If U.S. high-school graduates don't understand the principles of freedom and equality essential to American government and the historical roots of these principles, how can we expect them to affirm and defend these principles as adults?

Many people are quick to blame teachers for the shortcomings of America's schools. And the shortcomings should be obvious.

The National Assessment of Educational Progress has shown consistently that many students, in the fields of U.S. history and government, among others, are not even mastering the basics

For example, the most recent NAEP U.S. history exam, in 2010, found just 12 percent of all U.S. high-school seniors scoring at or above the "proficient" level, which the Institute of Education Sciences describes as the level representing "solid academic performance to which all students ... should aspire."

In civics - the test covering the subject of U.S. government - the scores were somewhat better, but still, slightly less than one fourth of all high school seniors performed at or above the "proficient" level.

We often hear about the need to improve education in the STEM subjects of science, technology, engineering and math. But American students perform worse on American history tests than in any other subject.

It's unfair to blame America's 125,000 social studies teachers, however. In the 17 years I've been with the Ashbrook Center at Ashland University in Ashbrook, Ohio, some 8,000 teachers from across the country have participated in our educational programs. So I've had ample opportunity to interact with many teachers and know from first-hand experience they're not the problem.

The problem is the way teachers are trained. Teachers spend too much time learning how to teach - the mechanics of pedagogy - and not enough time learning what to teach.

Without a major change in how teachers are taught, America will continue down the same path, raising generation after generation of students who do not understand what it means to be an American, who equate freedom of speech with "selfies," who believe freedom of religion requires purging religion from the public square, who think our Founding Fathers - denigrated in popular culture as dead old white men - are irrelevant.

They also may end up thinking of Sam Adams solely as a beer company. Or associate Washington and Lincoln as having something to do with President's Day, a holiday when everybody goes shopping. Or The Fourth of July merely as an occasion for fireworks and a cookout.

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Students must fully understand the principles that make America great