Why nutrition terms require careful look

When is super not so super-duper and natural not the natural choice?

Its hard enough deciding which foods to throw in the grocery cart or pick from restaurant menus. Now health experts warn that common nutrition definitions can be exaggerated, misleading or false.

Called leanwashing by Austin-based EnviroMedia Social Marketing with input from public health and food professionals, their list of words to watch out for include made with and natural. Dr. Stephen Pont of the Texas Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity, an adviser for the Leanwashing Index, says, When it comes to natural, dont forget all-natural sugar and cane sugar are added sugars that add empty calories to whatever you, or your kids, are eating.

The group doesnt like made with because it doesnt tell the consumer if theres enough of a healthy ingredient in a product to contribute a significant concentration of nutrients.

Term limits

Super food may be a super popular marketing term, but there is no legal definition. It usually refers to foods that contain an impressive concentration of a nutrient such as omega-3 fatty acids in salmon or a food thats one-stop shopping for a number of nutrients such as kales combination of vitamins and minerals. But be super careful about succumbing to super food claims.

Nutrition experts are all for portion control, but the Leanwashing Index warns against grabbing 100-calorie packs of snack foods without considering, for instance, a 100-calorie pack of baby carrots serves up more nutrition than 100-calorie packs of cookies.

Whole truth

The phrase whole grain continues to be wholly misunderstood by many.

Should you hold out for foods made with 100 percent whole grain? No, says Cynthia Harriman of the Whole Grains Council: The tricky part is most people get the majority of their whole grains by eating foods made with a mix of whole and refined grains.

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Why nutrition terms require careful look

World Heritage Sites: Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans #04 – Video


World Heritage Sites: Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans #04
Looking for broadcast footage? Don #39;t shoot! Contact http://www.stockshot.nl © Salins-les-Bains, which is packed between the mountains and with trigger-happy fortresses at the tops and a solid wall around the city made potential plunderers think twice before they would lay their fingers on the salt. The mineworkers were in poor health, but the Franche-Comté produced another son, one who was concerned mainly about the health of his fellow man: Louis Pasteur, who rose to supreme heights in knowledge and science of microbiology. In Arbois, in the middle of the Franche-Comté, you can visit the Louis Pasteur museum. Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com You are invited to subscribe, share comment to our YouTube channels: http://www.youtube.com http://www.youtube.com http://www.youtube.com http://www.youtube.com © All Rights reserved by Fauna Film BV http://www.faunafilm.nl

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Research and Markets: Italy In Vitro Diagnostics Market Outlook to 2018 – Clinical Chemistry Genetic Testing …

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/6d4r6v/italy_in_vitro) has announced the addition of GlobalData's new report "Italy In Vitro Diagnostics Market Outlook to 2018 - Clinical Chemistry Genetic Testing, Haematology, Histology and Cytology, Immuno Chemistry, Infectious Immunology and Microbiology Culture" to their offering.

This new report provides key market data on the Italy In Vitro Diagnostics market. The report provides value (USD million), volume (units) and average price (USD) data for each segment and sub-segment within market categories - Immuno Chemistry, Clinical Chemistry, Haematology, Infectious Immunology, Histology And Cytology, Microbiology Culture and Genetic Testing. The report also provides company shares and distribution shares data for each of the aforementioned market categories. The report is supplemented with global corporate-level profiles of the key market participants with information on company financials and pipeline products, wherever available.

This report is built using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research and in-house analysis by a team of industry experts.

Scope

- Market size and company share data for In Vitro Diagnostics market categories - Immuno Chemistry, Clinical Chemistry, Haematology, Infectious Immunology, Histology And Cytology, Microbiology Culture and Genetic Testing.

- Annualized market revenues (USD million), volume (units) and average price (USD) data for each of the segments and sub-segments within market categories. Data from 2004 to 2011, forecast forward for 7 years to 2018.

- 2011 company shares and distribution shares data for each of the market categories.

- Global corporate-level profiles of key companies operating within the Italy In Vitro Diagnostics market.

Reasons to buy

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ATS Labs Acquires Microcheck, Inc., Expands Microbiology Services to Include Microbial Identification

EAGAN, Minn.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--

ATS Labs, Inc. announces the acquisition of Microcheck, Inc., a provider of contract microbial identification testing in strict accordance with Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMPs).

The acquisition of Microcheck strengthens ATS Labs microbiology services to sterile and non-sterile manufacturing operations. This positions our company as the premier comprehensive provider of microbiology services for industries that actively manage microbial environmental contamination, says Brian C. Brosdahl, Ph.D., ATS Labs president and chief executive officer.

As a leader in microbial identification of bacteria, fungi and yeasts, Microcheck supports environmental monitoring and quality control programs for the pharmaceutical, medical device, cosmetics, personal care, agriculture/food, raw materials, water testing, research, bioremediation and other related industries. The companys expert scientific team uses state-of-the-art technologies for bacterial identification, fungal identification, gene sequencing, environmental monitoring and microbiology testing. Since 1988, Microchecks team has identified more than 500,000 isolates to species level.

Now, ATS Labs can offer environmental monitoring support, followed by microbial identification of environmental isolates, and then complete the service by providing disinfection qualification testing, adds Brosdahl.

A leading global provider of antimicrobial and biocide testing services, ATS Labs is committed to improving public health and generating value for customers that range from international Fortune 500 companies to small privately held firms. For more than 20 years, ATS Labs has been an expert partner to the developers, manufacturers and users of antimicrobial products. In addition to its customers high satisfaction, the company maintains a positive reputation with all the regulatory agencies and a flawless record of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency facility and data audits.

To learn more about ATS Labs comprehensive range of microbiology, virology and product chemistry services, please visit http://www.ats-labs.com.

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ATS Labs Acquires Microcheck, Inc., Expands Microbiology Services to Include Microbial Identification

Longevity MigWeld140 Unboxing. Spool Gun. 110v mig welder – Video


Longevity MigWeld140 Unboxing. Spool Gun. 110v mig welder
Longevity Mig Welder spool gun unboxing. First Impresssions 110v unit More videos to follow including how it welds and spool gun usage. $329 welder. $119 Spool gun. Mig: http://www.longevity-inc.com Spoolgun: http://www.longevity-inc.com

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Longevity MigWeld140 Unboxing. Spool Gun. 110v mig welder - Video

This Conglomerate Is Inclined Toward Longevity

By Muhammad Bazil - January 14, 2013 | Tickers: C, GE, PHG | 0 Comments

Muhammad is a member of The Motley Fool Blog Network -- entries represent the personal opinions of our bloggers and are not formally edited.

While General Electric (NYSE: GE) still remains the largest U.S. conglomerate and arguably one of the most renowned names in the global space, a section of pundits have, for the past several years, questioned its ability to deliver utility for its shareholders. This argument is founded on the lackluster, yet steadily improving, performance that General Electrics stock exhibited at the wake of the dreaded 2008 financial juncture. In addition, some analysts argue that Jeff Immelt, the CEO, played a key role in suppressing General Electrics performance over the years. Indeed, the last ten years have been characterized by a lower-than-average kind of performance.

The graph below offers a deeper insight, showing General Electrics performance relative to key benchmarks:

As detailed, General Electric has performed relatively lower than the S&P 500 and the Dow over the years. Nonetheless, whats more notable is the distinct correlation between General Electrics performance and the general performance in the market. This suggests that General Electrics performance is more influenced by broader market conditions than it is by shifting tendencies in its internal environment.

With this in mind, making Immelt take the bullet for the outgoing decade is blatant finger pointing. General Electrics performance is more reliant on macro factors and as such, shouldnt be predominantly analyzed from a historical performance perspective. Prospective investors should look at some other compelling elements in General Electric like longevity and size. Albeit taken for granted, these are some of the factors that assure an investor that their money is not only safe but also poised to double over the years.

Rosy relationship with the government brightens long term outlook

The government is one of the high priority deep-pocketed customers in General Electrics stable, spending millions of dollars each year. To further fortify an already solid relationship, General Electric and the government have inked a contract worth $138.3 million. This amount, which will greatly add to General Electrics top line, will secure the conglomerates engineering, technical and logistics services in support of the high priority T700 series turbine engines.

To further accent this already lucrative deal, the electronics heavyweight secured a $242 million contract in February last year. The contract required General Electric to overhaul and upgrade the T701D and T700 engines. This was then succeeded by another remunerative September repair contract worth $105.2 million.

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This Conglomerate Is Inclined Toward Longevity

A Celebration of Good Fortune, Prosperity and Longevity

15th January, 2013

This year, GAB (Guinness Anchor Berhad) launches their Celebration of Good Fortune, Prosperity and Longevity campaign which promises great promotions, exciting activities and auspicious events for loyal consumers to usher in the Year of the Snake.

Speaking during the launch of this auspicious campaign, Yap Swee Leng, Marketing Director of GAB shares, The Lunar New Year has witnessed the time-honoured tradition of reunion and gathering within the local Chinese community. Not surprisingly, this is also the period when GABs three stars of Tiger, Guinness and Anchor shine brightest to bring good times and great memories for GAB loyal consumers as they usher in the Year of the Snake with family and friends.

Throughout the festive season, consumers can check the bottle cap liners of any big bottle of Guinness, Tiger and Anchor to see if they have won one of 9 solid gold Fu Lu Shou sets worth RM 10,000 each, 999 gold-plated Fu Lu Shou sets worth RM 1,000 each or to redeem 18 bottle liners for a Fu Lu Shou set to usher in good favor, wealth and health throughout the year ahead.

This year, GAB will also be organizing a series of charity dinners to raise funds for worthy causes such as for the refurbishment of the Chan She Shu Yuen Clan Association Hall as well as six other Chinese communities and villages across the country. These fundraising events will feature a Chinese dinner with Yee Sang, great live entertainment and an all-round memorable time for all attendees, as well as a charity bazaar that also contributes funds towards the worthy cause of the dinners.

This Chinese New Year, be sure to think of GABs three iconic stars and you will receive an overflow of Good Fortune, Prosperity and Longevity. For more information on this campaign, please visit http://www.gab.com.my today.

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A Celebration of Good Fortune, Prosperity and Longevity

Are You An Obnoxious Jerk? Biology May Know The Answer! – Video


Are You An Obnoxious Jerk? Biology May Know The Answer!
Researchers from the University of Buffalo have possibly found a biological indicator of being a rude loud mouth, and it goes all the way back to the womb. University scientists believe there #39;s a link between how a person #39;s hand looks and the likeliness he or she will be verbally aggressive. What is it, and should you take a good look at your gaming buddies #39; hands before you go on voice chat with them? Or do you not buy into the study? Let us know in the comments below! Like what you see? Please support us for free by subscribing to Nerd Alert, a part of the TYT Network: http://www.youtube.com Twitter: twitter.com Kim Horcher: twitter.com John Iadarola: twitter.com Read more from medicalxpress.com Tags: 2d:4d ratio, testosterone study, verbal aggressiveness, verbal aggression, Fingers, University of Buffalo, finger shapes, hand shapes, finger ratio, finger difference, big hands, small hands, big fingers, small fingers

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Abattis signs Andrew Riseman, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Applied Biology and Plant Breeding

VANCOUVER , Jan. 14, 2013 /CNW/ - Abattis Bioceuticals Corp. (the "Company" or "Abattis") (OTC PINK: ATTBF) (CNSX:FLU), announces the engagement of Andrew Riseman Ph.D. effective January 11, 2013 . Dr. Riseman will be assisting the Company in Applied Biology and Plant Sciences.

Mr. Mike Withrow , Chief Executive Officer on behalf of the Company, stated, "We are pleased to have Dr. Riseman join our Abattis team. His expertise in tissue and plant breeding sciences will be a tremendous asset to Abattis; we will apply his knowledge to produce proprietary intellectual property for the company. "

Andrew Riseman Ph.D., Associate Professor, Plant Biology and Plant Breeding at UBC stated, I am very excited about this opportunity to work with such a great company to advance botanical sciences in the Medical Marijuana and other medicinal plant breeding sciences, I see Abattis a company with the ability to engineer, grow and extract advanced Pharmaceutical Grade Compounds "PGC's" that ensure traceability, consistency in dosing and safety with a target to produce the purest compounds from chosen cultivars."

About Abattis Bioceuticals Corp. Abattis Bioceuticals Corp. is a specialty biotechnology company with capabilities through its wholly owned subsidiaries of producing, licensing and marketing proprietary ingredients and bio-similar compounds for use in Pharmaceuticals, Nutraceutical, Cosmetic and Animal Nutrition markets. The company also has a deep pipeline of proprietary products ready for sale in high growth areas of Functional Foods and Supplements business. For more information, visit the Company's website at http://www.abattis.com.

About Dr. Riseman http://www.landfood.ubc.ca/directory/faculty/professors-and-instructors/andrew-riseman

ON BEHALF OF THE BOARD

Neither the CNSX Exchange nor its regulations services accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

SOURCE: Abattis Bioceuticals Corp.

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Abattis signs Andrew Riseman, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Applied Biology and Plant Breeding

BioRestorative Therapies Announces Participation in Adipose Tissue Biology Keystone Conference Series

JUPITER, Fla., Jan. 14, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --BioRestorative Therapies, Inc. ("BRT" or the "Company") (BRTX), a life sciences company focused on adult stem cell (non-embryonic) based cellular therapies for various personal medical applications, announced todaythat it has been invited to present at the Adipose Tissue Biology conference of the Keystone Symposia conference series on January 30, 2013. The Conference will be held at the Keystone Resort in Keystone, Colorado from January 27, 2013 to February 1, 2013.

BRT Chief Scientist, Francisco Silva, will be presenting the Company's research on Human Metabolically Active Brown Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells, which will be readily available to all organizers, speakers, and attendees of the conference. This research is a result of the scientific work BRT has been performing pursuant to its ThermoStem Program which focuses on treatments for metabolic disorders (diabetes, heart disease, etc.) and obesity and uses brown fat stem cells.

The Keystone Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology is a non-profit organization based in Silverthorne, Colorado that was founded in 1972. Keystone has shown unrelenting and uninhibited support for the advancement of biomedical and life sciences worldwide having convened 50-60 conferences per year across five continents. The goal of this conference is to engage researchers from diverse fields to take basic discoveries in adipocyte biology to the next level, including a deeper understanding of the etiology of type 2 diabetes and correlated diseases such as cancer, dementia and asthma through the conferences joint meeting sessions.

About BioRestorative Therapies, Inc. BioRestorative Therapies, Inc. ("BRT") develops medical procedures using cell and tissue protocols, primarily involving adult stem cells (non-embryonic), and allowing patients to undergo minimally invasive cellular-based treatments. BRT is developing the following scientific initiatives: Our brtxDISC Program (Disc Implanted Stem Cells) offers a non-surgical treatment for bulging and herniated discs and addresses the gap between non-invasive and invasive back procedures. Our ThermoStem Program focuses on treatments for metabolic disorders (diabetes, heart disease, etc.) and obesity and uses brown fat stem cells. Initial research indicates that increased amounts of brown fat in the body may be responsible for additional caloric burning as well as reduced glucose and lipid levels in the body. The Company also offers plant stem cell-based facial creams and products under the Stem Pearls brand at http://www.stempearls.com.

This press release contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and such forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You are cautioned that such statements are subject to a multitude of risks and uncertainties that could cause future circumstances, events or results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors and other risks, including those set forth in the Company's Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. You should consider these factors in evaluating the forward-looking statements included herein, and not place undue reliance on such statements. The forward-looking statements in this release are made as of the date hereof and the Company undertakes no obligation to update such statements.

Investor Contacts: KCSA Strategic Communications Philip Carlson / Josh Dver +1 212.896.1233 / +1 212.896.1239 pcarlson@kcsa.com / jdver@kcsa.com

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BioRestorative Therapies Announces Participation in Adipose Tissue Biology Keystone Conference Series

How to Pronounce Lactoferrin – Video


How to Pronounce Lactoferrin
Learn how to say Lactoferrin correctly with EmmaSaying #39;s "how do you pronounce" free tutorials. Definition of lactoferrin (oxford dictionary): noun [mass noun] Biochemistry a protein present in milk and other secretions, with bactericidal and iron-binding properties. http://www.emmasaying.com Take a look at my comparison tutorials here http://www.youtube.com Subscribe to my channel here : http://www.youtube.com

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How to Pronounce Lactoferrin - Video

How to Eat Cleaner – Day 14 of 31 – Caffeine – Whose in Control? – Video


How to Eat Cleaner - Day 14 of 31 - Caffeine - Whose in Control?
facebook.com How to Eat Cleaner - Day 14 of 31 - Caffeine - Whose in Control? Hello everyone. I #39;m so excited that you decided to join me in our 31 days to cleaner or healthier eating. Each one of these videos will have 1 simple concept for you to chew on. It #39;s your choice what you do with it. Try it for a day, a week, a month or implement for your entire life. My hope is it helps you open your mind to learning more about fueling your body more healthily. Part of cleaning up what we eat is getting educated and alot of these videos focus on awareness. Today we talk about caffeine and yes, this is another topic that could be pages and pages. Here is just a brief overview, please research for yourself if you want to dig deeper. Caffeine can help us feel energetic, alert, concentrate better and lift our moods. It #39;s the most common mood enhancer used in the world and can be found in coffee, energy drinks, medications, foods, and more. For healthy adults about 3 cups of coffee a day has been show to be OK. That is about 300 milligrams of caffeine a day. So, if you are drinking energy drinks be sure to check the amount of caffeine in them. If you have medical issues are sensitive to caffeine, are pregnant, trying to get pregnant, or are an older adult even 300 milligrams may be too much. You should consult your doctor or a nutritionist. Children should never drink caffeine. End of subject. That #39;s me ranting. Caffeine consumption of 744 milligrams a day has been linked to calcium ...

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How to Eat Cleaner - Day 14 of 31 - Caffeine - Whose in Control? - Video

“Transforming Girls into Women” Jessica Drummond at SWSW LIVE! NYC – Video


"Transforming Girls into Women" Jessica Drummond at SWSW LIVE! NYC
For more talks from KC Baker #39;s School for The Well Spoken Woman LIVE!, subscribe to youtube.com For training info on stepping into thought leadership, public speaking, and writing epic speeches, visit: KCBAKER.com In our culture, puberty is generally marked by embarrassment and silence. Mothers are confused and anxious about talking to their daughters about their transforming bodies, minds, and spirits. Girls are left hiding their feelings, and seeking answers in the pages of teen magazines, on television, from the Internet, or from their friends. Thankfully, Jessica Drummond offers tools to help mothers to lovingly guide their daughters through this amazing transformation. Her work combines over a decade of care for women with pelvic pain and hormonal imbalances, cutting edge science informing her teaching of feminine biochemistry, physiology, and anatomy, and a unique perspective on the sacredness of femininity as a source of power and intuition for girls. Jessica Drummond, MPT, CHC is passionate about helping women and their daughters to optimize their hormone health. As her client, you will love her expert support and integrative tools. You will also love loosing stubborn weight, getting your libido back, having great energy, and understanding how your unique physiology can give you a leg up in leadership, your career, and even mothering! For more information, visit http

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"Transforming Girls into Women" Jessica Drummond at SWSW LIVE! NYC - Video

Backpack to Briefcase (B2B) Careers in Scientific Discovery – Video


Backpack to Briefcase (B2B) Careers in Scientific Discovery
Alumni Biographies SANDRA (SCHEIBER) JOHNSON #39;90 Current Position: Research Scientist, University of Southern California Industry: Scientific Research Higher Education Undergraduate Major: Biochemestry Undergraduate Activities: Palmer Society, Cross Country Team, Resident Advisor/Government Coordinator, National Residence Hall Honorary, Omicron Delta Kappa National Society, Spring Sing Organizational Committee, AIDS Awareness Week Committee, Women #39;s Water Polo Club Additional Degree: Ph.D., Biochemistry - University of Nevada-Reno FRANK R. SINATRA #39;67, MD Current Position: Pediatric Gastroenterologist, Children #39;s Hospital of Los Angeles Industry: Medical Healthcare Undergraduate Major: Chemistry (Pre-med) Additional Degree: MD, USC Keck School of Medicine BILAL SHAW #39;01 Current Position: Scientist at ID Analytics, (San Diego) Industry: Data Analysis, Computer Science Undergraduate Major: Mathematics (Whittier College), Computer Science (USC) Undergraduate Activities: William Penn Society, Sigma Pi Sigma, Upsilon Pi Epsilon, Whittier College Choir. Ultimate Frisbee (USC) Additional Degree(s): BS (USC), MS (USC) Ph.D. (USC)

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Backpack to Briefcase (B2B) Careers in Scientific Discovery - Video

New insights into cell division: Researchers develop minimal system

All living organisms consist of cells that have arisen from other living cells by the process of cell division. However, it is not yet fully understood just how this important process takes place.

Scientists at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) of Biochemistry in Martinsried near Munich have now developed a minimal biological system, which brings together key components of the cell division apparatus. With the aid of this minimal model, the researchers were able to take a closer look at the biophysical mechanisms involved. "Our model may help to develop and test new treatments for diseases caused by errors in cell division," said Sven Vogel, scientist at the MPI of Biochemistry. The results of the study have now been published in the new journal eLife.

The researchers of the department "Cellular and Molecular Biophysics" try to remodel the structures of a cell with the help of a modular approach. Their aim is to observe and visualize step by step the underlying mechanisms of living systems. "Our vision is to assemble more and more building blocks of natural and synthetic biomolecules until we finally have the minimal version of a cell in front of us," said Petra Schwille, director at the MPI of Biochemistry. Using such an approach, the scientists have now succeeded in investigating the process of cell division in greater detail.

Making two out of one

During cell division both the genetic information and the cell plasma must be distributed correctly to the two daughter cells. Moreover, the two newly created cells must be separated physically from each other. An important component of this cell division machinery is the cell cortex. This layer is located directly below the cell membrane and consists of a thin layer of thread-like protein chains, so-called actin filaments. During the actual division process, myosin motors from the interior of the cell exert force on the actin filaments, causing the cell cortex to constrict in the middle and ultimately to divide.

The Max Planck researchers have now constructed an artificial minimal actin cortex (MAC) on which they can study the physical phenomena more precisely. To achieve this, the researchers combined only the most essential components of the cell division machinery, thus creating a synthetic minimal system. Such a system is a very simplified model for complex processes. In nature, by contrast, cells took several million years to develop and were not precisely planned and constructed. "For that reason some of the processes may be more complex than they theoretically need to be," the biophysicist Sven Vogel said. "This complexity often makes it almost impossible to study the basic mechanisms in detail."

One research finding the minimal system revealed was that the addition of myosin motors to the MAC induces actin pattern formation. Moreover, the myosin motors break individual actin filaments into fragments and compact them. The Martinsried researchers are certain that artificial minimal systems will contribute to a detailed understanding of cell division. Vogel added: "Our findings and minimal systems may help to develop and test new treatments for diseases that are caused by errors in cell division."

More information: S. Vogel, Z. Petrasek, F. Heinemann, P. Schwille: Myosin Motors Fragment and Compact Membrane-Bound Actin Filaments, eLife, January 8, 2013. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00116

Journal reference: eLife

Provided by Max Planck Society

Excerpt from:
New insights into cell division: Researchers develop minimal system

New insights into cell division from simplified model: Artificial minimal actin cortex developed

Jan. 14, 2013 All living organisms consist of cells that have arisen from other living cells by the process of cell division. However, it is not yet fully understood just how this important process takes place. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) of Biochemistry in Martinsried near Munich have now developed a minimal biological system, which brings together key components of the cell division apparatus. With the aid of this minimal model, the researchers were able to take a closer look at the biophysical mechanisms involved.

"Our model may help to develop and test new treatments for diseases caused by errors in cell division," said Sven Vogel, scientist at the MPI of Biochemistry. The results of the study have now been published in the new journal eLife.

The researchers of the department "Cellular and Molecular Biophysics" try to remodel the structures of a cell with the help of a modular approach. Their aim is to observe and visualize step by step the underlying mechanisms of living systems. "Our vision is to assemble more and more building blocks of natural and synthetic biomolecules until we finally have the minimal version of a cell in front of us," said Petra Schwille, director at the MPI of Biochemistry. Using such an approach, the scientists have now succeeded in investigating the process of cell division in greater detail.

Making two out of one

During cell division both the genetic information and the cell plasma must be distributed correctly to the two daughter cells. Moreover, the two newly created cells must be separated physically from each other. An important component of this cell division machinery is the cell cortex. This layer is located directly below the cell membrane and consists of a thin layer of thread-like protein chains, so-called actin filaments. During the actual division process, myosin motors from the interior of the cell exert force on the actin filaments, causing the cell cortex to constrict in the middle and ultimately to divide.

The Max Planck researchers have now constructed an artificial minimal actin cortex (MAC) on which they can study the physical phenomena more precisely. The researchers combined only the most essential components of the cell division machinery, thus creating a synthetic minimal system. Such a system is a very simplified model for complex processes. In nature, by contrast, cells took several million years to develop and were not precisely planned and constructed. "For that reason some of the processes may be more complex than they theoretically need to be," the biophysicist Sven Vogel said. "This complexity often makes it almost impossible to study the basic mechanisms in detail."

One research finding the minimal system revealed was that the addition of myosin motors to the MAC induces actin pattern formation. Moreover, the myosin motors break individual actin filaments into fragments and compact them. The Martinsried researchers are certain that artificial minimal systems will contribute to a detailed understanding of cell division. Vogel added: "Our findings and minimal systems may help to develop and test new treatments for diseases that are caused by errors in cell division."

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New insights into cell division from simplified model: Artificial minimal actin cortex developed