Beef industry in the middle of COP26 discussions, starting in Glasgow this week – Beef Central

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THE long-awaited COP26 climate summit has started in Scotland this week, with plenty of discussion about the global meat industry in the lead-up.

Meat taxes, drastic reductions in methane emissions and carbon abatement projects are on the agenda at the international policy summit, which is set to run for the next fortnight.

Since 1992 the United Nations has been bringing most countries on earth together for these climate change forums otherwise known as conference of the parties (COP).

This years Glasgow conference is the first significant meeting since the Paris agreement, where all countries agreed to work together to limit global warming. They each came up with a plan, known as Nationally Determined Contributions, and agreed to come back every five years with an update.

While countries have been formulating this years update, the beef industry has been prominent in discussions.

In the UK, the government has been debating whether to introduce taxes on red meat and dairy with some support in parliament and others, like the COP26 leader Alok Shrma, against the taxes.

A pledge to reduce global methane emissions by 30 percent before 2030 has been led by the US and European Union, with other countries signing on including Canada and the UK. Methane is the main emission from ruminant animals like cattle and sheep.

Australias contribution to the conference was centred around setting a target of net zero emissions by 2050, which came after drawn out negotiations between and Nationals and Liberal parties.

Prime Minister Scott Morrison has ruled out joining the Global Methane Pledge, opting for incentivised carbon sequestration projects and development of more efficient livestock supplementing.

Cattle Council of Australia president Markus Rathsmann.

The Cattle Council of Australia said it was on-board with cutting emissions and had been for a long time.

Weve cut our carbon footprint in half since 2005, while producing more beef, president Markus Rathsmann said.

Thats almost double our share of Australias 2030 Paris commitment with nine years to spare.

Mr Rathsmann said the cattle industry needed to be consulted before the government implemented more measures to reach its net zero plan.

The beef industry accounts for nearly 80 per cent of Australias agricultural land and will be vital to reaching any climate goals but it must be by choice. The right structure will create opportunities for producers, and they will want to be involved, he said.

I encourage our leaders to work in partnership with the beef producers so we can be part of the greater solution to our climate challenges.

While carbon sequestration played a major role the governments plan, The Australian newspaper reported at the weekend the Morrison Government plans to stop businesses from buying large tracts of agricultural land for carbon farming limiting carbon farms to a third of a farms area.

The plan was met with scepticism by industry association the Carbon Market Institute. CEO John Connor told Beef Central he was not sure how it could be legislated.

The Federal Government says it will be banning companies from buying large tracts of land for carbon farming.

We are still seeking clarification on that because its difficult to see how this will be operationalised in policy, Mr Connor said.

Arbitrary plans and numbers can be very unhelpful when landholders are trying to work out the best way to use their land.

We are still keen to work through this issue because we think carbon farming should enhance agricultural productivity, but we think there are other ways this can dealt with.

Mr Connor said he was hoping the summit answered some questions about the international carbon market.

There are rules about the carbon market, which were supposed to be resolved in 2018 and weve just been kicking the can down the road on them, he said.

We need to deal with some complex matters, like taking carbon credits and selling them from one country to another.

Hopefully we end up with a good simple set of rules for the Australian land sector and its competitors.

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Beef industry in the middle of COP26 discussions, starting in Glasgow this week - Beef Central

An Intolerable State of Affairs: The Supreme Court Is Looking Awfully Skeptical of Texass Antiabortion Law – Vanity Fair

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Deftly and unnervingly, all nine justices sidestepped that question and stuck to S.B. 8. Even Justice Clarence Thomas, perhaps the most antiabortion justice of them all, asked sensible procedural questions that revealed key weaknesses of S.B. 8. For instance, he asked the Texas solicitor general what is the civil injury in fact to the plaintiffs that the law was hoping to remedy. All Judd Stone, the Texas solicitor general, apparently could come up with was a scenario in which a pro-life person who finds out someone was having an abortion gets so upset that the injury suffered results in a tort of outrage. Thomas wasnt down with that. Forgive me, he said, but I dont recall an outrage injury.

The others followed suit. Does it matter that the bounty is $10,000 and not $1 million, as Roberts wondered? And given the procedural morass S.B. 8 has created, as Justice Elena Kagan put it, in the challenge brought by abortion clinics to the law, what should the Supreme Court fashion as the proper remedy? In the separate case by the Biden administration against Texas, does the Justice Department have limitless power to invoke that broad equity power to stop unlawful conduct whenever the government pleases, no matter the administration in charge, as Roberts asked? Or, at the request of the same federal government, is there precedent for allowing a judge to block the conduct of everyone in the country or the world [or] the cosmos, as Justice Neil Gorsuch seemed to worry might happen if the DOJ case were allowed to proceed?

These questions dont all have easy answers. And some of them, as is often the case in the gilded halls of the Supreme Court, were classic examples of justices playing devils advocate for extreme positions. A search for a limiting principle, as Roberts and other institutionalists who are afraid the floodgates will open, love to say. As for courts having the power to block anyone wishing to cash in on S.B. 8, Elizabeth Prelogar, the Biden administrations newly confirmed solicitor general, had this to tell Gorsuch, who suggested more than once that Merrick Garland may have overreached by suing Texas and all of its officers, employees, and agents, plus anyone else who ever invokes S.B. 8. In the history of the United States, Prelogar said, no state has done what Texas has done here.

A highly anticipated moment of the hearing came when Jonathan Mitchell, whom the New York Times identified as the architect of S.B. 8, took the lectern. The Supreme Court allowed him some time to arguenot to defend his own handiwork, but rather as the lawyer for a group of antiabortion private citizens contemplating lawsuits under S.B. 8. Kagan, earlier in the hearing, had already signaled disdain for Mitchell and his allies when she said that some geniuses had come up with a way to get around an earlier ruling that, in another era, might have stopped a law like S.B. 8 in its tracks. But none of the liberal justices pounced on Mitchell as may have been anticipated. And Mitchells own presentation, a little more than 10 minutes long, largely came and went without fireworks or major revelationsother than Mitchells clear antipathy towards the Justice Departments position.

The most important question of all may have come from Justice Stephen Breyer, who asked what would happen if what Texas patients are facing today were akin to Arkansas in 1957a dark time in our nations history, years after Brown v. Board of Education, when states were openly flouting that ruling and refusing to integrate their schools. What if someone wrote a bounty law to sue anyone who brings a Black child to a white school? Breyer wondered. Stone, the Texas lawyer defending S.B. 8, began to answer that Congress wouldve responded with a law to allow the federal government to intervene, as the Justice Department is intervening today to block the bounty hunter law. But Breyer wasnt having it. Congress was no help. I mean, believe me, they did nothing, or, if they did something, Im unaware of it, he said.

And thats the key weakness of S.B. 8. The reality remains that if that monstrosity is allowed to remain on the books, then theres no telling what other monstrosities are possible in the various states down the line. Itll be back to the 1950s. And Congress wont be able to stop them. Justice Sotomayor named a few of the likely consequences: Blue states could defy the Supreme Courts gun-rights decisions and allow anyone to drag to court law-abiding gun owners. Or states opposed to gay rights could defy the Supreme Courts pro-LGBTQ rulings and serve papers on anyone having consensual sex or officiating same-sex weddings. The sky is the limit. That would be an intolerable state of affairs and it cannot be the law, concluded Prelogar toward the end of the marathon session. Our constitutional guarantees cannot be that fragile. And the supremacy of federal law cannot be that easily subject to manipulation.

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An Intolerable State of Affairs: The Supreme Court Is Looking Awfully Skeptical of Texass Antiabortion Law - Vanity Fair

Coalition retains seat once held by disgraced LDP lawmaker | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis – Asahi Shimbun

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There were the usual election upsets and some surprises as voting in the Oct. 31 Lower House election pointed to a major victory for the ruling Liberal Democratic Party.

For example, attention on the Hiroshima No. 3 district prior to voting day largely concerned a money scandal that resulted in a husband-and-wife pair of LDP lawmakers resigning their seats.

But exit polls showed the seat will remain in the hands of the ruling coalition as Tetsuo Saito of junior coalition partner Komeito was set to win it.

The seat was formerly held by Katsuyuki Kawai of the LDP when he served as justice minister, but he was indicted on vote-buying charges stemming from the 2019 Upper House election of his wife, Anri. Both were found guilty and gave up their seats.

Saito is the land minister in Prime Minister Fumio Kishidas administration. Kishida represents a neighboring district in Hiroshima Prefecture.

The strong united front put up by the opposition parties resulted in the defeat of an LDP faction leader,Nobuteru Ishihara, a former LDP secretary-general and the son of former Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara.

Helost in the Tokyo No. 8 district to Harumi Yoshida of the main opposition Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan. But Nobuteru Ishihara was expected to retain a Lower House seat because he was also included in the LDPs proportional representation constituency in the Tokyo bloc.

Yoshida gained the support of other opposition parties, such as the Japanese Communist Party and Reiwa Shinsengumi, in the one-on-one battle with Ishihara.

A similar contest in Shikoku also led to the defeat of a former Cabinet minister.

Takuya Hirai, the state minister in charge of digitalization under Kishidas predecessor, Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga, before he resigned in September, lost in the Kagawa No. 1 district to Junya Ogawa of the CDP.

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Coalition retains seat once held by disgraced LDP lawmaker | The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis - Asahi Shimbun

Biological weapons and bioterrorism: Past, present, and future

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Biological weapons. The phrase alone could send chills down the spine. But what are they? How do they work? And are we really at risk? In this Spotlight, we survey their history and potential future.

Sometimes known as germ warfare, biological weapons involve the use of toxins or infectious agents that are biological in origin. This can include bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

These agents are used to incapacitate or kill humans, animals, or plants as part of a war effort.

In effect, biological warfare is using non-human life to disrupt or end human life. Because living organisms can be unpredictable and incredibly resilient, biological weapons are difficult to control, potentially devastating on a global scale, and prohibited globally under numerous treaties.

Of course, treaties and international laws are one thing and humanitys ability to find innovative ways of killing each other is another.

The history of biological warfare is a long one, which makes sense; its deployment can be a lo-fi affair, so there is no need for electrical components, nuclear fusion, or rocket grade titanium, for instance.

An early example takes us back more than 2 and a half millennia: Assyrians infected their enemys wells with a rye ergot fungus, which contains chemicals related to LSD. Consuming the tainted water produced a confused mental state, hallucinations, and, in some cases, death.

In the 1300s, Tartar (Mongol) warriors besieged the Crimean city of Kaffa. During the siege, many Tartars died at the hands of plague, and their lifeless, infected bodies were hurled over the city walls.

Some researchers believe that this tactic may have been responsible for the spread of Black Death plague into Europe. If so, this early use of biological warfare caused the eventual deaths of around 25 million Europeans.

This is a prime example of biological warfares potential scope, unpredictability, and terrifying simplicity.

Moving forward to 1763, the British Army attmped to use smallpox as a weapon against Native Americans at the Siege of Fort Pitt. In an attempt to spread the disease to the locals, the Brits presented blankets from a smallpox hospital as gifts.

Although we now know that this would be a relatively ineffective way to transmit smallpox, the intent was there.

During World War II, many of the parties involved looked into biological warfare with great interest. The Allies built facilities capable of mass producing anthrax spores, brucellosis, and botulism toxins. Thankfully, the war ended before they were used.

It was the Japanese who made the most use of biological weapons during World War II, as among other terrifyingly indiscriminate attacks, the Japanese Army Air Force dropped ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague on Ningbo, China.

The following quote comes from a paper on the history of biological warfare.

[T]he Japanese army poisoned more than 1,000 water wells in Chinese villages to study cholera and typhus outbreaks. [] Some of the epidemics they caused persisted for years and continued to kill more than 30,000 people in 1947, long after the Japanese had surrendered.

Dr. Friedrich Frischknecht, professor of integrative parasitology, Heidelberg University, Germany

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define bioterrorism as the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, or other germs that can sicken or kill people, livestock, or crops.

This can be achieved in a number of ways, such as: via aerosol sprays; in explosive devices; via food or water; or absorbed or injected into skin.

Because some pathogens are less robust than others, the type of pathogen used will define how it can be deployed.

Utilizing such weapons holds a certain appeal to terrorists; they have the potential to cause great harm, of course, but they are also fairly cheap to produce when compared with missiles or other more hi-tech equipment.

Also, they can be detonated, and, due to the long time that it takes for them to spread and take effect, there is plenty of time for the perpetrator to escape undetected.

Biological weapons can be difficult to control or predict in a battlefield situation, since there is a substantial risk that troops on both sides will be affected. However, if a terrorist is interested in attacking a distant target as a lone operant, bioterrorism carries much less risk to the person.

Experts believe that today, the most likely organism to be used in a bioterrorism attack would be Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax.

It is widely found in nature, easily produced in the laboratory, and survives for a long time in the environment. Also, it is versatile and can be released in powders, sprays, water, or food.

Anthrax has been used before. In 2001, anthrax spores were sent through the United States postal system. In all, 22 people contracted anthrax five of whom died. And, the guilty party was never caught.

Another potential agent of bioterrorism is smallpox, which, unlike anthrax, can spread from person to person. Smallpox is no longer a disease of concern in the natural world because concerted vaccination efforts stamped it out and the last naturally spread case occurred in 1977.

However, if someone were to gain access to the smallpox virus (it is still kept in two laboratories one in the U.S. and one in Russia), it could be an effective weapon, spreading quickly and easily between people.

We have already mentioned the Tartars use of the plague, Yersinia pestis, hundreds of years ago, but some believe that it could be used in the modern world, too. Y. pestis is passed to humans through the bite of a flea that has fed on infected rodents.

Once a human is infected, the resulting disease can either develop into bubonic plague, which is difficult to transmit among humans and fairly easy to treat with antibiotics, or if the infection spreads to the lungs it becomes pneumonic plague, which develops rapidly and does not respond well to antibiotics.

A paper written on the plague and its potential for use in biological terrorism says:

Given the presence and availability of plague around the world, the capacity for mass production and aerosol dissemination, the high fatality rate of pneumonic plague, and the potential for rapid secondary spread, the potential use of plague as a biological weapon is of great concern.

Dr. Stefan Riedel, Department of Pathology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX

As a potentially severe and sometimes deadly gastrointestinal disease, cholera has the potential to be used in bioterrorism. It does not spread easily from person to person, so for it to be effective, it would need to be liberally added to a major water source.

In the past, the bacteria responsible for cholera, Vibrio cholerae, has been weaponized by the U.S., Japan, South Africa, and Iraq, among others.

Some consider tularemia, an infection caused by the Francisella tularensis bacterium, as a potential bioweapon. It causes fever, ulcerations, swelling of lymph glands, and, sometimes, pneumonia.

The bacterium can cause infection by entering through breaks in the skin or by being breathed into the lungs. It is particularly infectious, and only a very small number of organisms (as few as 10) need to enter the body to set off a serious bout of tularemia.

Studied by the Japanese during World War II and stockpiled by the U.S. in the 1960s, F. tularensis is hardy, capable of withstanding low temperatures in water, hay, decaying carcasses, and moist soil for many weeks.

According to the Johns Hopkins Center for Public Health Preparedness, Aerosol dissemination of F. tularensis in a populated area would be expected to result in the abrupt onset of large numbers of cases of acute, non-specific, febrile illness beginning 3 to 5 days later [], with pleuropneumonitis developing in a significant proportion of cases.

Without antibiotic treatment, the clinical course could progress to respiratory failure, shock, and death.

Those pathogens are an abbreviated selection, of course. Others considered to have potential as biological weapons include brucellosis, Q fever, monkeypox, arboviral encephalitides, viral hemorrhagic fevers, and staphylococcal enterotoxin B.

Although biological weapons are as old as the hills (if not older), modern technology brings new worries. Some experts are concerned about recent advances in gene editing technology.

When utilized for good, the latest tools can work wonders. However as with most cutting-edge technology there is always the potential for misuse.

A gene editing technology called CRISPR has set off alarm bells in the defense community; the technology allows researchers to edit genomes, thereby easily modifying DNA sequences to alter gene function.

In the right hands, this tool has the potential to correct genetic defects and treat disease. In the wrong hands, however, it has the potential for evil.

CRISPR technology is becoming cheaper to run and therefore more accessible to individuals bent on bioterrorism.

A report titled Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community, written by James Clapper, the director of National Intelligence, was published in February 2016. In it, gene editing features in a list of weapons of mass destruction and proliferation.

Given the broad distribution, low cost, and accelerated pace of development of this dual-use technology, he explains, its deliberate or unintentional misuse might lead to far-reaching economic and national security implications.

Advances in genome editing in 2015, he continues, have compelled groups of high-profile U.S. and European biologists to question unregulated editing of the human germline (cells that are relevant for reproduction), which might create inheritable genetic changes.

With future generations of CRISPR-like technology and an advanced knowledge of genetics, there would be no theoretical end to the misery that could be caused. Theres potential to create drug-resistant strains of diseases, for instance, or pesticide-protected bugs, capable of wiping out a countrys staple crop.

For now, however, other methods of bioterrorism are much easier and closer to hand, so this is likely to be of little concern for the foreseeable future.

In fact, to lighten the mood at the end of a somewhat heavy article, just remember that anyone who lives in the U.S. today is much more likely to be killed in an animal attack than a terrorist attack biological or otherwise.

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Biological weapons and bioterrorism: Past, present, and future

Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War …

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Allegations of US biological warfare

Allegations that the United States military used biological weapons in the Korean War (June 1950 July 1953) were raised by the governments of People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and North Korea. The claims were first raised in 1951. The story was covered by the worldwide press and led to a highly publicized international investigation in 1952. Secretary of State Dean Acheson and other American and allied government officials denounced the allegations as a hoax. Subsequent scholars are split about the truth of the claims.

Until the end of World War II, Japan operated a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit called Unit 731 in Harbin (now China). The unit's activities, including human experimentation, were documented by the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials conducted by the Soviet Union in December 1949. However, at that time, the US government described the Khabarovsk trials as "vicious and unfounded propaganda".[1] It was later revealed that the accusations made against the Japanese military were correct. The US government had taken over the research at the end of the war and had then covered up the program.[2] Leaders of Unit 731 were exempted from war crimes prosecution by the United States and then placed on the payroll of the US.[3]

On 30 June 1950, soon after the outbreak of the Korean War, the US Defense Secretary George Marshall received the Report of the Committee on Chemical, Biological and Radiological Warfare and Recommendations, which advocated urgent development of a biological weapons program.[4] The biological weapons research facility at Fort Detrick, Maryland was expanded, and a new one in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, was developed.[5]

During 1951, as the war turned against the United States, the Chinese and North Koreans made vague allegations of biological warfare, but these were not pursued.[6][7][8] General Matthew Ridgway, United Nations Commander in Korea, denounced the initial charges as early as May 1951. He accused the communists of spreading "deliberate lies". A few days later, Vice Admiral Charles Turner Joy repeated the denials.[8]

On 28 January 1952, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army headquarters received a report of a smallpox outbreak southeast of Incheon. From February to March 1952, more bulletins reported disease outbreaks in the area of Chorwon, Pyongyang, Kimhwa and even Manchuria.[9] The Chinese soon became concerned when 13 Korean and 16 Chinese soldiers contracted cholera and the plague, while another 44 recently deceased were tested positive for meningitis.[10] Although the Chinese and the North Koreans did not know exactly how the soldiers contracted the diseases, the suspicions soon fell on the Americans.[9]

On 22 February 1952, the North Korean Foreign Minister, Bak Hon Yon, made a formal allegation that American planes had been dropping infected insects onto North Korea. He added that the Americans were "openly collaborating with the Japanese bacteriological war criminals, the former jackals of the Japanese militarists whose crimes are attested to by irrefutable evidence. Among the Japanese war criminals sent to Korea were Shiro Ishii, Jiro Wakamatsu and Masajo Kitano."[11] Bak's accusations were immediately denied by the US government. The accusation was supported by eye-witness accounts by the Australian reporter Wilfred Burchett and others.[12][13]

In June 1952 the United States proposed to the United Nations Security Council that the Council request the International Red Cross investigate the allegations. The Soviet Union vetoed the American resolution due to extensive US influence inside the Red Cross, and, along with its allies, continued to insist on the veracity of the biological warfare accusations.[8]

In February 1953, China and North Korea produced two captured US Marine Corps pilots to support the allegations. Colonel Frank Schwable was reported to have stated that: "The basic objective was at that time to get under field conditions various elements of bacteriological warfare and possibly expand field tests at a later date into an element of regular combat operations."[8] Schwable's statement said that B-29s flew biological warfare missions to Korea from airfields in American-occupied Okinawa starting in November 1951.[14] Schwable's statement was obtained following months of torture and abuse at the hands of his captors, according to the US military.[15] Other captured Americans such as Colonel Walker "Bud" Mahurin made similar statements.[8][15]

Upon release the prisoners of war repudiated their confessions which they said had been extracted by torture.[16] However, the retractions happened in front of military cameras after the United States government threatened to charge the POWs with treason for cooperating with their captors.[citation needed]

When the International Red Cross and the World Health Organization ruled out biological warfare, the Chinese government denounced them as being biased by the influence of US, and arranged an investigation by the Soviet-affiliated World Peace Council.[17] The World Peace Council set up the "International Scientific Commission for the Facts Concerning Bacterial Warfare in China and Korea" (ISC). This commission had several distinguished scientists and doctors from France, Italy, Sweden, Brazil and Soviet Union, including renowned British biochemist and sinologist Joseph Needham. The commission's findings included dozens of eyewitnesses, testimonies from doctors, medical samples from the deceased, bomb casings as well as four American Korean War prisoners who confirmed the US use of biological warfare.[18][19][17] On 15 September 1952, the final report was signed, stating that the US was experimenting with biological weapons in Korea.[18][20]

The full ISC report, including all appendices, was posted for the first time online in downloadable PDF format in February 2018 by Jeffrey Kaye of INSURGE Intelligence.[18][19]

The report suggested a link to the World War II Japanese germ warfare Unit 731.[18][21] Former Unit 731 members Shir Ishii, Masaji Kitano, and Ryoichi Naito, and other Japanese biological warfare experts were often named in the allegations.[8] Former members of Unit 731 were linked initially, by a Communist news agency, to a freighter that allegedly carried them and all equipment necessary to mount a biological warfare campaign to Korea in 1951.[8] The commission placed credence on allegations that Ishii made two visits to South Korea in early 1952, and another one in March 1953.[8] The official consensus in China was that biological weapons created from an American-Japanese collaboration were used in the Korean episode.[22][8] Citing the claims Ishii had visited South Korea, the report stated: "Whether occupation authorities in Japan had fostered his activities, and whether the American Far Eastern Command was engaged in making use of methods essentially Japanese, were questions which could hardly have been absent from the minds of members of the Commission."[23]

The International Association of Democratic Lawyers (IADL) publicized these claims in its 1952 "Report on U.S. Crimes in Korea",[24] as did US journalist John W. Powell.[25]

The Communists also alleged that US Brigadier General Crawford Sams had carried out a secret mission behind their lines at Wonsan in March 1951, testing biological weapons.[26] The US government said that he had actually been investigating a reported outbreak of bubonic plague in North Korea, but had determined it was hemorrhagic smallpox. Sams' mission had been launched from the US Navy's LCI(L)-1091, which had been converted to a laboratory ship in 1951.[27] During its time in Korea, the ship was assigned as an epidemiological control ship[28] for Fleet Epidemic Disease Control Unit No. 1, a part of the US effort to combat malaria in Korea.[29] After covert missions in North Korea, from October to September 1951, LSIL-1091 was at Koje-do testing residents and refugees for malaria.[30]

Some authors have emphasized Sams' relationship with biological warfare actors, which both China and North Korea found suspicious. According to Japanese historian, Takemae Eiji, Sams had a relationship with the former members of Imperial Japan's biological warfare department, Unit 731. Appointed by General MacArthur as the head of the post-war Occupation government's Public Health & Welfare Section, Sams was instrumental in founding Japan's National Institute of Health, whose first Deputy Director, Kojima Sabur, was an Ishii associate. Sabur then recruited other former former Unit 731 personnel for the new Institute. According to Eiji, "Sams and others in PH&W not only knew of these men's sordid pasts but actively solicited their cooperation to further PH&W goals.... Sams and his staff became, in effect, co-conspirators after the fact in those wartime crimes".[31]

The US and its allies responded by describing the allegations as a hoax.[12] The US government declared the IADL to be a Communist front organization since 1950, and charged Powell with sedition.[25][32][33] In a highly publicized 1959 trial, Powell was indicted on 13 counts of sedition for reporting on the allegations, while two of his editors were indicted on one count of sedition each. All charges were dropped after the trial ended in mistrial after five years. However, Powell was then blacklisted and thereafter unable to secure work as a journalist for the rest of his life.[25]

Intriguingly, according to news reports during the trial, the U.S. Attorney in the case, James B. Schnake, submitted an affidavit in which he stated the U.S. government was prepared to stipulate "that during the period Jan. 1, 1949, through July 27, 1953, the United States Army had a capability to wage both chemical and biological warfare offensively and defensively.... Responsible officials in the Department of Defense have determined the revelations of detailed records on this subject would be highly detrimental to the national security."[34]

American authorities long denied the charges of postwar Japanese-United States cooperation in biological warfare developments, despite later incontrovertible proof that the US pardoned Unit 731 in exchange for their research, according to Sheldon H. Harris.[8] But in December 1998, in a letter from Department of Justice official Eli Rosenbaum to Rabbi Abraham Cooper of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, a U.S. government official admitted that the U.S. had made an amnesty agreement with Shiro Ishii and personnel from Unit 731, despite known crimes committed by Ishii and associates concerning illegal human experimentation. The letter wasn't made public until published by Jeffrey Kaye in May 2017.[35]

Australian journalist, Denis Warner, suggested that the story was concocted by Wilfred Burchett as part of his alleged role as a KGB agent of influence. Warner pointed out the similarity of the allegations to a science fiction story by Jack London, a favorite author of Burchett's.[36] However, the notion that Burchett originated the "hoax" has been decisively refuted by one of his most trenchant critics, Tibor Mray.[37] Mray worked as a correspondent for the Hungarian People's Republic during the war but fled the country after the abortive Hungarian Revolution of 1956. Now a staunch anti-Communist, he has confirmed that he saw clusters of flies crawling on ice.[38] Mray has argued the evidence was the result of an elaborate conspiracy: "Now somehow or other these flies must have been brought there... the work must have been carried out by a large network covering the whole of North Korea."[39]

Recent research has indicated that, regardless of the accuracy of the allegations, the Chinese acted as if they were true.[9] After learning of the outbreaks, Mao Zedong immediately requested Soviet assistance on disease preventions, while the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Logistics Department was mobilized for anti-bacteriological warfare.[40] On the Korean battlefield, four anti-bacteriological warfare research centers were soon set up, while about 5.8 million doses of vaccine and 200,000 gas masks were delivered to the front.[41] Within China, 66 quarantine stations were also set up along the Chinese borders, while about 5 million Chinese in Manchuria were inoculated.[40] The Chinese government also initiated the "Patriotic Health and Epidemic Prevention Campaign" and directed every citizen to kill flies, mosquitoes and fleas.[40] These disease prevention measures soon resulted in an improvement of health for Communist soldiers on the Korean battlefield.[41] Tibor Mray provided eyewitness account of North Korea conducting an "unprecedented campaign of public health" during the allegation.[42]

Some historians have offered other explanations to the disease outbreaks during the spring of 1952. For example, it has been noted that spring time is usually a period of epidemics within China and North Korea,[40] and years of warfare had also caused a breakdown in the Korean health care system. US military historians have argued that under these circumstances, diseases could easily spread throughout the entire military and civilian populations within Korea.[43][44]

In 1986, Australian historian Gavan McCormack argued that the claim of US biological warfare use was "far from inherently implausible", pointing out that one of the POWs who confessed, Walker Mahurin, was in fact associated with Fort Detrick.[45] He also pointed out that, as the deployment of nuclear and chemical weapons was considered, there is no reason to believe that ethical principles would have overruled the resort to biological warfare.[46] He also suggested that the outbreak in 1951 of viral haemorrhagic fever, which had previously been unknown in Korea, was linked to biological warfare.[47] However, by 2004, McCormack had changed his mind. In a book about North Korea, he wrote that the alleged Soviet archival documents published by Kathryn Weathersby and Milton Leitenberg in 1998 (see discussion in section on "Endicott and Hagerman" below) had provided a fragmentary, but persuasive, explanation of what had actually happened in relation to the germ warfare charges. According to McCormack, Analysis of these documents makes it seem almost certain that there was a vigorous, complex, contrived, and fraudulent international campaign on the part of the North Koreans, the Chinese, and the Russians a gigantic fraud.[48]

In a 1988 book Korea: The Unknown War, historians Jon Halliday and Bruce Cumings also suggested the claims might be true.[49][50] They questioned whether the North Koreans and the Chinese could have "mounted a spectacular piece of fraudulent theater, involving the mobilization of thousands", getting scores of Chinese doctors, scientists, and senior officials "to fake evidence, lie and invent medical fraud", allocating much of their already stretched logistical resource to defend against biological warfare, all for a propaganda campaign against US.[50]

In 1989, a British study of Unit 731 strongly supported the theory of United StatesJapanese biological warfare culpability in Korea.[8]

In 1995, using available Chinese documents, historian Shu Guang Zhang of University of Maryland[51] stated that there is little, if any information that currently exists on the Chinese side which explains how the Chinese scientists came up with the conclusion of US biological warfare during the disease outbreak in the spring of 1952. Zhang further theorized that the allegation was caused by unfounded rumors and scientific investigations on the allegation was purposely ignored on the Chinese side for the sake of domestic and international propaganda.[52]

Published in Japan in 2001, the book Rikugun Noborito Kenkyujo no shinjitsu or The Truth About the Army Noborito Institute stated that members of Japan's Unit 731 also worked for the "chemical section" of a US clandestine unit hidden within Yokosuka Naval Base during the Korean War as well as on projects inside the United States from 1955 to 1959.[53]

According to Jeffrey Kaye's interpretation of a "Memorandum of Conversation" from the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) dated 6 July 1953 (and declassified and released by the CIA in 2006),[54] the US protestations at the United Nations did not mean the US was serious about conducting any investigation into biological warfare charges, despite what the government said publicly. The reason the US didn't want any investigation was because an "actual investigation" would reveal military operations, "which, if revealed, could do us psychological as well as military damage". The memorandum, which had been sent to CIA director Allen Dulles, specifically stated as an example of what could be revealed "Eighth Army preparations or operations (e.g. chemical warfare)."[55][unreliable source?]

Investigative journalist Simon Winchester concluded in 2008 that Soviet intelligence was sceptical of the allegation, but that North Korea leader Kim Il Sung believed it.[56] Winchester said the question "has still not been satisfactorily answered".[57]

Entomologist Jeffrey A. Lockwood wrote in 2009 that the biological warfare program at Ft. Detrick began to research the use of insects as disease vectors going back to World War II and also employed German and Japanese scientists after the war who had experimented on human subjects among POWs and concentration camp inmates. Scientists used or attempted to use a wide variety of insects in their biowar plans, including fleas, ticks, ants, lice and mosquitoes especially mosquitoes that carried the yellow fever virus. They also tested these in the United States. Lockwood thinks that it is very likely that the US did use insects dropped from aircraft during the Korean War to spread diseases, and that the Chinese and North Koreans were not simply engaged in a propaganda campaign when they made these allegations, since the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of Defense had approved their use in the fall of 1950 at the "earliest practicable time". At that time, it had five biowarfare agents ready for use, three of which were spread by insect vectors.[58]

In March 2010, the allegations were investigated by the Al Jazeera English news program People & Power.[59] In this program, Professor Mori Masataka investigated historical artifacts in the form of bomb casings from US biological weapons, contemporary documentary evidence and eyewitness testimonies. The program also uncovered a crucial document in the US National Archives which showed that in September 1951, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff issued orders to start "large scale field tests ... to determine the effectiveness of specific BW [bacteriological warfare] agents under operational conditions".[59] Masataka concluded that: "Use of germ weapons in war is in breach of the Geneva Convention. I think that's why the Americans are refusing to admit the allegations. But I have no doubt. I'm absolutely sure that this happened.[59] The program concluded by noting that no conclusive evidence of the US's innocence or culpability has ever been presented.[59]

Yanhuang Chunqiu, a liberal monthly journal in China, published an account in 2013 allegedly from Wu Zhili, the former surgeon general of Chinese People's Voluntary Army Logistic Department, which said that the bio warfare allegation was a false alarm, and that he had been forced to fabricate evidence.[60][61][62] This account was published after the author's death in 2008. Its authenticity subsequently has been called into question by the Chinese Memorial of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea as unverifiable, because every single figure involved in the alleged private conversations and insider events from the account who could testify otherwise, had died before the date of publication.[63] The museum also refuted the account's claim that "not one casualty resulted from events associated with biological warfare" as there are many clear records of such casualties, and claimed that it's implausible for a meager medical officer back then to have the technical knowledge to fool dozens of international medical experts signing the ISC report.[63]

In 2019, the Pyongyang Times repeated the allegation, and said that the US government was continuing to develop biological warfare capabilities to use against North Korea.[64]

In 1998, Canadian researchers and historians Stephen L. Endicott and Edward Hagerman of York University made the case that the accusations were true in their book, The United States and Biological Warfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea.[65]

The book received mostly positive reviews, but with some negative criticism, with a US Military Academy professor calling the book an example of "bad history"[66] and with another review in The New York Times calling the book's lack of direct evidence "appalling",[67] although neither of these two negative reviews considers either the admissions that the US deployed chemical and biological weapons by Colonels Schwable and Mahurin, or the US chemical and biological weapons caches at locations such as Camp Detrick.

Many other reviews praised the research, with the director of East Asian studies at University of Pennsylvania saying "Endicott and Hagerman is far and away the most authoritative work on the subject", a review in Korean Quarterly calling it "a fascinating work of serious scholarship...presenting a compelling argument that the United States did, in fact, secretly experiment with biological weapons during the Korean War", and a review in The Nation calling it "the most impressive, expertly researched and, as far as the official files allow, the best-documented case for the prosecution yet made".[66] A staff writer at state-owned China Daily noted that their book was the only one to have combined research across United States, Japan, Canada, Europe and China, as they were "the first foreigners to be given access to classified documents in the Chinese Central Archives".[66]

In response, Kathryn Weathersby and Milton Leitenberg of the Cold War International History Project at the Woodrow Wilson Center released a cache of Soviet and Chinese documents in 1998 that they said revealed the allegations to have been an elaborate disinformation campaign.[68] The handcopied documents are purportedly from Russian Presidential Archive, discovered by a Japanese reporter Yasuo Naito of Sankei Shimbun, a major conservative anti-communist Japanese national newspaper. Weathersby admitted that due to the way the documents are collected, there is no way to confirm their authenticity as seals, stamps or signature are missing, but due to their complexity and interwoven content, they are "extremely difficult to forge" and thus credible sources.[68] They said that North Korea's health minister traveled in 1952 to the remote Manchurian city of Mukden where he procured a culture of plague bacilli which was used to infect condemned criminals as part of an elaborate disinformation scheme. Tissue samples were then used to fool the international investigators. The papers included telegrams and reports of meetings among Soviet and Chinese leaders, including Mao Zedong. A report to Lavrenti Beria, head of Soviet intelligence, for example, stated: "False plague regions were created, burials... were organized, measures were taken to receive the plague and cholera bacillus." These documents revealed that only after Stalin's death the following year did the Soviet Union halt the disinformation campaign.[69] Weathersby and Leitenberg consider their evidence to be conclusivethat the allegations were disinformation and no biological warfare use occurred.[70][71][72] In 2001, anti-communist writer Herbert Romerstein supported Weathersby and Leitenberg's position while criticizing Endicott's research on the basis that it is based on accounts provided by the Chinese government.[73]

In turn, Endicott and Hagerman responded to Weathersby and Leitenberg, noting that the documents are in fact handwritten copies and "the original source is not disclosed, the name of the collection is not identified, nor is there a volume number which would allow other scholars to locate and check the documents". They claimed that even if genuine the documents do not prove the United States did not use biological weapons, and they pointed out various errors and inconsistencies in Weathersby and Leitenberg's analysis.[74] According to Australian author and judge, Michael Pembroke, the documents associated with Beria (published by Weathersby and Leitenberg) were mostly created during the time of the power struggle after Stalin's death and are therefore questionable.[75] In 2018, he concluded that: "It seems likely that the full story of the United States' involvement in biological warfare in Korea has not yet been told."[76]

In September 2020, Jeffrey Kaye, who posted a few dozen CIA communications intelligence [COMINT] reports detailing germ warfare attacks by U.S. planes, has said[77] the cache of CIA documents helps disprove the Weathersby/Leitenberg Soviet documents by showing that many of the claims in them are demonstratively false. Kaye wrote, "The information from the COMINT data corroborates charges that North Korea and China were under bacteriological attack in 1952, and disconfirms some of the evidence offered suggesting the attacks were really a hoax or an exaggerated response to presumed, but more innocent attack."

As one example of the disproof of assertions by Leitenberg and Weathersby, he states that the latter two authors support for the Soviet archival documents claim that the Soviet Union, China and North Korea all ceased making biological weapons charges in early 1953. But both newspaper records and CIA source documents show that such claims continued throughout 1953 and thereafter.[78][79][80] Even more, Kaye states that the CIA documents included with his article corroborate other accounts of germ warfare by both China and North Korea's government, and hundreds of witnesses interviewed over the years, including by IACL and ISC investigators, Al Jazeera, and British investigators Peter Williams and David Wallace.[81]

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Chemical and Biological Weapons Status at a Glance | Arms …

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BIOLOGICAL WEAPONSCHEMICAL WEAPONSALBANIA

State declaration: Although it joined the CWC in 1994, Albania did not acknowledge its possession of 16 metric tons of mustard agent (as well as small quantities of lewisite and other chemicals) until 2003. The OPCW declared Albanias destruction complete in July 2007.

State Declaration: China states that it is in compliance with its BWC obligations and that it has never had an active BW program.

Allegations: According to the United States, Chinas BW activities have been extensive, and a 1993 State Department Compliance Report alleged that activities continued after China joined the BWC. The 2019 State Department Report on Compliance with Arms Control, Nonproliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments indicates that China is engaged in biological research with potential dual-use applications. According to the report, the United States does not have sufficient information to determine whether China eliminated its assessed biological warfare (BW) program.

State Declaration: China states that it is in compliance with the CWC. China declared in 1997 that it had a small offensive CW program that has now been dismantled, which has been verified by over 400 inspections by the OPCW as of 2016.

Allegations: The U.S. alleged in 2003 that China has an advanced chemical weapons research and development program. However, these allegations have decreased in magnitude in recent years and the State Departments 2019 report on compliance with the CWC cited no such concerns.

Other Information: Approximately 350,000 chemical munitions were left on Chinese soil by Japan during the Second World War. Work with Japan to dispose of these is ongoing.

State declaration: Cuba denies any BW research efforts.

Allegations: A 2003 State Department Compliance Report indicated that Cuba had at least a limited developmental offensive biological warfare research and development effort. The 2010 report claimed that available information did not indicate Cubas dual-use activities during the reporting period involved activities prohibited by the BWC. The 2017 report did not mention any problems with Cubas compliance with BWC.

Allegations of BW programs have been made by Cuban defectors in the past.

Other information: Cuba has a relatively advanced biotechnology industrial capabilities.

State declaration: A vague statement alluding to a BW capability was reportedly made by President al-Sadat in 1970, but Egypt has not officially declared a biological weapons stockpile.

Allegations: There have been various allegations that Egypt possesses biological weapons. Some argue that Egypts reluctance to ratify the BWC signals that it does possess biological weapons. The United States alleged that Egypt had developed a biological weapons stockpile by 1972. The 2014 State Department compliance report notes that Egypt has "continued to improve its biotechnology infrastructure" over the past three years, including through research and development activities involving genetic engineering, as of 2013's end, "available information did not indicate that Egypt is engaged in activities prohibited by the BWC."

Allegations: There is strong evidence that Egypt employed bombs and artillery shells filled with phosgene and mustard agents during the Yemen Civil War from (1963 1967) but it is unclear if Egypt currently possesses chemical weapons. In 1989, the United States and Switzerland alleged that Egypt was producing chemical weapons in a plant north of Cairo. As a non-party to the CWC, Egypt has not had to issue any formal declarations about CW programs and capabilities.

State declaration: India declared in June 1997 that it possessed a CW stockpile of 1,044 metric tons of mustard agent. India completed destruction of its stockpile in 2009.

State declaration: Iran has publicly denounced BW.

Allegations:The Defense Intelligence Agency alleged in 2009 that Irans BW efforts may have evolved beyond agent R&D, and we believe Iran likely has the capability to produce small quantities of BW agents but may only have a limited ability to weaponize them. In the 2019 State Department compliance report, the United States alleged that Iran has not abandoned its intention to conduct research and development of biological agents and toxins for offensive purposes, and accused Iran of conducing BW research under pharmaceutical auspices including by constructing a plant for pharmaceutical botulinum toxin.

State declaration: Iran has denounced the possession and use of CW in international forums.

Allegations: Pre-2003 U.S. intelligence assessments alleged that Iran had a stockpile of CW. This stockpile is thought to have included blister, blood, and choking agents and probably nerve agents. The United States accused Iran in 2019 of non-compliance with the CWC for an incomplete stockpile and facilities declaration and alleged concern that Iran may be pursuing pharmaceutical-based agents for a military purpose.

Other information: Iran suffered tens of thousands of casualties from Iraqi use of chemical weapons during the1980-1988 Iran-Iraq war. Irans CW program is believed to have been started after Iraqi CW use. There are no known credible allegations that Iran used any chemical weapons against Iraq in response.

State declaration: Iraq admitted to testing and stockpiling BW in the mid-1990s. These stockpiles appear to have been destroyed prior to the 2003 invasion. There have been no declarations about BW after 2003.

State declaration: Iraq had an extensive chemical weapons program before the Persian Gulf War dating back to the 1960s under which it produced and stockpiled mustard, tabun, sarin, and VX. Iraq delivered chemical agents against Iranian forces during the Iran-Iraq War using aerial bombs, artillery, rocket launchers, tactical rockets, and helicopter-mounted sprayers and it also used chemical weapons against its Kurdish population in 1988. Its program was largely dismantled by United Nations weapons inspectors in the 1990s.

Iraq declared in August 1998 that it had dismantled all of its chemical weapons in partnership with the UN Special Commission established for that purpose.

Iraq then submitted an additional declaration to the OPCW of an unknown quantity of chemical weapons remnants contained in two storage bunkers in March 2009. Destruction activities were delayed due to an unstable security situation, but began in 2017. On March 13, 2018, the OPCW announced that all of Iraq's chemical weapons had been destroyed.

State declaration: Israel has revealed little in terms of its biological weapons capabilities or programs.

Allegations: There is belief that Israel has had an offensive BW program in the past. It is unclear if this is still the case.

Allegations: Some allege that Israel had an offensive CW program in the past. It is unclear if Israel maintains an ongoing program.

State declaration: Libya announced in December 2003 that it would eliminate its BW program.

Allegations: Between 1982 and 2003 there were many allegations of a Libyan biological weapons program, although later inspections failed to reveal any evidence to support these claims.

State declaration: In 2003, Libya announced it would be abandoning its CW program and in 2004 it declared possession of chemical agents and facilities. Libya declared 24.7 metric tons of mustard agent in bulk containers. In addition, it declared one inactivated chemical weapons production facility, two chemical weapons storage sites, 1,300 metric tons of precursor chemicals, and 3,563 unfilled aerial bombs. Libya completed the destruction of its Category 1 chemical weapons in January 2014. With assistance from the OPCW and other member states, Libya removed all of the remaining chemical weapons from its territory for destruction in August 2016. In January 2018, the OPCW declared that Libya's entire chemical weapons arsenal had been destroyed.

For more information on Libya's disarmament see Chronology of Libya's Disarmament and Relations with the United States.

Allegations: In a 2012 Ministry of National Defense White Paper, South Korea asserted that North Korea likely has the capability to produce[] anthrax, smallpox, pest, francisella tularensis, and hemorrhagic fever viruses. The United States cited continued intelligence reporting indicators of an ongoing North Korean BW program intended to counter the United States and South Korea, in its 2019 compliance report.

Allegations: North Korea is widely believed to possess a large chemical stockpile including nerve, blister, choking, and blood agents. The 2012 unclassified intelligence assessment provided to Congress states that North Korea has a "long standing CW program" and "possesses a large stockpile of agents." In February 2017, North Korean agents used VX, a nerve agent, to assassinate Kim Jong Nam, the half-brother of Kim Jong Un in Malaysia.

State declaration: In January 1992, Boris Yeltsin acknowledged that the Soviet Union had pursued an extensive and offensive BW program throughout the 1970s and 1980s. However, since joining the BWC in 1992, Russia has repeatedly expressed its commitment to the destruction of its biological weapons.

Allegations: The Soviet Unions extensive offensive germ program included weaponized tularemia, typhus, Q fever, smallpox, plague, anthrax, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, glanders, brucellosis, and Marburg. The Soviet Union also researched numerous other agents and toxins that can attack humans, plants, and livestock.

The United States has repeatedly expressed concern about Russias inherited biological weapons program and uncertainty about Russias compliance with the BWC.

The 2010 State Department report on compliance with the BWC details that Russia continues to engage in dual-use biological research activities, yet there is no evidence that such work is inconsistent with BWC obligations. It assesses that it remains unclear whether Russia has fulfilled its obligations under Article I of the convention. The 2017 report states that Russias annual BWC CBM submissions since 1992 have not satisfactorily documented whether the BW items under these programs were destroyed or diverted to peaceful purposes, as required by Article II of the BWC.

In its 2019 compliance report, the United States concluded that available information does not allow the United States to conclude that Russia has fulfilled its Article II obligation to destroy or to divert to peaceful purposes BW items specified under Article I of its past BW program.

State declaration: Russia possessed the worlds largest chemical weapons stockpile: approximately 40,000 metric tons of chemical agent, including VX, sarin, soman, mustard, lewisite, mustard-lewisite mixtures, and phosgene.

Russia has declared its arsenal to the OPCW and commenced destruction. Along with the United States, Russia received an extension when it was unable to complete destruction by the 2012 deadline imposed by the CWC. A 2016 OPCW report indicated that as of 2015, Russia had destroyed about 92 percent of its stockpile (around 36,7500 metric tons). On September 27, 2017, the OPCW announced that Russia completed destruction of its chemical weapons arsenal.

Allegations: The UK accused Russia of assassinating a former Russian spy, Sergei Skripal, and his daughter Yulia, in the UK using the chemical agent Novichok on March 4, 2018. In a 2019 State Department report on compliance with the CWC, the United States accused Russia of non-compliance with the CWC for its alleged use of Novichok. The report also noted that The United States cannot certify that Russia has met its obligations under the Convention, and asserted that Russia had not made a complete declaration of its stockpile.

State declaration: South Korea declared a chemical weapons stockpile of unspecified agents when it joined the CWC in 1997 and completed destruction of its declared arsenal on July 10, 2008. It does not admit publically that it possessed chemical weapons and was noted in OPCW materials as a state party.

State declaration: After acceding to the CWC in 1999, Sudan declared only a small selection of unspecified riot control agents.

Allegations: There are unconfirmed reports that Sudan developed and used CW in the past. The U.S. bombed an alleged CW factory in 1998. There have been no serious allegations in recent years. Sudan was not included in the 2017 State Department report on compliance with the CWC.

State declaration: In July 2012, a spokesman for the Syrian Foreign Ministry confirmed that the country possesses biological warfare materials, but little is known about the extent of the arsenal. On July 14, 2014, Syria declared the existence of production facilities and stockpiles of purified ricin, although little is known about the continued existence of such facilities in 2017.

State declaration: On September 20, 2013, Syria submitted a declaration of its chemical weapons and facilities to the OPCW after years of denying the program's existence. The OPCW announced that the entirety of Syrias declared stockpile of 1,308 metric tons of sulfur mustard agent and precursor chemicals had been destroyed in January 2016. However, reports continue to surface of chemical weapon use in Syria, raising questions about the accuracy of its initial declaration.

Allegations: Syria had an extensive program producing a variety of agents, including nerve agents such as sarin and VX, and blistering agents, according to governments and media sources. There were also some allegations of deployed CWs on SCUD missiles. Several UN-OPCW Joint Investigative Mechanism (JIM) reports have found that the Syrian government was responsible for chemical weapons attacks in Syria, including in April 2014, March 2015, March 2016, and April 2017 and that the Islamic State was responsible for chemical weapons attacks in Syria in August 2015 and September 2016.In the 2019 State Department report on CWC compliance, the United States alleged that Syrian chemical weapons were also used in 2018.

For more information about Syrian chemical weapon use see Timeline of Syrian Chemical Weapons Activity, 2012-2018.

State declaration: Taiwan has declared that it possesses small quantities of CW for research but denies any weapons possession.

State declaration: The United States unilaterally gave up its biological weapons program in 1969. The destruction of all offensive BW agents occurred between 1971 and 1973. The United States currently conducts research as part of its biodefense program.

Allegations: According to a compliance report published by the Russian government in August 2010, the United States is undertaking research on Smallpox which is prohibited by the World Health Organization. Russia also accused the United States of undertaking BW research in order to improve defenses against bio-terror attacks which is especially questionable from the standpoint of Article I of the BTWC.

State declaration: The United States declared a large chemical arsenal of 27,770 metric tons to the OPCW after the CWC came into force in 1997. Along with Russia, the United States received an extension when it was unable to complete destruction of its chemical stockpiles by 2012. . A 2019 OPCW report declared that the United States had destroyed approximately 91.47 percent of the chemical weapons stockpile it had declared as the CWC entered into force; over 25,000 metric tons of the declared total of 27,770. The United States has destroyed all of Category 2 and Category 3 weapons and is projected to complete destruction of its Category 1 weapons by September 2023.

Allegations: The Russian government has accused the United States on multiple occasions of violating its commitments to the BWC, including by alleging in a 2010 compliance report that the United States undertook research on Smallpox, which is prohibited by the World Health Organization. Russia also accused the United States in 2018 of undertaking BW research at a series of U.S.-funded labs near Russia and China, specifically at the Richard G. Lugar Center for Public Health Research in Tbilisi, Georgia an allegation which the U.S. Department of Defense denied.

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Chemical and Biological Weapons Status at a Glance | Arms ...

Five injured as roofing collapses on Galaxy Macau Phase 3 construction site – IAG – Inside Asian Gaming

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Five workers were injured on Saturday after a section of roofing in Galaxy Macaus Phase 3 development collapsed.

According to information released by Macaus Labour Affairs Bureau (DSAL), contractors have been ordered to cease all work in the area while the cause of the accident is investigated. DSAL said the accident may involve engineering design or engineering quality issues.

The five injured workers are all believed to have been working underneath the section of roofing when it collapsed on Saturday morning. They were transported to hospital where two of the workers remain for observation.

In a statement, Galaxy Entertainment Group, the owner and operator ofGalaxy Macau, said it was deeply concerned about the incident.

After learning about this incident, we have immediately reported it to related government departments, and five injured workers were transported to the hospital and representatives have been assigned to follow up and provide necessary assistance, GEG said.

As of now, three minor injured workers have been discharged from the hospital while two workers remain in the hospital for further observation.

GEG would like to take this opportunity to send our most sincere regards to the related workers. We have also requested the contractor to carry out a thorough investigation on the glass chandelier installation related to the incident.

As the case is currently under investigation, we have no further information to provide.

DSAL published a number of images of the collapsed roofing on Saturday, however GEG has disputed the authenticity of video footage circulating on social media over the weekend alleging to show the aftermath of the incident. Inside Asian Gaming has viewed some of these videos but has not been able to verify their source or accuracy.

We have learned that there was a video being circulated on social media that displays inaccurate content and therefore we would like to take the opportunity to clarify that the video has no relation with the incident, GEG said.GEG reserves the right to take appropriate action against that.

With work temporarily halted, DSAL noted that, according to Decree No. 44/91/M, contractors are obliged to ensure a safe working environment on the site and the operation of facilities, and to supervise workers in accordance with construction safety procedures to protect the lives of workers.

The Labour Bureau will continue to strengthen the supervision of the occupational safety and health status of construction sites. If there is an occupational safety and health violation, it will be dealt with in accordance with the law.

Galaxy Macau Phase 3 is due for completion in 2022, adding a number of new hotels, more gaming and retail space and the Galaxy International Convention Center.

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Five injured as roofing collapses on Galaxy Macau Phase 3 construction site - IAG - Inside Asian Gaming

A Tale of Two Sin Cities – The Motley Fool

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Reopening from a worldwide pandemic was always going to be a risky bet for Las Vegas and Macau, the world's two largest gambling hubs. New...

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Reopening from a worldwide pandemic was always going to be a risky bet for Las Vegas and Macau, the world's two largest gambling hubs. New government data released on Monday shows that one city's roll has come up snake eyes, while the other is cashing in more chips than ever.

In Macau, the Chinese gambling Mecca, games of chance accounted for 80% of the government's tax income and 55.5% of the city's GDP before the pandemic hit. Nowadays, the go-for-broke mentality is just, well, broke.

Xi's Gamble: Covid resurgences in South Asia and the looming prospect of a government crackdown on casinos floated by China's government in September after earlier and massively disruptive interventions in tech and real estate have kept worrying gamblers on the sidelines:

Viva Las Vegas: But then there's Vegas, where high vaccination rates and pent up demand has the city playing a historically hot hand. Casinos on the Strip collected a record $2.1 billion in gambling revenue in the third quarter, the Nevada Gaming Control Board reported last week. The previous record was $1.8 billion in the fourth quarter of 2006.

Vegas' citywide gambling revenue is up 0.6% this year over pre-pandemic 2019. Revenues hit $604.6 million in September, a 9.9% increase over September 2019.

Now, if we could just get Elvis back.

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Konstantin Bessmertny | Exhibition showcases art that transports viewers to another reality – Macau Daily Times

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With the pandemic causing the closure of borders and mandatory quarantine once more returning to the city, the yearning to voyage has been intensified.Macau-based Russian artist Konstantin Bessmertny, who has been fixture on the Macau art scene since 1992, had titled his ongoing art exhibition, Voyage 2021, a conceit that plays on social conditions whereby staying put in a place has become the norm.Voyage 2021 invites the public to see a different reality through the eyes of the artist. Although the exhibition does not travel to different places it does allow the public to travel in the same space: exploring different scenarios at different timelines.Speaking to the Times, Bessmertny expressed his passion for creating different narratives in a series of layers creating another reality in the mindset of the viewers.It is the duty of the artist to create his own reality, and people believe or are comfortable or uncomfortable but at least its another statement, said the artist.

The ongoing exhibition features pieces which date back in 1996, large-scale artworks which were part of the Art Biennale, and few which were inspired by his recent stay at Koh Samui: a trip Bessmertny made before staying put in Macau, since undergoing quarantine is not something that can be repeated.The arts industry is one of many industries that have been devastated amid the ongoing pandemic given that Covid-19 cases in the region have led to shutdowns of public cultural spaces in line with the governments aim to deter the spread of the virus.The last shut-down occurred in September, when the government closed its cultural venues and cancel various arts and cultural activities due to the string of cases that were discovered.During the peak of the pandemic early last year, the government also shut down public venues, and only gradually reopened them. This meant that different kinds of artistic performances and exhibitions were either cancelled or postponed.For Bessmertny, having had a significant number of solo exhibitions in Europe and Asia, this years exhibition is to keep myself in shape.The Art Biennale exhibition was half of the time closed [due to the pandemic]. People like to have real experience now. This is the second year [were in the pandemic] and Im here to keep myself in shape, said the artist.

Close to impossibleLocal artists particularly emerging ones may already have had difficult time holding their own exhibitions prior the pandemic. Now this is an even greater hurdle.According to Bessmertny, Macau is one of the best places to create art, citing support and resources provided by the government.However, to make a sustainable living out of merely producing artworks and showcasing them is another question that could frankly be answered as close to impossible.Its close to impossible to build it up as sustainable profession. [It will be] close to impossible to survive, he said.In the pop culture and in the winner takes all economy, only a few survive. Its sad to say but [with] the ratio [of artists and general public], its quite difficult. How many artists does Macau need? Bessmertny asked.In his view, an artist should ideally hold a solo exhibition in Macau only once in three to five years.If you exhibit three times a year, its a disaster. You overproduce, you overexpose and the effect is negative, the artist explained.Bessmertny said that the plans of emerging artists who are moving to Hong Kong in the hopes that there are more opportunities there, are unrealistic, since there already are lot of younger artists in Hong Kong who are also trying to survive.

Next project: Macau historyBessmertny is currently contemplating a new project that tells the history of Macau. Although two artworks related to this theme are currently showcased at Voyage 2021, this time the artworks would be installations done created according to a Japanese technique.Its about what Praia Grande looked like in the 1600s, prior the arrival of the Portuguese. Im bringing justice to historical events because there were no paintings made at the time, he explained.The artworks are currently on display at Clube Militar de Macau until November 6.

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Konstantin Bessmertny | Exhibition showcases art that transports viewers to another reality - Macau Daily Times

Company suspected of declaring false workers to receive subsidies being probed – Macau Business

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Authorities are investigating a company suspected of providing false data about local workers to the Financial Services Bureau and the Social Security Fund, in order to improperly receive subsidies to support the fight against the pandemic, the Commission Against Corruption announced on announced on Monday.

The company in question provides maintenance and repair services for the building of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Border Post, CCAC said in a statement.

During the investigation, the CCAC verified that the referred company declared, with the relevant services, that it had hired 24 local workers, but six of the declared workers had a record of abnormal border movements and rarely stayed in Macau, you can read. if in the note.

There was even the case of someone who left Macau in 2015 and never came back in, pointed out the CCAC.

Some workers confessed that they had never worked at the company or that they had not received any salary, stating that the payment of contributions to Social Security was only to receive the pension for elderly people granted by the Government in the future, the organization also said. to combat corruption.

For the CCAC, there are strong indications that the workers in question are simulated workers, having the body denounced the case to the Public Ministry, on suspicion of crime of falsifying documents.

The CCAC also suspects that the workers in question have improperly received pecuniary support to combat the epidemic, granted by the Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region].

Last year, each local worker in the aforementioned company received 15,000 patacas [1,605 euros] as pecuniary support to combat the epidemic, reported the CCAC.

The anti-graft body reported this case of undue receipt of amounts by these workers to the Financial Services Bureau(DSF) .

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Company suspected of declaring false workers to receive subsidies being probed - Macau Business

Israel grandfather appeals ruling returning child to Italy – Macau Business

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The grandfather of a boy whose parents died in an Italian cable car crash appealed Monday the Israeli court ruling returning the child to family in Italy, a spokesman said.

The battle for custody of Eitan Biran, the sole survivor of the May accident that killed 14 people, has captured headlines since his maternal grandfather, Shmulik Peleg, brought him to Israel on a private jet last month.

Peleg has insisted that he drove Eitan from Italy to Switzerland before jetting him back to Israel instead of returning him to paternal aunt Aya Biran, who lives in northern Italy because Eitans late parents wanted him to be raised in the Jewish state.

But Peleg has become the subject of a kidnapping probe by Italian prosecutors, and Israeli police questioned him over those allegations last month.

A family court in Tel Aviv on October 25 recognised an Italian judgement that established Biran as a legitimate guardian, and said Peleg had unlawfully removed the boy from his aunts care.

The court ordered the return of the minor to his usual place of residence in Italy.

A spokesman for Peleg said he filed an appeal Monday to the district court, saying the family tribunal did not address the tragic circumstances at hand and ignored the unilateral actions of (Biran), who allegedly acted in deceit behind the backs of the grieving Peleg family to win custody.

Peleg also accused Biran of not upholding the temporary custody arrangements agreed after the child was brought to Israel.

There is no reason that the debate over where Eitan spends his life should take place while he is in Italy, the spokesman said in a statement, adding that most family members from both sides lived in Israel.

Eitanand his parents, AmitBiranand Tal Peleg, had been living in Italy, where AmitBiranwas studying medicine, together with their other child, Tom, who also died in the crash.

Eitan suffered severe chest and abdominal injuries and spent a week in intensive care after the May accident, that occurred when the cable snapped on the aerial tram bringing weekend visitors to the top of the Piedmont regions Mottarone mountain.

The accident was one of Italys worst in over two decades.

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Israel grandfather appeals ruling returning child to Italy - Macau Business

Special Report – Taiwan: the other issue – Macau Business

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20 years in the WTO is a milestone achieved not just by Mainland China, but Taiwan, too.

MB October 2021 Special Report | China attheWTO

The WTO formally approved Taiwan for Membership in November 2001.

Taiwan had been negotiating for entry into the WTO for more than 12 years. However, as Professor Andrew Christie Papadimos, International Business and Economics, School of Business, Australian Catholic University, states, Taiwans main obstacle was that it had to accede to Chinese demands that China be allowed entry first, even though negotiations and the terms of Taiwans accession to the WTO were effectively completed two years before.

Beijings argument was that despite Taiwans status as a separate territory from Mainland China, it is a part of China that will eventually be reunited with the mainland. So, to accommodate Beijings view, within the WTO Taiwan is known as Chinese Taipei and it entered the WTO as the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu.

In contrast to other international organizations, the WTO does not require its members to be states, and it was this constitutional feature that allowed Taiwan to join the WTO. 20 years later, the WTO is now the only major international organization in which Taiwan can participate as a full member.

Professor Papadimos, author of the bookChina and Taiwans WTO Experiences, notes that despite the tension between China and Taiwan, both areas have been forced to adopt WTO rules stipulating that all Members must treat each others goods and services equally. He adds, however, that because the tensions between China and Taiwan are a zero-sum game by nature, where there will ultimately only be one winner and one loser, the WTO will find it difficult to ease political tensions between the two sides.

Political tensions but also opportunities.

To take stock of these 20 years and understand whether belonging to the WTO is more important from a geostrategic point of view than a commercial one,Macau Businesssought the opinion of one of Taiwans leading experts, Professor Roy Lee, Senior Deputy Executive Director, Taiwan WTO and RTA Centre, Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research.

Commercial interest is equally significant, if not more. In particular, WTO membership facilitated the rapid development of Taiwans electronics industry, which before WTO accession had suffered from trade barriers in key export markets, Professor Lee replies.

Specifically, the WTOs Information Technology Agreement (ITA) held tariff rates at zero for a broad range of products, including semiconductors, desktop and laptop computers (and components), smart phones, display monitors and digital set-top-boxes. As ITA-covered products account for more than 50 per cent of Taiwans overall exports, the benefit for Taiwan is significant, he explains.

The ITA also offsets the economic impact of Taiwans exclusion from regional free-trade areas such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), since a majority (over 70 per cent on average) of Taiwans exports to RCEP members is already tariff free. Other sectors that have gained the most from WTO participation are solar PV components, automotive parts, and steel manufacturing, Professor Lee, also a member of the Advisory Committee to Taiwans Mainland Affairs Council, adds.

Professor Steve Charnovitz, George Washington University Law School, Washington DC, asserts that what Taiwans membership does do, however, is to establish some rule of law between Taiwan and China and to give Taiwan standing in an international tribunal should it wish to assert that China has violated WTO rules. The parallel memberships of Taiwan and China also provide a neutral international forum for those two governments to meet and negotiate if needed.

In particular, WTO membership facilitated the rapid development of Taiwans electronics industry, which before WTO accession had suffered from trade barriers in key export markets , Roy Lee

As in other sectors of Taiwans life, the Taipei Governments biggest ally in its accession to the WTO was the United States.

Two decades later, Washington remains in the front row.

Recently Washington announced its intention to elevate Taiwans status, as the two sides revived a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) that was signed in 1994, but essentially moribund since then, according to Joseph Bosco, who served as China Country Desk Officer in the Office of the Secretary of Defense from 2005 to 2006. Now a member of the advisory board of the Global Taiwan Institute, Bosco adds, Beijing strongly objected to the Trump administrations growing ties with Taiwan and warned that Washington would have to choose which trade partner was more important to its interests. The political impasse over Taiwans economic status was reminiscent of the years-long delay that held up its accession to the World Trade Organization in the 1990s.

What are the possible consequences of this US decision?

Cross-Strait relations, insofar as the economic aspect is concerned, are decided mainly by the architecture of the global supply network, Roy Lee tellsMacau Business. For instance, the semiconductors exported to China by US fabless [non-fabricating] chip firms such as QUALCOMM, AMD and Apple are manufactured in Taiwan. Those chips are added to laptop computers, iPhones and Chinese smart phones, which are assembled in China, in many cases by Taiwanese companies (e.g. Foxconn) with premises in China, he continues.

This indicates that the major factors affecting the TaiwanChina economic relationship are actually associated with the USChina de-coupling process, rather than the TIFA, Professor Lee says, adding that while an improved Taiwan-US relationship at government level is certainly a good sign, commercial interest is still the dominating factor for the private sector at the end of the day.

His prediction: In summary, we expect to see a decline of outbound investment from Taiwan to China because of the supply network re-configuration, yet bilateral trade will remain strong for the time being.

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Special Report - Taiwan: the other issue - Macau Business

Russia warns of strain on doctors as virus spreads – Macau Business

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Russian authorities said Monday that doctors were under extraordinary strain due to surging coronavirus cases in Europes worst-hit country, with Moscow shuttered during a nationwide holiday to curb infections.

The capital was quiet on the first morning of the working week, with businesses mostly closed and non-essential services in the capital halted from October 28 to November 7.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters that doctors working in red zones were facing extreme physical and emotional stress with the recent rise in cases.

Of course the situation is not straightforward. Beds are filled to a large extent, and these days the situation is not becoming easier, Peskov said.

This is an excessive and extraordinary burden on our doctors, who are demonstrating heroism with what is happening, he added.

Russia is one of the worst-hit countries in the world and a devastating wave this autumn has seen infections and deaths reach new records, with more than 1,000 fatalities per day.

A government tally recorded 40,402 new infections and 1,155 deaths on Monday, figures that in both cases were just shy of records set over recent days.

Russia has rolled out several homegrown vaccines including Sputnik V but only about a third of the population is fully innoculated.

The Kremlin said last week it hoped the paid holiday period would help stabilise Russias outbreak and cautioned people against travelling, after surveys showed some 30 percent of Russians intended to travel.

Ex-president and former prime minister Dmitry Medvedev warned in the Rossiiskaya Gazeta daily Monday there were was an urgent need to increase vaccination rates.

If we do not find ways to convince people of their irresponsibility, even, to put it bluntly, their anti-social behaviour, we will face even more difficult times, he said.

Authorities have been accused of downplaying the pandemic and figures from statistics agency Rosstat last week showed nearly twice as many Covid deaths compared with the government tally.

Rosstat said 44,265 people died of coronavirus in September nearly double the official government figure, bringing the agencys total virus toll to nearly 450,000, the highest in Europe.

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Maximum Human Lifespan Could Reach Age 150 Thanks to Nanotechnology and Drugs but Society May Not Be Ready – The Daily Beast

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Jay Olshansky, 67, once attended a party where he was one of the youngest people in the room. The party was for SuperAgers, people over the age of 80 that have the cognitive abilities of someone 30 years younger, as part of an ongoing research study. Olshansky, a professor at the Center on Aging at the University of Chicago, felt lucky to be in the rarified presence of the 1 percent of our population whose cognitive abilities do not deteriorate with age.

When I sat around the table with them, if I closed my eyes I couldve been at a roundtable with a bunch of CEOs of major companies, Olshanksky told The Daily Beast. They were that sharp. Their age was completely irrelevant.

The SuperAgers study, run by the Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimers Disease at Northwestern University, is part of an emerging body of new research on aging and what a world where we live longer and healthier might look like. Back in the 1500s, humans used to have a life expectancy of 30. Now, life expectancy is about 77, and it might be increasing from there. One May 2021 study in Nature estimated that humans could live until 150. A September 2021 study in Royal Society Open Science journal said there is no upper limit. Other studies say nanotechnology can delay deathin some estimates, by beyond 100 years.

Whatever the final number is, having a large population of seniors could mean later retirement, more artistic contributions, and changing values for Americas youth-obsessed culture. Yet there are also some definite drawbacks to longevity and old age, even if your mind is still sharp as a tack. In a world where social safety nets are not built to handle a growing senior population, and being over 65 comes with the onset of chronic conditions, living longer than youre expected to can put people in a precarious situation. Getting people to live longer is the hard partgetting them to live well in old age is the even harder part.

Before she passed away in 1997, the 122-year-old Jeanne Calment was the oldest person alive. Anthony Davison, co-author of the Royal Society Open Science study, told The Daily Beast reaching that age could be a possibility for more of us.

Davison compared the likelihood of aging until 130 to an annual coin flip. If someone reaches 110, on their birthday, they flip a coin, he said. If it comes up heads they live to 111, if it comes up tails then they're going to die soon. The likelihood of someone who is 110 living until 130 is the chance of getting 20 coin flips all coming up heads. It could happen, said Davison. And if you have a million people flipping coins, then it's quite likely to happen.

Changiz Geula, a research professor at the Mesulam Center, has spent the last ten years co-directing the Northwestern SuperAgers study, and he told The Daily Beast getting labeled a SuperAger isnt easy. Being a SuperAger means you have the mental ability of someone decades younger. Few actually qualify. For a 2017 study, the lab screened over 1,000 people who all considered themselves to have excellent memory. Only 5 percent actually participated in the final research.

Candidates for the SuperAging study get tested on their episodic memory, their ability to remember events that occurred years ago. They also get tested on other cognitive abilities, undergo an MRI test, and take a questionnaire on their psychological well-being. Interestingly, most SuperAgers report maintaining robust social relationships.

After a decade of studying, Geula and his fellow researchers have found that SuperAgers have brains that look 20 to 30 years younger than they should, that their brains are resistant to certain protein interactions known to be signs of Alzheimers disease, and that their brains have higher levels of certain neurons that scientists think are important to communication.

As the worlds population grows, so does the number of SuperAgersand elderly folk across the board. While the pandemic has had an effect on peoples life expectancy (in America it dropped by a whole year) and climate change will have a similar effect on many, peoples lives are still being extended. According to Davison, this is due to the worlds population getting bigger and healthier (especially thanks to lower rates of smoking), and the elimination of certain cancers in Western countries.

In many countries, the oldest are actually among the fastest growing segment of the population, Geula said. When we compare them to the generation that was born in the 20s or 30s, just nutrition alone is a huge factor. Geula pointed out that the millennial generation, with its wellness obsession and unprecedented access to all kinds of vitamins, health supplements, and protein shakes, will be a sort of aging test case on the effect of increased nutrition on life extension.

On its face, that seems like excellent news. But there are some latent problems to consider, because society is simply not built to handle just a large elderly population. In Europe, retirement ages are creeping up because social security systems cant afford to care for such large populations of non-working adults, most requiring large amounts of healthcare. In England, older people are taking part-time jobs because the social safety nets they relied on cant afford to take care of them. Thats a trend we can anticipate, said Davison, People being employed longer, and maybe changing their career pattern entirely later in life.

This increase in seniors will force a reckoning of our cultural values. Economically, if we are only thinking of productivity, then we will run into a problem, Geula said. Not everyone can afford to retire, and the system cannot handle an aging population with increasing health problems. We will have to consider what is our definition of productivity and what are our values as a society.

Nir Barzilai, founding director of the Institute for Aging Research at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, interviewed hedge fund manager Irving Kahn when Kahn was 104 years old. (Kahn died in 2015, at the age of 109.) When asked what would happen if his job, managing assets at his $700 million investment firm, was taken away, a still-ruthless Kahn responded that he would just buy it back.

When youre over 100 and youre healthy, like Kahn, life is good, Barzilai told The Daily Beast. What people are unhappy about is being sick. We need to target the aging process. In his view, were asking the wrong questions. Its not how long we live that mattersits how long our health lasts. In wonkier terms, its not lifespan, but healthspan we need to be obsessing aboutand targeting the aging process is key.

This could come in many different forms. The diabetes drug Metformin is thought to potentially slow aging by lowering inflammation and inducing other beneficial cellular effects that slow aging. Resveratrol, found in red wine, is thought to help stimulate the activity of anti-aging proteins in the body. Rapamycin, an immunosuppressant used to help make organ transplants safe, has been shown to help increase longevity in some cases. It may have a similar mechanism to caloric restrictiongoing on a diet without incurring malnutrition. Caloric restriction is fairly well established as a way to increase longevity and bypasses the need for pharmaceuticals or supplements, but it might also result in decreased mental integrity.

Scientists are learning that SuperAgers cortices in the brain (the region between the yellow and red lines) shrink twice as slowly as most peoples' cortices, which may explain why they retain better mental cognition and memory.

Northwestern University

None of these leads have panned out yet as anti-aging breakthroughs. Most people over 60 will develop at least one illness. The older they get, the more illnesses and complications they will acquire. We might live longer these days, but were not necessarily living healthier.

That sentiment hasnt stymied the influx of money funneling into longevity research, especially as tech billionaires and millionaires, now middle-aged, face the prospect of one day dying. In September 2013, Google cofounder Larry Page created Calico, a research lab researching the biology of aging. Peter Thiel is an investor in Unity Biotechnology, a company designing drugs to delay aging in cells. Jeff Bezos has invested in anti-aging startup Altos Labs, which wants to stop aging by directly reprogramming cells themselves. Barzilai himself is hoping to get funding for a study on Metformin.

Perhaps these wealthy investors are doomed to face the realities of old age. As opposed to making an old body young again, Barzilai thinks the real future is in slowing aging in a younger body. In the future, probably the easiest thing to do, will be to take a 20-year-old and give him a treatment once a week or once a month or once a year to basically erase the epigenetics of aging, he said. Then we have a Peter Pan who will live longer than 115.

I think the next 10 years are going to be eye-opening, Barzilai predicts. Were going to increase our healthspan all over the body. Its already happening now.

Not everyone buys into this future. Olshansky thinks all of this talk about slowing aging is nonsense. To suggest that theres no upper limit to human longevity is equivalent to suggesting that theres no limit to how fast we can run, he said. The current world record is 3 minutes, 43 seconds for the one mile run, and it would be essentially impossible for our bodies to trim that time down to two minutes.

Similarly, there are inherent limits to the functions of our body. Our teeth get weaker over time. We have nonreplicating parts of the body, like muscle fibers or neurons. The plasticity of our brainits ability to adapt to changing circumstancesdeteriorates. Aging marches on, said Olshansky. We cannot stop the process but we are searching for ways to influence it.

The SuperAgers are essentially the closest to immortality humans have ever gotten. When Olshansky got to the SuperAgers party, he said that as someone who studies aging for a living, he was impressed at the sight of all these people in one room. Its a wonderful thing to see, he said. It doesn't happen to everyone, but when it does happen, its remarkable.

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Maximum Human Lifespan Could Reach Age 150 Thanks to Nanotechnology and Drugs but Society May Not Be Ready - The Daily Beast

Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market 2021-2026 Size and Share, Recent Enhancements and Regional Analysis | Key Companies: 3M, Dentsply…

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The latest research report on the Global Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market provides the cumulative study on the COVID-19 outbreak to provide the latest information on the key features of the Nanotechnology in Medical Devices market. This intelligence report contains investigations based on current scenarios, historical records and future forecasts. The report contains various market forecasts related to market size, revenue, production, CAGR, consumption, gross margin in the form of charts, graphs, pie charts, tables and more. While emphasizing the main driving and restraining forces in this market, the report also offers a comprehensive study of future trends and developments in the market. It also examines the role of the major market players involved in the industry, including their business overview, financial summary and SWOT analysis. It provides a 360-degree overview of the industries competitive landscape. Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market shows steady growth and CAGR is expected to improve during the forecast period.

The Global Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market Report gives you in-depth information, industry knowledge, market forecast and analysis. The global Nanotechnology in Medical Devices industry report also clarifies financial risks and environmental compliance. The Global Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market Report helps industry enthusiasts including investors and decision makers to make reliable capital investments, develop strategies, optimize their business portfolio, succeed in innovation and work safely and sustainably.

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The segmentation chapters enable readers to understand aspects of the market such as its products, available technology and applications. These chapters are written to describe their development over the years and the course they are likely to take in the coming years. The research report also provides detailed information on new trends that may define the development of these segments in the coming years.

Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market Segmentation:

Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market, By Application (2016-2027)

Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market, By Product (2016-2027)

Major Players Operating in the Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market:

Company Profiles This is a very important section of the report that contains accurate and detailed profiles for the major players in the global Nanotechnology in Medical Devices market. It provides information on the main business, markets, gross margin, revenue, price, production and other factors that define the market development of the players studied in the Nanotechnology in Medical Devices market report.

Global Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market: Regional Segments

The different section on regional segmentation gives the regional aspects of the worldwide Nanotechnology in Medical Devices market. This chapter describes the regulatory structure that is likely to impact the complete market. It highlights the political landscape in the market and predicts its influence on the Nanotechnology in Medical Devices market globally.

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The Study Objectives are:

This report includes the estimation of market size for value (million USD) and volume (K Units). Both top-down and bottom-up approaches have been used to estimate and validate the market size of Nanotechnology in Medical Devices market, to estimate the size of various other dependent submarkets in the overall market. Key players in the market have been identified through secondary research, and their market shares have been determined through primary and secondary research. All percentage shares, splits, and breakdowns have been determined using secondary sources and verified primary sources.

Some Major Points from Table of Contents:

Chapter 1. Research Methodology & Data Sources

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

Chapter 3. Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market: Industry Analysis

Chapter 4. Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market: Product Insights

Chapter 5. Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market: Application Insights

Chapter 6. Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market: Regional Insights

Chapter 7. Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market: Competitive Landscape

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Nanotechnology in Medical Devices Market 2021-2026 Size and Share, Recent Enhancements and Regional Analysis | Key Companies: 3M, Dentsply...

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Beetroot Extract – AZoM

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The latest research published in the journal Science Advances revealed that the microbes present in various hospitals and textile products are a major cause of death.

The research by Mr. Otvio Augusto and his team has shown that manufacturing antimicrobial textiles for hospitals would be advantageous for the termination of such bacteria and fungi.

The green process of synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is highly beneficial for hospital cotton fabrics.

Beta vulgaris extract was efficiently used for manufacturing such green germ-killing smart textiles which could be used in hospitals for sheets and pillows to prevent the spread of dangerous diseases by contact.

Scheme of nanoparticle biosynthesis using plant extracts. Image Credit:dos Santos, O. L. Science Advances

The Silver Nanoparticles utilized for this study were on the scale of 1 to 100 nm. They are synthesized in a reaction medium which is useful for the generation of a stable nucleus.

The step called growing forms larger particles, and the thorough modification of stabilizing components is responsible for particles of various sizes and shapes. Since the chemical as well as physical processes are costly and utilize toxic compounds, the synthesis and utilization of nanoparticles become a great difficulty. Hence, green synthesis is the only viable option.

The green nanotechnology synthesis utilized in this study is mediated by plant extracts, cell extracts, algae, and other biomolecules. The plant extracts are highly appreciated for their cheap and efficient processes. Ionic breakdown in the liquid systemof a metallic substrate is the process for sustainable nanoparticle developmentof AgNPs. Silver ions are reduced to silver and a nucleation process is initiated. This is essential for the stabilization of nanoparticles.

Beta vulgaris beetroot was efficiently utilized. It was cut into 2-3cm long pieces and heated to boiling point. Solution extracts were filtered and stored at a low temperature around 4 C. The Ag nanoparticle synthesis was carried out in the exact proportions of 1:50, 1:25, 1:10, 1:5, and 1:2.

Essential stability analysis was performed in the latest research by using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer followed by the X-ray spectroscopic analysis by dispersive energy process. Characterization is the next essential step defined in the study, and the TESCAN VEGA3 electron microscope was operated at 200kV for efficient completion of this process. This was followed by the Zeta potential analysis using a stable aqueous dispersion of silver nanoparticles.

The final step involves the validation of antimicrobial properties by using antimicrobial assay, Disk diffusion, Liquid growth inhibition, and MTT assay. All the processes and related steps have been mentioned in the research, providing an insight regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the novel concept.

SEM observation of AgNPs in sample (A) 1:2, (B) 1:5, (C) 1:10, (D) 1:25 and (E) 1:50 dispersed in the gauze fibers.Image Credit:dos Santos, O. L. Science Advances

The latest study showed that the nano extracts had a color change from red-violet to a reddish-brown and grayish-brown color. US-Siv spectrophotometry confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles.

Samples 1: 2, 1: 5, 1:10, 1:25, and 1:50 showed typical spectra of AgNPs with the maximum obtained at 442 nm, 429 nm, 439 nm, 449 nm, and 431 nm, respectively. This is proof of stabilized silver nanoparticle synthesis with sizes varying from 35 to 80 nm.

The dispersion in hospital and medical-related textiles was observed via the process of scanning electron microscopy. Sedimentation of these particles over the surface of textile components was observed. This process was also implemented for hospital gauze fibers. Two-layered fibers were observed and images were taken for thorough analysis.

This revealed that 1:5 and 1:10 particles had a greater number of nanoparticles in their respective sample. The lesser particles in 1:25 and 1:50 samples were responsible for their decreased reactivity. Transmission Electron microscopy was a crucial step to identify the spherical shape of particles with a size less than 100 nm.

This study tested hospital textiles impregnated with AgNPs against different microorganisms. The 1:2, 1:5, 1:10 samples were effective against all microbes while 1:25 and 1:50 were deemed ineffective. The results also validated the inferior susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria as compared to gram-positive bacteria. Hence, it is verified that silver nanoparticles affect various cellular chemical processes and are successful against resilient microbes.

TEM of AgNPs in samples (A) 1:2, (B) 1:5, (C) 1:10, (D) 1:25 and (E) 1:50.Image Credit:dos Santos, O. L. Science Advances

The silver nanoparticle incorporation for green synthesis has been proven beneficial and effective, leading to rapid implementation of this technology in various healthcare hospitals and essentially all sectors where clean and germfree components especially textile are a necessity.

However, a few limitations have also been noted, like the complexity of plant extracts and their reduction as well as the variation of components. This study is focused on a single beetroot extract; results would be different from other extracts. However, the efficacy of the process cannot be negated due to these few factors.

In short, this novel technique in Science Advances has truly revolutionized medical care textile usage, and the implementation of nanoparticles has been proven beneficial not only for microbial termination but also for the green-sustainable environment-friendly synthesis process.

dos Santos, O. L., Araujo, I. d., Silva, F. d., Sales, M. N., Christoffolet, M. A., & Backx, B. P. (2021). Surface Modification of Textiles by Green Nanotechnology against Pathogenic Microorganisms. Science Advances, 21. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666086521001533

Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.

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Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Beetroot Extract - AZoM

Global Healthcare Nanotechnology Market 2021 Revenue, Share, Driving Innovations, Future Growth and Growth Forecast To 2027 Chip Design Magazine -…

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Global Healthcare Nanotechnology Market research prepared by MarketsandResearch.biz is the most expert and reliable source of knowledge and trust, containing Market Size, Trends, SWOT, PEST, Porters Analysis, Forecasts, 2021-2027. It provides a comprehensive examination of the different factors, obstacles, limits, development, and opportunities that will aid stakeholders in creating business plans based on customer trends in the Healthcare Nanotechnology industry. The research demonstrates the critical areas market condition and projected complexities with an organized presentation of product categories and key manufacturers.

The paper explains the dynamics of the parent industry based on industry-wide research. The study employs a multidisciplinary approach to highlight the Healthcare Nanotechnology markets potential paths and untapped opportunities. Our experts examined the competitive environment in-depth and predicted the strategy framework used by market players.

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The overview includes data and figures on market dynamics. It also discusses the global Healthcare Nanotechnology market in terms of volume and size. The study is only provided to provide a methodical examination of the markets complex and vast facts. Furthermore, the growth and restraint segment illuminated the markets potential opportunities and challenges.

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Seven spooky things that people say are in the COVID-19 vaccines but definitely arent – Austin American-Statesman

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Samantha Putterman| PolitiFact.com

Just in time for Halloween, claims about whats lurking in the COVID-19 vaccines are getting wilder and spookier.

Theres the "transhumanism nanotechnology" ingredient that will apparently turn all of us into copies of the Terminator. Theres also "graphene oxide," a material that some claimed will straight up kill you. Why didnt Michael Myers think of that?

Rest assured, weve fact-checked this, and its all fake gore.

Heres a look at seven scary things that are not in the vaccines and, as a treat, a list of the rather helpful things that are.

Aluminum. They use it in pickup trucks, food containers and antiperspirants. But in the COVID-19 vaccines?No.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that small amounts of aluminum specifically aluminum salts have been used in vaccines since the 1930s as an adjuvant, which helps elicit a stronger immune response from the body.

But none of the three COVID-19 vaccines currently being used in the U.S. Pfizer, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson, all of which have publicly accessible ingredient lists contain any aluminum.

As for other vaccines,research has showntheir levels of aluminum are so low that they can't easily be absorbed by the body, let alone the brain. There has been no evidence of the aluminum in vaccines causing illness or developmental disorders.

While your cell phone can help Big Brother, or your mother, locate you via 5G networks,the vaccines cannot.

Yet some social media users likened the bubbles of fat in the vaccine to the sort of tracking microchips implanted under a pets skin. Thats a lot of creepy nonsense.

There is no evidence that the COVID-19 vaccines contain technology similar to pet microchips. The lipid nanoparticles used in some of the vaccines are called "nanoparticles" because they are very, very small. They have nothing to do with 5G networks or tracking technology.

This baseless conspiracy theory says that the shots include a technology that changes "what it is to be human."The vaccines dont contain any such thing.

"None of the vaccines contain nanotechnology of any sort, let alone 'transhumanism nanotechnology, which isnt even a thing," Mark Lynas, a visiting fellow at the Alliance for Science and Cornell University, told PolitiFact.

"Nano," as we said earlier, is a term widely used to describe things that are very tiny, and scientists use the prefix more specifically to refer to things on the scale of individual atoms.

A chilling, grainy black-and-white image being shared on social media has been described as a "Trypanosoma Parasite" purportedly observed in Pfizers COVID-19 vaccine. Several variants of the parasite, internet users claimed, are lethal and are one of many causes of acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS.

This is erroneous, on all counts.

Dr. Bobbi Pritt, the director of clinical parasitology at the Mayo Clinic, told us the blurry image likely represents an out-of-focus non-cellular component of the vaccine and doesnt show a Trypanosoma cruzi or any other parasite.

As for the claim that this particular parasite causes AIDS, thats also wrong, she said.

"The only thing that causes AIDS is an infection with the human immunodeficiency virus," she said, "and this cannot be acquired through the Pfizer vaccine."

A popular video claimed that the Pfizer vaccine contains "particles that could germinate and cause illness" and that vitamin supplements could stop this from happening. You can bet someone is selling those supplements online.

Theres no truth to this one either. The ingredients for Pfizer vaccines are chemical components not living organisms.

"Contamination with spores or other microbial material can theoretically happen during production of any biologic, including vaccines," said Volker Mai, associate professor in the epidemiology department at the University of Florida. "However, quality control is extensive and monitoring occurs continuously. Thus, it is highly unlikely that any contaminated batch would make it into the market."

A vaccine turning you into the Marvel villain Magneto? That sounds terrifying (unless thats what you wanted.) But dont worry, the COVID-19 vaccineswont make you more attractive to magnets.

Social media users have shared videos that appear to show magnets sticking to peoples arms where they say they were injected, and claimed this as proof the shots have microchips in them.

But medical experts called the claim utter nonsense.

Al Edwards, an associate professor in biomedical technology at the University of Reading in England,told Newsweekthat because vaccines ingredients are some of the same things that are in the human body, "there is simply no way that injecting a tiny fragment of this material" could make it respond to a magnet. "Most food is made of similar molecules, and eating food doesnt make people magnetic," he said.

A similar claim cites a video showing what looks like small balls connecting and growing on their own. The disturbing clip was described as the COVID-19 vaccines reaction once it hits the bloodstream.

Thats wrong.The video was actually from a 2015 science experiment by the Stanford Complexity Group, an initiative to bringcomplexity scienceto a wider audience, that shows self-organizing wires, which is still weird.

One more time for the people in the back: None of the COVID-19 vaccines contain microchips or metals.

An incendiary video that speaks of murder claims that Pfizers COVID-19 vaccine is dangerously packed with something called graphene oxide.

A Pfizer spokesperson told PolitiFact that while graphene oxide a material made by the oxidation of graphite is used in some vaccines, it is not used at Pfizer andis not in its COVID-19 vaccine.None of the listed ingredients is another name for graphene oxide, and the material doesnt appear in ingredient lists for the Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines.

The real ingredients are much less likely to keep you up at night.

All three manufacturers of the approved vaccines in the U.S.,Pfizer,ModernaandJohnson & Johnson, have shared their ingredients.

For Moderna and Pfizer, the active ingredient is messenger RNA, which carries genetic information about the coronavirus to the body's cells to help them recognize and produce antibodies against it. Theres no evidence that mRNA is dangerous, and scientists say the material is broken down by the body within days.

Pfizers inactive ingredients include lipids, salts, sugar and saline solution.

The lipids encase the mRNA, the salts help keep the pH, or acidity, of the vaccine close to that of a persons body; and the sugar safeguards the lipids when theyre frozen and stops them from sticking together,according to MITs Technology Review, which spoke with experts to help decode the contents.

Before injection, the vaccine is mixed with the saline solution, just as many intravenously delivered medicines are, the report said.

Modernas ingredient list is very similar, and includes the lipids, salts and sugar, with a slight difference, including the solution for the injection, that may explain the different storage needs for each.

The Johnson & Johnson vaccine uses a disabled adenovirus, rather than mRNA, to deliver instructions to produce the coronavirus spike proteins and activate the immune system. The other ingredients are alcohol, citric acid, salts and sugars.

Afull list of ingredientsfor all the vaccines is available on the CDC website.

PolitiFact,The COVID-19 vaccines do not contain aluminum, March, 22, 2021

PolitiFact,No, COVID-19 vaccines do not contain nanoparticles that will allow you to be tracked via 5G networks, March 12, 2021

PolitiFact,Transhumanism nanotechnology COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy theory is Pants on Fire, Oct. 21, 2021

PolitiFact,No, this isnt a picture of a parasite in the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine, Oct. 13, 2021

PolitiFact,No living organisms in the Pfizer vaccine, Oct. 15, 2021

PolitiFact,No, this isnt a video of a COVID-19 vaccine, Oct. 21, 2021

PolitiFact,No evidence of graphene oxide thats toxic in Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine, July 8, 2021

PolitiFact,No, these magnet videos dont prove the COVID-19 vaccines contain microchips, May 17, 2021

U.S. Food & Drug Administration,VACCINE INFORMATION FACT SHEET FOR PFIZER-BIONTECH COVID-19 VACCINE, Updated Oct. 20, 2021

U.S. Food & Drug Administration,FACT SHEET FOR MODERNA COVID-19 VACCINE, Updated Oct. 20, 2021

U.S. Food & Drug Administration,FACT SHEET FOR THE JANSSEN COVID-19 VACCINE, Oct. 20, 2021

MIT Technology Review,What are the ingredients of Pfizers covid-19 vaccine?, Dec. 9, 2020

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Appendix C: Ingredients included in COVID-19 vaccines, Updated Oct. 27, 2021

More:

Seven spooky things that people say are in the COVID-19 vaccines but definitely arent - Austin American-Statesman

Food Nanotechnology Sales Market 2021 Detailed Analysis of top Ventures with Regional Outlook | Key Companies: Aquanova, Blue California, Frutarom…

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The industry research report Global Food Nanotechnology Sales Market 2021 consists of an in-depth analysis of the global industry that aims to offer a comprehensive study of market insights associated with the most important components of the market. The report provides an overview of these markets on various fronts, such as market size, market share, market penetration of products and services, downstream areas in the market, large suppliers operating in the territory, analysis prices, etc. This can help readers of the global business industry to better understand the large regional and national markets for Food Nanotechnology Sales. The reports contain an overview and review of the leading companies operating in the industry that are considered to be revenue-driving for the market.

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Food Nanotechnology Sales Market Segmentation:

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Global Food Nanotechnology Sales Market: Regional Segments

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Chapter 1. Research Methodology & Data Sources

Chapter 2. Executive Summary

Chapter 3. Food Nanotechnology Sales Market: Industry Analysis

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Chapter 6. Food Nanotechnology Sales Market: Regional Insights

Chapter 7. Food Nanotechnology Sales Market: Competitive Landscape

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Growth Prospects of Copper Carbonate Market: Business Outlook 2021-2026 by Eastmen Chemicals, Jost Chemical Co., William Blythe, Pan-Continental…

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The report provides an in-depth analysis of the Global Market of Copper Carbonate. It presents the latest data of the market value, consumption, domestic production, exports and imports, and price dynamics. The Copper Carbonate market report shows the sales data, allowing you to identify the key drivers and restraints. You can find here a strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market. Forecasts illustrate how the market will be transformed in the medium term. Profiles of the leading players like Eastmen Chemicals, Jost Chemical Co., William Blythe, Pan-Continental Chemical, Suzhou Canfuo Nanotechnology,, etc. are also included.

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Market Segmentation by Type:

Market Segmentation by Applications:

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Growth Prospects of Copper Carbonate Market: Business Outlook 2021-2026 by Eastmen Chemicals, Jost Chemical Co., William Blythe, Pan-Continental...