Chemistry professor utilizes Google

A WSU chemistry professor is using Google instead of traditional lab experiments to analyze bonding strengths within millions of molecules.

Aurora Clark, an associate professor of chemistry, is using MoleculaRnetwork, the adapted form of Google’s algorithm PageRank, to help determine the shape and chemical reaction of molecules without the high costs of lab experiments. 

“Each molecule is like a Web page,” Clark said, “with the bonds between the atoms like hyperlinks.”

The same mathematical formulas and concepts that are used to distinguish the connectedness of certain Web pages can be used to distinguish the connectedness and interactions between
molecules, she said.

The idea came from Barbara Mooney, a fourth-year graduate student at the University of Arizona, who combined the world of computer science and chemistry, something that typically isn’t done, Clark said.  

The software took about a year to write and create. Clark is working with colleagues at the University of Arizona as well as undergraduate and graduate students at the WSU campus.

Dan Sullivan, a second-year graduate student studying physical chemistry, is working with Clark on her research project. He said he finds the computer software easy to use.  

“It’s a very simple way to look at data,” he said. “Within two clicks of a mouse you have an entire range of data.”

Before, looking at the bonds within the molecules had to be done by using just the naked eye, Clark said. A process that used to take days or weeks to analyze can now be done in a thirty minute time frame.

Furthermore, the analysis using the MoleculaRnetwork is more precise, she said. Applying the PageRank algorithms allows patterns to be spotted that would otherwise go unnoticed. The new analysis system is also much safer and much more cost effective. 

“This is the ultimate in green chemistry,” Clark said. “We don’t need to worry about safety issues like [typical] lab experiments do. Our biggest concern is getting Carpal tunnel syndrome.”  

There are two ultimate goals Clark hopes to gain from this project, she said. The first to give a large scale understanding of water and the importance of its use. Second, she said she hopes to understand things on a molecular level as well.

By dissolving heavy ions of metal into water, and using the software to analyze the data, it is easy to see how the metals react with the structures of the water bonds, she said. 

Although Clark is using it right now to focus on water molecules, she said the software can be used for further advancements in the scientific world, including new drug designs, researching the malignant folding of proteins that cause certain diseases and analyzing radioactive pollutants.

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Chemistry professor utilizes Google

6.2.6 Describe the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction IB Chemistry SL – Video

11-02-2012 19:41 Describe the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction. A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an alternate reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. It is NOT used up in the reaction -- so you can wash it and reuse it! Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. The cat harmed at the end was in fact plastic -- but you need to look closely.

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6.2.6 Describe the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction IB Chemistry SL - Video

OPINION: Chemistry leads UNT to day one advantage

Browse > Home / Sports / OPINION: Chemistry leads UNT to day one advantage

Josh Friemel / Staff Writer –

As a society that demands honesty and the inside scoop from athletes, we question their team loyalty when they are blatantly honest about the team or their teammates.

On the flipside of that, we become restless when we hear the same “It was a great team effort” line from the exact same athlete.

That hasn’t been the case with Joe Dykstra this season.

Twice this year, Dykstra, head coach of the UNT swimming and diving team, has told me flat out that the Mean Green’s opponent will have the upper hand in a meet. The first time was against No. 6 ranked Texas A&M, a 186-105 loss.

The second time was two days before the Sun Belt Championships in Rockwall. Dykstra told me it was Denver’s meet to lose. That honesty may drive some people crazy.

But Dykstra doesn’t doubt his team at all. Even with what he calls the best team he’s ever had, pure talent isn’t the reason he thinks of his team so highly.

During his tenure at UNT, this team is his greatest because of its camaraderie. Of course, players like freshman Krista Rossum have helped, but team chemistry was his top reason.

It’s odd to have team chemistry in swimming, right? How can a sport with no ball have chemistry? Truth is, everyone has dealt with some sort of issue where good or bad chemistry has affected the outcome.

Chemistry isn’t just in sports. Everyone’s dealt with the kid who contributes absolutely nothing to a group project, thus dragging the group’s grade down.

However, it’s always very easy to tell when a team has really good chemistry.

What makes the swimming team’s chemistry more impressive is the number of new faces and underclassmen on the team. Of the 35 members, 21 are considered underclassmen, 14 of them freshmen. To be able to mesh so quickly with one another and to not have any senior-freshmen confrontations about team dominance is a moral victory in itself.

Thus far, Dykstra has been right. After the first day of championship action, the Mean Green is up on Denver 110-101 and sits at first place. The team also set two school records in the 800-free and 3-meter dive.

For at least one day, UNT’s chemistry is faring better than the team whose meet it was to lose. The Mean Green is outperforming expectations in Rockwall, and there’s no reason to think it won’t come out of the weekend as the SBC Champions.

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OPINION: Chemistry leads UNT to day one advantage

Chemistry sparks Dunbar's success

Girls Class 4A state basketball teams

Coral Springs Charter (23-6)
Mascot: Panthers
Coach: Fitzroy Anthony (second year)
Stat leaders
Points: Aisha Edwards 19.3; Celia Wojcik 11.8
Rebounds: Wojcik 10.6; Morgan Smellie 4.8
Assists: Emile Williams 3.3, Edwards/Smellie 2.7
Playoff road

d. Cardinal Gibbons 32-22 in district final
d. Miami Jackson 66-15 in regional quarters
d. Cardinal Gibbons 50-36 in regional semis
d. Gulliver Prep 59-44 in regional final
Dunbar (27-1)
Mascot: Tigers
Coach: Dwayne Donnell (12th year)
Stat leaders

Points: Kiara Desamours 14.7; Keri Jewett 12.6
Rebounds: Desamours 9.3; Johnetta Williams 4.9
Assists: Kadiedra Burger 3.3; Jewett 3.1
Playoff road

d. Bishop Verot 54-51 in district final
d. Cardinal Newman 71-44 in regional quarters
d. Lincoln Park 54-46 in regional semis
d. Tampa Catholic 63-58 (OT) in regional final

Out of reach

No Lee County high school girls basketball team has ever won a state championship. Here?s how the six local teams to reach the title game fared.
1984: 3A final ? Pompano Beach Ely 62, Fort Myers 49
1989: A final ? Ponce de Leon 81, Fort Myers Christian 52
1995: 5A final ? Gulfport Boca Ciega 46, Mariner 43
2002: 2A final ? Miami Monsignor Pace 61, Bishop Verot 51
2007: 4A final ? Jensen Beach 47, Dunbar 33
2008: 3A final ? Miramar Parkway 45, Dunbar 43

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Chemistry sparks Dunbar's success

Contrast with chemistry key to Jiggetts-North radio team

The low-key, thoughtful, Harvard-educated former Chicago Bears offensive lineman.

The street-wise, ahem, opinionated hot dog stand owner and high school dropout.

Who would have imagined the pairing of Dan Jiggetts and Mike North could work at any profession, much less at a start-up all-sports talk radio station?

The folks who behind the upstart WSCR, the all-sports talker that began in January 1992, did.

“My reaction was, I'm with a former Bear, a guy I respect, a guy I've watched play and has been on TV — Dan Jiggetts ... this can't be bad,” recalled North.

“I remember they told us about the pairing and so we went over to Mike's restaurant and chatted a little bit,” Jiggetts said. “Our chemistry was there from the moment we sat down and started firing at each other.”

And before you could say Ditka, The Score had the makings of a hit on its hands — a Monster hit, if you will, in the North-Jiggetts pairing, which lasted eight years.

“Three days in I remember sitting with (executive VP) Seth Mason saying this show has it,” former Score programming director Ron Gleason told Daniel Dorfman, who wrote an extensive history on the station for its website.

Gleason wasn't the only one feeling good about the combo.

“After about a week or two I honestly felt we had something pretty good, and as time went by that was proved to be true,” Jiggetts said.

“I think it worked because most people, just at the sight of us and with the way stereotypes are in this country, most people would say, ‘Well, who is the Harvard graduated kid?'” North said. “It worked because we crossed racial lines, we were comfortable talking about things. We had the street kid in me, the fan in me, and we had the actual professional player in Dan.

“Plus, we were in a happy place. There was some contentiousness as far as interviews with guests were concerned at times, but with the listeners and callers, we always respected them — we knew where our bread was buttered.”

Out of necessity, Jiggetts was the main voice of calmness during their years together.

“If you had two people like Mike on the air at the same time ... I don't think it would last a half-hour,” he said with a laugh. “But I think from a personality standpoint it was a great match because I was kind of the guy who to go ‘All right, let's get back to reality,' and Mike would go off on another tangent.”

Since the band broke up in 1999, North and Jiggetts have continued to work together on other ventures ranging from print to television.

“I can't speak for Dan, but I think we're closer now,” North said. “Back then, it was survival. We wanted to succeed as partners but we also knew we had to be good as individuals. We were so focused on doing a good job that we never really had the friendship I thought we could have. Since then it's just grown.”

Added Jiggetts: “It was always fun for us. The chemistry was something I think was palpable to people, and I think they rather enjoyed it.”

Fans of North and Jiggetts will get to see that chemistry in person again at the “Monsters 20th Anniversary Event” on March 8 at Arlington Park. Buffet tickets ($50) are available at arlingtonpark.com.

“I hadn't heard what the station (WSCR) was doing to celebrate and I said, ‘You know what? We have to do something,'” North said. “This is 20 years. We've known each other for 20 years. We've worked together on and off for 20 years ... people were asking me about it. So I decided to put something together.”

But ...

“I didn't know it was like putting a wedding together. I knew it would be a chore, but it's turned out to be a great chore,” he said. “My wife Be-Be has been unbelievable and I've had great partners in the Daily Herald and Arlington Park.

“I just decided, ‘Let's have a celebration. One night only with the Monsters.'”

Knowing North, nothing will be off limits at the Monsters celebration — and that includes the good or bad since his Score days.

“Everybody's got a Vietnam,” he said with a laugh. “My winning percentage is about 18-4. I've had mostly successes. I've had a couple of negatives — there's no question — and some of those I brought on myself.”

But he wouldn't change a thing.

“(In the early days at The Score) I remember telling Dan McNeill, ‘Let's enjoy this while we can' because it's going to go fast. And you know what? It went fast. It's been 20 years. But I'll tell you this: I loved every single minute. And I still do.”

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Contrast with chemistry key to Jiggetts-North radio team

Google Algorithm Helps Drive Computational Chemistry With moleculaRnetworks

The technology that Google uses to analyze trillions of Web pages is being brought to bear on the way molecules are shaped and organized. Aurora Clark, an associate professor of chemistry at Washington State University, has adapted Google's PageRank software to create moleculaRnetworks, which scientists can use to determine molecular shapes and chemical reactions without the expense, logistics and occasional danger of lab experiments.

"What's most cool about this work is we can take technology from a totally separate realm of science, computer science, and apply it to understanding our natural world," says Clark.

Clark and colleagues from the University of Arizona discuss the software in a recent online article in The Journal of Computational Chemistry. Their work is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Basic Energy Sciences program.

The software focuses on hydrogen bonds in water, earth's most abundant solvent and a major player in most every biological process. "From a biological or chemical standpoint, water is where it's at," says Clark.

In living things, water can perform key functions like helping proteins fold or organizing itself around the things it dissolves so molecules stay apart in a fluid state. But the processes are dazzlingly complex, changing in fractions of a second and in myriad possible forms.

Much like the trillion-plus Web domains on the Internet.

Google's PageRank software, developed by its founders at Stanford University, uses an algorithm-a set of mathematical formulas-to measure and prioritize the relevance of various Web pages to a user's search.

Clark and her colleagues realized that the interactions between molecules are a lot like links between Web pages. Some links between some molecules will be stronger and more likely than others.

"So the same algorithm that is used to understand how Web pages are connected can be used to understand how molecules interact," says Clark.

The PageRank algorithm is particularly efficient because it can look at a massive amount of the Web at once. Similarly, it can quickly characterize the interactions of millions of molecules and help researchers predict how various chemicals will react with one another.

Ultimately, researchers can use the software to design drugs, investigate the roles of misfolded proteins in disease and analyze radioactive pollutants, Clark says.

"Computational chemistry is becoming the third leg in the stool of chemistry," the other two being experimental and analytical chemistry, says Clark. "You can call it the ultimate green chemistry. We don't produce any waste. No one gets exposed to anything harmful."

Clark, who uses Pacific Northwest National Laboratories supercomputers and a computer cluster on WSU's Pullman campus, specializes in the remediation and separation of radioactive materials. With computational chemistry and her Google-based software, she says, she "can learn about all those really nasty things without ever touching them."

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Google Algorithm Helps Drive Computational Chemistry With moleculaRnetworks

Washington Wizards building better chemistry but still regress into selfish play

Spending nearly 10 days in the same hotels, on the same charter flights and facing the same opponents can either cause a losing team to come together or drift further apart. And for the Washington Wizards, the season’s longest — to this point — road trip through Detroit, Portland, Los Angeles, Utah and Phoenix went a long way toward helping the players establish more camaraderie as they shared meals, went to the movies and got more familiar with one another on a personal level.

“We’re most definitely better, chemistry-wise, being around each other off the court and playing hard for each other on the court,” Rashard Lewis said after the Wizards (7-25) finished 2-3 on the trip and doubled the number of road wins they had before leaving on Feb. 11. “It helps you come together on the court and play for each other instead of being selfish.”

The results were evident through the first two victories and even during some competitive stretches against the Clippers and the Suns. But the final dud of a second half in Phoenix proved that off-the-court chemistry doesn’t always translate to on-the-court success. The Suns buried the Wizards during a 31-6 run to close the third period, in an eight-minute stretch that Coach Randy Wittman described as “the most selfish spree of basketball since I’ve taken over.”

The Wizards had established a reputation as a one-on-one offensive team this season under former coach Flip Saunders, but Wittman had worked hard to make sure that his players trusted each other and relied on ball movement to get better, more efficient shots. The collapse during the 104-88 loss to Phoenix was more disturbing, because the Wizards had started the third period getting seven points by sharing the ball.

John Wall fed Nick Young for a jumper, then drove inside, drew Steve Nash and Jared Dudley, and fed Trevor Booker for vicious dunk in the lane. Booker then converted a three-point play that gave the Wizards a 55-54 lead with 8 minutes 13 seconds remaining in the period.

What followed was an incredible meltdown on both ends of the floor, a rapid descent that turned a close game into a laugher in a matter of minutes.

Wittman didn’t have to think too hard about what happened. “Selfish is what happened,” Wittman said. “We became selfish. We didn’t share the ball and tried to do everything one on one, and a good team like Phoenix is going to take that away from you. That’s all it was.”

The Wizards have had their share of second-half breakdowns, which is one of the reasons they have recorded 17 double-digit losses — second only to Charlotte — through the first half of this season. They will host Sacramento on Wednesday in the final game before the all-star break, which will probably feel like another road game considering how much the team has moved around.

Unlike last season, the Wizards are only slightly better at Verizon Center than they are away from home. They would like to head into the break on a positive note after failing to compete in Utah, where they trailed by 28 in the third quarter, and only showing up for 28 minutes in Phoenix, where they trailed by 26 in the fourth quarter. The Wizards lost each of the past three games by at least 14 points.

“It’s very disappointing,” Young said. “We’ve seen how good we can be. We could’ve made it a more positive road trip at 3-2 but to get blown out like that, it’s tough. But we’ve got to bounce back, look forward to Wednesday.”

The Wizards should also try to avoid having the kind of lengthy letdowns that have derailed them in recent losses to Houston and Miami, as they simply gave up or failed to play as a team.

As Nash and the Suns pounded them with crisp ball movement in the second half, the Wizards tried to respond with quick jumpers. Lewis was sitting next to Maurice Evans as the Suns scored 16 consecutive points, with Nash ending the run with a difficult, hanging jumper over Wall to put his team ahead, 70-55.

Evans mentioned that the game was getting out of control and Lewis looked up, stunned at how the team could go from leading to trailing by so much so quickly.

“It flashed before my eyes. It happened so fast. I couldn’t believe it,” Lewis said. “It’s disappointing, because we wanted to win this one. We felt it would’ve been a successful trip even though we didn’t play well in Utah. I still think we did a lot of positive things.”

After the loss to Phoenix, Jordan Crawford didn’t dispute Wittman’s notion that the team played selfishly.

“Yeah, probably. When you get down, everybody try to be the hero. I think that cost us,” said Crawford, who attempted a pull-up three-pointer on a three-on-two fast break during the run. He added that the Wizards did make some positive strides on the trip. “We’ve shown that even on the road, we can beat good teams. Good teams do it every night. I think we went out and played hard. We just had some mental lapses.”

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Washington Wizards building better chemistry but still regress into selfish play

Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market to 2017 – Clinical Chemistry Tests to be the Major Revenue Generator

NEW YORK, Feb. 21, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:

Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market to 2017 - Clinical Chemistry Tests to be the Major Revenue Generator

http://www.reportlinker.com/p0778001/Rapid-Tests-and-Point-of-Care-Market-to-2017---Clinical-Chemistry-Tests-to-be-the-Major-Revenue-Generator.html#utm_source=prnewswire&utm_medium=pr&utm_campaign=In_Vitro_Diagnostic

Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market to 2017 - Clinical Chemistry Tests to be the Major Revenue Generator

Summary

GBI Research's report, "Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market to 2017 - Clinical Chemistry Tests to be the Major Revenue Generator", provides key data, information and analysis on the global rapid tests and point of care (POC) market. The report provides information on the market landscape, the competitive landscape and market trend information on three rapid tests and POC market categories: clinical chemistry rapid tests and POC, immunochemistry rapid tests, and hematology rapid tests. The report provides comprehensive information on the key trends affecting these categories and key analytical content on the market's dynamics. The report also provides profiles of the major companies operating in the rapid tests and POC market and a detailed analysis of the pipeline products in each category. Furthermore, the report reviews the details of important merger and acquisition deals that have taken place in the rapid tests and POC market over the past four years. The report is compiled using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research, and in-house analysis by GBI Research's team of industry experts.

Scope

- Key geographies covered include the US, Canada, the UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Japan, China, India, Australia and Brazil.

- The market size of three rapid tests and POC market categories - clinical chemistry rapid tests and POC, immunochemistry rapid tests, and hematology rapid tests.

- Annualized market revenue data from 2003 to 2010, forecast forward for 7 years to 2017.

- Qualitative analysis of key market trends, market drivers and restraints of each category within the rapid tests and POC market.

- The report also covers information on the leading players in the market and the leading technologies.

Reasons to buy

- Develop business strategies by understanding the trends and developments that are driving the global rapid tests and POC market.

- Design and develop your product's development, marketing and sales strategies.

- Exploit M&A opportunities by identifying market the players with the most innovative pipeline.

- Develop market entry and market expansion strategies.

- Identify the key players best positioned to take advantage of emerging market opportunities.

- Exploit in-licensing and out-licensing opportunities by identifying the products most likely to ensure a robust return.

- What's the next big thing in the rapid tests and POC market landscape? Identify, understand and capitalize.

- Make more informed business decisions with the aid of insightful and in-depth analysis of the global rapid tests and POC market and the factors shaping it.

1 Table of Contents1 Table of Contents 31.1 List of Tables 61.2 List of Figures 72 Introduction 82.1 GBI Research Guidance 93 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Market Characterization 103.1 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 103.2 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 113.3 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Key Market Trends 123.3.1 Decentralization of Laboratories is a Growing Trend Across the World 123.3.2 Integration of POC Devices with Hospital Information Systems is a Growing Trend 123.4 Significant Consolidation in Recent Years to Reshape the Competitive Landscape of the Industry 133.4.1 Increased Demand for Rapid Tests and POC Testing in Emerging Countries Will Drive the Growth of the Market in the Near Future 133.5 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care, Market Dynamics 143.5.1 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care, Market Drivers 143.5.2 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care, Market Restraints 164 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Market Category Analysis and Forecasts 184.1 Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC 184.1.1 Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 184.1.2 Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC Market, Global, Revenue Forecasts ($m), 2010 - 2017 204.2 Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC Market - Market Dynamics 214.2.1 Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC Market - Market Drivers 214.2.2 Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC Market - Market Restraints 224.3 Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market 234.3.1 Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 234.3.2 Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue Forecasts ($m), 2010 - 2017 244.4 Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market - Market Dynamics 254.4.1 Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market - Market Drivers 254.4.2 Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market - Market Restraints 264.5 Hematology Rapid Tests Market 264.5.1 Hematology Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 274.5.2 Hematology Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue Forecasts ($m), 2010 - 2017 284.6 Hematology Rapid Tests Market - Market Dynamics 294.6.1 Hematology Rapid Tests Market - Market Drivers 294.6.2 Hematology Rapid Tests Market - Market Restraints 305 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Country Analysis and Forecasts 315.1 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Cross - Country Analysis 315.2 Revenue Forecasts, by Country, 2003 - 2017 335.2.1 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the US, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 335.2.2 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the US, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 345.2.3 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Canada, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 355.2.4 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Canada, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 365.2.5 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the UK, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 375.2.6 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the UK, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 385.2.7 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Germany, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 395.2.8 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Germany, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 405.2.9 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, France, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 415.2.10 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, France, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 425.2.11 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Italy, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 435.2.12 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Italy, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 445.2.13 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Spain, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 455.2.14 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Spain, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 465.2.15 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Japan, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 475.2.16 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Japan, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 485.2.17 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, China, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 495.2.18 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, China, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 505.2.19 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, India, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 515.2.20 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, India, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 525.2.21 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Australia, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 535.2.22 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Australia
, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 545.2.23 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Brazil, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 555.2.24 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Brazil, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 566 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Key Market Participants 576.1 F. Hoffmann - La Roche Ltd. 576.1.1 Business Overview 576.1.2 Marketed Products 576.2 Abbott Laboratories 576.2.1 Business Overview 576.2.2 Marketed products 586.3 Siemens Healthcare (Subsidiary of Siemens AG) 586.3.1 Business Overview 586.3.2 Marketed Products 586.4 Beckman Coulter, Inc. (Subsidiary of Danaher Corporation) 596.4.1 Business Overview 596.4.2 Marketed Products: 596.5 bioMerieux S.A. (Subsidiary of Merieux Alliance Group) 606.5.1 Business Overview 606.5.2 Marketed products 606.6 DiaSorin S.p.A 606.6.1 Business Overview 606.6.2 Marketed Products: 617 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Product Pipeline Analysis 627.1 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Pipeline Product Summary 627.2 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - List of Pipeline Products 647.3 Rapid Tests and Point of Care - Profiles of Key Pipeline Products 667.3.1 ImmProCon Technology 667.3.2 RAPIDPoint 500 System - Lactate Assay 667.3.3 Sali - Chek Reader 667.3.4 Point Of Care Diagnostic Device 677.3.5 ACE Alera Clinical Chemistry System - Direct A1c Assay 677.3.6 Advia 120 Hematology System - IRF Test 677.3.7 Advia 2120 Hematology System - MPC Test 687.3.8 AIA - 600 II - D - dimer Test 688 Global Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Consolidation Landscape 698.1 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Key Deals 2011 698.1.1 Sony Corporation of America Acquires Micronics 698.1.2 Roche Completes Acquisition of MTM Laboratories 698.1.3 Quest Diagnostics Completes Acquisition of Athena Diagnostics 698.1.4 Danaher Completes Acquisition of Beckman Coulter 708.2 Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market - Key Deals, 2007 - 2010 708.2.1 Merck Completes Acquisition of Millipore 708.2.2 Inverness Medical Innovations Acquires 78.13% Stake in Standard Diagnostics 718.2.3 Inverness Medical Innovations Completes Acquisition of Concateno from Marwyn 718.2.4 bioMerieux Acquires AviaraDx 718.2.5 Siemens Medical Acquires Dade Behring 718.2.6 Roche Acquires Ventana Medical Systems 728.2.7 Bio - Rad Laboratories Acquires Diamed 729 Appendix 739.1 Definitions 739.1.1 Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests & POC 739.1.2 Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market 739.1.3 Haematology Rapid Tests Market 739.2 Acronyms 739.3 Research Methodology 749.3.1 Secondary Research 749.3.2 Primary Research 749.3.3 Models 759.3.4 Forecasts 759.3.5 Expert Panels 759.4 Contact Us 759.5 Disclaimer 769.6 Sources 76

1.1 List of Tables

Table 1: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 10Table 2: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 11Table 3: Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 19Table 4: Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 20Table 5: Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 23Table 6: Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 24Table 7: Hematology Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 27Table 8: Hematology Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 28Table 9: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Global, Cross Country Analysis, CAGR (%), 2003 - 2017 31Table 10: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the US, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 33Table 11: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the US, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 34Table 12: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Canada, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 35Table 13: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Canada, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 36Table 14: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the UK, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 37Table 15: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the UK, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 38Table 16: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Germany, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 39Table 17: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the Germany, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 40Table 18: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, France, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 41Table 19: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, France, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 42Table 20: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Italy, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 43Table 21: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Italy, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 44Table 22: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Spain, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 45Table 23: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Spain, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 46Table 24: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Japan, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 47Table 25: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Japan, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 48Table 26: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, China, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 49Table 27: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, China, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 50Table 28: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, India, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 51Table 29: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, India, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 52Table 30: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Australia, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 53Table 31: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Australia, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 54Table 32: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Brazil, Revenue ($m), 2003-2010 55Table 33: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Brazil, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 56Table 34: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Global, Pipeline Product Summary, 2010 62Table 35: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Pipeline Assessment, by Development Stage 63Table 36: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Global, List of Pipeline Products, 2010 - 2011 64Table 37: Rapid Test and Point of Care Market, Global, List of Pipeline Products, 2010 - 2012 65Table 38: ImmProCon Technology, Product Status, 2011 66Table 39: RAPIDPoint 500 System, Product Status, 2011 66Table 40: Sali - Chek Reader, Product Status, 2011 66Table 41: Point Of Care Diagnostic Device, Product Status, 2011 67Table 42: ACE Alera Clinical Chemistry System - Direct A1c Assay, Product Status, 2011 67Table 43: Advia 120 Hematology System - IRF (Immature Reticulocyte Fraction) Test, Product Status, 2011 67Table 44: Advia 2120 Hematology System - MPC (Mean Platelet Component) Test, Product Status, 2011 68Table 45: AIA (Automated Immunoassay Analyzer) - 600 II - D - dimer Test, Product Status, 2011 68

1.2 List of Figures

Figure 1: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 10Figure 2: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 11Figure 3: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Market Categorization and Segmentation 18Figure 4: Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 18Figure 5: Clinical Chemistry Rapid Tests and POC Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 20Figure 6: Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 23Figure 7: Immunochemistry Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 24Figure 8: Hematology Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 27Figure 9: Hematology Rapid Tests Market, Global, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 28Figure 10: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Global, Cross Country Analysis, CAGR (%), 2003 - 2017 31Figure 11: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the US, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 33Figure 12: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the US, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 34Figure 13: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Canada, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 35Figure 14: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Canada, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 36Figure 15: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the
UK, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 37Figure 16: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, the UK, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 38Figure 17: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Germany, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 39Figure 18: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Germany, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 40Figure 19: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, France, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 41Figure 20: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, France, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 42Figure 21: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Italy, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 43Figure 22: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Italy, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 44Figure 23: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Spain, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 45Figure 24: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Spain, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 46Figure 25: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Japan, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 47Figure 26: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Japan, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 48Figure 27: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, China, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 49Figure 28: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, China, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 50Figure 29: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, India, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 51Figure 30: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, India, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 52Figure 31: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Australia, Revenue ($m), 2003 - 2010 53Figure 32: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Australia, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 54Figure 33: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Brazil, Revenue ($m), 2003-2010 55Figure 34: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Brazil, Revenue ($m), 2010 - 2017 56Figure 35: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Global, Pipeline Product Summary (%), 2010 62Figure 36: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market, Pipeline Assessment, by Development Stage 63

Companies mentioned

F. Hoffmann - La Roche Ltd.

Abbott Laboratories

Siemens Healthcare (Subsidiary of Siemens AG)

Beckman Coulter, Inc. (Subsidiary of Danaher Corporation)

bioMerieux S.A. (Subsidiary of Merieux Alliance Group)

DiaSorin S.p.A

To order this report:In Vitro Diagnostic Industry: Rapid Tests and Point of Care Market to 2017 - Clinical Chemistry Tests to be the Major Revenue Generator

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Lin's Knicks fail to find chemistry in loss to Nets

Jeremy Lin flirted with a triple double but the New York Knicks struggled to find the right chemistry with the return of Carmelo Anthony, losing 100-92 to the New Jersey Nets on Monday.

"I need to come out with more energy and the team needs to come out with more energy. That is why we lost," said Lin. "We are not in panic mode. We are going to have to work through some struggles but as long as we are all committed and buy in, we will be fine."

It marked just the second loss since Lin's amazing run began February 4 against the Nets when he blitzed New Jersey's defence for 25 points.

The Knicks have eight wins and two losses since the NBA legend of Lin was born with that 99-92 win over the Nets.

Lin finished with a team-high 21 points, nine assists and seven rebounds as all five Knicks starters reached double figures in scoring in Monday's loss.

"Jeremy still got 21 and nine and he still had a great game, a good game," said Knicks coach Mike D'Antoni. "Our energy wasn't right the whole night. We got some sorting out to do."

Lin's incredible season began when the former benchwarmer was called up with two starters missing and answered with the most points of any NBA player in his first five starts since the NBA and ABA merged in 1976.

The fairy-tale rise of Lin, the first American-born NBA player of Taiwanese and Chinese heritage, is all the more remarkable considering he was cut by two clubs before joining the Knicks.

But the Knicks had no answer on Monday to Nets point guard Deron Williams who finished with a season-high 38 points.

Williams also scored a career-high eight three-pointers for the Nets who snapped a five-game losing streak to the Knicks.

Kris Humphries had a double-double with 14 points and 14 rebounds for New Jersey.

The Knicks welcomed superstar Anthony back into the lineup from injury Monday but he struggled to find a role in their revamped offence.

Anthony shot just four-of-11 from the field and had 11 points, well below his season average of 22.3.

Anthony had missed the team's last seven games with a groin strain and point guard Baron Davis also made his season debut against the Nets.

But D'Antoni refused to single out a player for blame, instead insisting the whole team was at fault for the loss.

"When a guy comes back others guys stand around and watch what he is doing," D'Antoni said. "It was the whole team's fault.

"Two or three guys were new in there and we weren't rolling."

Amare Stoudemire (17), Tyson Chandler (14) and Landry Fields (10) also reached double figures for the Knicks.

D'Antoni said they hope to use the upcoming All-Star break to better identify the role of each player on the team.

"We got some things to sort out and figure out what identity we have to have. We need to retool a little bit and see what we can do."

Lin has been running the Knicks' offence since Anthony got hurt. Lin believes the two will eventually find their roles under D'Antoni's system.

"We both make plays and we need to find a good balance," said Lin who makes $17 million a season less than Anthony.

"It is tough right now with no practice time and then you throw in J.R. Smith and Baron Davis. There will be an adjustment time and things to talk about."

Lin said it is frustrating to beat the defending champion Dallas Mavericks one night then lose to a last-place team the next.

"This is definitely a gut check," Lin said. "We have to look inside ourselves and come with the same energy and passion against teams with poorer records than the defending champions or the Los Angeles Lakers."

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Lin's Knicks fail to find chemistry in loss to Nets

Gleason's Sporting World: Wins solve chemistry, not bowling outings

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Jets players such as offensive guard Matt Slauson (68) and quarterback Mark Sanchez (6) should be more focused on what they need to do to win, instead of worrying about team chemistry and coming up with ideas such as bowling outings.ASSOCIATED PRESS

Published: 2:00 AM - 02/19/12

Points to ponder while wondering if the Jets think they can just decide, "Hey, lets build us some chemistry for next season!''

Chemistry isn't something you mandate, not something you cross off a checklist. Chemistry must be developed. A team must have the right pieces in place to have chemistry. It must have the right leadership inside the locker room and on the sideline.

Chemistry isn't something developed from team bowling nights or other so-called bonding activities being looked into by Jets offensive lineman Matt Slauson. It is, best put, something that is developed from a culture in which 53 guys possess the same goal.

That goal is winning.

When every single guy in the locker room places winning above personal achievement, there is chemistry. Of course bonding should be stressed. But you don't need 53 guys getting along like frat brothers. You need 53 guys sacrificing for the common cause: winning.

Did you once hear Hakeem Nicks or Mario Manningham or Jake Ballard complain about a lack of touches? Did you see a Giants player quit on his team during a game? Was there an occasion when players griped about coaches, at least publicly? Not that I can remember.

Oh sure, more than one Giants player found defensive coordinator Perry Fewell's schemes hard to grasp at different points in the season. You can bet they expressed their frustration from time to time. But they handled it in-house. They communicated. They worked through it. And guess what? Because they dealt with it like men, unlike the Jets, Fewell and his guys discovered the formula that helped the Giants win the Super Bowl.

Safety Antrel Rolle had the biggest outburst, complaining after the late-season loss to Washington that teammates needed to practice through relatively minor injuries. Seemed a little harsh at the time. But players responded, saying Rolle's rant represented a much-needed kick. In the end, teammates knew that Rolle, if a bit chatty in the press, cared only about one thing: winning.

The Jets can hold all the pizza-and-wing nights they want. They can hit the local bowling alley until the skin peels off their kegling thumbs. That doesn't make chemistry.

Chemistry arrives when Santonio Holmes cares more about winning than catching footballs. Chemistry arrives when teammates support teammates through difficult times. Chemistry arrives when every player believes in every coach, and when the head coach earns the respect of every player in the locker room.

Here's a team-bonding activity for Slauson. Have every teammate over your house whenever possible during the offseason, and each week during the season. Make it a two-hour meeting with the same topic: What can each player in the room do to make the team better? Discuss your feelings. Hash out issues.

Communicate.

And you won't have to wear those creepy bowling shoes.

Wanted: A 35-year-old receiver who sat out last season, totaled 28 receptions for three teams in 2010 and has a long history of minimizing his effort.

What, no takers for Randy Moss?

Gee, can't understand it.

For fans of the United States Military Academy, and I am one, Tampa Bay's offense (Mike Sullivan) and defense (Bill Sheridan) will be run not only by former Giants assistants, but by former Army assistants.

I wish Jeremy Lin would just go and take care of this global warming mess before the playoffs tip off.

The following is not fair, but then, sports and life aren't always fair. I can only make one prediction very strongly this baseball season:

A.J. Burnett is going to win 15 games.

It won't be fair to those forced to sit through that long-running tragicomedy at Yankee Stadium known as "The Worst of A.J. Burnett.'' It won't be fair to manager Joe Girardi, who watched Burnett stink up the joint almost every fifth day for two seasons, who stood by Burnett when almost everybody wanted him banished to the bullpen or, better, Siberia, and in response heard Burnett grumble about quick hooks.

Now Burnett's in Pittsburgh, right about where he belongs, way off the beaten baseball path in a super low-pressure hardball environment. It's precisely the scenario in which Burnett, his crucial flaws from the neck up, can and probably will thrive.

What do you know, Floyd Mayweather Jr., became the only person on planet Earth to diss Jeremy Lin.

Lin's a good player, Mayweather said, "but all the hype is because he's Asian. Black players do what he does every night and don't get the same praise.''

This, folks, is an example of why bigotry and ignorance go hand in hand.

I for one am anxious to see what Nicki Minaj has up her sleeve for the NBA All-Star game after that nutty Grammys bit of hers.

kgleason@th-record.com

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Gleason's Sporting World: Wins solve chemistry, not bowling outings

Jennifer Aniston proud of Rudd chemistry

Jennifer Aniston says her “chemistry” with Paul Rudd has “always been there”.

The Hollywood pair have maintained a good working relationship over the years, appearing in films including The Object of My Affection and more recently Wanderlust.

Both actors have a great on-screen chemistry, which Jennifer admits is very natural.

“I just think it’s something that has been there. I mean, it’s grown – because we’ve grown, but I think that that chemistry has always been there,” she told Access Hollywood.

Jennifer and Paul engage in a few semi-naked scenes in the comedy film, including one with a prosthetic penis.

Jennifer says the experience was a totally new one for her.

“That’s a first – that’s an absolute first,” Jennifer insisted before Paul pondered about the question. “That’s not your first?” Jennifer laughed.

Wanderlust is produced by famed comedy director Judd Apatow and tells the story of a married Manhattan couple who move to a rural commune after facing sudden unemployment. The film also stars Jennifer’s partner Justin Theroux.

The actress says the relaxed script allowed for the cast to improvise throughout.

“There would be the scene as written, then there would be a Judd Apatow touch where he would have these alternate lines written, so we would try version one, version two, version three. They were all hilarious, I don’t know how they decided what to put together,” Jennifer said.

“Then there were also times when we would keep rolling and see what happened,” Paul added.

The pair admit that the final edit was made appropriate for the big screen.

“There was so much that was naughty that got cut,” Jennifer exclaimed before Paul laughed: “There is only so much disgusting stuff the audience is gonna handle!”

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Jennifer Aniston proud of Rudd chemistry

Liberal arts curriculum brought out surprising chemistry with science

Next fall, one of my closest friends at Ohio State will begin the long and arduous task of earning a doctorate in something chemistry related. Another will begin pursuing his in biological anthropology. My younger sister's favorite part of the school day? Her AP Chemistry class.

Me? Well, I am a perfectly content and successful student in communication. In March, I will receive my diploma and journey out into the real world with no foreseeable plans to do anything related to science. And yet, in my very last quarter, I am enrolled in Chemistry 101 and I kind of love it.

The hallmark of a true liberal arts education is the requirement that students take courses from a breadth of disciplines. For the most part, I appreciate it. I took an incredible course on civil liberties. I got to channel my inner Aaron Sorkin in a second writing course called "Criticizing Television." Fulfillment of the foreign language requirement inspired me to complete a minor in Spanish. The liberal arts have been good to me. But I have been dreading my lab science, which is why it is not so surprising that I put it off until I couldn't any longer.

On the first day of chemistry, my lecturer told all 275 of us that this would be the hardest class we ever take. If she was trying to weed me out, it was working. Then she said something that included the phrase, "All of you freshmen." How embarrassing. Far removed from my high school chemistry class, I sat there wide-eyed and dumbfounded as every single voice in the lecture hall except my own recited in unison the three states of matter. I was thoroughly panicked.

The first chemistry lab was stressful. The first homework assignment impossible. But there was something about the delight in my sister's voice as she walked me through the steps of dimensional analysis (a personal favorite of hers) that made it all seem just slightly more bearable. I started finding success in the class. And then it got fun. Certainly not because of the 8:30 a.m. lectures, but because of the labs spent observing chemical reactions and solving for the missing piece of the puzzle. And because of the opportunity to become even closer to my sister as she tutors me and shares her pure joy for the science while I inspire some jealousy because she thinks my labs are so much cooler than hers.

My chemistry friend and I have never wanted for conversation, but now we have even more to talk about. I can make lame jokes about supersaturated resumes and he daydreams about an odd alternate reality in which I discover my chemistry "talents" early enough to become his study buddy.

So, liberal arts gods, listen up. I don't say this often, but I was wrong and you were very much right. I can't say what practical good it will do me that I have hand-crafted tin oxide, but I do know that my undergraduate education and my life are fuller for it.

 

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Liberal arts curriculum brought out surprising chemistry with science

Flattening the world – day 1 at the AAAS

The American Association for the Advancement of Science conference has kicked off in Vancouver, Canada, under the theme of flattening the world – not Hulk like destruction, more about sharing knowledge evenly across the globe. There’s going to be plenty of talk on how electronic communications can help spread information around the world that can help people address the myriad challenges they face in feeding themselves, providing clean water and sustainable development. But for now Thursday was a low key start, building to a very busy next three days.

Flattening the world in Vancouver

So what’s out and about? Well we have another theory on what Stonehenge is all about. Steven Waller studies archaeoacoustics – looking at the role sound may have played in ancient cultures. He thinks Stonehenge and other similar circles – sometimes called piper rings or the giant’s dance – are laid out according to patterns of acoustic interference. It’s an odd one I’ll admit and I only mention it as everyone’s heard all the different theories about the site being some kind of cosmic calendar, or an ancient hospital or a landing site for UFOs.

He dreamed up this idea after noticing that interference patterns can create regular deadening of sound. He found that blindfolded volunteers who were walked around two flutes playing a continuous note in the middle of a field described ‘obstructions’ in the sounds they heard – just like something was in the way. This deadening is down to destructive interference between the sound waves, but ancient cultures would have had no knowledge of this. He theorises that they spotted these patterns, but they appeared ‘magical’ to them, as if there was something hiding in plain sight. He thinks that they went on to design their circles on these patterns. You can listen to him here.

Meanwhile, researchers from the energy institute at the University of Texas, Austin, have been looking into hydraulic fracturing, better known as fracking to try to help policy makers separate fact from fiction. In a report, they conclude that fracking is no worse than any other oil or gas extraction process. The problem isn’t so much in forcing apart the shale to release the gas, it’s nearer the surface where faulty well casings and poor cement seals allow contaminated water to taint groundwater – much like other hydrocarbon extraction processes.

The day finished with the incoming AAAS president Nina Fedoroff giving a packed auditorium her inspirational life story. Growing up in a Russian family in the US she said she was given little encouragement to be the best she could be. But she persevered always going that extra mile and pushing for opportunities, until she joined Nobel laureate Barbara McClintock’s group. There she made a name for herself in genetics research, cloning and sequencing one of the first plant genes when others said that there was something about plant genes that made them inimical to being cloned. She shared with the delegates her fears for the future, with a rapidly growing world population, pressures on food, water and other resources. And she made the case that science holds the solution to tackling many of these problems, particularly genetic engineering of plants – an area she has some experience in herself. She decried the slow regulatory process for genetically modified organisms and said that it is a scandal that vitamin A enhanced rice – that could help ward off disease in millions – is still not on the market a decade after it was developed. A good start to the conference and there’s some interesting topics ahead – I’m looking forward to it.

Patrick Walter

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Chemistry in the clouds – day 2 at the AAAS

Day two at the AAAS meeting brought more interesting debate and discussion. Bright and early first thing in the morning Greg Scholes, from the University of Toronto, Canada, filling in for Graham Fleming, from the University California, Berkeley, who was ill, said that we have to learn lessons from nature on solar light harvesting.



A great venue with a gloomy backdrop!



He describes himself as a quantum biologist – someone who probes natural structures on the quantum scale to try to understand what makes them tick – and says that we have to learn from millions of years of evolution to improve the ways in which we capture light energy. He points to green sulfur bacteria that live in the Black Sea at a depth of 80m that can still survive by harvesting what little light there is down there. By probing these sorts of light harvesting complexes using ultra-short laser pulses scientists can learn how to more efficiently gather light energy and transfer it to where it is needed.

We were up in the clouds next, as Ravi Ravishankara, director of the chemical sciences divison of the earth system research laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the US, took us on a whirlwind tour of aerosols. Unfortunately, the effect of aerosols on the climate is still something of a black box, he explains, and we’re missing quite a bit of the information we need. The net effect of aerosols on the climate is thought to be roughly the same as carbon dioxide, thanks to aerosols like black carbon, which can absorb heat, or others which can damage the ozone layer. Vikki Grassian, from the University of Iowa, US, says that the error bars in our understanding of how atomspheric aerosols affect climate are big. She says the problem is complex as aerosols come from so many sources, have different lifetimes, undergo different chemistry, so atmospheric chemists are trying to build a database. Obviously, trying to cover all the aerosols and their reactions would be a sisyphean task. ‘You try to study the most important reactions, you try to use chemical intuition,’ she adds, ‘I’m not going to study methane, it’s not going to do anything, it’s pretty inactive.’ It’s up to chemists, she says, to use their box of analytical tools to work out which reactions are going on and take this to the modellers so they can plug the effects into their models.

Up in the press room we were given a lesson in improving on what Mother Nature has already given us – food crops.



The view from the press room. Chemistry is everywhere!



We all know more food will be needed in the coming decades to feed a growing global population with increasingly eclectic tastes. Howard Griffiths, professor of plant ecology at the University of Cambridge, UK, is one of the scientists at the forefront of this huge challenge. He’s attempting to ‘turbocharge’ plants to improve yields and is looking at a number of ways to do this. One of the principal ways he’s trying to do this is by changing crop plants like potatoes and wheat to harness carbon dioxide using the C4 pathway – to produce a four carbon organic acid – rather than the less efficient C3 pathway they currently use. This change could increase light harvesting efficiency from 4% to 6% and, although that might not sound like much, is huge if that increase could be carried over into crop yields. He’s also looking at other ways to improve the enzyme Rubisco, which fixes carbon dioxide into sugars, using strategies such as parking it in subcellular components where it can be suffused in more carbon dioxide.

Richard Cogdell at the University of Glasgow, UK, is pursuing a different strategy and is trying to learn from photosynthesis to make synthetic fuels. They’re trying to use electricity to drive fuel production by harnessing synthetic biology technology. In his group they’re trying to take carbon dioxide and turn it into terpenes – energy dense organic compounds already produced by many plants. They also have the advantage of being immiscible with water, which should make them much easier to harvest than other biofuels such as ethanol. Cogdell describes this type of work as ‘one of the grand challenges mankind faces’ and says that young researchers need to be enthused and sold this opportunity to shape the future of the world. I think we can all agree with those sentiments.

Patrick Walter

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The chemistry of the champagne bubble

It’s Valentine’s Day and here at the Chemistry World cabana, we want to make sure our readers have the best one yet. No doubt many of you will be spending the evening with a special someone and to make sure the conversation flows, you may share a glass or two of that most romantic of tipples – champagne. And what better accompaniment could there be to such a perfect evening than some champagne science trivia? Clearly none.

Now, as a veteran of a date, with a girl, I can say with some authority that nothing relieves the paralysing tension and awkwardness of a first date (or for that matter the wearisome banality and contemptuous familiarity of the umpteenth) like some well-selected items of trivia. No; nothing. It’s easy: if you haven’t got anything interesting to say, a useless fact or two is sure to give you a highbrow mien. Using nothing more than the rudiments of reading, you can borrow intelligence and assume intellect through the passive regurgitation of words and phrases. Just like Vernon Kay.

And, of course, science trivia is the best of all.

So to it. We’ll be using Gerard Liger-Belair’s paper published today in the European Physical Journal ST, but you’re welcome to choose your own. Liger-Belair has compiled close to 100 pages on the topic of champagne bubbles (this is very nearly trivia in itself) and we’ve summarised some of the best bits below.

As a starter, last week, Patrick took us through Liger-Belair’s work on the appropriate champagne glassware and so you may wish to begin your trivia torrent with the myth of the coupe’s mammarian mimicry. Though men should be aware that this is a somewhat high-tariff manoeuvre and must be executed whilst maintaining constant eye-contact (assuming a typical finite simple group of order two enjoying gender dichotomy).

Thankfully, Liger-Belair’s bubble work provides plenty of safer option for the less adventurous trivia buff. Bubbles not only lend champagne an effervescent sparkle, they are also critical to the flavour and experience. As they rise, champagne bubbles carry volatile organic compounds to the liquid’s surface, and drag surfactant molecules along as they go. When they reach the surface and burst, they create a concentrated aerosol of sensory molecules, known as the ‘nose’. And once in the mouth, the bubbles continue to form and collapse and the CO2 they release provides carbonic acid to excite nociceptors (involved in sensing pain), both of which contribute to champagne’s mouthfeel (a somewhat discomfiting compound word, though consider if you will handsmell, or eyeflavour and offer a prayer of thanks for their continued absence from the lexicon).

Your average 750ml bottle of champagne contains around 9g (5l) of dissolved CO2, which roughly equates to some 108 bubbles. Anyone who has held a glass of champagne will know that the bubbles rise in graceful columns from specific sites within the liquid. What you may not know is that these nucleation sites are not scratches or defects of the glass but are typically cellulose fibres adhering to the walls of the glass, deposited from the air or the cloth used to dry it. The gas bubbles already trapped within these fibres provide the perfect place for gaseous CO2 to form. These cellulose fibres will occasionally detach from the glass wall and journey through the liquid, creating the trains of bubbles suspended within the liquid, charmingly referred to as ‘fliers’.

Liger-Belair also obtained some quite beautiful high-speed shots of bubbles forming and collapsing at the surface of champagne. So following these nuggets you may wish to use the hexagonal symmetry of the bubbled surface to lead into a discourse on tessellation with particular reference to examples from the natural world. Alternatively, the collapsing bubble and its ensuing jet of liquid provide ample opportunity to venture into fluid physics. In my experience, your dating partner will be so overawed at this display of information that they will say little to nothing for the remainder of the evening, leaving you free to talk at length.

Happy Valentine’s Day.

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How much should chemistry profs earn?

Germany’s highest court stated on Tuesday that thousands of professors in the country are being short changed, and ruled that their pay must be raised by the end of the year.

But how much should a professor be earning? The chemistry professor at the University of Marburg who filed the lawsuit earns a basic salary of approximately €3900 (£3240) per month – a sum that he and the court agree is inadequate compared with what other civil servants earn.

But is nearly £40,000 per year really too little? How does this compare with pay for professors where you are?

Nina Notman

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China's Xi sells U.S. trade elixir, personal chemistry

LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - China's leader-in-waiting Xi Jinping on Friday swiped away fears that his country's economic growth could stumble, and turned to courting American companies and states hungry for a slice of that growth on the final day of his U.S. visit.

Vice President Xi and his U.S. counterpart Joe Biden suggested that Xi's five-day trip, with its mixture of diplomacy and folksy public displays, could pave the way for steadier ties between the world's two biggest economies.

Xi (pronounced like "shee") told a business forum in Los Angeles that China will continue to promote greater domestic demand and turn more to the United States as a source of imports and site for investment.

Despite recent economic slowing and persistent price pressures, Xi told the gathered business executives that China's economic momentum would not falter as some economists warn.

"China's economy will maintain stable growth," he said "There will be no so-called hard landing."

Xi is almost sure to succeed Hu Jintao as Chinese president in just over a year, and the final day of his tour of the United States featured commercial deals and reassuring talk intended to blunt American ire about the trade gap between the countries.

"We will further increase imports from other countries in the light of our economic and social development and consumer demand. We will actively expand imports from the United States," Xi later told a midday meeting in the city.

Biden, who accompanied Xi to Los Angeles, praised the Chinese leader-in-waiting's efforts to reach out to often wary Americans, but reminded him that rancor over trade imbalances and barriers had not evaporated in all the sunny goodwill.

"This is a little unusual for any foreign leader, particularly a Chinese leader, to want to expose himself as much to the American public," Biden told reporters, referring to Xi.

"The Vice President has been straightforward in the changes he'd like to see, and I have been equally as straightforward in the changes that we'd like to see in our trade and economic relationship," Biden told the midday reception for Xi.

"The crux of our discussion is that competition can only benefit everyone if the rules are fair and followed."

GETTING READY FOR THE NEXT DECADE

Xi is poised to become China's next leader after a decade in which it has grown to become the world's second-largest economy, while the United States has endured the deepest recession since the Great Depression.

He will most likely succeed Hu Jintao as Communist Party chief in late 2012 and as president in early 2013, and Xi's visit to the United States was intended to get both sides more familiar with each other for the decade Xi could be in power.

In that time, China's economic size and military capabilities are likely to grow closer to U.S. levels.

Washington and Beijing have often jostled over economic, political and foreign policy disputes from human rights to Taiwan and most recently Syria.

The U.S. trade deficit with China expanded to a record $295.5 billion in 2011 and many U.S. lawmakers complain China's yuan currency is significantly undervalued, giving its companies an unfair advantage.

The Obama administration has also accused Beijing of distorting trade flows by ignoring intellectual property theft, putting up barriers to foreign investors and creating rules that favor China's state-owned behemoths.

Xi's stop in Los Angeles was choreographed to blunt those complaints and make China's case that its rapid growth presents the U.S. economy with opportunities, not threats.

Scores of executives from major U.S. and Chinese companies, from Intel to Microsoft, lined up to sign deals after Xi's address at the economic forum on Friday.

They included "Kung Fu Panda" studio Dreamworks Animation's venture to make films from Shanghai, and Chinese telecom giant Huawei's pledge to award $6 billion in contracts over three years to Qualcomm Inc, Broadcom Corp and Avago.

The Chinese trade delegation this week also signed deals to buy a record 13.4 million tonnes of U.S. soybeans, valued at $6.7 billion.

Xi said that he felt from his visit that "mainstream American opinion" supports stronger ties. "I can now say that my visit has been fully successful," he said.

"We've established a personal friendship and a healthy working relationship," he said of himself and Biden.

"MISSION IMPOSSIBLE" FAN

More than the current, publicly stiff Chinese President Hu Jintao, Xi has made an effort to put a friendlier public face on his government during his U.S. visit, including revisiting the small town of Muscatine in Iowa where he visited in 1985 and stayed two nights with a family.

The 58-year-old former Shanghai party secretary found time for less weighty matters, including a visit to the International Studies Learning School in South Gate -- an urban Los Angeles enclave of mainly Hispanics -- where some classes learn Chinese.

At the school, Xi recalled his first visit to Muscatine, and said: "They gave me the same impression that, like Chinese people, they are warm-hearted, friendly, honest and hard-working. Twenty-seven years have passed, but that remains my impression, and it has become a deeper one."

Xi also offered a glimpse of his personal life, telling the students he enjoyed swimming and watching sports, including American basketball, baseball and gridiron football.

Once again showing his familiarity with Hollywood fare, Xi said it was difficult to find time to relax. "It's like the name of that American movie -- 'Mission Impossible'."

After their visit to the school, Biden told reporters the talks with Xi had been very forthright, and was also intensely curious about the workings of the American political system.

"This is a guy who wants to feel it and taste it, and he's prepared to show another side of Chinese leadership," said Biden. He suggested the personal ties forged with Xi could make it easier for the two governments to manage conflict.

"He is intensely interested in understanding why we think the way we do, what our positions are, and the need to actually broaden this kind of understanding," said Biden.

Xi was due to watch part of an LA Lakers basketball game before he left for the next two countries of his current international tour, Ireland and then Turkey.

(Additional reporting by Paul Eckert in Washington; editing by Todd Eastham and Sanjeev Miglani)

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China's Xi sells U.S. trade elixir, personal chemistry