Plants! In! Space!

Today is International Fascination of Plants Day, so I wanted to share some plant science that I have recently been fascinated by. Ive become a bit obsessed with research on growing plants in space, how plants respond to microgravity, and the potential for space agriculture. Plant research in space focuses on growing plants for long-term space flight, where the plants can not only feed the astronauts but also scrub the air of carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, and recycle water. The exchange of nutrients and wastes between plants and astronauts can form the cornerstone of a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) for orbiting space stations and perhaps even future space colonies.

Figure from "Seeds in Space" by Mary Musgrave, Seed Science Research, 2002.

Plants have travelled to space since some of the earliest orbital missions, and experiments on how seeds sprout and grow in space have been used to study how plants move in response to light, water, and oxygen without the confounding variable of how plants respond to gravity. While plants can be grown from seeds inside specially designed growth chambers in space and seeds flown in orbit can grow when brought back to Earth (like the moon trees that orbited the moon during the Apollo 14 mission), it took nearly 40 years of research before plants grown in space could form fertile seeds and reproduce to create self-sustaining agriculture.

Microgravity affects plants in many ways, changing how water diffuses through the soil to the roots and travels up the stems, and importantly, changing how air moves around the plant and how gasses like oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. The composition of the cabin air onboard the spacecraft as well as ventilation around the plant to promote air exchange have to be very precisely controlled in order to allow for reproduction on board. Even after conditions were optimized and plants could produce fertile seeds, the peculiarities of microgravity can affect the metabolism of the plant, often limiting the plant robustness and nutritional properties.

Figure from Tuominen et. al. "Plant secondary metabolism in altered gravity."

Adapted from a figure from "Seeds in Space" by Mary Musgrave

The alteration of airflow as well as changes in plant metabolism in space can have an effect on other plant characteristics as well, including their scent. The Overnight Scentsation, a miniature breed of rose, was sent into orbit on the 1998 Space Shuttle Discovery mission STS-95 to identify the smell of the flower in space. John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth also became the oldest person to fly in space during this mission, where he performed headspace analysis to capture the scent of the space rose. The overall aroma was pleasant but much reduced compared to the smell of the rose grown on Earth. Analyzing the components of the rose volatiles showed that while the smell was decreased overall, the production of the main rose-smell constituents, phenyl ethyl alcohol, citronellol, geraniol, and methyl geranate actually increased in space. This ultra-rosey space rose smell was resynthesized based on the headspace trace, and is a primary note in the Shiseido fragrance Zen [PDF].

Plants in space can tell us about the potential for life in orbit and homesteading on the final frontier, but also about the amazing biology and chemistry of plants that make life possible on Earth. Im fascinated by the moon tree and the space rose, as well as the motion of growing plant roots uncontrolled by the pull of gravity. Plants are fascinating, on Earth and in space.

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Plants! In! Space!

NASA Embracing Commercial Space Flight

Sat, May 19, 2012

The first U.S. commercial space flight is scheduled to launch this week from Cape Canaveral. Commercial launch company SpaceX has built a capsule that will go to the ISS and thus open the era of commercial space flight. The Falcon 9 rocket is on track to launch on Saturday, May 19, with a backup date of May 22. The rocket will carry the Dragon capsule into space, on a mission to deliver supplies of food and water to the International Space Station.

"We've been launching things into space for 50 years," said NASA's Deputy Administrator Lori Garver. "It's time we did trust our industry to be able to lead the way. It is something we do need since the retirement of the space shuttle," Garver said. "This has been our plan for replacing the space shuttle, which was so much larger and built the space station by carrying the modules."

Federal News Radio reports that the Falcon 9 mission is a smaller, much more focused effort that will allow NASA to reduce the cost of space transportation by using the commercial sector.

"We've been working very closely with SpaceX, who is the industry partner on this mission," Garver said, adding that the company has been reviewing all of the flight-readiness activities that used to be NASA's job. "The last couple of times, we came to do this within the last few months, we found specific software testing that needed to continue to be done and now we're through with that," Garver said. "I talked to the folks last night and they are ready."

The launch will usher in a new era of space travel for the U.S., one in which private companies design and build NASA's spacecraft, with the agency acting as just a single customer. Currently, two companies are vying for NASA's cargo delivery contract and four are competing for the crew delivery to the space station. (Pictured: Previous SpaceX Falcon 9 launch)

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NASA Embracing Commercial Space Flight

Red Bluff brings home 11th section title; McColpin throws shutout vs. Wolves

Red Bluff shuts out Shasta for section title None

Megan McColpin hobbled down the first-base line in player introductions.

She then took the mound, and fired a gutsy, dominating complete-game shutout against top-ranked Shasta, as No. 3 Red Bluff won 4-0 and took home the Northern Section Division II softball championship on the road.

In the final inning, McColpin got a pair of quick outs in the air, and a blooper into the glove of second baseman Haley Harris to end it.

McColpin has compartment syndrome, a condition that involves fluid building up in limbs and can sometimes require surgery.

It's painful, and it's inconvenient. But it wasn't enough to keep her off the field.

With a section banner on her mind, though, McColpin got into a groove and forgot about the physical pain.

Fear quickly morphed into confidence.

"I already felt like I had a disadvantage, so I was a little scared," McColpin said, "but when I got out there, I was just focused on keeping the ball low.

"I knew my defense would back me up."

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Red Bluff brings home 11th section title; McColpin throws shutout vs. Wolves

Toronto stock market heads higher amid cautious buying at end of bruising week

By Malcolm Morrison, The Canadian Press

TORONTO - The Toronto stock market was higher Friday as traders picked up stocks that have sold off this month on worries about Greece leaving the eurozone and generally slowing economic conditions.

Facebooks debut as a public company helped overshadow news out of Europe, at least temporarily.

Facebook was set to start trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market at 11 a.m. EDT, the day after the worlds definitive online social network raised US$16 billion in an initial public offering that valued the company at $104 billion. Facebook priced its IPO at $38 per share on Thursday, at the top of expectations. The stock trades under ticker symbol will be FB.

The S&P/TSX composite index rose 60.2 points to 11,390.88 while the TSX Venture Exchange was ahead 7.06 points to 1,235.13.

The pessimistic mood on markets has sent the TSX tumbling about 1,000 points or more than eight per cent to its lowest level since last October.

The Canadian dollar was higher as data showed that inflation was slightly higher in April while prices for gold and copper gained ground after selling off this week.

The commodity-sensitive loonie rose 0.1 of a cent to 98.23 cents US as Statistics Canada said that Canada's annual inflation rate rose to two per cent in April, from 1.9 per cent the previous month.

The loonie has lost about three US cents this month as tension over Greece sent traders to the safe haven status of U.S. Treasuries and away from riskier assets such as commodities and resource-based currencies such as the Canadian dollar.

U.S. markets were little changed at the end of a bruising week. The Dow industrials lost 156 points on Thursday following a disappointing read on the U.S. manufacturing sector in the northeast. The Philadelphia Federal Reserve index unexpectedly fell into negative territory.

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Toronto stock market heads higher amid cautious buying at end of bruising week

World Premiere of Disney•Pixar’s “Brave” Heads to Hollywood for Grand Opening of the Dolby Theatre

BURBANK, Calif. & SAN FRANCISCO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

DisneyPixars Brave, a groundbreaking adventure full of humor, heart and breathtaking action, extends its pioneering spirit to its world premiere on June 18, 2012, marking the Grand Opening of Hollywoods Dolby TheatreSM. The red-carpet event is a special presentation for Film Independents 2012 Los Angeles Film Festival. Premiering in Dolby 3D, a state-of-the-art imaging solution providing audiences with a superior 3D experience, Brave is an epic tale set in the mystical Scottish Highlands where the films headstrong protagonist, Merida, is forced to discover the meaning of true bravery. The film hits theatres nationwide on June 22, 2012.

With a spirited heroine and enchanting setting in the ancient Scottish Highlands, Brave represents some exciting firsts for Pixar, said Ricky Strauss, president, marketing, The Walt Disney Studios. We are proud that the world premiere of Brave will serve as the inaugural premiere at the new Dolby Theatre as part of the LA Film Festival, a fitting way to launch Meridas extraordinary adventure.

According to Ramzi Haidamus, executive vice president, sales and marketing at Dolby Laboratories, the 180,000-square-foot, 3,400-seat Dolby Theatre will be a world stage for entertainment and a top venue to host world premieres and launch events. The world premiere of DisneyPixars Brave in conjunction with the LA Film Festival is perfect for kicking off the next era for Dolby, said Haidamus.We are committed to creating the best entertainment experiences, and now with the grand opening of the Dolby Theatre, we are honored to host the best as well. This is the first of many exclusive and exciting eventsfrom movie premieres to awards ceremoniesin which Dolby and our technologies will play a featured role.

Celebrating 18 years, the Los Angeles Film Festival will make this special presentation available to Festival attendees with Platinum All-Access or Gold Passes. An additional Gala screening of the film will be held the next day at Regal Cinemas at L.A. LIVE for pass and ticket holders. We are thrilled to present the world premiere of Brave, a beautiful adventure story, to our LA Film Fest audience, said Festival Director Stephanie Allain. As DisneyPixars first film with a female protagonist, it fits perfectly with our celebration of Women in Animation programming well be holding during the Festival.

With its grand opening, the Dolby Theatre is set to be a showcase for Dolby innovation, including Dolby Atmos, Dolby 3D and other new technologies for years to come. The Brave world premiere is sponsored by VisitScotland.

Dolby and the double-D symbol are registered trademarks of Dolby Laboratories. Dolby Atmos is a trademark, and Dolby Theatre is a service mark of Dolby Laboratories. All other trademarks remain the property of their respective owners. S12/25694 DLB-G

ABOUT THE MOVIE

Set in the rugged and mysterious Highlands of Scotland, DisneyPixars Brave follows the heroic journey of Merida (voice of Kelly Macdonald), a skilled archer and headstrong daughter of King Fergus (voice of Billy Connolly) and Queen Elinor (voice of Emma Thompson). Determined to change her fate, Merida defies an age-old custom sacred to the unruly and uproarious lords of the land: massive Lord MacGuffin (voice of Kevin McKidd), surly Lord Macintosh (voice of Craig Ferguson) and cantankerous Lord Dingwall (voice of Robbie Coltrane), unleashing chaos in the kingdom. When she turns to an eccentric Witch (voice of Julie Walters), she is granted an ill-fated wish and the ensuing peril forces Merida to harness all of her resourcesincluding her mischievous triplet brothersto undo a beastly curse and discover the meaning of true bravery. Directed by Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman, and produced by Katherine Sarafian, Brave is a grand adventure full of heart, memorable characters and signature Pixar humor. Opens on June 22, 2012, in Disney Digital 3D in select theaters.

ABOUT DOLBY LABORATORIES

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World Premiere of Disney•Pixar’s “Brave” Heads to Hollywood for Grand Opening of the Dolby Theatre

Woman heads to Uganda to bring cheer to children

SAUCIER, MS (WLOX) -

A South Mississippi woman is headed to overseas with an organization that delivers shoe boxes filed with basic hygiene necessities, toys and a gospel book to children in third world countries or who live in areas affected by disaster.

Debbie Eubanks, the area coordinator for Operation Christmas Child, was packing her bags Friday for a very important mission, she is traveling to Uganda to personally deliver shoe boxes collected for the children.

"So that the children have something to let them know that somewhere, someone loves them and many times it is the first gift they have gotten," Eubanks said.

The touching stories are what motivates her.

"We've heard stories of a child who got a teddy bear in their box that they used to have one just like it and they had to leave behind when the family had to leave as a refugee," Eubanks said. "We heard so many stories like that."

She cannot wait to experience this first hand. You see, Eubanks is usually the one to collect the boxes and she has even made trips to Atlanta to help package and ship the boxes overseas.

"But for me to place a shoe box in the hand of a child and tell them the gospel message, it is just kind of bringing an end to the story and bring it back to everyone else I hope," Eubanks said.

Eubanks was invited to go on the trip because of the generosity of South Mississippi, last year more than 11,000 boxes were collected and that was a 28 percent increase from the year before.

"I feel like it's an honor to represent the coast because they are sending me. It was their shoe box gifts that allowed me to be able to go," Eubanks said.

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Woman heads to Uganda to bring cheer to children

TSX heads higher; Facebook shares rise after delayed start of trading

By Malcolm Morrison, The Canadian Press

TORONTO - The Toronto stock market was higher Friday as traders picked up stocks that have sold off this month on worries about Greece leaving the eurozone and generally slowing economic conditions.

Facebooks debut as a public company helped overshadow news out of Europe, at least temporarily.

Facebook started trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market about half an hour late, at 11:30 a.m. EDT, after a computer glitch. Nasdaq said it had trouble delivering trade execution data related to the IPO. Its stock jumped to around US$42 shortly after the start of trading, before falling to $40.48 at mid-afternoon. The stock trades under ticker symbol FB.

Facebook had priced its IPO at US$38 dollars per share Thursday, at the top of expectations.

The S&P/TSX composite index rose 43.24 points to 11,373.92, led by miners and energy companies even as prices for oil and copper hit fresh multi-month lows. The TSX Venture Exchange was ahead 5.65 points to 1,233.72.

The pessimistic mood on markets has sent the TSX tumbling about 1,000 points or more than eight per cent to its lowest level since last October.

The Canadian dollar lost ground amid lower commodities and data showed that inflation was slightly higher in April while prices for gold and copper gained ground after selling off this week.

The commodity-sensitive loonie lost 0.26 of a cent to 97.87 cents US as Statistics Canada said that Canada's annual inflation rate rose to two per cent in April, from 1.9 per cent the previous month.

The loonie has lost about three and a half US cents this month as tension over Greece sent traders to the safe haven status of U.S. Treasuries and away from riskier assets such as commodities and resource-based currencies such as the Canadian dollar.

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TSX heads higher; Facebook shares rise after delayed start of trading

Touchdowns for a cure

-All Dates- Today Tomorrow This Weekend This Week -------------------- Sunday, May 20 Monday, May 21 Tuesday, May 22 Wednesday, May 23 Thursday, May 24 Friday, May 25 Saturday, May 26 Sunday, May 27 Monday, May 28 Tuesday, May 29 Wednesday, May 30 Thursday, May 31 Friday, June 1 Saturday, June 2 Sunday, June 3 Monday, June 4 Tuesday, June 5 Wednesday, June 6 Thursday, June 7 Friday, June 8 Saturday, June 9 Sunday, June 10 Monday, June 11 Tuesday, June 12 Wednesday, June 13 Thursday, June 14 Friday, June 15 Saturday, June 16 Sunday, June 17 Monday, June 18 Tuesday, June 19 -All Event Categories- ARTS AGENDA Classical Music Comedy Film Museums Readings & Signings Spoken Word Theater/Dance/Performance Art Visual Arts COMMUNITY HAPPENINGS Benefits & Fundraisers Clubs & Organizations Family Festivals/Events Gay & Lesbian Health & Fitness Holiday Lectures & Seminars Nightlife Sex & Love Singles Sports & Recreation Support Groups Volunteers/Public Life FOOD & DRINK Culinary Wine/Cocktails MUSIC EVENTS Acoustic Americana Bluegrass Blues Classical Concert Country Covers Dancing DJ/Electronica Ethnic/World Experimental Folk General Hip-Hop Jazz Karaoke Metal Open Jam/Drum Circle Open Mic Party Pop R&B/Soul Record Release Rock Spiritual Variety -All Dates- Today Tomorrow This Weekend This Week -------------------- Sunday, May 20 Monday, May 21 Tuesday, May 22 Wednesday, May 23 Thursday, May 24 Friday, May 25 Saturday, May 26 Sunday, May 27 Monday, May 28 Tuesday, May 29 Wednesday, May 30 Thursday, May 31 Friday, June 1 Saturday, June 2 Sunday, June 3 Monday, June 4 Tuesday, June 5 Wednesday, June 6 Thursday, June 7 Friday, June 8 Saturday, June 9 Sunday, June 10 Monday, June 11 Tuesday, June 12 Wednesday, June 13 Thursday, June 14 Friday, June 15 Saturday, June 16 Sunday, June 17 Monday, June 18 Tuesday, June 19 -All Neighborhoods- General Charlotte Area NORTH CHARLOTTE Concord/Kannapolis Dilworth Lake Norman Midtown North Charlotte/University Uptown EAST SIDE East Charlotte Elizabeth NoDa Plaza-Midwood SOUTH CHARLOTTE Ballantyne Matthews/Southeast Charlotte Myers Park Pineville/Hwy 51 South Charlotte South End SouthPark/Cotswold WEST CHARLOTTE Gastonia Westside SOUTH CAROLINA Fort Mill Rock Hill

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Touchdowns for a cure

Pippa Middleton Wears Sexy Red Dress at Scottish Wedding

For whatever reason, Pippa Middleton seems to always steal the spotlight at other people's weddings.

More than a year after her older sister, Kate, and Prince William tied the knot, the British party planner, 28, looked ravishing in red at Camilla Hook and Sam Holland's nuptials in East Lothian, Scotland Saturday.

PHOTOS: Pippa Middleton's world-famous booty

Pippa's raspberry wrap dress looked reminiscent of the navy Issa design Kate, 30, wore when she announced her engagement to William, 29, in November 2010. For Saturday's ceremony, she wore an intricate fascinator featuring three red roses and a black veil.

PHOTOS: Pippa Middleton's sophisticated street style

The Celebration author, who attended Hook and Holland's wedding with a female companion, completed her look with black pumps.

In April, William's sister-in-law was involved in a bizarre gun controversy -- giggling in an Audi convertible in Paris as the driver waved a semiautomatic pistol at a photographer. "This is embarrassing for them," a royal source told Us Weekly, who added that the event had "put Kate in a very difficult position."

PHOTOS: The Middleton girls' family album

Since then, Pippa has maintained a relatively low profile -- something she hadn't been able to do since her sister's April 29, 2011 wedding. "Kate feels guilty Pippa can't just slip back into normal life," royal watcher Katie Nicholl told Us.

This article originally appeared on Usmagazine.com: Pippa Middleton Wears Sexy Red Dress at Scottish Wedding

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Pippa Middleton Wears Sexy Red Dress at Scottish Wedding

NASA | Forest Recovering From Mt St Helens Eruption – Video

18-05-2012 13:06 The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens leveled surrounding forest, blasted away over a thousand feet of the mountain's summit, and claimed 57 human lives. Landsat satellites have tracked the recovery of the surrounding forest. This video shows that recovery, in a timelapse of annual images from 1979-2011. This video is public domain and can be downloaded at: Like our videos? Subscribe to NASA's Goddard Shorts HD podcast: Or find NASA Goddard Space Flight Center on Facebook: Or find us on Twitter:

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NASA | Forest Recovering From Mt St Helens Eruption - Video

NASA/SpaceX Hold NASA Social for Falcon 9 Launch – Video

18-05-2012 14:01 NASA and Space Exploration Technologies invited a group of their social media followers to a NASA Social at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The event was in anticipation of the launch of SpaceX's second Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) demonstration flight. SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket is targeted to lift off at 4:55 am EDT on May 19, in an attempt to become the first commercial company to send a spacecraft to the International Space Station.

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NASA/SpaceX Hold NASA Social for Falcon 9 Launch - Video

NASA/Spacex Discuss Upcoming Launch and Mission To ISS – Video

18-05-2012 15:29 Officials from NASA and SpaceX held a press briefing at the Kennedy Space Center to discuss the second SpaceX demonstration launch for NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS), scheduled for liftoff on Saturday, May 19. The launch of the Falcon 9 rocket carrying a Dragon capsule will occur from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. There is a single instantaneous launch opportunity at 4:55 am EDT. NASA Television launch commentary from Cape Canaveral begins at 3:30 am During the flight, SpaceX's Dragon capsule will conduct a series of check-out procedures to test and prove its systems, including the capability to rendezvous and berth with the International Space Station.

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NASA/Spacex Discuss Upcoming Launch and Mission To ISS - Video

New Expedition Crew and Dragon’s Demo Flight on This Week @NASA – Video

18-05-2012 15:36 The three newest residents of the International Space Station were greeted by their Expedition 31 crewmates after their Soyuz capsule docked safely with the orbiting laboratory following its two day-plus journey from Kazakhstan. Soyuz commander Gennady Padalka, NASA flight engineer Joe Acaba, and Russian flight engineer Sergei Revin are slated to spend the next five months on the station. Expedition 31 will conclude, and 32 will begin, when Oleg Kononenko, Andre Kuipers, and Don Pettit return to Earth on July first after spending more than six months aboard the ISS. Meanwhile, the launch of the first commercial venture to the International Space Station is a big milestone for NASA and Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, or SpaceX, the company whose Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft endeavors to carry out the demonstration flight to the ISS. Also, Extreme Temperature Heat Shield, More Tests for Orion's Launch System Component, The State of Alabama celebrates NASA and more.

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New Expedition Crew and Dragon's Demo Flight on This Week @NASA - Video

SPACEX/NASA DISCUSS LAUNCH ABORT OF FALCON 9 ROCKET – Video

19-05-2012 09:12 During a press briefing at The Kennedy Space Center on May 19, SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell and NASA Commercial Crew and Cargo Program Manager Alan Lindenmoyer discussed the launch abort of the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon capsule on a demonstration flight to the International Space Station. Early data shows that high chamber pressure in Engine #5 caused a cutoff of all nine engines at T- 0.5 seconds. SpaceX will continue to look at the data and inspect the engine before setting a new launch date. The next possible opportunity is May 22 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida.

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SPACEX/NASA DISCUSS LAUNCH ABORT OF FALCON 9 ROCKET - Video

NASA chooses rocket for Orion launches

Artist's impression of Orion capsule with crew. Credit: NASA

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla., May 18 (UPI) -- NASA says it will modify an existing and proven Delta IV rocket second stage to launch an Orion spacecraft on an unmanned test flight in 2017.

A manned flight to lunar orbit is planned for four years after that, the agency said.

The Boeing upper stage is "the only means available to support the immediate in-space propulsion needs" for the excursions, NASA said in a statement.

An internal study of in-space propulsion systems available in the United States, Europe and Japan determined the Delta IV upper stage "is the only known in-space stage requiring relatively minor modifications" to meet mission requirements as well as the launch schedule, NASA said.

The Delta IV second stage is powered by a single Pratt & Whitney RL-10B2 engine fueled by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.

Both Orion missions will be launched from complex 39B at Kennedy Space Center on early versions of NASA's new heavy-lift Space Launch System, Florida Today reported.

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NASA chooses rocket for Orion launches

NASA, SpaceX lower expectations for historic flight to space station

WASHINGTON On the eve of an historic launch of a commercial spacecraft to the International Space Station scheduled for Saturday (May 19), NASA and SpaceX officials again emphasized that the ambitious mission is ultimately a test flight and a learning opportunity.

The long delayed flight of an unmanned SpaceX Dragon spacecraft aboard a Falcon 9 rocket to the space station has a tight launch window early Saturday morning in order to catch up and dock with the space station after about 75 hours of orbital flight.

This is a test flight [and] we want to make sure we learn something as well as wring out the spacecraft, SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell said during a briefing at the Kennedy Space Station.

The test flight is intended to show that SpaceX can launch its Dragon cargo ship into orbit and guide it to a rendezvous and docking with the space station. Only four nations have linked up with the orbiting laboratory, and SpaceX is the first commercial supplier to attempt a docking.

This mission is extremely complicated, stressed NASAs Alan Lindenmoyer, manager of its commercial crew and cargo program. Given the difficulty of SpaceX achieving all of its goals on only the second test flight of the Falcon 9 and Dragon spacecraft, Lindenmoyer said unmet objectives would roll over to the next test flight scheduled for later this year.

Beyond that, NASA and SpaceX officials declined to define what would represent a successful mission.

SpaceX successfully launched the Dragon spacecraft to orbit and returned it to Earth in December 2010, marking the first time a commercial space company had done so.

But this weekends cargo mission is far more complex. The Dragon spacecraft will carry with it a trunk containing rendezvous and proximity sensors needed to catch up with and dock with the space station. Shortly after launch, solar panels will be deployed to generate power for onboard systems. Dragon also will carry redundant flight computers needed to guide the spacecraft to the space stations docking hatch along with UHF communications so that space station astronauts can control Dragons approach and docking.

The spacecraft also will be controlled by what Shotwell called dramatically more complex software needed for navigation, rendezvous and docking. NASA managers and SpaceX engineers spent months examining every line of spacecraft code as part of a software assurance program. NASA officials were reportedly concerned about Dragon systems interfering with space station equipment.

Shotwell said the SpaceX team validated every code and configuration change in the flight software before NASA would sign off on the systems. The software assurance drill has delayed the Dragon launch several times.

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NASA, SpaceX lower expectations for historic flight to space station