If widely adopted, this may result in a situation where the only content that remains online is that which complies with all the laws of every country in the world.

By Dan Jerker B. Svantesson

In recent weeks, Indias High Court of Delhi put another nail in the coffin of the internet as we currently know it. The courtgranted an orderrequiring Facebook, Twitter and Google to remove certain content globally, based on that content being defamatory under local law in India.

This decision underlines a worrying trend of a race to the bottom for internet freedom, where thescope of jurisdictionclaimed by the courts is global.

If widely adopted, this may result in a situation where the only content that remains online is that which complies with all the laws of every country in the world.

Another brick in the wall

In reaching its decision, the Indian court relied on a string of recent decisions from around the world. For example, it drew from theCanadian approach in Equustek, where the Supreme Court of Canada ordered Google to remove content globally.

It also referred to a 2017Australian casein which the Supreme Court of New South Wales ruled Twitter must globally block any future posting by a specific user.

The most recent decision referred to was arulingby the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in which the CJEU concluded the EUse-commerce directivedoesnt prevent courts in EU countries from ordering social media sites to block or remove information worldwide.

Following the CJEUs decision, severalleadingcommentatorsargued that, while much has been made of the CJEUs apparent green light to global takedown orders, in reality this was just a decision about the dividing line between EU law and national law.

Even if this is true,headlinesaround the world didnt communicate such a nuanced outcome. And with the current decision from India, we can see with complete clarity how that case is now being used by foreign courts. This shows how careful courts must be as to the messaging of their judgements.

Its of course possible to suggest this type of application of an EU law case is a mistake by the Indian court, rather than the CJEU - and there is certainly merit in such an argument. However, the CJEUs decision was a missed opportunity to clearly communicate a general stance against global orders as being standard.

A missed opportunity to explain geo-location technologies

Geo-location technology may be used to block online content within a specified geographical area. This practice caters to a global internet while still respecting differences in laws, and in Indias case could provide an alternative to a global blocking order.

However, more than once, courts have failed to understand how this technology operates. And at least on this occasion, errors could have been avoided since the court had specifically directed the defendants to throw some light on how geo-blocking is done and to keep a technical person present in court to seek clarification on geo-blocking.

The court said none of the internet platforms had given a detailed explanation as to how geo-blocking is done.

As a result, the court clearly misunderstood the impact of geo-blocking:

If geo-blocking alone is permitted in respect of the entire content, [] the offending information would still [] be accessible from India, [] by accessing the international websites of these platforms.

Where geo-blocking is doneby reference to domain names, internet users can indeed use another countrys version of the site in question and access the content. This seems to be the situation the court had in mind.

In contrast, with blocking by geo-location technology, the content is tailored to the users location, regardless of which countrys version of the site is accessed. Its highly unfortunate the court wasnt made to understand this important distinction.

Silver linings, and the way onward

Although the above probably makes clear that I see the Indian courts decision as a setback, there are also some positive aspects that ought to be highlighted.

In its decision, the court clearly acknowledged the importance of the scope of jurisdiction issue and the implications of global orders.

The court also devoted considerable effort to discussing case law from around the world. This is an important step if we are to see a global harmonisation in approach. That said, Id like to add that currently harmonisation seems to be taking us in an undesirable direction, with global blocking/removal orders as standard.

Given the court had taken account of the international environment, its disappointing, not to say odd, that it didnt properly engage with the international law issues raised by the defendants. For instance, defendants mentioned the doctrine of comity, which demands courts take the international impact of their decisions into consideration.

While the Indian court decision is currently underappeal, theres no point denying the future of the internet looks bleak when it comes to scope of jurisdiction.

The case discussed here sets an important precedent, not just for India but also the rest of the world. And much is at stake.

This article was written byDan Jerker B. Svantesson, Professor at Bond University, Australia. The article first appeared on The Conversation.

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