.1 Africa Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Under COVID-1911.2 Africa Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Types11.3 Africa Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Structure by Application11.4 Africa Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption by Top Countries11.4.1 Nigeria Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202011.4.2 South Africa Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202011.4.3 Egypt Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202011.4.4 Algeria Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202011.4.5 Morocco Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 12 Oceania Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis12.1 Oceania Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Value Analysis12.2 Oceania Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Types12.3 Oceania Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Structure by Application12.4 Oceania Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption by Top Countries12.4.1 Australia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202012.4.2 New Zealand Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 13 South America Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis13.1 South America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption and Value Analysis13.1.1 South America Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Under COVID-1913.2 South America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Types13.3 South America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Structure by Application13.4 South America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume by Major Countries13.4.1 Brazil Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202013.4.2 Argentina Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202013.4.3 Columbia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202013.4.4 Chile Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202013.4.5 Venezuela Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202013.4.6 Peru Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202013.4.7 Puerto Rico Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 202013.4.8 Ecuador Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume from 2015 to 2020

Chapter 14 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Wearables Thermal Imaging Business14.1 Rokid14.1.1 Rokid Company Profile14.1.2 Rokid Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.1.3 Rokid Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.2 ISG14.2.1 ISG Company Profile14.2.2 ISG Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.2.3 ISG Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.3 Fluke14.3.1 Fluke Company Profile14.3.2 Fluke Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.3.3 Fluke Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.4 FILR System14.4.1 FILR System Company Profile14.4.2 FILR System Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.4.3 FILR System Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.5 NEC14.5.1 NEC Company Profile14.5.2 NEC Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.5.3 NEC Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.6 L-314.6.1 L-3 Company Profile14.6.2 L-3 Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.6.3 L-3 Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.7 Kollsman14.7.1 Kollsman Company Profile14.7.2 Kollsman Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.7.3 Kollsman Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.8 MSA14.8.1 MSA Company Profile14.8.2 MSA Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.8.3 MSA Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.9 ULIS14.9.1 ULIS Company Profile14.9.2 ULIS Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.9.3 ULIS Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.10 Bullard14.10.1 Bullard Company Profile14.10.2 Bullard Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.10.3 Bullard Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)14.11 Teledyne14.11.1 Teledyne Company Profile14.11.2 Teledyne Wearables Thermal Imaging Product Specification14.11.3 Teledyne Wearables Thermal Imaging Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

Chapter 15 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Forecast (2021-2026)15.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast (2021-2026)15.1.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.1.2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Value and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Region (2021-2026)15.2.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)15.2.2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Value and Growth Rate Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)15.2.3 North America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.2.4 East Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.2.5 Europe Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.2.6 South Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.2.7 Southeast Asia Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.2.8 Middle East Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.2.9 Africa Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.2.10 Oceania Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.2.11 South America Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2021-2026)15.3 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)15.3.1 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Forecast by Type (2021-2026)15.3.2 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026)15.3.3 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)15.4 Global Wearables Thermal Imaging Consumption Volume Forecast by Application (2021-2026)15.5 Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Forecast Under COVID-19

Chapter 16 ConclusionsResearch Methodology

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Wearables Thermal Imaging Market Analysis, Latest and Future Trends, Opportunities, Regional Demand and Forecast 2026 | Rokid, ISG, Fluke - Bulletin...

List 4/4 of sports events affected by coronavirus pandemic – Midland Daily News

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SOFTBALL

Mens World Cup in Auckland, New Zealand from Feb. 20-28, 2021 postponed to Feb. 19-27, 2022.

SUMO

Spring Basho in Osaka from March 8-22, no spectators.

Summer Basho in Tokyo from May 10-24 postponed to May 24-June 7, canceled.

Nagoya Basho from July 5-19 moved to Tokyo from July 19-Aug. 2.

SURFING

World Surfing Games in El Salvador from May 9-17 postponed to June 614 postponed to May 8-16, 2021.

TABLE TENNIS

World team championships in Busan, South Korea from March 22-29 postponed to June 21-28 postponed to Sept. 27-Oct. 4 postponed to Feb. 28-March 7, 2021.

World championships in Houston from June 17-26, 2021 postponed.

Asian Cup in Hainan, China from Feb. 28-March 1 postponed.

Polish Open in Gliwice from March 11-15, from March 13, Day 3 of 5, suspended.

Italian Open in Riccione from April 1-5 postponed.

Caribbean championships in Havana from April 3-8 suspended.

Asian Olympic qualifying tournament in Bangkok from April 6-12 postponed to 2021.

European Olympic qualifying tournament in Moscow from April 8-12 postponed to 2021.

Latin American Olympic qualifying tournament in Rosario, Argentina from April 15-19 postponed to 2021.

Oceania Olympic qualifying tournament in Brisbane, Australia from April 19-20 postponed to 2021.

Japan Open in Kitakyushu on April 21-26 canceled.

Slovenia Open in Otocec from April 22-26 postponed.

Hong Kong Open from May 5-10 postponed.

South American championships in Cucuta, Colombia from May 6-10 suspended.

Central American championships in San Jose, Costa Rica from May 12-16 suspended.

China Open in Shenzhen from May 12-17 postponed.

South Korea Open in Busan on June 16-21 suspended.

Australian Open in Geelong on June 23-28 suspended.

Africa championships in Yaound, Cameroon from Oct. 1-7 postponed.

TAEKWONDO

Asian Championships in Beirut from March 4-6 postponed to May 13-15.

Asian Olympic qualifying tournament in Wuxi, China from April 10-11 moved to Amman, Jordan from June 5-7 postponed.

Pan American Grand Slam in Oregon, Washington from April 11-13 canceled.

European Olympic qualifying tournament in Milan from April 17-19 moved to Moscow from April 16-18. From March 12 postponed.

European Championships in Zagreb, Croatia from May 7-10 postponed.

Greece Open in Chalkida from May 15-17 postponed.

Presidents Cup in Spokane, Washington from May 21-24 canceled.

African Championships in Tunis, Tunisia from May 29-31 canceled.

Austrian Open in Innsbruck from May 30-31 postponed.

Carthage Open in Tunis, Tunisia from June 2-3 canceled.

Presidents Cup in Papeete, Tahiti on June 5 postponed.

Tahiti Open in Papeete from June 5-7 postponed.

Lux Open in Luxembourg from June 13-14 canceled.

European Small Countries Championships in San Marino from June 27-28 canceled.

World Championships in Wuxi, China in May 2021 postponed.

TENNIS

French Open in Paris from May 24-June 7 postponed to Sept. 20-Oct. 4 postponed to Sept. 27-Oct. 11.

Wimbledon in London from June 29-July 12 canceled.

ATP-WTA: BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, California from March 11-22 canceled.

ATP-WTA: Miami Open from March 24-April 5 canceled.

WTA: Zapopan Open in Guadalajara, Mexico from March 16-21 canceled.

ATP: US Mens Clay Court Championships in Houston, Texas from April 6-12 suspended.

ATP: Grand Prix Hassan II in Marrakech, Morocco from April 6-12 suspended.

WTA: Charleston Open in South Carolina from April 6-12 canceled.

WTA: Copa Colsanitas in Bogota, Colombia from April 6-12 canceled.

ATP: Monte Carlo Masters from April 12-19 suspended.

ATP: Hungarian Open in Budapest from April 20-26 suspended.

WTA: Xian Open in China from April 13-19 canceled.

ATP: Barcelona Open from April 20-26 suspended.

ATP: Hungarian Open in Budapest from April 20-26 suspended.

WTA: Porsche Grand Prix in Stuttgart, Germany from April 20-26 canceled.

WTA: Istanbul Open from April 20-26 postponed to Sept. 7-13.

WTA: Prague Open from April 27-May 2 postponed to Aug. 10-16.

WTA: Kunming Open in Anning, China from April 27-May 3 canceled.

ATP: BMW Open in Munich from April 27-May 3 suspended.

ATP: Estoril Open in Portugal from April 27-May 3 suspended.

ATP-WTA: Madrid Open from May-2-10 postponed to Sept. 13-20.

ATP-WTA: Italian Open in Rome from May 10-17 postponed to Sept. 20-27.

WTA: Strasbourg International in France from May 17-23 postponed to Sept. 21-26.

ATP: Geneva Open in Switzerland from May 17-23 suspended.

ATP: Lyon Open in France from May 17-23 suspended.

WTA: Grand Prix De SAR La Princesse Lalla Meryem in Rabat, Morocco from May 17-23 canceled.

WTA: Croatia Open in Bol from June 1-6 suspended.

ATP-WTA: Libema Open in s-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands from June 8-14 canceled.

ATP: MercedesCup in Stuttgart, Germany from June 8-14 suspended.

WTA: Nottingham Open in England from June 8-14 canceled.

ATP: Queens Club in London from June 15-21 suspended.

ATP: Halle Open in Germany from June 15-21 suspended.

WTA: Birmingham Classic in England from June 15-21 canceled.

WTA: Berlin Open from June 15-21 canceled.

ATP: Mallorca Championships in Spain from June 21-27 suspended.

ATP-WTA: Eastbourne International in England from June 21-27 canceled.

WTA: Bad Homburg Open in Germany from June 21-27 canceled.

WTA: Nordea Open in Bastad, Sweden from July 6-11 canceled.

ATP: European Open in Hamburg, Germany from July 13-19 suspended.

ATP: Nordea Open in Bastad, Sweden from July 13-19 suspended.

ATP: Hall of Fame Open in Newport, Rhode Island from July 13-19 suspended.

WTA: Bucharest Open in Romania from July 13-19 canceled.

WTA: Ladies Open Lausanne in Switzerland from July 13-19 canceled.

ATP: Mifel Open in Los Cabos, Mexico from July 20-25 suspended.

ATP: Swiss Open in Gstaad from July 20-26 suspended.

ATP: Croatia Open in Umag from July 20-26 suspended.

WTA: Baltic Open in Jurmala, Latvia from July 20-26 canceled.

WTA: Palermo Ladies Open in Italy from July 20-26 postponed to Aug. 3-9.

ATP: Generali Open in Kitzbhel, Austria from July 27-Aug. 1 postponed to Sept. 8-13.

ATP: Atlanta Open from July 27-Aug. 2 suspended.

WTA: Liqui Moly Open in Karlsruhe, Germany from July 28-Aug. 2 suspended.

ATP: Citi Open in Washington, DC from Aug. 3-9 postponed to Aug. 14-21 canceled.

WTA: Citi Open in Washington, DC from Aug. 3-9 canceled.

WTA: Rogers Cup in Montreal from Aug. 10-16 canceled.

ATP: Rogers Cup in Toronto from Aug. 10-16 canceled.

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List 4/4 of sports events affected by coronavirus pandemic - Midland Daily News

The Libertarians are Coming – northernexpress.com

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Though long shots in just about every race, Libertarians are getting on ballots across Northern Michigan in unprecedented numbers. By Patrick Sullivan | Aug. 8, 2020

Something in the ether, maybe, brought together a bunch of people who over the last year or so declared themselves Libertarians and got nominated to run for local, statewide, and federal office.

Theyre not an easily organized group of individuals, but they are united in their conviction that something is not working in this country under a government that is controlled by two parties.

(Quick brush-up for those unfamiliar: Like Democrats and Republicans, Libertarians dont share a singular opinion on all societal and economic issues, but if you had to distill their guiding philosophy to a singular commonality, you might say they believe first and foremost in the liberty of the individual and that government should take a smaller role in the activities of the state. Some believe it should limit its reach to providing only police, courts, and military, while others believe that more or less is necessary.)

Donna Gundle-Krieg, a real estate agent, candidate for Mancelona Township trustee, and a Northern Expressguest columnist, helped organize the Northwest Michigan Libertarian Party affiliate to help get candidates on the ballot across nine counties in northwestern Lower Michigan this year. She said that there were plenty of folks who wanted to sign up; they just needed a little organization to help them along.

In the past, people have inquired, and they get sent to the head of the state party, Gundle-Krieg said. They never get to meet that person or have that comradery. You need likeminded people to get excited about this. Its hard to be excited when youre all alone.

At the statewide convention in Gaylord July 18, the Libertarian Party nominated 61 candidates for the 2020 general election, including nine candidates for U.S. Congress, 10 candidates for the Michigan State House, eight candidates for statewide offices, and 32 for county and township races. Many of the local candidates are running for office in Northern Michigan, thanks primarily to the local Libertarian organizations that have formed in the last couple of years.

Northern Express reached out to some of the candidates to find out what drove them to throw their hat into the ring.

FACEMASKS AND A BID FOR CONGRESSAt the statewide Libertarian convention in Gaylord, almost everyone wore facemasks, said Benjamin Boren, who is running to represent Michigan in its 1st Congressional District. Wearing masks is something Boren said he supports. But, like other Libertarians interviewed for this article, theres a caveat: Boren said he thinks people should wear them as a matter of personal responsibility, not because the government tells them to.

Boren was born and raised in Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, to parents who worked in real estate. The 35-year-old has moved around a lot, but for the last few years hes lived just south of Charlevoix, where he moved to be closer to his parents for a time. He thought it would be a short-term move, but it hasnt turned out that way, and as hes settled in, hes found a political home of sorts in the Libertarian cause in Northern Michigan.

Boren, who works part-time at a tobacco store in Traverse City and part-time as a heavy-equipment operator, said hes voted for candidates from both major parties throughout his life but became increasingly drawn to the principles of libertarianism. A couple of years ago, he decided to join the Libertarian Party, then discovered hed have to help create one in the region first.

The prospect was daunting. This is such a scary time, Boren said. I would love to live a normal life and not have anything to do with the political realm.

But it just so happened that there were others clamoring for just the same thing at the time, so he found help and support from people like Gundle-Krieg, who was already gaining momentum in the effort.

Boren said that he believes people are more drawn to libertarianism today because of a combination of the executive order requirements in Michigan spurred by the coronavirus pandemic and because of the authoritarianism of the Trump Republican Party.

First off, I think a lot of people feel not everyone, but a lot that the two-party system seems to be broken, Boren said. Everyones freaking out. This pandemic is hard to get used to, but it was a huge eye-opener for a lot of people.

The people drawn to libertarianism pretty much just want to get the government to do a lot less, even amid a pandemic, he said.

Its not like [Libertarians] think they know what other people need in their life. They just want to live their life and dont want to be told how to live it, Boren said.

Another factor that Boren said he believes increased the number of people who identify as Libertarian is what he calls the Amash effect, after Justin Amash, the GOP Congressman from Grand Rapids who left his party in protest over Trumps policies and later became a Libertarian. Amash made the party switch during the states stay-in-place order, when a lot of people in Michigan had extra time on their hands to do things like look up libertarianism online, he said.

Boren said if he had to choose between Republican and Democrat, he wouldnt, because both want too much control over peoples lives. He said he likes aspects of each he is pro-Second Amendment, like most Republicans; and pro-LGBTQ-rights, like most Democrats, for instance.

Despite his enthusiasm for libertarianism, he is still a reluctant candidate for Congress.

I would prefer to do something else, honestly, but no one else would step up, he said.

Boren said he, his campaign manager, and most of his campaign volunteers are Millennials who lack experience but who have passion, though he said he doesnt look at his campaign as a symbolic one. He said he wouldnt run unless he thought he had an outside chance to overcome two well-funded candidates from the major parties.

Theres a lot to navigate; theres a lot of hurdles. But its important regardless, he said. I think I have a chance. I would never ever just do something and accept defeat. Im going to give it a good go. Hopefully, we can have a lot of fun were going to learn a lot.

RACIN JASON JOINS THE RACEOf all the Libertarian Party candidates in Northern Michigan, none has the kind of name recognition of Jason Crum, who has spent decades working as a deejay at stations from Petoskey to Gaylord to Traverse City. He was also a winning contestant on the reality television game show Forged in Fire that aired last September on the History Channel. Now, hes running to replace state Rep. Larry Inman in the Michigan House.

Crum said he started out as a rebellious youth who didnt want to follow in the footsteps of his father, an attorney, or his mother, an academic, and instead launched himself into a career on the airwaves, moving from Rochester, Michigan, where he grew up, to Petoskey, where he got his first radio gig almost three decades ago.

Crums last radio job was the morning slot at WKLT in Traverse City, where he was known as Racin Jason until a shakeup late last year put him out of work. Since March, hes been driving a bus for BATA.

The outset of a global pandemic was not the easiest time to take a new job that involved close contact with the public in tight quarters, but he managed to get through it and has stayed healthy.

It was right at the start of the whole COVID, Crum said about starting the new job. It was nerve-wracking, you know. Ive got young kids at home and a wife, and I didnt want to do anything to put their lives in jeopardy. The whole COVID thing was so new and everybody was so scared of it.

Crum, who lives in Kingsley and has six kids, ages 8 to 24, continues to wear a mask whenever hes driving his bus or in a store. He also frequently washes his hands and said he instructs his children to do the same.

I support science, and I support smart conclusions, he said. If the science says to wear the mask, then Im going to wear it.

The 50-year-old is not against following protocols that are backed up by science in order to stay safe, but he said he is against the government telling him what to do.

I never had much of a political bone in my body. I mean, I definitely have opinions on things, he said. It was actually Gov. Whitmers executive orders that made me really start to question what was going on in Lansing. The legislature should be involved in a situation like this. I just dont like ruling by executive order.

He was also frustrated that his own state rep, Inman, the troubled Republican, was missing in action following a partial acquittal/hung-jury verdict on federal bribery charges last year.

I couldnt find one single phone number or a web page, Crum said. Hes a lame duck at this point. Hes not our representative. We are representative-less.

So, since Crum didnt ever really identify with either of the major political parties, when the nascent Northern Michigan Libertarian Party approached him about running on their platform, Crum hopped on board. It made sense, he said, because he said he is fiscally conservative and socially liberal, and after he checked out the partys website, he said he found very little in the platform that he disagreed with.

Crum said he has no political aspiration and that if he is elected, he would only serve one term.

He knows he faces an uphill battle; he sees plenty of yard signs as he drives his bus and recognizes that his opponents from the major parties will be much better funded.

THE LIBERTARIAN BUREAUCRATAndy Evans knows that his job would be in jeopardy if, someday, the Libertarians took over state government and dismantled the bureaucracy. The Cheboygan resident works at the Michigan Department of Natural Resources customer service center in Gaylord. But if he had his way, that job wouldnt exist. The only reason it does, he said, is because of how complicated the states hunting and fishing code has become over the decades.

I spend a great amount of time demystifying the hunting and fishing regulations for people, Evans said. You reach a breaking point with regulations. You confuse the public; you confuse business owners.

He insists that he would eliminate his own job if he had the chance.

My particular job could be eliminated, absolutely, Evans said. Lets just say, seeing how Im only four years from retirement, its easy for me to say that.

Evans is running for county commissioner for District 3 in Cheboygan County.

Ive always been a real student of history and politics, throughout my lifetime, and I tended to vote Republican, Evans said.

He said that though he always leaned Republican, the strong positions Democrats have traditionally taken on civil liberties have lured him in the past. Nevertheless, Evans eventually grew dissatisfied with both parties and concluded that there have been a lot of empty promises theyd made in the past 20 years. A couple ago, he was listening to a local call-in radio political radio show that featured a state Libertarian Party official as a guest. Evans said he liked what he heard, and, after some investigation, he was converted.

Evans helped start a Mackinac Straits region Libertarian affiliate, which covers four counties in the Straits region.

The federal and state governments, I feel, have become far too intrusive into our lives, Evans said. I feel like government is becoming pretty unrestrained of late.

Evans said the Libertarian Party is a good alternative for folks interested in getting into local government in a place like Cheboygan, where Democrats rarely run for local office, and Republicans often run unopposed.

Still, like the other northern Michigan Libertarians, Evans is realistic about his chances. He ran for the same county commission seat in 2018, in a three-way race, and he got just six percent of the vote.

This time around he will be going head-to-head with an incumbent Republican. He said the situation improves his chances, but he still considers himself a longshot.

My opponent hes a well-established incumbent, very well-known in the community, a former undersheriff, he said. I have an uphill battle.

REPUBLICAN TURNED LIBERTARIANCory Dean, a 51-year-old who has lived for decades in Blair Township and raised four kids there, is running as a Libertarian for township trustee.

Hes run before as a Republican and narrowly lost by three votes in 2012, and by three percent of the vote in 2018, when he ran amid a larger field of candidates.

This year he will be among five candidates who are vying for four spots on the board, and since the others are all Republican, Dean thinks he might have an advantage because there are no Democrats running.

This time Im running as a Libertarian, Dean said. I feel at home. Its like I finally found a party that feels right.

Dean, who works for a truck-rental company, said that he believes Libertarians need to start small in order to grow their power.

Maybe we can win at the lowest levels of government and work our way up, he said.

Dean said he has been a political junkie since he was a teenager. He grew up in a Democratic family and became a Republican as a teenager because of Ronald Reagan.

Dean said he gradually switched from Republican to Libertarian as he gradually became disillusioned and felt a growing sense that government is run like a dictatorship.

The conservatives just seem to want to use the government to get you to do what they want, Dean said. [Libertarians] dont want our government forcing its views on anyone.

Dean said part of the reason there are so many Libertarian candidates in Northern Michigan this year is because of the recent creation of the regional affiliates, which enable people to get on the ballot as Libertarians. Four years ago, Dean said he wanted to run as a Libertarian, but he only had the state office to call, and it didnt work out.

I tried to investigate running before, in 16, and I had a hard time having anybody get back to me, Dean said. [Having a regional Libertarian organization to assist] helps. You need to feel like you have some support.

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The Libertarians are Coming - northernexpress.com

Nazareth woman pleads guilty in election fraud case – lehighvalleylive.com

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A Nazareth woman pleaded guilty Monday to participating in an election fraud scheme.

Amber Correll, 39, pleaded guilty to multiple counts of making false signatures and statements on nomination petitions, according to a news release from Pennsylvania Attorney General Josh Shapiro.

Police say she forged 25 signatures on nomination petitions for U.S. Congressional candidate Tim Silfies. The Libertarian candidate ran in 2018 against Susan Wild and Marty Nothstein.

There should never be a doubt that the men and women who appear on ballots or work to gather the signatures needed to get candidates before voters are following the law and doing honest work, Shapiro said in a news release.

Corrells attorney, Brandon Lauria of Philadelphia, didnt return a phone message seeking comment.

Police say Correll was paid to collect the signatures by Jake Towne, 40, of Easton. Thats not illegal, but police say Towne broke the law by signing papers saying he circulated the nomination petitions when in fact Correll circulated them.

At a preliminary hearing in January, Towne attorney Gary Asteak said its common practice for party officials to sign off as circulators of nominating petitions even though they didnt physically circulate the petitions. He said Towne looked over the sheet, matched the names to the addresses and was satisfied they were authentic.

Northampton County Libertarian Party Chairman Jake Towne, left, leaves his preliminary hearing with his attorney, Gary Asteak. Towne is charged with perjury for allegedly signing a candidate's nominating petition even though he didn't circulate the petition.Rudy Miller | For lehighvalleylive.com

Asteak said Towne turned down a really sweet deal to plead guilty and will take the case to trial. Towne is charged with five criminal counts, including perjury. Shapiros news release says Towne will stand trial in February. Correll will be sentenced after Townes trial.

This contrived case against Jake Towne is the result of a corrupt system that seeks to silence political activists. The charges against Mr. Towne originated with a GOP fishing expedition to coerce two third party candidates to withdraw from running for office. Circulators in Pennsylvania have never been required to witness signatures on a petition sheet. They only need to have requisite knowledge, meaning reason to believe that the signatures are genuine. Dozens of previous civil cases prove this. What Towne did has never been tried in a criminal court because it is not a criminal matter, said Libertarian Party Chairwoman Jane Horvath in an emailed statement.

She said Correll acted along to deceive Towne.

The attorney generals abuse of power will become evident as the details of this case unfold, and hopefully the public will take notice of how corrupt the two-party system really is, Horvath said.

Senior Deputy Attorney General Nicole Forzato is prosecuting Correll and Towne.

Towne ran for Congress in 2010 and ran for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 2018. He serves as secretary for the Northampton County Libertarian Party.

Our journalism needs your support. Please subscribe today to Lehighvalleylive.com.

Rudy Miller may be reached at rmiller@lehighvalleylive.com. If theres anything about this story that needs attention, please email him. Follow him on Twitter @RudyMillerLV. Find Easton area news on Facebook.

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Nazareth woman pleads guilty in election fraud case - lehighvalleylive.com

Primary Election 2020 – Bainbridge Island Review

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PORT ORCHARD Initial primary election returns in Kitsap County Tuesday night yielded no surprises in the high-profile races in 2020, including contests for the 6th Congressional District seat, Washington state governor, seats in the state Legislature and the two county commissioner positions up for election.

The top two finishers in each race, regardless of party affiliation, will advance to the Nov. 3 general election. Updates from the Kitsap County Elections Division will be released tomorrow afternoon and through next week.

Here are the raw numbers from Kitsap County released at 8:20 p.m. Tuesday:

Congressional District 6 U.S. Representative

Elizabeth Kreiselmaier (Prefers Republican Party)

12,234

26.05%

Chris Welton (Prefers Republican Party)

2,497

5.32%

Rebecca Parson (Prefers Democratic Party)

5,046

10.75%

Stephan Brodhead (Prefers Republican Party)

1,600

3.41%

Johny Alberg (Prefers Republican Party)

1,271

2.71%

Derek Kilmer (Prefers Democratic Party)

24,312

51.77%

Washington State Governor

Alex Tsimerman (Prefers StandupAmerica Party)

37

0.08%

Phil Fortunato (Prefers Republican Party)

2,140

4.50%

Ryan Ryals (Prefers Unaffiliated Party)

127

0.27%

Leon Aaron Lawson (Prefers Trump Republican Party)

627

1.32%

Henry Clay Dennison (Prefers Socialist Workers Party)

87

0.18%

Tim Eyman (Prefers Republican Party)

3,978

8.36%

Liz Hallock (Prefers Green Party)

386

0.81%

Goodspaceguy (Prefers Trump Republican Party)

146

0.31%

Omari Tahir Garrett (Prefers Democrat Party)

176

0.37%

Don L. Rivers (Prefers Democratic Party)

436

0.92%

Martin L. Iceman Wheeler (Prefers Republican Party)

88

0.19%

Raul Garcia (Prefers Republican Party)

1,691

3.56%

Tylor Grow (Prefers Republican Party)

36

0.08%

Winston Wilkes (Prefers Propertarianist Party)

16

0.03%

Brian R. Weed (States No Party Preference)

38

0.08%

Thor Amundson (Prefers Independent Party)

78

0.16%

Gene Hart (Prefers Democratic Party)

251

0.53%

William (Bill) Miller (Prefers American Patriot Party)

22

0.05%

Matthew Murray (Prefers Republican Party)

108

0.23%

Dylan B. Nails (Prefers Independent Party)

27

0.06%

Cameron M. Vessey (States No Party Preference)

17

0.04%

David W. Blomstrom (Prefers Fifth Republican Party)

4

0.01%

Anton Sakharov (Prefers Trump Republican Party)

352

0.74%

Craig Campbell (States No Party Preference)

23

0.05%

Nate Herzog (Prefers Pre2016 Republican Party)

197

0.41%

Cregan M. Newhouse (States No Party Preference)

42

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Primary Election 2020 - Bainbridge Island Review

Trump quashed report section showing Russia is helping him win 2020 – Business Insider – Business Insider

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Last year, President Donald Trump's administration tried to pressure intelligence agencies to delete part of a classified report that found Russia was trying to help him win the 2020 election, according to an investigation by The New York Times Magazine.

The report, known as a National Intelligence Estimate, was compiled by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) in July 2019 and made several "key judgments" about matters of national security. "Key Judgement 2" in the report concluded that Russia aimed to interfere in the 2020 election to help Trump, unnamed national security sources told Times reporter Robert Draper.

Trump was reportedly unhappy with that finding. He has repeatedly denied the assertion that Russia tried to help his campaign in 2016 despite reports from the FBI, CIA, NSA, Justice Department, and Republican-led Senate Intelligence Committee that supported that conclusion. Russian President Vladimir Putin has similarly denied interfering in the 2016 election, but has also said he wanted Trump to win.

When the ODNI was finalizing last year's report, Trump administration staffers requested that it remove language in "Key Judgement 2" that detailed Russia's attempts to help Trump in 2020, former director of national intelligence Dan Coats told the Times.

"I can affirm that one of my staffers who was aware of the controversy requested that I modify that assessment," Coats said. "But I said, 'No, we need to stick to what the analysts have said.'"

Shortly after that exchange, Coats was surprised to learn that Trump was forcing him into early retirement. He was first made aware of the news when Trump tweeted that Coats' last day as DNI would be August 15 months before Coats planned to retire.

After Coats' departure, the National Intelligence Estimate was published with softer language describing Russia's potential motivation for interfering in the 2020 election. Instead of directly concluding that Russia wanted Trump to win in 2020, the report was updated to state that "Russian leaders probably assess that chances to improve relations with the US will diminish under a different US president."

The changes were made, according to an email reviewed by the Times, following edits by Beth Sanner, an ODNI official who presents President Donald Trump's daily national intelligence briefings.

The episode is part of a broader conflict between Trump and US intelligence communities, Draper reported. After a yearslong FBI probe into possible ties between the Trump campaign and Russia, Trump's Republican allies in Congress are now pushing an investigation into whether the FBI overstepped its authority.

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Trump quashed report section showing Russia is helping him win 2020 - Business Insider - Business Insider

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High-throughput 3D screening for differentiation of hPSC-derived cell therapy candidates – Science Advances

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Abstract

The emergence of several cell therapy candidates in the clinic is an encouraging sign for human diseases/disorders that currently have no effective treatment; however, scalable production of these cell therapies has become a bottleneck. To overcome this barrier, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture strategies have been considered for enhanced cell production. Here, we demonstrate a high-throughput 3D culture platform used to systematically screen 1200 culture conditions with varying doses, durations, dynamics, and combinations of signaling cues to derive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and midbrain dopaminergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Statistical models of the robust dataset reveal previously unidentified patterns about cell competence to Wnt, retinoic acid, and sonic hedgehog signals, and their interactions, which may offer insights into the combinatorial roles these signals play in human central nervous system development. These insights can be harnessed to optimize production of hPSC-derived cell replacement therapies for a range of neurological indications.

Stem cellsincluding adult and pluripotent subtypesoffer tremendous clinical promise for the treatment of a variety of degenerative diseases, as these cells have the capacity to self-renew indefinitely, mature into functional cell types, and thereby serve as a source of cell replacement therapies (CRTs). Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are of increasing interest for the development of CRTs due to their capacity to differentiate into all cell types in an adult, for which adult tissuespecific stem cells may, in some cases, not exist or may be difficult to isolate or propagate (1). For example, one potential CRT enabled by hPSCs is the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) with oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). These hPSC-OPCs have recently advanced to a phase 2 clinical trial for the treatment of SCI (2) and are being considered for additional myelin-associated disorders in the central nervous system (CNS), including adrenoleukodystrophy, multiple sclerosis (3, 4), and radiation therapyinduced injury (5). In parallel, hPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are under consideration for Parkinsons disease therapy (6, 7).

The promise of hPSC-derived therapeutics such as hPSC-OPCs or mDA neurons motivates the development of manufacturing processes to accommodate the potential associated clinical need. For example, approximately 250,000 patients in the United States suffer from some form of SCI, with an estimated annual incidence of 15,000 new patients (8). Human clinical trials involving hPSC-OPCs have used dosages of 20 million cells per patient (9), such that the hypothetical demand would be over 1 trillion differentiated OPCs. It is therefore imperative to develop systems to enable discovery of efficient and scalable differentiation protocols for these therapies.

Differentiation protocols to direct hPSCs into functional OPCs (10, 11) have been developed to approximate the signaling environment at precise positions within the developing spinal cord. Positional identity of cells is guided patterning cues that form intersecting gradients along the dorsoventral axis, such as Sonic hedgehog (SHH), and rostrocaudal axis, such as retinoic acid (RA). In addition, certain cues are present along both axes, such as Wnts (1215). These signaling environments vary over time as the embryo develops (16, 17). However, translating this complex developmental biology to an in vitro culture requires optimization of a large combinatorial parameter space of signaling factor identities, doses, durations, dynamics, and combinations over many weeks to achieve efficient yield of the target cell type, and there remains open questions about the impact of cross-talk between patterning cues on the expression of cellular markers present in OPCs such as transcription factors Olig2 and Nkx2.2 (18). Strategies to derive OPCs and other potential CRTs from hPSCs have shown steady progress, especially with application of high-throughput screening technology (1921); however, current production systems for hPSC-derived CRTs involve two-dimensional (2D) culture formats that are challenging to scale (2228).

More recently, 3D culture systems have demonstrated strong potential for a larger scale and higher yield (29) of hPSC expansion and differentiation than 2D counterparts, as well as compatibility with good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards (3033). While high-throughput systems for screening 3D cell culture environments have been applied to basic biological studies of hPSC proliferation (34), we envision that this technology could additionally be applied toward systematically optimizing production strategies for CRTs to accelerate the pace of their discovery and development toward the clinic while simultaneously uncovering new interactions among signaling cues that affect cell fate. Here, we harness the powerful capabilities of a uniquely structured microculture platform (35, 36), to screen dosage, duration, dynamics, and combinations of several cellular signaling factors in 3D for hPSC differentiation (Fig. 1). The independent control of gel-encapsulated cells (on pillar chip) and media (in well chip) enables simultaneous media replenishment for more than 500 independent microcultures in a single chip. Furthermore, we use custom hPSC reporter cell lines (37) to enable live imaging of proliferation and differentiation of OPCs for over 80 days on the microculture chip. One thousand two hundred combinatorial culture conditions, amounting to 4800 independent samples, were screened while consuming less than 0.2% of the reagent volumes of a corresponding 96-well plate format. Furthermore, the robust dataset enabled statistical modeling to identify relative differentiation sensitivities to, and interactions between, various cell culture parameters in an unbiased manner. Last, we demonstrate the generalizability of the platform by applying it toward a screen for differentiation of tyrosine hydroxylaseexpressing dopaminergic neurons from hPSCs.

(A) A micropillar chip with cells suspended in a 3D hydrogel is stamped to a complementary microwell chip containing isolated media conditions to generate 532 independent microenvironments. One hundred nanoliters of hPSCs suspended in a hydrogel is automatically dispensed onto the micropillars, and 800 nl of media is automatically dispensed into the microwells by a robotic liquid handling robot programmed to dispense in custom patterns. The independent substrate for cells and media enables screens of combinations of soluble cues at various dosages and timings. Scale bar, 1 mm. (B) Timeline of exogenous signals for in vitro 3D OPC differentiation from hPSCs and anticipated cellular marker expression along various differentiation stages.

Initially, we assessed whether hPSCs could be dispensed in the microculture platform system uniformly and with high viability. Quantification of total, live, and dead cell counts across the microchip indicates uniform culture seeding and cell viability at the initiation of an experiment (fig. S1).

We then used a custom-made Nkx2.2-Cre H9 reporter line, which constitutively expresses DsRed protein but switches to green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression upon exposure to Cre recombinase, to longitudinally monitor proliferation and differentiation of hPSCs to Nkx2.2+ oligodendrocyte progenitors in 3D on the microchip platform. A small range of culture conditions from previously published protocols of OPC differentiation were selected for an initial, pilot differentiation experiment, and the GFP expression was quantified after 21 days of differentiation. Cell morphology changes accompanying neural lineage commitment and maturation were clearly observed at later stages in the 3D differentiation (movie S1 and fig. S2) as cultures were maintained and monitored for up to 80 days on the microchip. We then developed fluorescence image analysis pipelines for quantification of nuclear and cytoplasmic marker expression via immunocytochemistry for endpoint analyses at various times (fig. S3). Together, these results support the robust and long-term culture potential and cellular marker expression readout of this miniaturization methodology for hPSC differentiation screening.

hPSC seeding density. We first focused on parameters within the first week of 3D differentiation into OPCs (Fig. 2A). The importance of autocrine, paracrine, and juxtacrine signaling mechanisms among cells in many systems led us to anticipate that the density of cells at the start of differentiation could affect the early neural induction efficiency and, consequently, the efficiency of OPC differentiation. We therefore demonstrated the ability of this microculture platform to test a range of initial hPSC seeding densities on day 2 (fig. S1) and assessed the effect of seeding density on Olig2 expression. We observed notable differences in levels of cell-to-cell adhesion in hPSC cultures by day 0, 2 days after initial seeding (Fig. 2Bi). Then, after 15 days of differentiation, we observed a trend that lower hPSC seeding density, between 10 and 50 cells per pillar, increased OPC specification slightly (Fig. 2Bii).

(A) Timeline of key parameters in the early phase of OPC differentiation. (B) i. Bright-field images of 3D H9 microculture sites at day 0 seeded with varying cell densities and the immunocytochemistry images of Olig2 (red) expression at day 15. Scale bar, 100 microns. ii. Quantification of day 15 Olig2 expression with respect to seeding density and SAG dose. *P value < 0.05 using Tukeys Method for multiple comparisons. (C) i. Montage of 360 fluorescence confocal images representing 90 unique differentiation timelines on a single microchip stained for Hoechst (blue) and Olig2 (red) after 21 days of differentiation. ii. Trends in Olig2 expression at days 15 and 21 in various CHIR and RA concentrations and durations (short CHIR, days 0 to 1; long CHIR, days 0 to 3). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals from four technical replicates.

Timing of SMAD inhibition relative to RA and Wnt signals. The formation of the neural tube in human development (12) results from cells in the epiblast being exposed to precisely timed developmental signals such as Wnt (38) and RA that then instruct neural subtype specification (39). This led us to hypothesize that the overall differentiation efficiency of hPSCs to OPCs in this 3D context in vitro would be sensitive to the timing at which RA and Wnt signals were introduced during neural induction. Therefore, we induced neuroectodermal differentiation of hPSCs via inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling using the dual SMAD inhibition approach (40), with LDN193189 (hereafter referred to as LDN) and SB431542 (hereafter referred to as SB), and tested a range of times (0, 2, and 4 days) at which RA and Wnt signals (by CHIR99021, hereafter referred to as CHIR) were introduced into the culture. We observed a strong correlation between early addition of RA/CHIR and OPC specification such that combined exposure of RA and CHIR signals with SMAD inhibition on day 0 resulted in up to sixfold higher Olig2 expression in some cases (fig. S4), potentially implicating an important role of synchronized exposure of RA and CHIR signals with SMAD inhibition for specifying Olig2+ progenitors. For subsequent experiments, we kept the timing of RA and CHIR addition at day 0 and evaluated how the dose and duration of these signals may affect Olig2+ specification.

Dose and duration of key signaling agonists. We examined the combinatorial and temporal effects of three signaling cues that form gradients across intersecting developmental axes in the neural tube to influence specification of oligodendrocyte progenitors: RA (present along the rostrocaudal axis of the CNS development), SHH (41) (a morphogen that patterns the dorsoventral axis of the developing CNS and is activated by smoothened agonist, hereafter referred to as SAG), and Wnt (present along both the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral axes). Because OPC specification is likely sensitive to the relative concentrations of these cues, for example, given the importance of morphogen gradients in oligodendrocyte differentiation in the developing neural tube (12), we assessed the Olig2 expression resulting from a full factorial combinatorial screen of these cues (fig. S5). Most notably, we observed positive correlations in Olig2 expression in response to increasing RA dose and increasing duration of CHIR exposure from days 0 to 4 of differentiation (Fig. 2C). Without CHIR, an increase in RA from 10 to 1000 nM resulted in a 10-fold increase of Olig2 expression by day 21. A similar 10-fold increase in Olig2 expression was observed at an RA concentration of 100 nM if CHIR was present for the first 3 days of differentiation (Fig. 2C). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis revealed a strong effect size for RA when added early in the differentiation, as well as an interaction between RA dose and longer CHIR duration, in specifying Olig2+ cells in this 3D context (fig. S5), consistent with previous work conducted in 2D in vitro formats (19, 42).

In other developmental systems, the activity of the Wnt signaling pathway was observed to be biphasic (43), whereby activation of the pathway initially enhances cardiac development but later represses it. As this complex signaling profile has been applied to enhance cardiomyocyte differentiation protocols in vitro (44), we analogously investigated whether adding antagonists of key signaling pathways after pathway activation could further enhance the OPC differentiation efficiency by adjusting the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal positioning in vitro. Maintaining the 5 M CHIR for days 0 to 3 from the previous experiment, we used IWP-2 (an inhibitor of the Wnt pathway), GANTT61 (an antagonist of SHH signaling), and DAPT (a Notch pathway antagonist) (Fig. 3A) to inhibit endogenous autocrine/paracrine and/or basal signaling. We used a full factorial analysis of these cues to additionally probe for combinatorial interactions among the pathway inhibitors.

(A) Timing of addition for three inhibitory signaling cuesGANTT61, IWP-2, and DAPTin the OPC differentiation protocol. (B) i. Olig2+, Nkx2.2+, and the proportion of total Olig2+ that are Nkx2.2+/Olig2+ cells in at day 21 in response to full factorial combinations of selected novel signaling antagonists. ii. Immunocytochemistry images of costained Olig2 (red) and Nkx2.2 (green) cells. Scale bar, 100 m. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals from four technical replicates.

To further refine the markers for OPC specification, we measured Nkx2.2 expression in addition to Olig2 and quantified the proportion of cells coexpressing both OPC markers. Most notably, a significant decrease in %Olig2 was observed in response to Notch inhibitor DAPT across all conditions tested (Fig. 3Bi). The same trend was not observed with respect to %Nkx2.2. This result could point to a role for Notch signaling in maintaining or promoting specification of Olig2+ progenitorsa hypothesis not previously examined to our knowledgeand serves as preliminary evidence to test Notch agonists such as DLL-4 in follow-up studies of OPC optimization. This effect may be mediated by an interaction with the SHH pathway (45).

A slight increase in %Olig2+ cells was detected with increasing Wnt inhibitor IWP-2 dose when no SHH inhibitor GANTT61 was present, as was a slight increase in %Nkx2.2+ cells as a function of increasing IWP-2 and GANTT61 dose, pointing to a potential interaction between these two cues in inducing Nkx2.2 expression. The highest proportion of Olig2+Nkx2.2+ cells was observed at the highest IWP-2 and GANTT61 doses and was not influenced by DAPT exposure (Fig. 3Bii). As CHIR was present between days 0 and 3 in the differentiation, it seems that the role of Wnt signaling changes during the 21-day differentiation window of hPSCs to OPCs in that initially (days 0 to 3) it promotes OPC differentiation but shifts to an inhibitory role at later stages (days 4 to 21). To examine the extent of reproducibility of these findings, we tested the effect of temporal modulation of Wnt signals in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line, TCTF, and found that the general trend of activation followed by inactivation of Wnt signaling would increase the proportion of Olig2+ cells at day 21 (fig. S6).

Although the levels of key signaling cues may vary temporally within the natural developmental environment of certain target cell types, such as within the neural tube where a dynamic SHH gradient along the dorsoventral axis patterns pMN development (16, 17), the dosage of signaling cues in the media for in vitro stem cell differentiation protocols is often applied at a constant level throughout the culture period. On the basis of this discrepancy, we applied the micropillar/microwell chip to screen through numerous temporal profiles of SAG, as well as RA due to its analogous role along the rostrocaudal axis during spinal cord development, by dividing the signal window into early and late stages that were dosed independently to form constant, increasing, and decreasing dose profiles over time (Fig. 4A). To gain additional insights into OPC marker expression, we measured Tuj1 expression and calculated the proportion of Olig2+ cells that coexpressed Tuj1 to potentially identify any modulators of the balance between Olig2+ cells that proceed down a motor neuron fate (which are both Olig2+ and Tuj1+) versus an oligodendrocyte fate (Olig2+/Nkx2.2+).

(A) Timeline of early and late windows for RA and SAG exposure. (B) i. Hierarchical cluster analysis of standardized (z score) phenotypic responses to temporal changes in RA and SAG dose during OPC differentiation. ii. Representative immunocytochemistry images of each major category of endpoint population phenotype mix of Olig2 (red), Nkx2.2 (green), and Tuj1 (orange) expression. Scale bar, 100 m. iii. Olig2, Nkx2.2, and coexpression of Olig2+Nkx2.2+ and Olig2+Tuj1+ at day 15 in response to time-varying doses of SAG. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals from four technical replicates. *P value < 0.05.

To consider all measured phenotypes simultaneously, we applied a hierarchical cluster analysis from which we were able to identify several patterns. A broad range of endpoint phenotype proportions of Olig2, Nkx2.2, and Tuj1 was found to result from varying the temporal dosing of only two signaling cues, RA and SAG, pointing to a very fine sensitivity to temporal changes in signal exposure in these populations. Four categories of the endpoint marker expression profiles were created to further interpret the cluster analysis. Categories 1 and 2 are composed of phenotypes ranking low on OPC progenitor fate (low Olig2 and/or Nkx2.2 expression), all of which shared the low dosing of RA at 0.1 M between days 2 and 21 of the differentiation, further emphasizing the strong impact of RA on OPC yield. In contrast, category 3composed of the highest Olig2 and Nkx2.2 expression as well as Olig2+Nkx2.2+ proportioncorrelated with the highest dose of early SAG but had negligible differences across doses of late SAG (Fig. 4Biii, and fig. S7). Last, category 4 points to a biphasic relationship of Nkx2.2 expression as a function of RA dosage, where a high dose of RA of 1 M in the late stage of differentiation resulted in lower Nkx2.2 expression (fig. S8) compared with a consistent RA of 0.5 M throughout the entire differentiation. It appears that Olig2 and Nkx2.2 undergo maxima under different RA dosage profiles (fig. S8), and therefore, the use of coexpressing Olig2+Nkx2.2+ cells as the main metric when optimizing OPC differentiation may be most suitable.

We sought a comprehensive, yet concise, analysis to describe individual and combinatorial effects of all 12 culture parameters (e.g., signal agonist and antagonist dosages and timings) on the results of the more than 1000 unique differentiation conditions involved in this study. To this end, we fit generalized linear models to correlate the expression and coexpression of Olig2, Nxk2.2, and Tuj1 to individual input parameters within the 12 culture parameters involved in this study, and the 132 pairwise interactions between them. First, we identified significant parameters of interest for each phenotype measured using a factorial ANOVA (fig. S9). After applying a Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons (46), we fit an ordinary least squares model of the statistically significant terms to the phenotype of interest. The parameter coefficients were analyzed as a measure of relative influence on the expression of a certain endpoint phenotype, such as Olig2+Nkx2.2+ cells, and could be interpreted as a sensitivity analysis of key parameters on the OPC specification process. The most significant parameters were then sorted by their effect magnitude (Fig. 5B).

(A) Identification of statistically significant culture parameters using a factorial ANOVA of all single and pairwise effects on Nkx2.2 expression subject to the Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate (B&H FDR) correction. (B) Effect magnitude of significant culture parameters for i. Nkx2.2 expression, ii. Olig2 expression, iii. and coexpression of Olig2 and Nkx2.2. (C) i. Diagram summarizing results and effect magnitude of significant culture parameters for Olig2 and Nkx2.2 coexpression within the Olig2+ population and ii. effect magnitude of significant culture parameters for Olig2 and Tuj1 coexpression within the Olig2+ population.

RA, a rostrocaudal patterning cue, was among the most impactful parameters in this study for Olig2 and Nkx2.2 expression (Fig. 5Bi and ii). In particular, a high RA dose (1 M) early in the differentiation (days 0 and 1) emerged as the most influential culture parameter in the acquisition of OPC fate (coexpression of Olig2 and Nkx2.2) (Fig. 5Bi to iii). In addition, the dose of SAG from days 4 to 10 of differentiation exerted a markedly more significant impact on OPC fate induction than from days 10 to 21 of differentiation, in line with the previous analysis (Fig. 4). IWP-2 and GANT were observed to correlate positively with coexpression of Olig2 and Nkx2.2 as well. Furthermore, this analysis identified two cases of culture parameters interacting in a synergistic manner to promote OPC differentiation. First, higher doses of RA during days 0 to 2 followed by SAG during days 4 to 10 were found to promote higher Nkx2.2 expression. In addition, longer CHIR duration (from days 0 to 4) along with higher GANT dose promoted coexpression of Nkx2.2 and Olig2.

We created a new differentiation protocol from the parameters isolated in this screen to have the most influence in specifying Olig2+Nkx2.2+ progenitors (Fig. 5Biii) and carried out the differentiation into the later stages of OPC maturation in a larger-scale format to assess the ability of this optimized protocol to create mature oligodendrocytes. The protocol was able to produce platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)expressing cells by day 60 across multiple hPSC lines, as well as O4-expressing cells by day 75 and myelin basic protein (MBP) expressing cells and myelination ability at day 100 (fig. S10).

The OPC screening identified new conditions that affect cell differentiation, and we then sought to demonstrate the generalizability of this approach by conducting a different study. Specifically, we screened 90 unique hPSC differentiation protocols for tyrosine hydroxylase+ mDA neurons (Fig. 6). Exposure of CHIR was divided into three periods (early, middle, and late), and dosage for each period was varied independently. This screening strategy uncovered a key window of CHIR competence between days 3 and 7 (early), a negligible effect of CHIR between days 8 and 11 (middle), and an inhibitory effect of CHIR between days 12 and 25 (late) of mDA differentiation. These data further illustrate the existence of biphasic signaling activity during the differentiation process and underscore the need to improve the temporal dosing of several signaling agonists across a range of hPSC-derived CRTs.

(A) Timeline of small-molecule addition for differentiation of mDA neurons from hPSCs. (B) Montage of 90 unique differentiation timeline to test temporal profiles of CHIR dose stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and Tuj1. Scale bar, 1 mm. (C) Immunocytochemistry images of i. low, ii. medium, and ii. high proportions of TH+ (yellow) neurons (red) dependent on the temporal profile of CHIR exposure. Scale bar, 100 m.

The clinical emergence of several cell-based therapy candidates (47) is encouraging for human diseases/disorders that currently have no effective small molecule or biologic-based therapy. As research and development into CRT candidates continues to progress, cell production has emerged as a bottleneckas delivery vectors recently have in gene therapyand improved tools will be necessary to enable higher quality and yield in cell manufacturing. Although previous studies have reported ~90% hPSC differentiation efficiency into Olig2+ progenitors using 2D culture formats (19), the 2D culture format constrains the space in which cells can expand to the surface area of the culture plate that limits the overall cell yield that can be produced. The adoption of scalable 3D culture formats, which have demonstrated the ability to produce up to fivefold higher quantities of cells per culture volume, shows promise in surpassing limits of 2D cell expansion (2933) and could result in a higher overall production quantity of target cells even if differentiation efficiencies were lower than what has been reported in 2D. Therefore, the 3D screening and analysis strategy presented here is relevant for numerous emerging CRT candidates for which conversion of a stem or progenitor cell, such as a hPSCs (48), to a therapeutically relevant cell type requires searching through a large in vitro design space of doses, durations, dynamics, and combinations of signaling cues over several weeks of culture.

Notably, to emulate a ubiquitous and naturally occurring phenomenon in organismal development (16, 49), we dynamically varied key signaling cues in our screening strategy, tuning dosage over time. These analyses revealed new biological insights into the dynamic process by which cell competence to signals and fate are progressively specified (50). For example, by applying this platform to screen through several dynamic signaling levels simultaneously, we observed that the differentiation toward Nkx2.2+ progenitors is very sensitive to the dose of RA between days 0 and 1 and the dose of SAG between days 4 and 10. After these respective time windows, the effect of each respective signal in producing Nkx2.2+ progenitors is decreased, potentially pointing to a decrease in cellular competence to each of these signals over the course of OPC development. These cases of stage-specific responses to signaling cues, revealed by our screening platform, create a new dimension for future optimization of cell production.

To effectively navigate this enormous parameter space across doses, durations, dynamics, and combinations of signaling cues and resulting differentiation outcomes, we developed a robust sensitivity analysis strategy that can rank effect sizes to reveal which parameters should be the focus of optimization to modulate expression of target markers of interest (49) and, by contrast, which parameters exert minimal impact and can thus be neglected. For example, titration of RA dose will exert a significantly higher impact on differentiation efficiency than several other culture parameters combined. Furthermore, insights from this study could reduce the necessary quantity of SHH agonist by more than 50% to achieve similar levels of OPC differentiation. As these cell production processes translate from bench scale to industrial scale, awareness of key parameters that influence critical quality attributes (18) of the cell therapy product (such as expression of specific cellular markers) will be a necessary step in reliably producing these therapeutic cell types at scale for the clinic (51).

The wealth of combinatorial and temporal signaling patterns identified in this study can be analyzed in the context of CNS development as well. We observed a potential case of biphasic activity for the Wnt signaling pathway as both activation and inhibition appeared to increase expression of OPC markers Nkx2.2 and Olig2. In particular, this effect was seen with initial Wnt activation by CHIR during days 0 to 3 of OPC differentiation followed by inhibition by IWP-2 during days 4 to 21 of OPC differentiation. The Wnt pathway has shown stage-specific activity in cardiac and hematopoietic development (43, 44), which may thus be a conserved feature across several developmental systems. Wnt signals play an important role in the gastrulation of the embryo to form the primitive streak (38), yet in the subsequent stages of spinal cord development, Wnt signals induce a dorsalizing effect (52), whereas oligodendrocytes originate from the motor neuron domain on the ventral side. Therefore, suppressing endogenous Wnt signals in vitro after initial activation of Wnt may better recapitulate the natural developmental signaling environment of developing oligodendrocytes. Alternatively, as Wnt signals also play a role in rostrocaudal patterning of the CNS, these insights may further point toward a rostrocaudal region of the CNS during this developmental window that is optimal to recapitulate in vitro for OPC production. The oligodendrocytes created through this protocol, which expressed OTX2 at day 10 (fig. S2C), may resemble OPCs in the midbrain/hindbrain region. It is conceivable that exposure to the Wnt antagonist, IWP-2, induced a position rostral to the spinal cord during the differentiation window. This biphasic Wnt trend was seen again in our analysis of differentiation of mDA neurons, underscoring that stage-specific responses may be a conserved feature across several differentiation processes aiming to recapitulate a precise cellular position across several axes of patterning signals during natural development.

Furthermore, the statistical model identified an interaction between RA and SAG (an SHH agonist) in the early differentiation windows for specifying Nkx2.2+ progenitors (Fig. 5B), which has not been previously reported to our knowledge. In the developing CNS, RA signaling influences rostrocaudal positional identity, whereas SHH signaling specifies dorsoventral positional identity. Therefore, this statistical interaction found in the screen may represent intracellular cross-talk between the RA and SHH signaling pathways to integrate both patterning dimensions into Nkx2.2+ progenitor identity. This finding builds on what is known about RA and SHH signals for Olig2+ progenitor development in the spinal cord (53, 54).

Additionally, the 3D context of this screening platform enables high-throughput investigation into neurodevelopmental model systems that can offer unique perspectives beyond what is capable in 2D screening platforms, for example, by recapitulating cell-to-cell interactions, cytoskeletal arrangement, and multicellular patterning in 3D. The lumen structures that were observed during the neural induction period (fig. S2B and movie S1) in response to caudalizing conditions (high Wnt and RA) could be the basis of future organoid screening strategies to probe early multicellular arrangement and the effect of lumen size and shape on cell fate determination at various positions along the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral axes.

In conclusion, we demonstrate the versatile capabilities of a unique microculture platform for 3D differentiation screening and optimization of hPSC-derived cell therapies, whereby 1200 unique OPC differentiation timelines, and a total of over 4800 independent samples, were investigated using 0.2% of the reagent volumes required in a standard 96-well plate format. The dense dataset enabled subsequent statistical modeling for empirical optimization of the differentiation process and identified differential sensitivities to various culture parameters across time. These insights are important in developing strong process knowledge for manufacturing stem cell therapeutics as they continue to emerge in the clinic, and therefore, such screening strategies may accelerate the pace of discovery and development. Simultaneously, this combinatorial 3D hPSC differentiation screens may provide new insights on the basic biology of human development.

Human embryonic stem cells (H9s: National Institutes of Health Stem Cell Registry no. 0062) and hiPSCs (TCTFs: 8FLVY6C2, a gift from S. Li) were subcultured in monolayer format on a layer of 1% Matrigel and maintained in Essential 8 medium during expansion. At 80% confluency, H9s were passaged using Versene solution and replated at a 1:8 split.

H9s were dissociated into single cells using Accutase solution and resuspended in Essential 8 medium containing 10 M Y-27632 (ROCK Inhibitor). H9s were counted and resuspended at defined densities in 50% Matrigel solution on ice. While chilled, 100 nl of H9s in 50% Matrigel solution was deposited onto the micropillars at a density of 100 cells per pillar, unless otherwise noted, using a custom robotic liquid handling program and then incubated at 37C for 20 min to promote gelation of 3D cultures. The micropillar chip was then inverted and placed into a fresh microwell chip containing cell culture media (table S1). All liquid dispensing into the microculture platform was performed with a DIGILAB OmniGrid Micro liquid handler with customized programs for deposition patterns. Between days 2 and 0, cells were kept in E8 media supplemented with 10 M ROCK Inhibitor. Between days 0 and 10, cells were kept in differentiation media made of a base of 50% Dulbeccos Modified Eagles MediumF12, 50% Neurobasal, 0.5% penicillin/streptomycin (pen/strep), 1:100 GlutaMAX supplement, 1:50 B27 supplement, and 1:50 N2 supplement. Between days 10 and 21, cells were kept in differentiation media made of a base of 100% Neurobasal, 0.5% pen/strep, 1:100 GlutaMAX supplement, 1:50 B27 supplement, and 1:50 N2 supplement. After day 21, OPCs were transitioned to maturation media consisting of 100% Neurobasal, 0.5% pen/strep, 1:100 GlutaMAX supplement, 1:50 B27 supplement, 1:50 N2 supplement, insulin-like growth factor 1 (10 ng/ml), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)AA (10 ng/ml), NT-3 (10 ng/ml), and insulin (25 g/ml). Media were changed daily by transferring the micropillar chip into a microwell chip containing fresh media every other day using a custom-made mechanical Chip Swapper for consistent transfer. Technical replicates included two different dispensing patterns to average out positional effects across the microchip.

At the endpoint of the experiment, the micropillar chip was carefully removed from the microwell chip and placed in new microwell chip containing calcein AM, ethidium homodimer, and Hoechst diluted in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (dilution details in table S1). The micropillar chip was incubated for 20 min and then transferred to a new microwell chip containing PBS, and individual microenvironments were imaged using fluorescence microscopy.

At the endpoint of the experiment, the micropillar chip was carefully removed from the wellchip and placed into a bath of 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min to fix cell cultures. Then, the micropillar chip was washed twice in PBS for 5 min each and placed into a bath of 0.25% Triton X-100 + 5% donkey serum in PBS for 10 min to permeabilize cells. After permeabilization, the micropillar chip was washed five times in 5% donkey serum for 5 min each, transferred to a wellchip containing primary antibodies of interest diluted in PBS + donkey serum (dilution details in table S1), and stored overnight at 4C. After primary staining, the micropillar chip was washed twice in PBS for 5 min each, placed into a microwell chip containing the corresponding secondary antibodies (dilution details in table S1), and incubated at 37C for 2 hours. After secondary staining, the micropillar chip was washed twice in PBS for 5 min each and placed into a wellchip containing PBS; individual microenvironments were imaged using fluorescence confocal microscopy.

Stained micropillar chips were sealed with a polypropylene film (GeneMate T-2452-1) and imaged with a 20 objective using a Perkin Elmer Opera Phenix automated confocal fluorescence microscope available in the High-Throughput Screening Facility at University of California, Berkeley. Laser exposure time and power were kept constant for a fluorescence channel within an imaging set. Images were scored for marker expression depending on nuclear or cytoplasmic localization (fig. S3).

Fixed cultures on micropillars at day 15 were stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and imaged using an upright Olympus BX51WI microscope (Olympus Corporation) equipped with swept field confocal technology (Bruker) and a Ti:sapphire two-photon Chameleon Ultra II laser (Coherent) was used. The two-photon laser was set to 405 nm, and images were captured using an electron multiplying charge-coupled device camera (Photometrics). Prairie View Software (v. 5.3 U3, Bruker) was used to acquire images, and ImageJ software was used to create a video of the z-series.

Quantified image data were then imported into Python for statistical data analysis (55) and visualization. For comparisons between datasets acquired across different experimental sessions, raw data were scaled and centered by z score, and descriptive statistics were calculated from four technical replicates. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals, unless otherwise specified. For the hierarchical cluster model, the Euclidean distance was used to measure pairwise distance between each observation, and the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithm was used to calculate the linkage pattern. A Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate correction was applied as needed to correct for multiple comparisons. Code is available upon request.

Acknowledgments: We thank M. West of the High-Throughput Screening Facility (HTSF) at UC Berkeley and E. Granlund of the College of Chemistry machine shop for machining custom parts. In addition, we are grateful to G. Rodrigues, M. Adil, and J. Zimmermann for participating in the discussions on the work. Funding: This research was supported by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (DISC-08982) and the NIH (R01-ES020903) and Instrumentation Grant (S10OD021828) that provided the Perkin Elmer Opera Phenix microscope. R.M. was supported in part by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. Author contributions: R.M., D.S.C., and D.V.S. conceived various parts of the project and supervised the study. R.M. designed the experiments and managed the project workflows. X.B. created Nkx2.2-Cre H9 reporter lines. R.M., E.T., and E.C. performed the experiments. R.M. conducted statistical modeling, and A.M. aided in statistical testing. R.M., D.S.C., and D.V.S. analyzed and interpreted the data. R.M. wrote the manuscript with revisions from J.S.D., D.S.C., and D.V.S. Competing interests: R.M., D.S.C., and D.V.S. are inventors on a U.S. patent pending related to this work filed by the University of California, Berkeley (PCT/US2020/029553, filed on 23 April 2020). D.V.S. is the inventor on two U.S. patent pendings related to this work filed by the University of California, Berkeley (PCT/US2016/055362, filed on 4 October 2016; no. PCT/US2016/055361, filed on 5 October 2015). All other authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.

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High-throughput 3D screening for differentiation of hPSC-derived cell therapy candidates - Science Advances

Immatics Extends Cell Therapy Manufacturing Collaboration with UTHealth – GlobeNewswire

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Houston, Texas, Aug. 06, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) --

Houston, Texas, August 6, 2020 Immatics N.V. (NASDAQ: IMTX; Immatics), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company active in the discovery and development of T cell redirecting cancer immunotherapies, today announced the extension of its cell therapy manufacturing collaboration with The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), in Houston, Texas. The continued collaboration grants Immatics access to UTHealths state-of-the-art cGMP manufacturing infrastructure at the Evelyn H. Griffin Stem Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, enabling continued production and supply of Immatics specialized, cell-based product candidates for testing in multiple clinical trials. Maximum capacity of the facility is anticipated at 48 ACTengine T cell products per month. The new agreement will run until the end of 2024. Under the agreement, UTHealth will provide Immatics with exclusive access to three cGMP suites and support areas for the manufacturing of various Adoptive Cell Therapy (ACT) products. Therapeutic T cell production will be carried out by Immatics manufacturing personnel and will be supported by a UTHealth-Immatics joint quality team.

Steffen Walter, Ph.D., Chief Technology Officer at Immatics, commented: During the last five years, we have established a strong and productive partnership with UTHealth that has enabled the initiation of four ongoing clinical trials. As we remain focused on the development of our clinical pipeline, this extension of our collaboration with UTHealth will fulfill Immatics manufacturing needs for our early-stage ACT clinical programs for the next four years. Being able to rely on a partner with profound cell therapy expertise who is familiar with our technologies and can support cGMP cell therapy production is critical to ensuring the advancement of our clinical trials. We look forward to continuing this fruitful collaboration with the experts at UTHealth.

Fabio Triolo, D.d.R., M.Phil., Ph.D., The Clare A. Glassell Distinguished Chair and Director of the Cellular Therapy Core at UTHealth, added: Signing the extended contract with Immatics fits into our strategy at UTHealth of supporting the development of new treatments for patients in need. We therefore look forward to continuing our collaboration and further leveraging the potential of our manufacturing capabilities.

About Immatics ACT ProgramsACTengine is a personalized approach in which the patients own T cells are genetically modified to express a novel proprietary TCR cognate to one of Immatics proprietary cancer targets which are then reinfused back into the patient. Immatics latest proprietary ACTengine manufacturing processes are designed to generate cell product candidates within a short six day manufacturing window and to deliver highly proliferative T cells, with the capability to infiltrate the patients tumor and function in a challenging solid tumor microenvironment. The process is designed to rapidly produce younger, better-persisting T cells capable of serial killing tumor cells in vitro. Immatics is further advancing the ACT concept beyond individualized manufacturing with its product class ACTallo which is being developed to generate off-the-shelf cellular therapies.

More information on the clinical trials can be found at the following links: https://immatics.com/clinical-programs/ and https://clinicaltrials.gov/.

- ENDS -Notes to Editors

About ImmaticsImmatics combines the discovery of true targets for cancer immunotherapies with the development of the right T cell receptors with the goal of enabling a robust and specific T cell response against these targets. This deep know-how is the foundation for our pipeline of Adoptive Cell Therapies and TCR Bispecifics as well as our partnerships with global leaders in the pharmaceutical industry. We are committed to delivering the power of T cells and to unlocking new avenues for patients in their fight against cancer.

For regular updates about Immatics, visit http://www.immatics.com. You can also follow us on Twitter and LinkedIn.

About UTHealthEstablished in 1972 by The University of Texas System Board of Regents, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) is Houstons Health University and Texas resource for health care education, innovation, scientific discovery and excellence in patient care. The most comprehensive academic health center in the UT System and the U.S. Gulf Coast region, UTHealth is home to Jane and Robert Cizik School of Nursing, John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School and schools of biomedical informatics, biomedical sciences, dentistry and public health. UTHealth includes The University of Texas Harris County Psychiatric Center, as well as the growing clinical practices UT Physicians, UT Dentists and UT Health Services. The universitys primary teaching hospitals are Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center, Childrens Memorial Hermann Hospital and Harris Health Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital. For more information, visit http://www.uth.edu.

About the Evelyn H. Griffin Stem Cell Therapeutics Research LaboratoryThe Evelyn H. Griffin Stem Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, which is part of the Cellular Therapy Core at UTHealth, has been Immatics manufacturing partner since 2015. The site is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-registered and inspected cGMP facility that has received accreditation from the Foundation for Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT) as well as certification from the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA) and the College of American Pathologists (CAP).

Forward-Looking StatementsCertain statements in this press release may be considered forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or Immatics future financial or operating performance. For example, statements concerning the timing of product candidates and Immatics focus on partnerships to advance its strategy are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as may, should, expect, intend, will, estimate, anticipate, believe, predict, potential or continue, or the negatives of these terms or variations of them or similar terminology. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors which could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon estimates and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by Immatics and its management, are inherently uncertain. New risks and uncertainties may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible to predict all risks and uncertainties. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, but are not limited to, various factors beyond management's control including general economic conditions and other risks, uncertainties and factors set forth in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Nothing in this presentation should be regarded as a representation by any person that the forward-looking statements set forth herein will be achieved or that any of the contemplated results of such forward-looking statements will be achieved. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Immatics undertakes no duty to update these forward-looking statements.

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Immatics Extends Cell Therapy Manufacturing Collaboration with UTHealth - GlobeNewswire

Contract Manufacturing Services market for stem cells is expected to be worth over USD 2.5 billion by 2030, claims Roots Analysis – Market Research…

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Driven by a robust and growing pipeline of stem cell therapies, the demand for development and manufacturing services for such advanced product candidates is anticipated to increase beyond the capabilities of innovator companies alone

Roots Analysis has announced the addition of the Stem Cell Contract Manufacturing Market, 2019-2030 report to its list of offerings.

Owing to a highly regulated production environment and the need for state-of-the-art technologies and equipment, it is difficult for innovators to establish in-house expertise for the large-scale manufacturing of stem cell therapies. As a result, stem cell therapy developers are increasingly relying on contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) for their product development and manufacturing needs.

To order this 300+ page report, which features 120+ figures and 145+ tables, please visit this link

Over 80 CMOs presently claim to provide manufacturing services for stem cells therapiesThe market landscape is fragmented, featuring a mix of companies of all sizes; however, small and mid-sized companies represent 70% of the overall number of industry stakeholders. It is worth highlighting that over 50% of the CMOs claim to be capable of accommodating both clinical and commercial scales of operation.

100+ strategic alliances have been inked since 2015In fact, nearly 60% of the abovementioned deals were established post 2016. Majority of these agreements were observed to be focused on the manufacturing of various types of stem cells. It is worth highlighting that the maximum number of partnerships related to stem cell therapies were reported in 2018.

More than 80,000+ patients were reported to have been enrolled in stem cell therapy related trials, since 2010As a result, the manufacturing demand for such therapies can be anticipated to grow significantly over the next decade. The report features detailed projections of the future clinical and commercial demand for stem cell manufacturing, based on parameters, such as target patient population, dosing frequency, dose strength, source of stem cells, type of stem cells and key geographies.

Currently, there are more than 100 facilities dedicated to stem cell manufacturingThe maximum share of the installed capacity belongs to large (more than 1,000 employees) and very large (more than 5,000 employees) companies. The report provides a detailed capacity analysis, taking into consideration the reported manufacturing capacities of industry stakeholders, and offering estimates on the distribution of the global contract manufacturing capacity for stem cell therapies, by company size, scale of operation and geography.

By 2030, North America and Europe are anticipated to capture over 70% of the market shareOverall, the market is anticipated to witness an annualized growth rate of more than 20% over the next decade. In the long-term, the opportunity is expected to be well distributed across key stakeholder companies, which offer services for a diverse range of allogenic and autologous stem cell therapies.

To request a sample copy / brochure of this report, please visit this link

The USD 2.5 billion (by 2030) financial opportunity within the stem cells contract manufacturing market has been analyzed across the following segments:

The report features inputs from eminent industry stakeholders, according to whom the contract manufacturing opportunity related to stem cell therapies can be expected to witness substantial growth due to the rising demand for regenerative medicine across a number of therapeutic areas. The report includes detailed transcripts of discussions held with the following experts:

The research covers detailed profiles of key players (illustrative list provided below) from across key global markets (North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific); each profile provides an overview of the company, information on its service portfolio, manufacturing facilities, financial performance (if available), details on recent developments, as well as an informed future outlook.

For additional details, please visit https://www.rootsanalysis.com/reports/view_document/stem-cell-therapy-contract-manufacturing-market-2019-2030/271.html

or email [emailprotected]

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Contract Manufacturing Services market for stem cells is expected to be worth over USD 2.5 billion by 2030, claims Roots Analysis - Market Research...

In Depth Analysis and Survey of COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Global Cancer Stem Cell Market Report 2020 Key Players Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.,…

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Rising number of corona virus cases has impacted numerous lives and led to numerous fatalities, and has affected the overall economic structure globally. The Cancer Stem Cell has analyzed and published the latest report on the global Cancer Stem Cell market. Change in the market has affected the global platform. Along with the Cancer Stem Cell market, numerous other markets are also facing similar situations. This has led to the downfall of numerous businesses, because of the widespread increase of the number of cases across the globe.href=mailto:nicolas.shaw@cognitivemarketresearch.com>nicolas.shaw@cognitivemarketresearch.com or call us on +1-312-376-8303.

Request Free Sample Copy of Cancer Stem Cell Market Research Report@ https://cognitivemarketresearch.com/medical-devicesconsumables/cancer-stem-cell-market-report

The major players in the Cancer Stem Cell market are Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., AbbVie Inc., Merck KGaA, Bionomics, Lonza, Stemline Therapeutics Inc., Miltenyi Biotec, PromoCell GmbH, MacroGenics Inc., OncoMed Pharmaceuticals Inc., Irvine Scientific, STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Sino Biological Inc., BIOTIME Inc. . Some of the players have adopted new strategies to sustain their position in the Cancer Stem Cell market. A detailed research study is done on the each of the segments, and is provided in Cancer Stem Cell market report. Based on the performance of the Cancer Stem Cell market in various regions, a detailed study of the Cancer Stem Cell market is also analyzed and covered in the study.

Report Scope:Some of the key types analyzed in this report are as follows: Cell Culturing, Cell Separation, Cell Analysis, Molecular Analysis, Others

Some of the key applications as follow: Stem Cell Based Cancer Therapy, Targeted CSCs

Following are the major key players: Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., AbbVie Inc., Merck KGaA, Bionomics, Lonza, Stemline Therapeutics Inc., Miltenyi Biotec, PromoCell GmbH, MacroGenics Inc., OncoMed Pharmaceuticals Inc., Irvine Scientific, STEMCELL Technologies Inc., Sino Biological Inc., BIOTIME Inc.

An in-depth analysis of the Cancer Stem Cell market is covered and included in the research study. The study covers an updated and a detailed analysis of the Cancer Stem Cell market. It also provides the statistical information of the Cancer Stem Cell market. The study of the report consists of the detailed definition of the market or the overview of the Cancer Stem Cell market. Furthermore, it also provides detailed information for the target audience dealing with or operating in this market is explained in the next section of the report.

Read Detailed Index of full Research Study @: https://cognitivemarketresearch.com/medical-devicesconsumables/cancer-stem-cell-market-report#download_report

The report also provides detailed information on the research methodologies, which are used for the analysis of the Cancer Stem Cell market. The methods are covered in detail in this section of the report. For the analysis of the market, several tools are used for the extraction of the market numbers. Among the several tools, primary and secondary research studies were also incorporated for the research study. These were further analyzed and validated by the market experts, to increase precision and make the data more reliable.

Moreover, the report also highlights and provides a detailed analysis of the drivers, restrains, opportunities, and challenges of the Cancer Stem Cell market. This section of Cancer Stem Cell market also covers the updated information, in accordance with the present situation of the market.

According to the estimation and the analysis of the market, the Cancer Stem Cell market is likely to have some major changes in the estimated forecasts period. Moreover, these changes can be attributed to the changes due to economic and trading conditions across the globe. Moreover, several market players operating in the Cancer Stem Cell market will have to strategically change their business strategies in order to survive in the market.

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In Depth Analysis and Survey of COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on Global Cancer Stem Cell Market Report 2020 Key Players Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.,...

Idyllwild Arts Academy: A safe and creative hub in the mountains – Study International News

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Ask Idyllwild Arts Academy (IAA) high school students what they will miss most after graduation, and you will get many answers.

Some long to reconnect with a close-knit creative community. Another already misses the fun collaborating with IAA professors and peers on music, theatre, film and art projects.

Others yearn for the safety of a countryside campus, where the sight of hawks swooping above the San Jacinto mountains becomes part of a daily routine.

So, when the Academy announced that lessons resume on Aug. 31, 2020 with distance learning and that the campus reopens on Oct.1, 2020 if it is safe to do so IAA students and faculty were thrilled!

Idyllwild Arts Foundation President Pamela Jordan said, The Idyllwild Arts community is resilient and our resolve is strong, so we will come through the COVID-19 crisis.

Academic classes will be entirely online when students first return to campus. This will reduce the number of teachers on campus and assist a smooth transition for students as they adjust to in-person instruction.

Source: Idyllwild Arts Academy

Once the campus fully reopens, students will study, practise, and perform in safe spaces. The number of students in classrooms will be limited and full advantage will be taken of the outdoors.

In the dorms, each student will share a bathroom with only one other student. Faculty and student health will be monitored daily. The Academy has even assembled a medical advisory board to supplement the recommendations of national experts with granular local knowledge.

Continued online instruction will also allow for independent growth and connection with students who may not be able to arrive until January 2021.

Thats not all for the best arts high school in the United States, as ranked byNiche.com. In 2020, the Academy is offering a new Online Gap Year for all arts majors.

This add-on year is perfect for high school graduates who are unsure of what to do next and need time to reassess their study plans amid the current COVID-19 climate.

This year, IAAs Film and Digital Media Department and their star-studded line-up of film industry professionals will bring creative learning to the comfort of your home through its new virtual Gap Year programme.

Source: Idyllwild Arts Academy

The IAA Film and Digital Media Department offers postgraduates and gap year students the opportunity to focus their studies on one of three specific areas: Directing, Writing, or Post-Production.

Each of these areas breaks down into eight-week focus sessions for a culmination of a year-long certificate of completion.

For the upcoming Film Online Gap Year programme, the Academy enlisted high-profile film industry professionals to guide you through their online post-production, directing and writing masterclasses.

To share her experiences as a writer, director, producer and what growing up in the industry was like, Tiny Apples founder Julie Pacino will take IAAs online stage. Julie has written and directed several short films that have screened in cities across the world including Cannes, Hollywood, Sao Paulo, and New York.

Film producer Lynn Hendee will be sharing her vast industry experience with IAA students too. Hendee is a member of the Producers Guild of America, founding Co-Chair of the PGAs Womens Impact Network (WIN) and an alumna of the 2017 Sundance Institute/Women in Film Intensive Workshop.

Her multiple successful film credits include Enders Game, The Tempest, In My Country, and many more.

Source: Idyllwild Arts Academy

For an Editing in LA masterclass, Emmy Award-winning picture editor John Gilbert will guide IAA students through the dos and donts. Gilbert has over thirty years experience editing both television and feature films, such as Atlas Shrugged II: The Strike and Teen Wolf episodes.

Learn the advanced intricacies of cinematography with Dan Kneece who has worked with the best in business. He was taught Steadicam by inventor Garrett Brown. This led to a 28-year career as a Steadicam operator and anongoing professional relationship with director David Lynch on projects such as Blue Velvet, Wild at Heart, Lost Highway and Mulholland Drive.

For Quentin Tarantino,Danwas A Camera/Steadicam Operator on Jackie Brown and Steadicam operator on the Death Proof segment of Grindhouse.

Dannow uses his knowledge, extensive film making experience and incredible eye to excel in his work as a director ofphotography.

The IAA Film Online Gap Year also features film legend Ralph Singletons film scheduling and budgeting masterclass, Witt Lacys DirectorsGuild of America Assistant Director, production assistant boot camp, Billy Cowarts acting class, seasoned casting director Mikie Heilbruns masterclass and much more.

Source: Idyllwild Arts Academy

As mentioned above,the Academy is now offering a new Online Gap Year for all arts majors.In the Film Online Gap Year, for example, youll level-up your creative experience through a virtual Writing Programme, a Directing Programme and a Post-Production Programme.

These three programmes will broaden your knowledge of the film sector and help you discover which creative route youd like to take further into university or a career.

The Writing Programme expands your storytelling skills through Screenwriting, Playwriting, and Multi-Genre workshops. Whereas the Directing Programme provides students with an overview of visual storytelling and character development.

For the Post-Production programme, youll acquire technical skills and aesthetic sensibilities in editing and sound production. This Post-Production programme also offers professional Avid User Certifications in Media Composer and Pro-Tools with testing after a 16-week or 32-week intensive.

Ready for a year filled with creativity, inspiration and expert guidance from the comfort of your home? Contact Idyllwild Arts Academy today.

An unforgettable IAA gap year awaits.

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Idyllwild Arts Academy: A safe and creative hub in the mountains - Study International News

No flight required: 10 island escapes you can drive to – USA Today 10Best

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Photo courtesy of iStock / helivideo

Note from 10Best: Be sure to familiarize yourself with the local restrictions on travel in each location, and check with any businesses for the latest updates on openings/closures and visitor requirements before you go.

You don't need to hop a plane to the Caribbean to enjoy a relaxing island escape full of great beaches and far-flung adventures. We've put together 10 of the best island escapes in America that you can reach by car.

Photo courtesy of iStock / f11photo

A laid-back island escape just a short drive from the heart of downtown San Diego, Coronado Island boasts a long stretch of award-winning beach that sparkles in the sun thanks to a mineral in the sand called mica.

The small beach town is the perfect place to rent a bike and explore the beautiful gardens. And if you're spending the night, the historic Hotel del Coronado is a must-stay.

Photo courtesy of iStock / GabrielPevide

The Florida Keysare a necklace of tropical islands connected by the Overseas Highway, running from Key Largo, just south of Miami, to the end of the road at Key West.In 2009, the famed highway was designated an All-American Road, the highest recognition under the National Scenic Byways program.

The drive offers a myriad of island escapes with a beautiful blend of emerald-green harbors, turquoise seas, swaying palms and wildlife-rich mangroves.

Photo courtesy of iStock / Mak_photo

Virginia's Chincoteague Island is best knownfor two things: sumptuously salty oysters and its unique population of wild ponies. The island is part of a 14,000-acre national wildlife refuge, which means it remains blissfully underdeveloped.

Tours offer the chance to see the wild ponies in their natural habitat,or visit during late July to watch the local "saltwater cowboys" move the herd on their annual pony swim.

Photo courtesy of iStock / Douglas Rissing

The sleepy beach town on Tybee Island may be one of the best-kept secrets in all of the American Southeast. This under-the-radar barrier island sits along the pristine Georgia coast just 30 minutes from the historic colonial center of Savannah.

It makes the ideal spot for every sort of beach activity, from beach-combing for shells along the secluded northern beaches to kite surfing and kayaking with dolphins from the wind-swept south end.

Photo courtesy of iStock / Robert Mintzes

Florida's Marco Island sits along the Gulf Coast between Naples and the mangroves of the Ten Thousand Islands as they stretch into the Everglades. Here you can find perfect white-sand beaches along with some of the best beachfront dining in the state.

Photo courtesy of iStock / SEASTOCK

Drive onto a Washington State ferry in Anancortes, and you'll soon land on Orcas Island, a rugged, rainforest-clad jewel in the San Juan Islands.Take a whale-watching tour to spot killer whales spy hopping in the emerald sea or hike through lush forests to visit Cascade Falls in Moran State Park.

A drive to the top of Mount Constitution offers exceptional views of the islands and snow-capped peaks in the distance.

Photo courtesy of iStock / NikonShutterman

Off the coast of North Carolina, the barrier islands of the Outer Banks are connected by a coastal highway, offering easy access to many great beaches and attractions, from Cape Hatteras National Seashore to the site of the Wright brothers' first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk.

Not to mention, you'll find miles of off-road beach and opportunities for great fishing, surfing, scuba diving and many other watersports.

Photo courtesy of iStock / S_Hoss

Mount Desert Island, Maine's largest island, is a popular escape for those looking to truly get away from it all. Those looking to hobnob can stay in Bar Harbor to see theestates of Millionaire's Row and hike Cadillac Mountain. But nature fans should head straight to Acadia National Park, where you can explore remote beaches and glacier-cut canyons.

Photo courtesy of iStock / Vladone

The Thousand Islands in Upstate New York are the eponymous home of Thousand Island dressing, which you can sample at its birthplace in Clayton, and they also sit along the The Great Lakes Seaway Trail, an iconic and picturesque drivepast Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.

The region is chock full of activities, such as world-class fishing and birdwatching. And don't miss the chance to explore a unique pair of island castles, Boldt Castle and Singer Castle.

Photo courtesy of iStock / SkyF

Nicknamed "Key West of the Midwest" for its eclectic characters and lively nightlife, Put-in-Bay is a town on South Bass Island in the Ohio section of Lake Erie. A car ferry makes it easy to drive onto the island, and once there you can rent a bike, golf cart or scooter to get around the friendly town.

Adventurers can take a kayaking trip on the lake or visitCrystal Cave to see the world's largest geode.

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No flight required: 10 island escapes you can drive to - USA Today 10Best

Grand Island School district expects technical devices will be in high demand as more students learn remotely – WIVB.com – News 4

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GRAND ISLAND, N.Y. (WIVB) A local school district is noticing that devices, such as Chromebooks are in high demand, as people continue working from home and students prepare for distance learning.

Grand Island Central School District Superintendent Brian Graham says each student in the district grades 2nd through 12th will have access to a device to learn remotely. He says the district planned accordingly for that, but says any extra Chromebooks they ordered might not be in on time.

Those devices are in high demand so they may be delayed for the start of school, Graham said.

Since the district is leaning towards a hybrid model of learning, Graham says students will need access to devices such as Chromebooks.

Through those devices, our children will be working with our teachers through google classroom, he said.

He says since March, the school district has been planning to make sure each student has what they need to learn from home.

This summer were purchasing Chromebooks and making sure that every child has access, Graham said. Theres a big demand right now for those devices, luckily were only looking at a small number perhaps 200 to 400, because we were already prepared.

Local tech expert Ron Odde says hes not surprised Chromebooks are a hot item.

I can understand why they would go with Chromebooks because that is certainly the least expensive option, Odde said.

Odde owns Your PC Medic in Buffalo. Each week, close to two dozen people, many who work from home, reach out needing computer or technical help. With many school districts in the area pushing for a hybrid model of learning, Odde says that could mean parents who arent used to the technology will have to become more computer savvy by next month.

Regardless of what technology is being used there are definitely going to be some people that will need some assistance in learning how to use

the technology, learning how to access the various resources that the school system might be asking them to access online, he said. So certainly that is anticipated.

His advice for parents..

Just be patient, Odde said. Dont assume that something catastrophic happening just because its not working at the moment.

uBreakiFix is another business in Western New York that tells News 4 theyve been busy lately as well. The owner says each of its seven locations between Buffalo and Rochester have been booked up with people needing computer repairs or technical support.

Sarah Minkewicz is a reporter who has been part of the News 4 team since 2019. See more of her work here.

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Grand Island School district expects technical devices will be in high demand as more students learn remotely - WIVB.com - News 4

Community Health Action of Staten Island distributes boxes of fresh free food from Fresh Direct – SILive.com

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STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. -- Community Health Action of Staten Island (CHASI) is distributing boxes of fresh free food from Fresh Direct for Staten Islanders, especially in light of thousands of Islanders whose food has gone bad because of power outages, post-Tropical Storm Isaias.

We distributed over 400 boxes (Friday) and have about 50 left for distribution today, said Laura Del Prete, of CHASI. We will be getting more next week to do another distribution.

You can pick up a pre-packed box of non perishable items at 56 Bay Street. Please be sure to sign for your box, while supplies last.

The program, started at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, has recently been extended through the end of September. From March to June of this year, pantry staff served over 24,000 households.

So many people have lost the contents of their fridge due to the storm and we are here to help, added Del Prete. Box contents vary, but include canned goods, cereal, pasta or rice, and other non-perishable grocery items.

The best days to pick up are Tuesdays and Wednesdays from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., but food may be available at other times by calling 718-808-1450.

CHASI FOOD PANTRY

Individuals or families seeking food can visit the CHASI community food pantry at 2134 Richmond Terrace, Port Richmond. The pantry is open Tuesdays 10-2, Wednesdays 12-4, Fridays 2-6, and Saturdays 10-2.

The CHASI mobile food pantry visits locations in 16 neighborhoods across the Island, said Emilie Tippins, CHASI Vice President Communications & Development. The past four months have dramatically increased the need for pantry services.

Respecting social distancing protocol, the CHASI pantry service has moved outdoors. Benefits navigators work with clients in need to help with health insurance benefits and SNAP benefits.

Connections are still available to other CHASI services during the pandemic, many with home delivery or virtual options, including overdose prevention, recovery support groups (many by phone), at-home HIV testing, and domestic violence support.

PARTNERSHIP WITH FRESH DIRECT, BP JAMES ODDO, AND OTHERS

In addition to the partnership with Fresh Direct via Borough President James Oddos office, CHASI has received COVID-related supplies and food from the Food Bank for New York, City Harvest, North Shore and South Shore Rotary Clubs and Rotary District 7230.

ALSO: Boy Scouts of America, Richmond County Savings Foundation, SIEDC, BCB Bank, NYC Department of Education, Notre Dame Club of Staten Island, Rabs Country Lanes, NYC Department of Sanitation, College of Staten Island, Snug Harbor Heritage Farm, Blessing Bag Brigade of NJ, Mariners Harbor Farm, other local organizations, local elected officials, and several generous individual donors.

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Community Health Action of Staten Island distributes boxes of fresh free food from Fresh Direct - SILive.com

The Devaluation of Free Speech in the Land of the Free – Jewish Journal

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With a presidential election looming during these fast times when fevers and emotions run high, there is one urgent national crisis that may not be remedied by voting or a vaccine. And it bears directly on the foundational principles of what once united these states of America.

Whether we realize it or not, we are being forced to rethink our origins and reorder our priorities mostly by holding our tongue or liking the same tweet.

Conformity has become a newly dominant ethos, demanding that we reassess American history and regard our founding not as a revolutionary miracle but as original sin.

Yet, in doing so, we are becoming a smaller, meaner and more vengeful America intolerant and all too eager to punish those who dare to express disfavored opinions. Shades of these restrictions on speech can be found across political spectrums, but what is now being called the cancel culture resides mostly with the progressive left.

These cancellations are not to be taken lightly. They are terminal, and like all Terminators, they keep coming back.

Sound ominous? Well, just consider some recent events (there are many more, by the way) and ask whether free speech and critical thought are alive and well in America.

Last month evolutionary psychologist and Harvard professor Steven Pinker was the subject of an open letter signed by hundreds of linguists seeking to have him removed as a distinguished fellow from the Linguistic Society of America. His scholarly credentials were impeccable but some of his tweets and bits of other writing were deemed deplorable. Mostly he was accused of racial insensitivity for relying on data that suggested that overt racism in America was in decline.

A political culture that is hostile to open and respectful dialogue, and that requires ideological conformity and moral certainty, is decidedly illiberal.

David Shor, a data analyst, was fired at the end of May for a tweet that cited an academic study showing that voters were negatively influenced by violent protests, to the benefit of Republican candidates. Clearly, supporters of violent protests wish to keep their options open.

Also last month, professors at The New School in New York, UCLA and Stanford were investigated, and condemned by a student senate resolution in the latter case, for using the N-word while quoting from the works of James Baldwin, Martin Luther King Jr. and the lyrics from the hip-hop group, N.W.A, respectively. How else to discuss the writings of African Americans without examining the chosen words of African Americans was not explained.

A Portland, Ore., burrito shop shut down in 2017 because its owner was accused of stealing and committing culinary white supremacy by having learned new recipes on a trip to Mexico. The audacity of a taco prepared by a non-Mexican. Who knew there were enough Italians in Portland to toss all those pizza pies.

And by now everyone knows the fallout from The New York Times decision in June to publish an op-ed from Sen. Tom Cotton (R-Ark.), who argued that the military should be brought in to quell the violence that arose from some of the Black Lives Matter protests. It was a position that a slight majority of Americans shared an ABC/Ipsos poll released June 7 revealed 52% approved even if misguidedly, but it apparently was a position that the Times did not think was fit to print.

Staffers erupted and the publisher disavowed the essay, calling its publication a mistake. James Bennet, the pages main editor, resigned under pressure. A few weeks later, editor and opinion writer Bari Weiss resigned, too, with a stinging letter that accused the papers leadership of capitulating to a progressive mob that undermined the objectivity of its journalistic mission. (In her July 31 appearance on Real Time With Bill Maher, she likened the cancel culture to social murder.)

Of course, cancellation is not limited to chiseled stone. It usually involves real lives and real people. And it can be ruinous. A slip of the tongue, a casual remark, an errant tweet now has the potential to end a career.

On the same day, columnist Andrew Sullivan resigned from New York magazine, citing similar problems with colleagues who no longer welcomed his opinions. Harpers Magazine followed with a published letter signed by 153 writers and cultural figures lamenting the illiberal and public-shaming zeitgeist of these times. With these battle lines fully drawn and career wreckage everywhere, Politico took a survey and found that 46% of Americans believe that the cancel culture has gone too far.

Maybe so, but the so-called progressive left is ramping up for more purges. Not since Stalin has purging been this much in vogue.

Historical statues have become popular targets. Confederate officers and Founding Fathers, to the delight of some, are earmarked for the same rubble. America, after all, is irredeemably flawed, they say. These historical markers are emblems of shame, and roving wrecking crews are performing a righteous task.

Of course, cancellation is not limited to chiseled stone. It usually involves real lives and real people. And it can be ruinous. A slip of the tongue, a casual remark, an errant tweet, an unintended slight, a joke resurrected from an era when social boundaries were broader and a joke was regarded as a joke, a source in a syllabus or a single paragraph within an article now has the potential to end a career. Punishments never seem to fit these thought crimes. Whats more, these cancellations allow for no forgiveness.

Speech now suddenly comes with consequences. Politically incorrect speech is not to be freely spoken. Here, it is the community at large that determines what is to be censored. And some speech is flatly denied a public hearing. Punitive mobs gather, usually in cyberspace, for the sole purpose of creating the critical mass that will lead to cancellation. The hecklers veto has multiplied, resting on the hair-trigger fingertips of those with Twitter accounts.

The presidency of Donald Trump hasnt helped matters, given a leadership style that depends so much on jingoistic slogans and us versus them mind games.

Despite our national love affair with the First Amendment, free expression is being regulated not by the government, but by the intolerant left, which has decamped from college and is now setting the terms for public debate.

Yes, conservatives are capable of the same double standards, but the phenomenon of the cancelation culture stems from a decidedly leftist university worldview, and its spread throughout society should concern all Americans who value free speech.

Theres a new sheriff in town in the form of the thought police. Those insufficiently woke, unmindful of white privilege, oblivious to power differentials and colonial legacies, are likely to be called out and cancelled. And cancellation is not a mere figure of speech. It means what it says: Go away! Its not a disagreement; it is the blotting out of conversation altogether.

And it portends the death of liberalism itself.

Remember liberalism? Its origins are found in the writings of John Locke and his fellow enlightened philosophers. These were the writers who James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and other delegates to the Constitutional Convention were reading when they undertook the task of drafting our founding documents the blueprints to our democracy. It led to a compelling list of freedoms: speech, assembly, press, the right to and from religion, and limited self-government that protected private property and enforced the rule of law.

All of this consensus around rights came under the imprimatur of liberalism. And early Americans were proud to call themselves liberals. A good many of todays Americans are no longer so sure.

To be liberal means to keep an open mind when venturing out into the public square, freely sampling the ideas of the day. Ideas have a tendency to conflict. Thats OK. Making judgments about ideas is all part of the democratic experience.

Only with a liberal openness to ideas can government make better decisions and the electorate become more informed. Healthy disagreement was the secret sauce of the social contract. Americans stood ready to entertain differences of opinion without reaching for pitchforks and muskets.

What we see today in the progressive orthodoxy of the new left is not liberalism, however. The liberal tradition was never so quick to judge and even quicker to indict. Publicly shaming is not the same as debating. And it is not the product of the liberal mind. A political culture that is hostile to open and respectful dialogue, and that requires ideological conformity and moral certainty, is decidedly illiberal.

Politico took a survey and found that 46% of Americans believe that the cancel culture has gone too far.

But thats the junction where the woke-world places itself. Groupthink is all too commonplace. Accusations of racism are far too easily and frequently made. Conversations are forced to end before they even start.

Those who exist in the rarefied precincts of university life already know that American Exceptionalism has been in a freefall for many years now. Whats different today is that the circle of co-conspirators has widened, and moved off campus. Wokeness has declared war on whiteness, with progressives schooling the general public in what is for them an entirely new canon, whether they like it or not.

It is a lesson that centers on America as an unabashed imperialist, colonial power. Racist from birth. Enslaver. Exploiter. Defiler. Despoiler. Appropriator of cultures not their own. Instigator of global conflicts. Magnifier of economic inequalities.

There can be no Greatest Generation in a nation without any positive attributes. Thats the vision of America that many progressives have. To suggest otherwise is to evidence racist intent. In todays cancel culture, the talking point of intersectional oppression is ignored at ones peril.

Think I am kidding? Cancellation is the politics of pink slips. Accusations are more than sufficient. Exoneration is unobtainable. Speech is stifled in mid-sentence and careers are ruined.

The social contract is being renegotiated as we speak.

In case there is any wonder whether the Atlantic Ocean provides a measure of insulation from this cancellation craze, British lecturer Stephen Lamonby was fired last month after he casually mentioned to another academic that he believed Jewish people are the cleverest in the world. Lamonby assumed he was allowed to use a positive stereotype. The university, however, dismissed him for gross misconduct.

Most universities, and The New York Times, could stand to go back to school for a refresher course on basic civics.

Instead, we are instructed that certain words or ideas must be banished, otherwise people of color will be at risk, their lives endangered. But in what sense? Clearly, not in the way that Medgar Evers was murdered, or the four girls killed in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Ala., both in 1963. Arent those very different examples of endangerment surely when compared to a tweet citing data on the decline of racism?

Who knew that liberals were crazy, too? Yes, conservatives scoff at evolution with creationist theme parks that adopt the historical timeline of The Flintstones, where intelligent design enables Neanderthals to ride on the backs of dinosaurs. But is what we are seeing from progressives in squelching any comment that may conflict with the orthodoxy of the moment any better?

Moral revulsion and old-school social distancing is one thing; canceling a life is quite another. Thousands of Twitter users lie in wait, twitching at the thought of rendering someone jobless.

Twitter confers outsized influence on its users, none of whom are smart simply because they own a smartphone. Similarly, faculty infighting, where the stakes on wokeness run high, makes Mean Girls seem positively unctuous by comparison.

Photo illustration by Avishek Das/SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images)

The presidency of Donald Trump hasnt helped matters, given a leadership style that depends so much on jingoistic slogans and us versus them mind games. There is a daily choreography to taking sides that has polarized the populace and inspired protests that, with another administration, might have remained under wraps.

At the same time, the progressive wing of the Democratic Party is bound to receive carte blanche privileges in a Joe Biden presidency even though he is a longtime moderate. He wont be able to win without them, which will render him beholden. But these are the same people for whom an assault on traditional American liberalism has become the cornerstone of their political philosophy.

How does one reconcile maintaining the rule of law in a nation that defunds and dismantles law enforcement? Its not the job of the community to police itself.

Those who upend the priorities of liberalism and terrorize free thought say that they are compensating for the imbalance of power that historically silenced voices belonging to people of color. True enough. But what seeks to replace it is a radical departure from the liberal tradition, where political pluralism was no less important.With liberalism as their crowning achievement, our Founding Fathers would be surprised to learn that we didnt fight to preserve what was, for them, so hard-won.

Thane Rosenbaumis a novelist, essayist, law professor and Distinguished University Professor at Touro College, where he directs theForum on Life, Culture & Society. He is thelegal analyst for CBS News Radioand appears frequently on cable TV news programs.His most recent book is titled Saving Free Speech From Itself.

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The Devaluation of Free Speech in the Land of the Free - Jewish Journal

A military veteran who was sentenced to life in prison for selling $30 of marijuana will be freed – WXII The Triad

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A military veteran serving a life sentence for selling less than $30 worth of marijuana will soon be released from prison, his attorney said.Derek Harris, who was arrested in 2008 in Louisiana for selling an officer .69 grams of marijuana, was recently resentenced to time served. He's already served nine years in prison.Initially, Harris was convicted and sentenced to 15 years in prison, according to the Louisiana Supreme Court. He was resentenced in 2012 to life in prison under the Habitual Offender Law, which allows judges to impose stricter sentences on someone who's been charged before.Prosecutors in Vermilion Parish agreed to release Harris from prison after the Louisiana Supreme Court granted him a new hearing last month, said his lawyer Cormac Boyle.The Louisiana Supreme Court agreed with Harris' argument claiming he had "ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing on post-conviction review." The matter was sent back to the trial court for an evidentiary writ.The District Attorney's office agreed that Harris "received ineffective assistance at sentencing and was entitled to a lesser sentence," Boyle said in a statement.He also noted that Harris had a substance abuse problem that started when he returned from Desert Storm, a U.S. military operation during the Gulf War launched in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990."His prior offenses were nonviolent and related to his untreated dependency on drugs," Louisiana Supreme Court Justice John Weimer wrote in his opinion.Weimer noted in his opinion that the trial judge said that Harris was "not a drug kingpin" and didn't fit what they thought of "as a drug dealer, so far as I can tell."Weimer wrote that those were the main reasons the maximum 30-year sentence was not imposed. He also said that the trial court imposed a life sentence when the multiple offender bill was passed.Related video: 12 trash bags full of marijuana found in Oklahoma creekCNN has reached out to the district attorney in Vermilion Parish but has not heard back.Boyle told CNN on Friday that he is working with the Louisiana Department of Corrections on Harris' release and hoped to have him out soon. He said the Harris would be moving to be closer to family in Kentucky and that he was looking forward to spending time with his brother, Antoine, and his family.Another decision by the Louisiana Supreme Court last week was roundly criticized: Justices voted to uphold a man's life sentence for stealing hedge clippers.Fair Wayne Bryant was convicted in 1997 on one count of attempted simple burglary and sentened to life in prison. His attorney called his sentence of life in prison "unconstitutionally harsh and excessive."Five white, male justices voted to uphold his conviction, while the lone Black, female justice provided the one dissenting vote.

A military veteran serving a life sentence for selling less than $30 worth of marijuana will soon be released from prison, his attorney said.

Derek Harris, who was arrested in 2008 in Louisiana for selling an officer .69 grams of marijuana, was recently resentenced to time served. He's already served nine years in prison.

Initially, Harris was convicted and sentenced to 15 years in prison, according to the Louisiana Supreme Court. He was resentenced in 2012 to life in prison under the Habitual Offender Law, which allows judges to impose stricter sentences on someone who's been charged before.

Prosecutors in Vermilion Parish agreed to release Harris from prison after the Louisiana Supreme Court granted him a new hearing last month, said his lawyer Cormac Boyle.

The Louisiana Supreme Court agreed with Harris' argument claiming he had "ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing on post-conviction review." The matter was sent back to the trial court for an evidentiary writ.

The District Attorney's office agreed that Harris "received ineffective assistance at sentencing and was entitled to a lesser sentence," Boyle said in a statement.

He also noted that Harris had a substance abuse problem that started when he returned from Desert Storm, a U.S. military operation during the Gulf War launched in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990.

"His prior offenses were nonviolent and related to his untreated dependency on drugs," Louisiana Supreme Court Justice John Weimer wrote in his opinion.

Weimer noted in his opinion that the trial judge said that Harris was "not a drug kingpin" and didn't fit what they thought of "as a drug dealer, so far as I can tell."

Weimer wrote that those were the main reasons the maximum 30-year sentence was not imposed. He also said that the trial court imposed a life sentence when the multiple offender bill was passed.

Related video: 12 trash bags full of marijuana found in Oklahoma creek

CNN has reached out to the district attorney in Vermilion Parish but has not heard back.

Boyle told CNN on Friday that he is working with the Louisiana Department of Corrections on Harris' release and hoped to have him out soon. He said the Harris would be moving to be closer to family in Kentucky and that he was looking forward to spending time with his brother, Antoine, and his family.

Another decision by the Louisiana Supreme Court last week was roundly criticized: Justices voted to uphold a man's life sentence for stealing hedge clippers.

Fair Wayne Bryant was convicted in 1997 on one count of attempted simple burglary and sentened to life in prison. His attorney called his sentence of life in prison "unconstitutionally harsh and excessive."

Five white, male justices voted to uphold his conviction, while the lone Black, female justice provided the one dissenting vote.

See the rest here:

A military veteran who was sentenced to life in prison for selling $30 of marijuana will be freed - WXII The Triad

How the Pandemic Defeated America – The Atlantic

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Editors Note: The Atlantic is making vital coverage of the coronavirus available to all readers. Find the collection here.

Image above: A masked worker cleans a New York City subway entrance.

Updated at 1:12 p.m. ET on August 4, 2020.

How did it come to this? A virus a thousand times smaller than a dust mote has humbled and humiliated the planets most powerful nation. America has failed to protect its people, leaving them with illness and financial ruin. It has lost its status as a global leader. It has careened between inaction and ineptitude. The breadth and magnitude of its errors are difficult, in the moment, to truly fathom.

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In the first half of 2020, SARSCoV2the new coronavirus behind the disease COVID19infected 10 million people around the world and killed about half a million. But few countries have been as severely hit as the United States, which has just 4 percent of the worlds population but a quarter of its confirmed COVID19 cases and deaths. These numbers are estimates. The actual toll, though undoubtedly higher, is unknown, because the richest country in the world still lacks sufficient testing to accurately count its sick citizens.

Despite ample warning, the U.S. squandered every possible opportunity to control the coronavirus. And despite its considerable advantagesimmense resources, biomedical might, scientific expertiseit floundered. While countries as different as South Korea, Thailand, Iceland, Slovakia, and Australia acted decisively to bend the curve of infections downward, the U.S. achieved merely a plateau in the spring, which changed to an appalling upward slope in the summer. The U.S. fundamentally failed in ways that were worse than I ever could have imagined, Julia Marcus, an infectious-disease epidemiologist at Harvard Medical School, told me.

Since the pandemic began, I have spoken with more than 100 experts in a variety of fields. Ive learned that almost everything that went wrong with Americas response to the pandemic was predictable and preventable. A sluggish response by a government denuded of expertise allowed the coronavirus to gain a foothold. Chronic underfunding of public health neutered the nations ability to prevent the pathogens spread. A bloated, inefficient health-care system left hospitals ill-prepared for the ensuing wave of sickness. Racist policies that have endured since the days of colonization and slavery left Indigenous and Black Americans especially vulnerable to COVID19. The decades-long process of shredding the nations social safety net forced millions of essential workers in low-paying jobs to risk their life for their livelihood. The same social-media platforms that sowed partisanship and misinformation during the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Africa and the 2016 U.S. election became vectors for conspiracy theories during the 2020 pandemic.

The U.S. has little excuse for its inattention. In recent decades, epidemics of SARS, MERS, Ebola, H1N1 flu, Zika, and monkeypox showed the havoc that new and reemergent pathogens could wreak. Health experts, business leaders, and even middle schoolers ran simulated exercises to game out the spread of new diseases. In 2018, I wrote an article for The Atlantic arguing that the U.S. was not ready for a pandemic, and sounded warnings about the fragility of the nations health-care system and the slow process of creating a vaccine. But the COVID19 debacle has also touchedand implicatednearly every other facet of American society: its shortsighted leadership, its disregard for expertise, its racial inequities, its social-media culture, and its fealty to a dangerous strain of individualism.

SARSCoV2 is something of an anti-Goldilocks virus: just bad enough in every way. Its symptoms can be severe enough to kill millions but are often mild enough to allow infections to move undetected through a population. It spreads quickly enough to overload hospitals, but slowly enough that statistics dont spike until too late. These traits made the virus harder to control, but they also softened the pandemics punch. SARSCoV2 is neither as lethal as some other coronaviruses, such as SARS and MERS, nor as contagious as measles. Deadlier pathogens almost certainly exist. Wild animals harbor an estimated 40,000 unknown viruses, a quarter of which could potentially jump into humans. How will the U.S. fare when we cant even deal with a starter pandemic?, Zeynep Tufekci, a sociologist at the University of North Carolina and an Atlantic contributing writer, asked me.

Despite its epochal effects, COVID19 is merely a harbinger of worse plagues to come. The U.S. cannot prepare for these inevitable crises if it returns to normal, as many of its people ache to do. Normal led to this. Normal was a world ever more prone to a pandemic but ever less ready for one. To avert another catastrophe, the U.S. needs to grapple with all the ways normal failed us. It needs a full accounting of every recent misstep and foundational sin, every unattended weakness and unheeded warning, every festering wound and reopened scar.

A pandemic can be prevented in two ways: Stop an infection from ever arising, or stop an infection from becoming thousands more. The first way is likely impossible. There are simply too many viruses and too many animals that harbor them. Bats alone could host thousands of unknown coronaviruses; in some Chinese caves, one out of every 20 bats is infected. Many people live near these caves, shelter in them, or collect guano from them for fertilizer. Thousands of bats also fly over these peoples villages and roost in their homes, creating opportunities for the bats viral stowaways to spill over into human hosts. Based on antibody testing in rural parts of China, Peter Daszak of EcoHealth Alliance, a nonprofit that studies emerging diseases, estimates that such viruses infect a substantial number of people every year. Most infected people dont know about it, and most of the viruses arent transmissible, Daszak says. But it takes just one transmissible virus to start a pandemic.

Sometime in late 2019, the wrong virus left a bat and ended up, perhaps via an intermediate host, in a humanand another, and another. Eventually it found its way to the Huanan seafood market, and jumped into dozens of new hosts in an explosive super-spreading event. The COVID19 pandemic had begun.

There is no way to get spillover of everything to zero, Colin Carlson, an ecologist at Georgetown University, told me. Many conservationists jump on epidemics as opportunities to ban the wildlife trade or the eating of bush meat, an exoticized term for game, but few diseases have emerged through either route. Carlson said the biggest factors behind spillovers are land-use change and climate change, both of which are hard to control. Our species has relentlessly expanded into previously wild spaces. Through intensive agriculture, habitat destruction, and rising temperatures, we have uprooted the planets animals, forcing them into new and narrower ranges that are on our own doorsteps. Humanity has squeezed the worlds wildlife in a crushing gripand viruses have come bursting out.

Curtailing those viruses after they spill over is more feasible, but requires knowledge, transparency, and decisiveness that were lacking in 2020. Much about coronaviruses is still unknown. There are no surveillance networks for detecting them as there are for influenza. There are no approved treatments or vaccines. Coronaviruses were formerly a niche family, of mainly veterinary importance. Four decades ago, just 60 or so scientists attended the first international meeting on coronaviruses. Their ranks swelled after SARS swept the world in 2003, but quickly dwindled as a spike in funding vanished. The same thing happened after MERS emerged in 2012. This year, the worlds coronavirus expertsand there still arent manyhad to postpone their triennial conference in the Netherlands because SARSCoV2 made flying too risky.

In the age of cheap air travel, an outbreak that begins on one continent can easily reach the others. SARS already demonstrated that in 2003, and more than twice as many people now travel by plane every year. To avert a pandemic, affected nations must alert their neighbors quickly. In 2003, China covered up the early spread of SARS, allowing the new disease to gain a foothold, and in 2020, history repeated itself. The Chinese government downplayed the possibility that SARSCoV2 was spreading among humans, and only confirmed as much on January 20, after millions had traveled around the country for the lunar new year. Doctors who tried to raise the alarm were censured and threatened. One, Li Wenliang, later died of COVID19. The World Health Organization initially parroted Chinas line and did not declare a public-health emergency of international concern until January 30. By then, an estimated 10,000 people in 20 countries had been infected, and the virus was spreading fast.

The United States has correctly castigated China for its duplicity and the WHO for its laxitybut the U.S. has also failed the international community. Under President Donald Trump, the U.S. has withdrawn from several international partnerships and antagonized its allies. It has a seat on the WHOs executive board, but left that position empty for more than two years, only filling it this May, when the pandemic was in full swing. Since 2017, Trump has pulled more than 30 staffers out of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions office in China, who could have warned about the spreading coronavirus. Last July, he defunded an American epidemiologist embedded within Chinas CDC. America First was America oblivious.

Even after warnings reached the U.S., they fell on the wrong ears. Since before his election, Trump has cavalierly dismissed expertise and evidence. He filled his administration with inexperienced newcomers, while depicting career civil servants as part of a deep state. In 2018, he dismantled an office that had been assembled specifically to prepare for nascent pandemics. American intelligence agencies warned about the coronavirus threat in January, but Trump habitually disregards intelligence briefings. The secretary of health and human services, Alex Azar, offered similar counsel, and was twice ignored.

Being prepared means being ready to spring into action, so that when something like this happens, youre moving quickly, Ronald Klain, who coordinated the U.S. response to the West African Ebola outbreak in 2014, told me. By early February, we should have triggered a series of actions, precisely zero of which were taken. Trump could have spent those crucial early weeks mass-producing tests to detect the virus, asking companies to manufacture protective equipment and ventilators, and otherwise steeling the nation for the worst. Instead, he focused on the border. On January 31, Trump announced that the U.S. would bar entry to foreigners who had recently been in China, and urged Americans to avoid going there.

Travel bans make intuitive sense, because travel obviously enables the spread of a virus. But in practice, travel bans are woefully inefficient at restricting either travel or viruses. They prompt people to seek indirect routes via third-party countries, or to deliberately hide their symptoms. They are often porous: Trumps included numerous exceptions, and allowed tens of thousands of people to enter from China. Ironically, they create travel: When Trump later announced a ban on flights from continental Europe, a surge of travelers packed Americas airports in a rush to beat the incoming restrictions. Travel bans may sometimes work for remote island nations, but in general they can only delay the spread of an epidemicnot stop it. And they can create a harmful false confidence, so countries rely on bans to the exclusion of the things they actually need to dotesting, tracing, building up the health system, says Thomas Bollyky, a global-health expert at the Council on Foreign Relations. That sounds an awful lot like what happened in the U.S.

This was predictable. A president who is fixated on an ineffectual border wall, and has portrayed asylum seekers as vectors of disease, was always going to reach for travel bans as a first resort. And Americans who bought into his rhetoric of xenophobia and isolationism were going to be especially susceptible to thinking that simple entry controls were a panacea.

And so the U.S. wasted its best chance of restraining COVID19. Although the disease first arrived in the U.S. in mid-January, genetic evidence shows that the specific viruses that triggered the first big outbreaks, in Washington State, didnt land until mid-February. The country could have used that time to prepare. Instead, Trump, who had spent his entire presidency learning that he could say whatever he wanted without consequence, assured Americans that the coronavirus is very much under control, and like a miracle, it will disappear. With impunity, Trump lied. With impunity, the virus spread.

On February 26, Trump asserted that cases were going to be down to close to zero. Over the next two months, at least 1 million Americans were infected.

As the coronavirus established itself in the U.S., it found a nation through which it could spread easily, without being detected. For years, Pardis Sabeti, a virologist at the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, has been trying to create a surveillance network that would allow hospitals in every major U.S. city to quickly track new viruses through genetic sequencing. Had that network existed, once Chinese scientists published SARSCoV2s genome on January 11, every American hospital would have been able to develop its own diagnostic test in preparation for the viruss arrival. I spent a lot of time trying to convince many funders to fund it, Sabeti told me. I never got anywhere.

The CDC developed and distributed its own diagnostic tests in late January. These proved useless because of a faulty chemical component. Tests were in such short supply, and the criteria for getting them were so laughably stringent, that by the end of February, tens of thousands of Americans had likely been infected but only hundreds had been tested. The official data were so clearly wrong that The Atlantic developed its own volunteer-led initiativethe COVID Tracking Projectto count cases.

Diagnostic tests are easy to make, so the U.S. failing to create one seemed inconceivable. Worse, it had no Plan B. Private labs were strangled by FDA bureaucracy. Meanwhile, Sabetis lab developed a diagnostic test in mid-January and sent it to colleagues in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Senegal. We had working diagnostics in those countries well before we did in any U.S. states, she told me.

Its hard to overstate how thoroughly the testing debacle incapacitated the U.S. People with debilitating symptoms couldnt find out what was wrong with them. Health officials couldnt cut off chains of transmission by identifying people who were sick and asking them to isolate themselves.

Read: How the coronavirus became an American catastrophe

Water running along a pavement will readily seep into every crack; so, too, did the unchecked coronavirus seep into every fault line in the modern world. Consider our buildings. In response to the global energy crisis of the 1970s, architects made structures more energy-efficient by sealing them off from outdoor air, reducing ventilation rates. Pollutants and pathogens built up indoors, ushering in the era of sick buildings, says Joseph Allen, who studies environmental health at Harvards T. H. Chan School of Public Health. Energy efficiency is a pillar of modern climate policy, but there are ways to achieve it without sacrificing well-being. We lost our way over the years and stopped designing buildings for people, Allen says.

The indoor spaces in which Americans spend 87 percent of their time became staging grounds for super-spreading events. One study showed that the odds of catching the virus from an infected person are roughly 19 times higher indoors than in open air. Shielded from the elements and among crowds clustered in prolonged proximity, the coronavirus ran rampant in the conference rooms of a Boston hotel, the cabins of the Diamond Princess cruise ship, and a church hall in Washington State where a choir practiced for just a few hours.

The hardest-hit buildings were those that had been jammed with people for decades: prisons. Between harsher punishments doled out in the War on Drugs and a tough-on-crime mindset that prizes retribution over rehabilitation, Americas incarcerated population has swelled sevenfold since the 1970s, to about 2.3 million. The U.S. imprisons five to 18 times more people per capita than other Western democracies. Many American prisons are packed beyond capacity, making social distancing impossible. Soap is often scarce. Inevitably, the coronavirus ran amok. By June, two American prisons each accounted for more cases than all of New Zealand. One, Marion Correctional Institution, in Ohio, had more than 2,000 cases among inmates despite having a capacity of 1,500.

Other densely packed facilities were also besieged. Americas nursing homes and long-term-care facilities house less than 1 percent of its people, but as of mid-June, they accounted for 40 percent of its coronavirus deaths. More than 50,000 residents and staff have died. At least 250,000 more have been infected. These grim figures are a reflection not just of the greater harms that COVID19 inflicts upon elderly physiology, but also of the care the elderly receive. Before the pandemic, three in four nursing homes were understaffed, and four in five had recently been cited for failures in infection control. The Trump administrations policies have exacerbated the problem by reducing the influx of immigrants, who make up a quarter of long-term caregivers.

Read: Another coronavirus nursing-home disaster is coming

Even though a Seattle nursing home was one of the first COVID19 hot spots in the U.S., similar facilities werent provided with tests and protective equipment. Rather than girding these facilities against the pandemic, the Department of Health and Human Services paused nursing-home inspections in March, passing the buck to the states. Some nursing homes avoided the virus because their owners immediately stopped visitations, or paid caregivers to live on-site. But in others, staff stopped working, scared about infecting their charges or becoming infected themselves. In some cases, residents had to be evacuated because no one showed up to care for them.

Americas neglect of nursing homes and prisons, its sick buildings, and its botched deployment of tests are all indicative of its problematic attitude toward health: Get hospitals ready and wait for sick people to show, as Sheila Davis, the CEO of the nonprofit Partners in Health, puts it. Especially in the beginning, we catered our entire [COVID19] response to the 20 percent of people who required hospitalization, rather than preventing transmission in the community. The latter is the job of the public-health system, which prevents sickness in populations instead of merely treating it in individuals. That system pairs uneasily with a national temperament that views health as a matter of personal responsibility rather than a collective good.

At the end of the 20th century, public-health improvements meant that Americans were living an average of 30 years longer than they were at the start of it. Maternal mortality had fallen by 99 percent; infant mortality by 90 percent. Fortified foods all but eliminated rickets and goiters. Vaccines eradicated smallpox and polio, and brought measles, diphtheria, and rubella to heel. These measures, coupled with antibiotics and better sanitation, curbed infectious diseases to such a degree that some scientists predicted they would soon pass into history. But instead, these achievements brought complacency. As public health did its job, it became a target of budget cuts, says Lori Freeman, the CEO of the National Association of County and City Health Officials.

Today, the U.S. spends just 2.5 percent of its gigantic health-care budget on public health. Underfunded health departments were already struggling to deal with opioid addiction, climbing obesity rates, contaminated water, and easily preventable diseases. Last year saw the most measles cases since 1992. In 2018, the U.S. had 115,000 cases of syphilis and 580,000 cases of gonorrheanumbers not seen in almost three decades. It has 1.7 million cases of chlamydia, the highest number ever recorded.

Since the last recession, in 2009, chronically strapped local health departments have lost 55,000 jobsa quarter of their workforce. When COVID19 arrived, the economic downturn forced overstretched departments to furlough more employees. When states needed battalions of public-health workers to find infected people and trace their contacts, they had to hire and train people from scratch. In May, Maryland Governor Larry Hogan asserted that his state would soon have enough people to trace 10,000 contacts every day. Last year, as Ebola tore through the Democratic Republic of Congoa country with a quarter of Marylands wealth and an active war zonelocal health workers and the WHO traced twice as many people.

Ripping unimpeded through American communities, the coronavirus created thousands of sickly hosts that it then rode into Americas hospitals. It should have found facilities armed with state-of-the-art medical technologies, detailed pandemic plans, and ample supplies of protective equipment and life-saving medicines. Instead, it found a brittle system in danger of collapse.

Compared with the average wealthy nation, America spends nearly twice as much of its national wealth on health care, about a quarter of which is wasted on inefficient care, unnecessary treatments, and administrative chicanery. The U.S. gets little bang for its exorbitant buck. It has the lowest life-expectancy rate of comparable countries, the highest rates of chronic disease, and the fewest doctors per person. This profit-driven system has scant incentive to invest in spare beds, stockpiled supplies, peacetime drills, and layered contingency plansthe essence of pandemic preparedness. Americas hospitals have been pruned and stretched by market forces to run close to full capacity, with little ability to adapt in a crisis.

When hospitals do create pandemic plans, they tend to fight the last war. After 2014, several centers created specialized treatment units designed for Ebolaa highly lethal but not very contagious disease. These units were all but useless against a highly transmissible airborne virus like SARSCoV2. Nor were hospitals ready for an outbreak to drag on for months. Emergency plans assumed that staff could endure a few days of exhausting conditions, that supplies would hold, and that hard-hit centers could be supported by unaffected neighbors. Were designed for discrete disasters like mass shootings, traffic pileups, and hurricanes, says Esther Choo, an emergency physician at Oregon Health and Science University. The COVID19 pandemic is not a discrete disaster. It is a 50-state catastrophe that will likely continue at least until a vaccine is ready.

Wherever the coronavirus arrived, hospitals reeled. Several states asked medical students to graduate early, reenlisted retired doctors, and deployed dermatologists to emergency departments. Doctors and nurses endured grueling shifts, their faces chapped and bloody when they finally doffed their protective equipment. Soon, that equipmentmasks, respirators, gowns, glovesstarted running out.

American hospitals operate on a just-in-time economy. They acquire the goods they need in the moment through labyrinthine supply chains that wrap around the world in tangled lines, from countries with cheap labor to richer nations like the U.S. The lines are invisible until they snap. About half of the worlds face masks, for example, are made in China, some of them in Hubei province. When that region became the pandemic epicenter, the mask supply shriveled just as global demand spiked. The Trump administration turned to a larder of medical supplies called the Strategic National Stockpile, only to find that the 100 million respirators and masks that had been dispersed during the 2009 flu pandemic were never replaced. Just 13 million respirators were left.

In April, four in five frontline nurses said they didnt have enough protective equipment. Some solicited donations from the public, or navigated a morass of back-alley deals and internet scams. Others fashioned their own surgical masks from bandannas and gowns from garbage bags. The supply of nasopharyngeal swabs that are used in every diagnostic test also ran low, because one of the largest manufacturers is based in Lombardy, Italyinitially the COVID19 capital of Europe. About 40 percent of critical-care drugs, including antibiotics and painkillers, became scarce because they depend on manufacturing lines that begin in China and India. Once a vaccine is ready, there might not be enough vials to put it in, because of the long-running global shortage of medical-grade glassliterally, a bottle-neck bottleneck.

The federal government could have mitigated those problems by buying supplies at economies of scale and distributing them according to need. Instead, in March, Trump told Americas governors to try getting it yourselves. As usual, health care was a matter of capitalism and connections. In New York, rich hospitals bought their way out of their protective-equipment shortfall, while neighbors in poorer, more diverse parts of the city rationed their supplies.

While the president prevaricated, Americans acted. Businesses sent their employees home. People practiced social distancing, even before Trump finally declared a national emergency on March 13, and before governors and mayors subsequently issued formal stay-at-home orders, or closed schools, shops, and restaurants. A study showed that the U.S. could have averted 36,000 COVID19 deaths if leaders had enacted social-distancing measures just a week earlier. But better late than never: By collectively reducing the spread of the virus, America flattened the curve. Ventilators didnt run out, as they had in parts of Italy. Hospitals had time to add extra beds.

Social distancing worked. But the indiscriminate lockdown was necessary only because Americas leaders wasted months of prep time. Deploying this blunt policy instrument came at enormous cost. Unemployment rose to 14.7 percent, the highest level since record-keeping began, in 1948. More than 26 million people lost their jobs, a catastrophe in a country thatuniquely and absurdlyties health care to employment. Some COVID19 survivors have been hit with seven-figure medical bills. In the middle of the greatest health and economic crises in generations, millions of Americans have found themselves disconnected from medical care and impoverished. They join the millions who have always lived that way.

The coronavirus found, exploited, and widened every inequity that the U.S. had to offer. Elderly people, already pushed to the fringes of society, were treated as acceptable losses. Women were more likely to lose jobs than men, and also shouldered extra burdens of child care and domestic work, while facing rising rates of domestic violence. In half of the states, people with dementia and intellectual disabilities faced policies that threatened to deny them access to lifesaving ventilators. Thousands of people endured months of COVID19 symptoms that resembled those of chronic postviral illnesses, only to be told that their devastating symptoms were in their head. Latinos were three times as likely to be infected as white people. Asian Americans faced racist abuse. Far from being a great equalizer, the pandemic fell unevenly upon the U.S., taking advantage of injustices that had been brewing throughout the nations history.

Read: COVID-19 can last for several months

Of the 3.1 million Americans who still cannot afford health insurance in states where Medicaid has not been expanded, more than half are people of color, and 30 percent are Black.* This is no accident. In the decades after the Civil War, the white leaders of former slave states deliberately withheld health care from Black Americans, apportioning medicine more according to the logic of Jim Crow than Hippocrates. They built hospitals away from Black communities, segregated Black patients into separate wings, and blocked Black students from medical school. In the 20th century, they helped construct Americas system of private, employer-based insurance, which has kept many Black people from receiving adequate medical treatment. They fought every attempt to improve Black peoples access to health care, from the creation of Medicare and Medicaid in the 60s to the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010.

A number of former slave states also have among the lowest investments in public health, the lowest quality of medical care, the highest proportions of Black citizens, and the greatest racial divides in health outcomes. As the COVID19 pandemic wore on, they were among the quickest to lift social-distancing restrictions and reexpose their citizens to the coronavirus. The harms of these moves were unduly foisted upon the poor and the Black.

As of early July, one in every 1,450 Black Americans had died from COVID19a rate more than twice that of white Americans. That figure is both tragic and wholly expected given the mountain of medical disadvantages that Black people face. Compared with white people, they die three years younger. Three times as many Black mothers die during pregnancy. Black people have higher rates of chronic illnesses that predispose them to fatal cases of COVID19. When they go to hospitals, theyre less likely to be treated. The care they do receive tends to be poorer. Aware of these biases, Black people are hesitant to seek aid for COVID19 symptoms and then show up at hospitals in sicker states. One of my patients said, I dont want to go to the hospital, because theyre not going to treat me well, says Uch Blackstock, an emergency physician and the founder of Advancing Health Equity, a nonprofit that fights bias and racism in health care. Another whispered to me, Im so relieved youre Black. I just want to make sure Im listened to.

Black people were both more worried about the pandemic and more likely to be infected by it. The dismantling of Americas social safety net left Black people with less income and higher unemployment. They make up a disproportionate share of the low-paid essential workers who were expected to staff grocery stores and warehouses, clean buildings, and deliver mail while the pandemic raged around them. Earning hourly wages without paid sick leave, they couldnt afford to miss shifts even when symptomatic. They faced risky commutes on crowded public transportation while more privileged people teleworked from the safety of isolation. Theres nothing about Blackness that makes you more prone to COVID, says Nicolette Louissaint, the executive director of Healthcare Ready, a nonprofit that works to strengthen medical supply chains. Instead, existing inequities stack the odds in favor of the virus.

Native Americans were similarly vulnerable. A third of the people in the Navajo Nation cant easily wash their hands, because theyve been embroiled in long-running negotiations over the rights to the water on their own lands. Those with water must contend with runoff from uranium mines. Most live in cramped multigenerational homes, far from the few hospitals that service a 17-million-acre reservation. As of mid-May, the Navajo Nation had higher rates of COVID19 infections than any U.S. state.

Americans often misperceive historical inequities as personal failures. Stephen Huffman, a Republican state senator and doctor in Ohio, suggested that Black Americans might be more prone to COVID19 because they dont wash their hands enough, a remark for which he later apologized. Republican Senator Bill Cassidy of Louisiana, also a physician, noted that Black people have higher rates of chronic disease, as if this were an answer in itself, and not a pattern that demanded further explanation.

Clear distribution of accurate information is among the most important defenses against an epidemics spread. And yet the largely unregulated, social-media-based communications infrastructure of the 21st century almost ensures that misinformation will proliferate fast. In every outbreak throughout the existence of social media, from Zika to Ebola, conspiratorial communities immediately spread their content about how its all caused by some government or pharmaceutical company or Bill Gates, says Rene DiResta of the Stanford Internet Observatory, who studies the flow of online information. When COVID19 arrived, there was no doubt in my mind that it was coming.

Read: The great 5G conspiracy

Sure enough, existing conspiracy theoriesGeorge Soros! 5G! Bioweapons!were repurposed for the pandemic. An infodemic of falsehoods spread alongside the actual virus. Rumors coursed through online platforms that are designed to keep users engaged, even if that means feeding them content that is polarizing or untrue. In a national crisis, when people need to act in concert, this is calamitous. The social internet as a system is broken, DiResta told me, and its faults are readily abused.

Beginning on April 16, DiRestas team noticed growing online chatter about Judy Mikovits, a discredited researcher turned anti-vaccination champion. Posts and videos cast Mikovits as a whistleblower who claimed that the new coronavirus was made in a lab and described Anthony Fauci of the White Houses coronavirus task force as her nemesis. Ironically, this conspiracy theory was nested inside a larger conspiracypart of an orchestrated PR campaign by an anti-vaxxer and QAnon fan with the explicit goal to take down Anthony Fauci. It culminated in a slickly produced video called Plandemic, which was released on May 4. More than 8 million people watched it in a week.

Doctors and journalists tried to debunk Plandemics many misleading claims, but these efforts spread less successfully than the video itself. Like pandemics, infodemics quickly become uncontrollable unless caught early. But while health organizations recognize the need to surveil for emerging diseases, they are woefully unprepared to do the same for emerging conspiracies. In 2016, when DiResta spoke with a CDC team about the threat of misinformation, their response was: Thats interesting, but thats just stuff that happens on the internet.

From the June 2020 issue: Adrienne LaFrance on how QAnon is more important than you think

Rather than countering misinformation during the pandemics early stages, trusted sources often made things worse. Many health experts and government officials downplayed the threat of the virus in January and February, assuring the public that it posed a low risk to the U.S. and drawing comparisons to the ostensibly greater threat of the flu. The WHO, the CDC, and the U.S. surgeon general urged people not to wear masks, hoping to preserve the limited stocks for health-care workers. These messages were offered without nuance or acknowledgement of uncertainty, so when they were reversedthe virus is worse than the flu; wear masksthe changes seemed like befuddling flip-flops.

The media added to the confusion. Drawn to novelty, journalists gave oxygen to fringe anti-lockdown protests while most Americans quietly stayed home. They wrote up every incremental scientific claim, even those that hadnt been verified or peer-reviewed.

There were many such claims to choose from. By tying career advancement to the publishing of papers, academia already creates incentives for scientists to do attention-grabbing but irreproducible work. The pandemic strengthened those incentives by prompting a rush of panicked research and promising ambitious scientists global attention.

In March, a small and severely flawed French study suggested that the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine could treat COVID19. Published in a minor journal, it likely would have been ignored a decade ago. But in 2020, it wended its way to Donald Trump via a chain of credulity that included Fox News, Elon Musk, and Dr. Oz. Trump spent months touting the drug as a miracle cure despite mounting evidence to the contrary, causing shortages for people who actually needed it to treat lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. The hydroxychloroquine story was muddied even further by a study published in a top medical journal, The Lancet, that claimed the drug was not effective and was potentially harmful. The paper relied on suspect data from a small analytics company called Surgisphere, and was retracted in June.**

Science famously self-corrects. But during the pandemic, the same urgent pace that has produced valuable knowledge at record speed has also sent sloppy claims around the world before anyone could even raise a skeptical eyebrow. The ensuing confusion, and the many genuine unknowns about the virus, has created a vortex of fear and uncertainty, which grifters have sought to exploit. Snake-oil merchants have peddled ineffectual silver bullets (including actual silver). Armchair experts with scant or absent qualifications have found regular slots on the nightly news. And at the center of that confusion is Donald Trump.

During a pandemic, leaders must rally the public, tell the truth, and speak clearly and consistently. Instead, Trump repeatedly contradicted public-health experts, his scientific advisers, and himself. He said that nobody ever thought a thing like [the pandemic] could happen and also that he felt it was a pandemic long before it was called a pandemic. Both statements cannot be true at the same time, and in fact neither is true.

A month before his inauguration, I wrote that the question isnt whether [Trump will] face a deadly outbreak during his presidency, but when. Based on his actions as a media personality during the 2014 Ebola outbreak and as a candidate in the 2016 election, I suggested that he would fail at diplomacy, close borders, tweet rashly, spread conspiracy theories, ignore experts, and exhibit reckless self-confidence. And so he did.

No one should be shocked that a liar who has made almost 20,000 false or misleading claims during his presidency would lie about whether the U.S. had the pandemic under control; that a racist who gave birth to birtherism would do little to stop a virus that was disproportionately killing Black people; that a xenophobe who presided over the creation of new immigrant-detention centers would order meatpacking plants with a substantial immigrant workforce to remain open; that a cruel man devoid of empathy would fail to calm fearful citizens; that a narcissist who cannot stand to be upstaged would refuse to tap the deep well of experts at his disposal; that a scion of nepotism would hand control of a shadow coronavirus task force to his unqualified son-in-law; that an armchair polymath would claim to have a natural ability at medicine and display it by wondering out loud about the curative potential of injecting disinfectant; that an egotist incapable of admitting failure would try to distract from his greatest one by blaming China, defunding the WHO, and promoting miracle drugs; or that a president who has been shielded by his party from any shred of accountability would say, when asked about the lack of testing, I dont take any responsibility at all.

Trump is a comorbidity of the COVID19 pandemic. He isnt solely responsible for Americas fiasco, but he is central to it. A pandemic demands the coordinated efforts of dozens of agencies. In the best circumstances, its hard to make the bureaucracy move quickly, Ron Klain said. It moves if the president stands on a table and says, Move quickly. But it really doesnt move if hes sitting at his desk saying its not a big deal.

In the early days of Trumps presidency, many believed that Americas institutions would check his excesses. They have, in part, but Trump has also corrupted them. The CDC is but his latest victim. On February 25, the agencys respiratory-disease chief, Nancy Messonnier, shocked people by raising the possibility of school closures and saying that disruption to everyday life might be severe. Trump was reportedly enraged. In response, he seems to have benched the entire agency. The CDC led the way in every recent domestic disease outbreak and has been the inspiration and template for public-health agencies around the world. But during the three months when some 2 million Americans contracted COVID19 and the death toll topped 100,000, the agency didnt hold a single press conference. Its detailed guidelines on reopening the country were shelved for a month while the White House released its own uselessly vague plan.

Again, everyday Americans did more than the White House. By voluntarily agreeing to months of social distancing, they bought the country time, at substantial cost to their financial and mental well-being. Their sacrifice came with an implicit social contractthat the government would use the valuable time to mobilize an extraordinary, energetic effort to suppress the virus, as did the likes of Germany and Singapore. But the government did not, to the bafflement of health experts. There are instances in history where humanity has really moved mountains to defeat infectious diseases, says Caitlin Rivers, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Its appalling that we in the U.S. have not summoned that energy around COVID19.

Instead, the U.S. sleepwalked into the worst possible scenario: People suffered all the debilitating effects of a lockdown with few of the benefits. Most states felt compelled to reopen without accruing enough tests or contact tracers. In April and May, the nation was stuck on a terrible plateau, averaging 20,000 to 30,000 new cases every day. In June, the plateau again became an upward slope, soaring to record-breaking heights.

Read: Ed Yong on living in a patchwork pandemic

Trump never rallied the country. Despite declaring himself a wartime president, he merely presided over a culture war, turning public health into yet another politicized cage match. Abetted by supporters in the conservative media, he framed measures that protect against the virus, from masks to social distancing, as liberal and anti-American. Armed anti-lockdown protesters demonstrated at government buildings while Trump egged them on, urging them to LIBERATE Minnesota, Michigan, and Virginia. Several public-health officials left their jobs over harassment and threats.

It is no coincidence that other powerful nations that elected populist leadersBrazil, Russia, India, and the United Kingdomalso fumbled their response to COVID19. When you have people elected based on undermining trust in the government, what happens when trust is what you need the most? says Sarah Dalglish of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, who studies the political determinants of health.

Trump is president, she says. How could it go well?

The countries that fared better against COVID19 didnt follow a universal playbook. Many used masks widely; New Zealand didnt. Many tested extensively; Japan didnt. Many had science-minded leaders who acted early; Hong Kong didntinstead, a grassroots movement compensated for a lax government. Many were small islands; not large and continental Germany. Each nation succeeded because it did enough things right.

Read: What really doomed Americas coronavirus response

Meanwhile, the United States underperformed across the board, and its errors compounded. The dearth of tests allowed unconfirmed cases to create still more cases, which flooded the hospitals, which ran out of masks, which are necessary to limit the viruss spread. Twitter amplified Trumps misleading messages, which raised fear and anxiety among people, which led them to spend more time scouring for information on Twitter. Even seasoned health experts underestimated these compounded risks. Yes, having Trump at the helm during a pandemic was worrying, but it was tempting to think that national wealth and technological superiority would save America. We are a rich country, and we think we can stop any infectious disease because of that, says Michael Osterholm, the director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota. But dollar bills alone are no match against a virus.

Public-health experts talk wearily about the panic-neglect cycle, in which outbreaks trigger waves of attention and funding that quickly dissipate once the diseases recede. This time around, the U.S. is already flirting with neglect, before the panic phase is over. The virus was never beaten in the spring, but many people, including Trump, pretended that it was. Every state reopened to varying degrees, and many subsequently saw record numbers of cases. After Arizonas cases started climbing sharply at the end of May, Cara Christ, the director of the states health-services department, said, We are not going to be able to stop the spread. And so we cant stop living as well. The virus may beg to differ.

At times, Americans have seemed to collectively surrender to COVID19. The White Houses coronavirus task force wound down. Trump resumed holding rallies, and called for less testing, so that official numbers would be rosier. The country behaved like a horror-movie character who believes the danger is over, even though the monster is still at large. The long wait for a vaccine will likely culminate in a predictable way: Many Americans will refuse to get it, and among those who want it, the most vulnerable will be last in line.

Still, there is some reason for hope. Many of the people I interviewed tentatively suggested that the upheaval wrought by COVID19 might be so large as to permanently change the nations disposition. Experience, after all, sharpens the mind. East Asian states that had lived through the SARS and MERS epidemics reacted quickly when threatened by SARSCoV2, spurred by a cultural memory of what a fast-moving coronavirus can do. But the U.S. had barely been touched by the major epidemics of past decades (with the exception of the H1N1 flu). In 2019, more Americans were concerned about terrorists and cyberattacks than about outbreaks of exotic diseases. Perhaps they will emerge from this pandemic with immunity both cellular and cultural.

There are also a few signs that Americans are learning important lessons. A June survey showed that 60 to 75 percent of Americans were still practicing social distancing. A partisan gap exists, but it has narrowed. In public-opinion polling in the U.S., high-60s agreement on anything is an amazing accomplishment, says Beth Redbird, a sociologist at Northwestern University, who led the survey. Polls in May also showed that most Democrats and Republicans supported mask wearing, and felt it should be mandatory in at least some indoor spaces. It is almost unheard-of for a public-health measure to go from zero to majority acceptance in less than half a year. But pandemics are rare situations when people are desperate for guidelines and rules, says Zo McLaren, a health-policy professor at the University of Maryland at Baltimore County. The closest analogy is pregnancy, she says, which is a time when womens lives are changing, and they can absorb a ton of information. A pandemic is similar: People are actually paying attention, and learning.

Redbirds survey suggests that Americans indeed sought out new sources of informationand that consumers of news from conservative outlets, in particular, expanded their media diet. People of all political bents became more dissatisfied with the Trump administration. As the economy nose-dived, the health-care system ailed, and the government fumbled, belief in American exceptionalism declined. Times of big social disruption call into question things we thought were normal and standard, Redbird told me. If our institutions fail us here, in what ways are they failing elsewhere? And whom are they failing the most?

Americans were in the mood for systemic change. Then, on May 25, George Floyd, who had survived COVID19s assault on his airway, asphyxiated under the crushing pressure of a police officers knee. The excruciating video of his killing circulated through communities that were still reeling from the deaths of Breonna Taylor and Ahmaud Arbery, and disproportionate casualties from COVID19. Americas simmering outrage came to a boil and spilled into its streets.

Defiant and largely cloaked in masks, protesters turned out in more than 2,000 cities and towns. Support for Black Lives Matter soared: For the first time since its founding in 2013, the movement had majority approval across racial groups. These protests were not about the pandemic, but individual protesters had been primed by months of shocking governmental missteps. Even people who might once have ignored evidence of police brutality recognized yet another broken institution. They could no longer look away.

It is hard to stare directly at the biggest problems of our age. Pandemics, climate change, the sixth extinction of wildlife, food and water shortagestheir scope is planetary, and their stakes are overwhelming. We have no choice, though, but to grapple with them. It is now abundantly clear what happens when global disasters collide with historical negligence.

COVID19 is an assault on Americas body, and a referendum on the ideas that animate its culture. Recovery is possible, but it demands radical introspection. America would be wise to help reverse the ruination of the natural world, a process that continues to shunt animal diseases into human bodies. It should strive to prevent sickness instead of profiting from it. It should build a health-care system that prizes resilience over brittle efficiency, and an information system that favors light over heat. It should rebuild its international alliances, its social safety net, and its trust in empiricism. It should address the health inequities that flow from its history. Not least, it should elect leaders with sound judgment, high character, and respect for science, logic, and reason.

The pandemic has been both tragedy and teacher. Its very etymology offers a clue about what is at stake in the greatest challenges of the future, and what is needed to address them. Pandemic. Pan and demos. All people.

* This article has been updated to clarify why 3.1 million Americans still cannot afford health insurance.

** This article originally mischaracterized similarities between two studies that were retracted in June, one in The Lancet and one in the New England Journal of Medicine. It has been updated to reflect that the latter study was not specifically about hydroxychloroquine.

This article appears in the September 2020 print edition with the headline Anatomy of an American Failure.

Listen to Ed Yong discuss this story on an episode of Social Distance, The Atlantics podcast about life in the pandemic:

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How the Pandemic Defeated America - The Atlantic