The First American in Space Wore a Pee-Soaked Spacesuit

Astronaut Alan Shepard, Jr., America s first man in space, poses in the Mercury space craft in 1961.

Image: AP Photo/Associated Press

By Amanda Wills2014-05-05 12:32:14 UTC

Fifty three years ago on May 5, 1961, NASA astronaut Alan Shepard blasted off in a Freedom 7 capsule atop a Mercury-Redstone rocket to become the first American in space.

Though his sub-orbital flight only lasted 15 minutes, it was a historical moment in the Space Race against the Soviet Union.

However, a little known fact about this flight is what took place before it. Shepard sat in the rocket for five hours because of delays, and the astronaut really had to use the restroom.

"Man, I got to pee," Shepard said to launch control.

That really wasn't an option for Shepard, who was already strapped in tight and ready for launch. And NASA wasn't prepared either because officials figured the mission would be short enough to avoid a scenario like this. Shepard, who donned a shiny silver spacesuit and was covered in wired medical sensors, couldn't just pee on himself.

However, NASA didn't have a choice Shepard, who had been in the spacecraft for a total of eight hours, really had to go.

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The First American in Space Wore a Pee-Soaked Spacesuit

Eta Aquarid Meteor Shower 2014 Live Stream: Best Time To Catch Comet Halley's Stellar Performance [VIDEO]

Looking for a front row seat? Tune into the Eta Aquarid meteor shower live stream, provided by the Slooh telescope, or visit NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center for live video coverage of the event.

The centuries-old Eta Aquarid meteor shower is one of two annual showers caused by the famed Halleys Comet. While Halley only makes an appearance every 75 to 76 years, Earth passes through debris from the comet twice a year -- from April to May, and again in October and November.

The result is a spectacular meteor shower that can be seen with the naked eye. Astronomers at the space flight center in Huntsville, Ala., said as many as 30 meteors per hour could be visible in the Northern Hemisphere, with double that in the Southern Hemisphere.

"What makes this shower somewhat special is that the meteors stem from the most famous comet in all of history,Comet Halley," astronomer Bob Berman, who will provide audio commentary during the Eta Aquarid live stream, said in a statement. "As Halley goes around the sun in its 76-year orbit, pieces of it, little chunks of ice, slough off the comet and we intersect that every year around this time, in early May."

This years April-May shower is expected to peak late Monday night and into early Tuesday morning. NASAs live video feed will begin on Monday around 9 p.m. EDT, but the best meteor shower viewing will occur between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m. Tuesday morning.

Astronomers said Monday nights Eta Aquarid meteor shower could be especially striking because of the lack of a bright moon.

When meteoroids -- the name given to small rocky or metallic objects traveling through space at high speeds -- enter Earths atmosphere, they begin to glow some 70 miles above the surface. Meteoroids as small as grains of sand enter Earths atmosphere at speeds of 25,000 to 160,000 miles per hour.

According to Space.com, the Eta Aquarids were first classified in the late 1800s by American astronomer Hubert Anson Newton.

Here are some tips from NASA for viewing Tuesday mornings meteor shower:

To view the Eta Aquarids find an area well away from city or street lights. Come prepared with a sleeping bag, blanket or lawn chair. Lie flat on your back with your feet facing east and look up, taking in as much of the sky as possible. After about 30 minutes in the dark, your eyes will adapt and you will begin to see meteors. Be patient -- the show will last until dawn, so you have plenty of time to catch a glimpse.

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Eta Aquarid Meteor Shower 2014 Live Stream: Best Time To Catch Comet Halley's Stellar Performance [VIDEO]

NASA Plant Pillows Give Astronauts On The International Space Station A Chance To Grow Their Own Veggies

NASA is experimenting with growing fresh vegetables aboard the International Space Station, or ISS, using what the space agency calls plant pillows -- NASAs version of an ordinary grow bag commonly preferred by tomato farmers. The goal is to establish a garden aboard the station that would give astronauts a chance to pick their own meals.

NASA announced the fresh food program last month shortly before SpaceX made a delivery to the ISS of 2.5 tons of cargo early Easter morning.

The April payload included a portable pop-up greenhouse for growing things like lettuce. The space agencys garden program is appropriately nicknamed Veggie.

With the plant pillows successfully delivered, astronomers are one step closer to enjoying the first fresh salad in space.

"The ability to grow food in space will become increasingly important in the context of future long-duration space missions, and especially in the context of future human settlements on the moon and Mars," Ian Crawford, a professor ofplanetary science and astrobiology at Birkbeck, University of London, told the Guardian. "These experiments are an important step in developing this capability."

Growing plants in space has its own unique set of challenges. In zero gravity conditions, seeds dont remain in the soil, and water pools around the roots which can choke the plants.

Plants in space also have a hard time knowing which way is up and which way is down, meaning they often wont sprout in the appropriate direction.

NASAs plant pillows include a base with a reservoir of water that is covered with a permeable fabric. A series of wicks guide the water towards the plants as the water seeps into the soil. The wicks also help to keep the plants growing upright.

The seeds themselves are glued in the correct orientation. A set of LED lights provides the plants with energy.

Two of the NASA plant pillows contain seeds of red romaine lettuce. The third holds zinnia seeds, a flowering plant.

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NASA Plant Pillows Give Astronauts On The International Space Station A Chance To Grow Their Own Veggies

Scientists Working Hard To Prevent Microbial Invasion On Other Worlds

Image Caption: The European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) attached to the Columbus module of the International Space Station during orbital flight. Credit: DLR, Institute of Aerospace Medicine/Dr. Gerda Horneck

redOrbit Staff & Wire Reports Your Universe Online

In order to avoid potential microbial contamination while searching for signs of microbial life on other planets, the authors of three recently-published studies have used research from the International Space Station to analyze the risks of accidentally transporting organisms from Earth into outer space.

Currently, spacecraft that land on Mars or other potentially habitable worlds have to meet strict requirements for the maximum level of microbial life, also known as bioburden. These permissible levels have been based on studies of how various life forms can survive traveling aboard a spacecraft or landing vehicle.

If you are able to reduce the numbers to acceptable levels, a proxy for cleanliness, the assumption is that the life forms will not survive under harsh space conditions, Kasthuri J. Venkateswaran, a co-author on all three studies and a researcher with the Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said in a statement Friday.

However, recent studies have indicated that such an assumption might not be valid, since some types of microbial live have proven to be hardier than previously believed and others could develop a variety of protective mechanisms in order to handle the rigors of space travel. To that end, each of the three new studies set out to investigate different types of organisms to find out how they might react to an interplanetary voyage.

The researchers are most concerned with spore-forming bacteria, since they are able to survive following some types of sterilization procedures and could be most capable of surviving after leaving Earth. In particular, Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 spores have demonstrated high resistance to the techniques typically used to clear spacecraft, including ultraviolet radiation and treatment with peroxide, the researchers said.

They exposed Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 to simulated conditions on Mars an environment capable of killing many other types of bacteria in just 30 seconds and found that it was able to remain alive for 30 minutes. In another experiment, they exposed the spores to 18 months on the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) external testing ground, and found that some of them were able to survive for the entire duration.

According to NASA, the surviving Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 spores had higher concentrations of proteins associated with UV radiation resistance and, in fact, showed elevated UV resistance when revived and re-exposed on Earth. The findings also provide insight into how robust microbial communities are able to survive in extremely hostile regions on Earth and how these microbes are affected by radiation.

A second study involved drying out spores of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 and another spore-forming microbe, Bacillus subtilis 168, on pieces of spacecraft-quality aluminum. They were then subjected to 18 months of the vacuum of space, as well as cosmic and extraterrestrial solar radiation and temperature changes, on EuTEF. The samples were then subjected to a simulated Martian atmosphere using the external testing facility.

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Scientists Working Hard To Prevent Microbial Invasion On Other Worlds

30th anniversary of the joint Russian-Indian space flight brilliantly – Video


30th anniversary of the joint Russian-Indian space flight brilliantly
On April 28, at the Russian Centre of Science and Culture celebrating the Year of culture in the Russian Federation was held a festive program dedicated to t...

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How Much Of The U.S. Public Supports Space Spending? Depends On How You Read The Stats

Want to stay on top of all the space news? Follow @universetoday on Twitter

Apollo 16 astronaut John Young on the moon in 1972. Credit: NASA

A few days ago, the Pew Research Center published an article about space exploration support starting with this sentence: Many Americans are optimistic about the future of space travel, but they dont necessarily want to pay for it.

The articles impetus was this recent Pew Research/Smithsonian study called U.S. Views of Technology and the Future that said a third of Americans think there will be manned colonies on other planets by 2064. But long-range statistics from theNational Opinion Research Centers General Social Survey, Pew argues, demonstrate weak support for paying for space exploration.

We found that Americans are consistently more likely to say that the U.S. spends too much on space exploration than too little.At no time has more than 20% of the public said that the U.S. spends too little on space exploration, Pewwrote in the articleof the survey, which has been running for about 40 years.

Not everyone agrees with that interpretationof those numbers. In a personal website blog post published in 2013 (after the last GSS came out) NASA employee Dennis Boccippio said that financial support for space exploration has never been higher.

The International Space Station. Credit: NASA

The blog post, which referred to preliminary data from the 2012 survey, showed an overall higher favorability rating that was stronger than any GSS survey or at points cited before then from theNational Air and Space Museums Roger Launius. In particular, look at this graphthat Boccippio published on his blog.

The GSS surveys consistently show a slightly lower favorability rating for the survey question variant space exploration program versus space exploration but its very small. This may be one way to measure the difference between supporting the concept of exploration and supporting government programs, Boccippio said in an e-mail to Universe Today. Boccippio is NASAs manager of the center of strategic development at the Marshall Space Flight Center, but said he wrote the blog post as a private citizen.

The Pew research article seems fairly written, youve seen the graphic on my blog, so its a matter of interpretation. The fact that a large (30-40%) number of respondents respond were spending too much, and that the strong advocate/proponent population is small (10-20%) isnt really news, this has been consistent for decades, and one could as easily state from the same data more than 50% of Americans have consistently said were spending the right amount on it.

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How Much Of The U.S. Public Supports Space Spending? Depends On How You Read The Stats

International Space Station Crew to Connect Live with Idaho Students

NASA astronauts and Expedition 39 Flight Engineers Rick Mastracchio and Steve Swanson, currently orbiting Earth aboard the International Space Station, will speak with students and educators at Boise State University in Boise, Idaho, Tuesday, May 6, at 11:55 a.m. EDT. The event will be broadcast live on NASA Television and the agency's website.

Media interested in covering the event should contact Ellie Rodgers at 208-426-5738 orellierodgers@boisestate.edu. Boise State University is located at 1910 University Drive in Boise.

Former NASA astronaut Barbara Morgan, who flew on space shuttle Endeavour's STS-118 mission in 2007 and currently is an educator-in-residence at the university, also will participate in Tuesday's event, which focuses on living and working in space.

Educators have been preparing their students for the conversation with the crew by incorporating NASA activities in their classrooms. A group of Boise State students working on this event have dubbed themselves the "Space Broncos" and are working on maintaining a social media site and developing educational demonstrations for Swanson, who has been named a "Professor of Practice" by Boise State, to perform in orbit.

This in-flight education downlink is one in a series designed to improve teaching and learning science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). It is an integral component of NASA's Teaching From Space education program, which promotes learning opportunities and builds partnerships with the education community using the unique environment of space and NASA's human spaceflight program.

For NASA TV streaming video, schedules and downlink information, visit:

NASA TV Live

For information about NASA's education programs, visit:

http://www.nasa.gov/education

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International Space Station Crew to Connect Live with Idaho Students

NASA: Gemini VIII, This Is Houston Flight – 1966 Educational Documentary – WDTVLIVE42 – Video


NASA: Gemini VIII, This Is Houston Flight - 1966 Educational Documentary - WDTVLIVE42
Gemini 8 (Gemini VIII) was the sixth manned spaceflight in NASA #39;s Gemini program. A primary goal of the mission was the historic first docking in space with ...

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Groundbreaking Technology May Add Years to Earth Orbiting Satellites

Satellites play vital roles in everyday life. From weather observations to navigation to communications, Earth-orbiting spacecraft are now so prevalent they could easily be taken for granted. A team at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, collaborating with counterparts at the agency's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., recently demonstrated groundbreaking technology that could add additional years of service to satellites.

Engineers at Kennedy are performing the design, development and qualification testing of the critical hypergolic propellant transfer system for a simulated servicing satellite under the leadership of Tom Aranyos,technical integration manager in the spaceport's Fluids and Propulsion Division and Gary Snyder, project manager for the satellite servicing project at the space center.

"Kennedy's role is to develop a propulsion transfer assembly in collaboration with Goddard," Aranyos said. "We are actually involved in designing, developing and testing satellite hardware that could be used in the future to refuel a satellite.

Benjamin Reed, deputy project manager of Goddards Satellite Servicing Capabilities Office (SSCO), expressed appreciation for resourceful efforts of the group at the Florida spaceport in support of the project.

The Kennedy contingent was extraordinarily creative and innovative in the ways that they repurposed shuttle hardware, miraculously negotiated facilities in extraordinarily tight scheduling pockets and designed new technologies to match an immensely challenging problem set, he said.

Since April 2011, engineers at Kennedy have partnered with the SSCO at Goddard to develop robotic satellite servicing technologies necessary to bring in-orbit inspection, repair, refueling, component replacement and assembly capabilities to spacecraft needing aid. The project could also lead to life extension or re-purposing in Earth orbit or applications beyond.

According to Pepper Phillips, NASA's director of Engineering and Technology at Kennedy, the Florida spaceport's skills in preparing vehicles for launch now are leading to its employees being asked to support development of in orbit satellite servicing capabilities.

"Kennedy has a long and storied history of employees processing launch vehicles and spacecraft," he said. "Now other centers are looking to apply that expertise in designing satellites."

Brian Nufer, a fluids engineer in the Fluids Engineering Branch of NASA Engineering and Technology, noted that SSCO wanted to take advantage of those years of experience in loading propellants and apply them to designing related components for a simulated robotic servicing satellite.

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Groundbreaking Technology May Add Years to Earth Orbiting Satellites

Homage to the Red Planet: Mars 4 Billion Years Ago Incredible Simulation of a Living Mars – Video


Homage to the Red Planet: Mars 4 Billion Years Ago Incredible Simulation of a Living Mars
Mars once had life oceans and such! A brilliant simulation by NASA #39;s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab! Please give credit for this item to: NASA #39;s Goddard Space Flight Center...

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Prepar3D v2.1 Flight Simulator – Flying around Yosemite National Park – Video


Prepar3D v2.1 Flight Simulator - Flying around Yosemite National Park
This video was recorded Tuesday, March 11, 2014 Martin #39;s Youtube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/orbitersim *** Like my Orbiter 2010 Facebook Page so you can follow my Orbiter activity...

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Government backs plans for UK spaceport

1 May 2014

Commercial space flights could launch from a UK spaceport as part of range of measures designed to help shape the future of Britains growing space industry.

The Government Response to the Space Innovation and Growth Strategy (IGS) Action Plan 2014 2030 and the National Space Security Policy (NSSP) set out plans to achieve a 40bn UK space industry by 2030 and a coherent approach to protecting the UKs space assets.

In a statement David Willetts, minister for universities and science, said: The space sector continues to thrive, and is one of our Eight Great Technologies with the potential to propel UK growth.

Space industries already support 95,000 full time jobs and generate 9.1bn for the economy each year, and our response to the Growth Action Plan shows our commitment to secure its future growth and realise ambitions to develop a viable UK space port for commercial space flight.

The government said it has broadly welcomed the suggestions made in the IGS and in addition to committing stronger support for export and agreeing further work to improve regulatory framework for space activity, the response also incorporates measures to create and sustain new business in related markets.

The National Space Security Policy sets out an approach to the UKs space security interests, outlining measures to make Britain more resilient to the risk of disruption to space services and capabilities. It is also intended to enhance national security interests through space, promote a safe and more secure space environment, and enable industry and academia to exploit science and grasp commercial opportunities.

Philip Dunne, minister for defence equipment, support and technology, said: This policy is about galvanising our skills, our resources and our raw talent to promote resilience to the risks of operating in space in both the civilian and military spheres.

In implementing the National Space Security Policy, some of the early priorities will include mapping the UKs dependency on space across government, critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors and assessing the extent of resilience in each of these fields. There will also be collaboration across government and with national and international partners to share capability where it is possible to do so, particularly in the fields of tracking space debris and near Earth objects.

Actions emerging from the IGS include:

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Government backs plans for UK spaceport

NASA Selects Three New Flight Directors to Lead Mission Control

NASA has selected three new flight directors to manage International Space Station (ISS) operations. Amit Kshatriya,Jeffery RadiganandZebulon Scovillejoin a select group of human spaceflight leaders in the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center at NASA's Johnson Space Center inHouston.

NASA's flight directors lead teams of flight controllers, support personnel and engineering experts from around the world. They also are involved in cargo and crew vehicle integration with the station and developing plans for future exploration missions.

"These new flight directors will help us transition the knowledge and experience gained from our human spaceflight programs into the next period of ISS operations," said Chief Flight DirectorNorm Knight. "This includes the development of new technologies and techniques for our exploration and commercial endeavors."

Kshatriya, Radigan and Scoville are among the next-generation of flight directors who will help carry out future of human exploration missions. They will oversee U.S. commercial cargo spacecraft and American commercial crew transports as they arrive at and depart from the space station. They will help ensure the crews of the orbiting laboratory have what they need to conduct scientific research that is providing real benefits to people on Earth and allowing NASA to be better prepared for long-duration exploration in deep space as it develops the Orion spacecraft and its Space Launch System heavy-lift vehicle. The trio also will assist crew members as they demonstrate cutting-edge technologies aboard the space station that will help take the agency deeper into our solar system than ever before.

Following completion of training and certification, NASA will have 26 active flight directors supporting the space station, exploration, commercial spaceflights and new technology demonstration initiatives. Before selecting Kshatriya, Radigan and Scoville, 83 people had served as NASA flight directors throughout the more than 50 years of human spaceflight.

The newly selected flight director class is:

Amit KshatriyaKshatriya started his career atJohnsonas an instructor for the space station robotics system responsible for training multiple space shuttle and station crews. After completing training for the robotics flight control position, Kshatriya served as the lead robotics officer for SpaceX's Dragon demonstration mission in Decmeber 2010 and was responsible for planning and executing the first ISS robotic capture of a commercial vehicle. Kshatriya then became the Chief Training Officer (CTO), a position responsible for the overall integrated training of the flight control team and specifically served as the lead CTO for the fourth Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle mission inAugust 2013. Prior to selection as a flight director, Kshatriya was selected as the Robotics Operations Group lead, managing all operational, technical, and personnel aspects of the station's robotics system. Kshatriya originally is from theHoustonarea and earned a Bachelor's degree in Mathematics from theCalifornia Institute of Technologyfollowed by a master's degree in mathematics from theUniversity of Texas at Austin.

Jeffery (Jeff) RadiganRadigan began his career atJohnsonas a member of the station flight control team assigned to the electrical power system. After completing his flight control certification, Radigan gained extensive experience serving as the electrical power system operations lead in various roles, including the first station battery replacement that occurred during the STS-127 mission of space shuttle Endeavour in 2009. Radigan transitioned to a Mission Operations program integration role where his responsibilities included coordinating a multitude of technical and operational positions and representing those positions to external programs. Radigan worked extensively on the verification of the first commercial vehicle to the space station and has participated in the operations work for commercial crew transportation. In addition to his program integration duties, Radigan serves as an operations safety engineer, which includes co-chairing the Safety review panels and reviewing and approving hazard reports. Radigan originally is fromSylvania, Ohio, and earned a bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering fromOhio State University.

Zebulon (Zeb) ScovilleScoville began his career atJohnsonas both an Instructor and flight controller for the Extravehicular Activity (EVA) operations team and has experience in both space shuttle and space station operations. Scoville has supported 16 shuttle and numerous space station increment missions and was the lead spacewalk, or EVA, officer for shuttle missions STS-123, STS-128, and STS-131. Scoville also was instrumental in supporting shuttle thermal protection system inspection and repair technique development after the loss of space shuttleColumbiain 2003. Scoville was selected as the group lead in 2009 and was responsible for all operational, technical, and personnel aspects of the EVA Task Group. Most recently, Scoville was instrumental in his support of the Asteroid Redirect Mission analysis and was the primary author for the initial EVA feasibility study for this exploration concept. Scoville is originally fromMiddlesex, Vt., and earned a bachelor's in mechanical engineering and a master's in astronautical engineering fromStanford University.

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NASA Selects Three New Flight Directors to Lead Mission Control