Nano Gas Sensor Market which company is the market leader and how much its sales in 2020 and what it’s expected sales for the next 5 years | Raytheon…

Los Angeles, United State: The report is a compilation of comprehensive research studies on various aspects of the global Nano Gas Sensor Market. With accurate data and highly authentic information, it makes a brilliant attempt to provide a real, transparent picture of current and future situations of the global Nano Gas Sensor market. Market participants can use this powerful tool when creating effective business plans or making important changes to their strategies. The report discusses about the growth of the global as well as regional markets. It also brings to light high-growth segments of the global Nano Gas Sensor market and how they will progress in the coming years.

The authors of report have analyzed the vendor landscape in great detail with special focus on leading players of the global Nano Gas Sensor market. The report answers critical questions of players and provides deep assessment of production, consumption, manufacturing, sales, and other vital factors. Importantly, it analyzes crucial market dynamics, including drivers, restraints, trends, and opportunities. With the help of the report, players can easily identify untapped opportunities available in the global Nano Gas Sensor market. Moreover, they will be able to gain crucial insights not only into the growth of the global Nano Gas Sensor market but also its product, application, and regional segments.

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Are you looking for thorough analysis of the competition in the global Nano Gas Sensor market? Well, this report offers just the right analysis you are looking for. Furthermore, you can ask for a customization of the report based on your requirements. The authors of the report are subject matter experts and hold strong knowledge and experience in market research. In the competitive analysis section, the report throws light on key strategies, future development plans, product portfolios, and other aspects of the business of top players. The report provides enough information and data to help readers to gain sound understanding of the vendor landscape.

Key Players Mentioned in the Global Nano Gas Sensor Market Research Report: Raytheon Company, Ball Aerospace and Technologies, Thales Group, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Environmental Sensors, Emerson, Siemens, Endress Hauser, Falcon Analytical, Agilent Technologies

Global Nano Gas Sensor Market by Type:Semiconductor Keyword, Electrochemistry Keyword, Photochemistry (IR Etc) Keyword, Other

Global Nano Gas Sensor Market by Application: Electricity Generation, Automobiles, Petrochemical, Aerospace & Defense, Medical, Biochemical Engineering, Other

The researchers authoring this report have segmented the global Nano Gas Sensor market according to type of product and application. Each segment included in the report is analyzed based on various factors such as market share, CAGR, market size, demand, and future growth potential. The segmental study provided in the report will help players to focus on key growth areas of the global Nano Gas Sensor market. The analysts have also focused on regional analysis of the global Nano Gas Sensor market. Here, growth opportunities in key regions and countries have been explored by the analysts.

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Table Content

1 Nano Gas Sensor Market Overview1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Nano Gas Sensor1.2 Nano Gas Sensor Segment by Type1.2.1 Global Nano Gas Sensor Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type 2020 VS 20261.2.2 Semiconductor Nano Gas Sensor1.2.3 Electrochemistry Nano Gas Sensor1.2.4 Photochemistry (IR Etc) Nano Gas Sensor1.2.5 Other1.3 Nano Gas Sensor Segment by Application1.3.1 Nano Gas Sensor Consumption Comparison by Application: 2020 VS 20261.3.2 Electricity Generation1.3.3 Automobiles1.3.4 Petrochemical1.3.5 Aerospace & Defense1.3.6 Medical1.3.7 Biochemical Engineering1.3.8 Other1.4 Global Nano Gas Sensor Market by Region1.4.1 Global Nano Gas Sensor Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 20261.4.2 North America Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.4.3 Europe Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.4.4 China Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.4.5 Japan Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.4.6 South Korea Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.5 Global Nano Gas Sensor Growth Prospects1.5.1 Global Nano Gas Sensor Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.5.2 Global Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.5.3 Global Nano Gas Sensor Production Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.6 Nano Gas Sensor Industry1.7 Nano Gas Sensor Market Trends 2 Market Competition by Manufacturers2.1 Global Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)2.2 Global Nano Gas Sensor Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)2.3 Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)2.4 Global Nano Gas Sensor Average Price by Manufacturers (2015-2020)2.5 Manufacturers Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types2.6 Nano Gas Sensor Market Competitive Situation and Trends2.6.1 Nano Gas Sensor Market Concentration Rate2.6.2 Global Top 3 and Top 5 Players Market Share by Revenue2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 3 Production and Capacity by Region3.1 Global Production Capacity of Nano Gas Sensor Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)3.2 Global Nano Gas Sensor Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)3.3 Global Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)3.4 North America Nano Gas Sensor Production3.4.1 North America Nano Gas Sensor Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)3.4.2 North America Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)3.5 Europe Nano Gas Sensor Production3.5.1 Europe Nano Gas Sensor Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)3.5.2 Europe Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)3.6 China Nano Gas Sensor Production3.6.1 China Nano Gas Sensor Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)3.6.2 China Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)3.7 Japan Nano Gas Sensor Production3.7.1 Japan Nano Gas Sensor Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)3.7.2 Japan Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)3.8 South Korea Nano Gas Sensor Production3.8.1 South Korea Nano Gas Sensor Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)3.8.2 South Korea Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020) 4 Global Nano Gas Sensor Consumption by Regions4.1 Global Nano Gas Sensor Consumption by Regions4.1.1 Global Nano Gas Sensor Consumption by Region4.1.2 Global Nano Gas Sensor Consumption Market Share by Region4.2 North America4.2.1 North America Nano Gas Sensor Consumption by Countries4.2.2 U.S.4.2.3 Canada4.3 Europe4.3.1 Europe Nano Gas Sensor Consumption by Countries4.3.2 Germany4.3.3 France4.3.4 U.K.4.3.5 Italy4.3.6 Russia4.4 Asia Pacific4.4.1 Asia Pacific Nano Gas Sensor Consumption by Region4.4.2 China4.4.3 Japan4.4.4 South Korea4.4.5 Taiwan4.4.6 Southeast Asia4.4.7 India4.4.8 Australia4.5 Latin America4.5.1 Latin America Nano Gas Sensor Consumption by Countries4.5.2 Mexico4.5.3 Brazil 5 Nano Gas Sensor Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type5.1 Global Nano Gas Sensor Production Market Share by Type (2015-2020)5.2 Global Nano Gas Sensor Revenue Market Share by Type (2015-2020)5.3 Global Nano Gas Sensor Price by Type (2015-2020)5.4 Global Nano Gas Sensor Market Share by Price Tier (2015-2020): Low-End, Mid-Range and High-End 6 Global Nano Gas Sensor Market Analysis by Application6.1 Global Nano Gas Sensor Consumption Market Share by Application (2015-2020)6.2 Global Nano Gas Sensor Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2015-2020) 7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Nano Gas Sensor Business7.1 Raytheon Company7.1.1 Raytheon Company Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.1.2 Raytheon Company Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.1.3 Raytheon Company Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.1.4 Raytheon Company Main Business and Markets Served7.2 Ball Aerospace and Technologies7.2.1 Ball Aerospace and Technologies Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.2.2 Ball Aerospace and Technologies Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.2.3 Ball Aerospace and Technologies Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.2.4 Ball Aerospace and Technologies Main Business and Markets Served7.3 Thales Group7.3.1 Thales Group Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.3.2 Thales Group Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.3.3 Thales Group Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.3.4 Thales Group Main Business and Markets Served7.4 Lockheed Martin Corporation7.4.1 Lockheed Martin Corporation Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.4.2 Lockheed Martin Corporation Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.4.3 Lockheed Martin Corporation Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.4.4 Lockheed Martin Corporation Main Business and Markets Served7.5 Environmental Sensors7.5.1 Environmental Sensors Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.5.2 Environmental Sensors Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.5.3 Environmental Sensors Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.5.4 Environmental Sensors Main Business and Markets Served7.6 Emerson7.6.1 Emerson Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.6.2 Emerson Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.6.3 Emerson Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.6.4 Emerson Main Business and Markets Served7.7 Siemens7.7.1 Siemens Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.7.2 Siemens Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.7.3 Siemens Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.7.4 Siemens Main Business and Markets Served7.8 Endress Hauser7.8.1 Endress Hauser Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.8.2 Endress Hauser Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.8.3 Endress Hauser Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.8.4 Endress Hauser Main Business and Markets Served7.9 Falcon Analytical7.9.1 Falcon Analytical Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.9.2 Falcon Analytical Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.9.3 Falcon Analytical Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.9.4 Falcon Analytical Main Business and Markets Served7.10 Agilent Technologies7.10.1 Agilent Technologies Nano Gas Sensor Production Sites and Area Served7.10.2 Agilent Technologies Nano Gas Sensor Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.10.3 Agilent Technologies Nano Gas Sensor Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.10.4 Agilent Technologies Main Business and Markets Served 8 Nano Gas Sensor Manufacturing Cost Analysis8.1 Nano Gas Sensor Key Raw Materials Analysis8.1.1 Key Raw Materials8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Nano Gas Sensor8.4 Nano Gas Sensor Industrial Chain Analysis 9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers9.1 Marketing Channel9.2 Nano Gas Sensor Distributors List9.3 Nano Gas Sensor Customers 10 Market Dynamics10.1 Market Trends10.2 Opportunities and Drivers10.3 Challenges10.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis 11 Production and Supply Forecast11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Nano Gas Sensor (2021-2026)11.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Nano Gas Sensor (2021-2026)11.3 Global Forecasted Price of Nano Gas Sensor (2021-2026)11.4 Global Nano Gas Sensor Production Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)11.4.1 North America Nano Gas Sensor Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)11.4.2 Europe Nano Gas Sensor Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)11.4.3 China Nano Gas Sensor Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)11.4.4 Japan Nano Gas Sensor Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)11.4.5 South Korea Nano Gas Sensor Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026) 12 Consumption and Demand Forecast12.1 Global Forecasted and Consumption Demand Analysis of Nano Gas Sensor12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Nano Gas Sensor by Country12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Nano Gas Sensor by Country12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Nano Gas Sensor by Regions12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Nano Gas Sensor 13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2021-2026)13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Nano Gas Sensor by Type (2021-2026)13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Nano Gas Sensor by Type (2021-2026)13.1.2 Global Forecasted Price of Nano Gas Sensor by Type (2021-2026)13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Nano Gas Sensor by Application (2021-2026) 14 Research Finding and Conclusion 15 Methodology and Data Source15.1 Methodology/Research Approach15.1.1 Research Programs/Design15.1.2 Market Size Estimation15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation15.2 Data Source15.2.1 Secondary Sources15.2.2 Primary Sources15.3 Author List15.4 Disclaimer

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Nano Gas Sensor Market which company is the market leader and how much its sales in 2020 and what it's expected sales for the next 5 years | Raytheon...

How Do CNTFETs Work, and Why Are They So Promising? – ENGINEERING.com

The structure of a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET). (Source: Arvind R. Singh, Shandong University; Reference [1].)

New technologies require faster processors, smaller integrated circuits, and less power consumption. Technology advancements such as 5G networks increase the pressure to improve smartphone battery life, spectral efficiency, and more. One potential solution is the use of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs).

A CNTFET is a nano-scaled device that can provide low-power integrated circuits with high performance and high power density. Instead of the bulk silicon material used in traditional metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), CNTFETs use carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in between the source and the drain of a MOSFET structure. This enables higher current carrier mobility, enabling CNTFETs to provide a superior drive current density.

The first simple CNTFET, reported in 1998, was manufactured by depositing single-wall CNTs from solution onto oxidized silicon wafers. The CNTs were synthesized by laser ablation and Si wafers were prepatterned with gold or platinum electrodes. Over time, the process has improved. Previously, CNTs were laid down on the weak contacts of source and drain electrodes. Now, the improved process patterns the electrodes on top of previously laid CNTs.

The contact between metal and nanotubes can be improved by using gold, titanium and carbon with a thermal annealing step. The thermal processing leads to the formation of titanium carbide (TiC) at the metal/nanotube interface, significantly reducing the contact resistance from several megaohms to approximately 30k.

Previously, all CNTFETs were p-type (conducting positive charge carriers) because contact doping technology by the adsorption of oxygen from the atmosphere was not well understood. Later, n-type CNTFETs (conducting electrons) were developed by promoting electron conduction when CNTFETs were annealed in a vacuum. Atmospheric oxygen near the metal and nanotube contacts affects the local bending of the conduction and valence bands in the nanotube via charge transfer. The Fermi level is also near the valence band, which makes injection of holes easier. Oxygen desorption at high temperature adapts the Fermi level near the conduction band, allowing the injection of electrons. By using thermal annealing, there is no threshold voltage shift when making n-type from p-type (which is not the case during a bulk doping process).

A back gated n-type nanotube transistor can be achieved by doping the CNT with potassium vapor (see below). The process can shift the Fermi level of the tube from the valence band edge to the conduction band edge by transferring the electrons from adsorbed potassium atoms to the nanotube, thus reverting the doping from p- to n-type. An intermediate state where both electrons and holes are allowed can also be achieved, resulting in ambipolar conduction and the creation of ambipolar CNTFETs.

Schematic diagram of the potassium doping setup.

The capability to make n-type CNTFETs is important because it enables the manufacturing of CNT-based complementary logic circuits.

Like MOSFETs, CNTFETs have three terminals: source, gate and drain. When the gate is on, the current transmits from the source to the drain through a semiconducting carbon nanotube channel. The segment between the drain/source and the gate is heavily doped to provide low resistance. CNTFETs have very promising I-V and transfer characteristics.

The main features of CNTFETs include:

CNTFETs can be classified according to different criteria. When classified by current injection methods, there are two CNTFET types: Schottky barrier CNTFETs (SB-CNTFETs) that use metallic electrodes to form Schottky contacts, and CNTFETs with doped CNT electrodes that form Ohmic contacts (similar to the MOSFET design). The contact type determines the current transport mechanism and CNTFET output characteristics. In SB-CNTFETs, the current means tunneling of electrons and holes from the potential barriers at the source and drain junctions. The barrier width is controlled by the gate voltage, which thus controls the current.

The Ohmic contact CNTFET type uses the n-doped CNT as the contact. The doped source and drain regions behave just like MOSFETs. The potential barrier is formed at the middle of the channel, and the current is controlled via modulation of the barrier height (controlling the gate voltage).

CNTFETs can be fabricated as a single-wall CNT (SWCNT) channel between two electrodes, a multi-wall CNT (MWCNT), or a coaxial CNTFET. MWCNT CNTFETs have a complex structure, which limits their potential. The shells can interact with each other. In addition, only the outer shell effectively contributes to electrical transport. In coaxial geometry, the gate contact wraps all around the channel (CNT), thus providing better electrostatics and very good control of carrier transport. Metal-CNT contact type plays a crucial role in the transistor output characteristics.

There are four typical CNTFET designs: back gate CNTFETs, top gate CNTFETs, wrap-around gate CNTFETs, and suspended CNTFETs.

Back gate CNTFETs are the earliest design that uses prepatterning parallel metal strips across a silicon dioxide substrate and SWCNT arranged on top. CNTs together with metal strips (one metal strip source contact and one drain contact) create a rudimentary field-effect transistor. The silicon oxide substrate presents the gate and includes a metal contact on the back. The metal electrodes are made of metals compatible with silicon, such as titanium (Ti) or cobalt (Co). Since the side-bonding configuration has the weak van der Waals coupling of the devices to the noble metal electrodes, this CNTFET type has high contact resistance (1 M).

Side view of a CNT arranged on a silicon oxide substrate prepatterned with source and drain contacts.

Top gate CNTFET design requires a more advanced fabrication process compared to the back gate design. SWCNTs are arranged onto a silicon oxide substrate. Each CNT is located and isolated by using an atomic force or scanning electron microscope. Then, high-resolution electron-beam lithography is used to pattern source and drain contacts. The lower contact resistance is achieved via a high temperature anneal step in which adhesion between the contacts and the CNT is improved. After this step, a thin top gate dielectric is deposited on top of the nanotube using evaporation or atomic layer deposition. The final step is placing the top gate contact on the gate dielectric.

The top gate CNFET with a P++ Si wafer substrate.

The main difference between the top and back gate designs is the fabrication process. In the case of the top gate design, the CNTFET arrays on the same wafer because the gate contacts are electrically isolated from each other. A higher electrical field with a lower gate voltage can be achieved in the top gate design due to the thin gate dielectric. Because of those features, top gate CNTFETs are preferred over the back gate design, despite their complex fabrication process.

Wrap-around gate CNTFETs (or gate-all-around CNTFETs) have an improved design over the top gate device. In this design, the entire nanotube volume is gated, while with the top gate design only the CNT closer to the metal gate contact is gated. This innovation improves the CNTFET electrical performance and reduces the leakage current.

Wrap-around gate CNTFET. (Source: Wikimedia user Popproject3.)

Suspended CNTFET design avoids placing the CNT over a trench, reducing contact with the substrate oxide and thus improving device performance. Fabrication methods to suspend the CNT over trenches use catalyst particles that are transferred onto a substrate.

The drawback of this design is its limited options for gate dielectric (air or vacuum). Moreover, only short CNTs can be used as nanotubes because the longer ones will stretch in the middle and could potentially touch the metal contact (creating a short-circuit). While this type of design is not suitable for commercial use, it is convenient for researching the intrinsic properties of a clean CNT.

CNTFETs are still a new technologyone with a lot of potential for improvement. Currently, the most popular designs are back gate and top gate CNTFETs. Some semiconductor companies (such as Infineon Technology) have introduced the next-generation design of vertical CNTFETs (VCNTFETs).

A vertical CNTFET. (Source: S. J. Wind et al; Reference [4].)

The current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curves represent a transistors operating characteristicsthe relationship between the current flowing through the device and the applied voltage across its terminals. The figure that follows illustrates the drain I-V characteristics of CNTFETs. The saturation current at gate-source voltage VGS = 0.5V is approximately 6A [2]. Saturation drain current from drain I-V characteristics depends on the temperature. Drain saturation currents slightly decrease when the CNTFET is cooled down. The curve is also determined by the CNTFET conductance, width, length, mobility of carriers, and gate capacitance.

Drain current-voltage characteristics of planar CNTFET. (Source: Ram Babu; Reference [2].)

When the gate and the source voltages of SB-CNTFETs increase, the Fermi level of the CNT becomes closer to the conduction band. The band lowering effect develops barriers at CNT-metal junction. The electrons with high potential will cross the barrier and flow into the tube. The current through the nanotube is limited by the thermionic current component.

When the gate voltage VGS=0V, the current increases linearly with the drain voltage VDS (the thermionic current is linearly dependent on the drain voltage). Applying positive gate voltage induces a heavy charge on the channel, significantly increasing the tunneling through the barrier compared to the thermionic current component. The current increases almost quadratically, is highly sensitive to the drain voltage, and is controlled by manipulating the barrier height at the contacts.

CNTFETs are up-and-coming devices that provide dense, high performance, and low power circuits. CNTFET is a rapidly developing technology due to its outstanding electrical characteristics. The large Ion: Ioff, high current drive, and carbon nanotubes other properties increase the possible applications of CNTFETs in the semiconductor industry. They are the most promising alternative for conventional transistors. It is expected that with the same power consumption, they will be three times faster than silicon-based transistors.

In comparison to traditional silicon technology creating structures with minimum diameters reaching 90nm, SWCNTs have diameters between 0.4 and 5nm. Semiconducting SWCNTs have extremely high charge-carrier mobilityhigher than silicon by a factor of 200. CNTs can withstand extremely high current densities of up to 1010A/cm2 (compared to the current density of copper, approximately 107A/cm2) [3].

Semiconducting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are an ideal substitute for silicon due to their exceptional carrier mobility, significant mean free path, and improved electrostatics at nanoscales. As the one-dimensional transport properties increase the gate control, simultaneously fulfilling gate leakage constraints, they also allow for a more comprehensive gate insulator choice. Thus, CNTs can overcome the short channel effects, and the valence bands and symmetry of the conduction give these devices the upper hand for additional applications. When applied in CNTEFs, CNTs can assist in providing high-speed ballistic CNTFETs.

In theory, CNTFETs have the potential to reach the terahertz regime when compared to standard semiconductor technologies. Nevertheless, this field is still at an early stage, and for the time being, researchers should remain focused on lowering the process variation.

[1] Design and Analysis of CNTFET-Based SRAM. Arvind R. Singh. Shandong University.

[2] Carbon nanotubes field-effect transistors: A review. International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Busi, Ram Babu. (2010).

[3] https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/about-infineon/press/market-news/2004/128087.html

[4] Vertical scaling of carbon Nanotube Field-effect transistors using top gate electrodes. Applied Physics Letters. May 2002. S. J. Wind et al.

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How Do CNTFETs Work, and Why Are They So Promising? - ENGINEERING.com

Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Overview, Growth Opportunities, Industry Analysis, Size, Strategies and Forecast to 2026 | Applied Materials, ASM…

Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market

LOS ANGELES, United States: The report is an all-inclusive research study of the global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment market taking into account the growth factors, recent trends, developments, opportunities, and competitive landscape. The market analysts and researchers have done extensive analysis of the global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment market with the help of research methodologies such as PESTLE and Porters Five Forces analysis. They have provided accurate and reliable market data and useful recommendations with an aim to help the players gain an insight into the overall present and future market scenario. The Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment report comprises in-depth study of the potential segments including product type, application, and end user and their contribution to the overall market size.

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In addition, market revenues based on region and country are provided in the Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment report. The authors of the report have also shed light on the common business tactics adopted by players. The leading players of the global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment market and their complete profiles are included in the report. Besides that, investment opportunities, recommendations, and trends that are trending at present in the global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment market are mapped by the report. With the help of this report, the key players of the global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment market will be able to make sound decisions and plan their strategies accordingly to stay ahead of the curve.

Competitive landscape is a critical aspect every key player needs to be familiar with. The report throws light on the competitive scenario of the global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment market to know the competition at both the domestic and global levels. Market experts have also offered the outline of every leading player of the global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment market, considering the key aspects such as areas of operation, production, and product portfolio. Additionally, companies in the report are studied based on the key factors such as company size, market share, market growth, revenue, production volume, and profits.

Key Players Mentioned in the Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Research Report: Applied Materials, ASM International, Lam Research, Wonik IPS, Meyer Burger, Centrotherm, Tempress, Plasma-Therm, S.C New Energy Technology, Jusung Engineering, KLA-Tencor(Orbotech), ULVAC, Inc, Beijing NAURA, Shenyang Piotech, Oxford Instruments, SAMCO, CVD Equipment Corporation, Trion Technology, SENTECH Instruments, NANO-MASTER

Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Segmentation by Product: Parallel Plate Type PECVD Equipment, Tube Type PECVD Equipment

Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Segmentation by Application: Semiconductor Industry, Solar Industry, Other

The Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market report has been segregated based on distinct categories, such as product type, application, end user, and region. Each and every segment is evaluated on the basis of CAGR, share, and growth potential. In the regional analysis, the report highlights the prospective region, which is estimated to generate opportunities in the global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment market in the forthcoming years. This segmental analysis will surely turn out to be a useful tool for the readers, stakeholders, and market participants to get a complete picture of the global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment market and its potential to grow in the years to come.

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Table of Contents:

1 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Overview1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment1.2 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Segment by Type1.2.1 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Growth Rate Comparison by Type 2020 VS 20261.2.2 Parallel Plate Type PECVD Equipment1.2.3 Tube Type PECVD Equipment1.3 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Segment by Application1.3.1 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption Comparison by Application: 2020 VS 20261.3.2 Semiconductor Industry1.3.3 Solar Industry1.3.4 Other1.4 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market by Region1.4.1 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2020 VS 20261.4.2 North America Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.4.3 Europe Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.4.4 China Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.4.5 Japan Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.5 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Growth Prospects1.5.1 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.5.2 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.5.3 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Estimates and Forecasts (2015-2026)1.6 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Industry1.7 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Trends

2 Market Competition by Manufacturers2.1 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)2.2 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2015-2020)2.3 Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)2.4 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Average Price by Manufacturers (2015-2020)2.5 Manufacturers Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types2.6 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Competitive Situation and Trends2.6.1 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Concentration Rate2.6.2 Global Top 3 and Top 5 Players Market Share by Revenue2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Production and Capacity by Region3.1 Global Production Capacity of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)3.2 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Revenue Market Share by Regions (2015-2020)3.3 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)3.4 North America Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production3.4.1 North America Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)3.4.2 North America Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)3.5 Europe Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production3.5.1 Europe Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)3.5.2 Europe Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)3.6 China Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production3.6.1 China Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)3.6.2 China Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)3.7 Japan Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production3.7.1 Japan Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Growth Rate (2015-2020)3.7.2 Japan Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)

4 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption by Regions4.1 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption by Regions4.1.1 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption by Region4.1.2 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption Market Share by Region4.2 North America4.2.1 North America Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption by Countries4.2.2 U.S.4.2.3 Canada4.3 Europe4.3.1 Europe Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption by Countries4.3.2 Germany4.3.3 France4.3.4 U.K.4.3.5 Italy4.3.6 Russia4.4 Asia Pacific4.4.1 Asia Pacific Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption by Region4.4.2 China4.4.3 Japan4.4.4 South Korea4.4.5 Taiwan4.4.6 Southeast Asia4.4.7 India4.4.8 Australia4.5 Latin America4.5.1 Latin America Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption by Countries4.5.2 Mexico4.5.3 Brazil

5 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type5.1 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Market Share by Type (2015-2020)5.2 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Revenue Market Share by Type (2015-2020)5.3 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Price by Type (2015-2020)5.4 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Share by Price Tier (2015-2020): Low-End, Mid-Range and High-End

6 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Market Analysis by Application6.1 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption Market Share by Application (2015-2020)6.2 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2015-2020)

7 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Business7.1 Applied Materials7.1.1 Applied Materials Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.1.2 Applied Materials Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.1.3 Applied Materials Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.1.4 Applied Materials Main Business and Markets Served7.2 ASM International7.2.1 ASM International Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.2.2 ASM International Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.2.3 ASM International Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.2.4 ASM International Main Business and Markets Served7.3 Lam Research7.3.1 Lam Research Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.3.2 Lam Research Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.3.3 Lam Research Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.3.4 Lam Research Main Business and Markets Served7.4 Wonik IPS7.4.1 Wonik IPS Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.4.2 Wonik IPS Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.4.3 Wonik IPS Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.4.4 Wonik IPS Main Business and Markets Served7.5 Meyer Burger7.5.1 Meyer Burger Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.5.2 Meyer Burger Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.5.3 Meyer Burger Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.5.4 Meyer Burger Main Business and Markets Served7.6 Centrotherm7.6.1 Centrotherm Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.6.2 Centrotherm Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.6.3 Centrotherm Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.6.4 Centrotherm Main Business and Markets Served7.7 Tempress7.7.1 Tempress Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.7.2 Tempress Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.7.3 Tempress Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.7.4 Tempress Main Business and Markets Served7.8 Plasma-Therm7.8.1 Plasma-Therm Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.8.2 Plasma-Therm Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.8.3 Plasma-Therm Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.8.4 Plasma-Therm Main Business and Markets Served7.9 S.C New Energy Technology7.9.1 S.C New Energy Technology Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.9.2 S.C New Energy Technology Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.9.3 S.C New Energy Technology Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.9.4 S.C New Energy Technology Main Business and Markets Served7.10 Jusung Engineering7.10.1 Jusung Engineering Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.10.2 Jusung Engineering Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.10.3 Jusung Engineering Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.10.4 Jusung Engineering Main Business and Markets Served7.11 KLA-Tencor(Orbotech)7.11.1 KLA-Tencor(Orbotech) Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.11.2 KLA-Tencor(Orbotech) Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.11.3 KLA-Tencor(Orbotech) Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.11.4 KLA-Tencor(Orbotech) Main Business and Markets Served7.12 ULVAC, Inc7.12.1 ULVAC, Inc Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.12.2 ULVAC, Inc Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.12.3 ULVAC, Inc Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.12.4 ULVAC, Inc Main Business and Markets Served7.13 Beijing NAURA7.13.1 Beijing NAURA Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.13.2 Beijing NAURA Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.13.3 Beijing NAURA Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.13.4 Beijing NAURA Main Business and Markets Served7.14 Shenyang Piotech7.14.1 Shenyang Piotech Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.14.2 Shenyang Piotech Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.14.3 Shenyang Piotech Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.14.4 Shenyang Piotech Main Business and Markets Served7.15 Oxford Instruments7.15.1 Oxford Instruments Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.15.2 Oxford Instruments Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.15.3 Oxford Instruments Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.15.4 Oxford Instruments Main Business and Markets Served7.16 SAMCO7.16.1 SAMCO Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.16.2 SAMCO Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.16.3 SAMCO Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.16.4 SAMCO Main Business and Markets Served7.17 CVD Equipment Corporation7.17.1 CVD Equipment Corporation Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.17.2 CVD Equipment Corporation Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.17.3 CVD Equipment Corporation Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.17.4 CVD Equipment Corporation Main Business and Markets Served7.18 Trion Technology7.18.1 Trion Technology Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.18.2 Trion Technology Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.18.3 Trion Technology Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.18.4 Trion Technology Main Business and Markets Served7.19 SENTECH Instruments7.19.1 SENTECH Instruments Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.19.2 SENTECH Instruments Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.19.3 SENTECH Instruments Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.19.4 SENTECH Instruments Main Business and Markets Served7.20 NANO-MASTER7.20.1 NANO-MASTER Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Sites and Area Served7.20.2 NANO-MASTER Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Product Introduction, Application and Specification7.20.3 NANO-MASTER Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2015-2020)7.20.4 NANO-MASTER Main Business and Markets Served

8 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Manufacturing Cost Analysis8.1 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Key Raw Materials Analysis8.1.1 Key Raw Materials8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment8.4 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Industrial Chain Analysis

9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers9.1 Marketing Channel9.2 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Distributors List9.3 Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Customers

10 Market Dynamics10.1 Market Trends10.2 Opportunities and Drivers10.3 Challenges10.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis

11 Production and Supply Forecast11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment (2021-2026)11.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment (2021-2026)11.3 Global Forecasted Price of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment (2021-2026)11.4 Global Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production Forecast by Regions (2021-2026)11.4.1 North America Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)11.4.2 Europe Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)11.4.3 China Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)11.4.4 Japan Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment Production, Revenue Forecast (2021-2026)

12 Consumption and Demand Forecast12.1 Global Forecasted and Consumption Demand Analysis of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment by Country12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment by Country12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment by Regions12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2021-2026)13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2021-2026)13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment by Type (2021-2026)13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment by Type (2021-2026)13.1.2 Global Forecasted Price of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment by Type (2021-2026)13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Plasma Enhanced CVD Equipment by Application (2021-2026)14 Research Finding and Conclusion

15 Methodology and Data Source15.1 Methodology/Research Approach15.1.1 Research Programs/Design15.1.2 Market Size Estimation15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation15.2 Data Source15.2.1 Secondary Sources15.2.2 Primary Sources15.3 Author List15.4 Disclaimer

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Outlook on the Electrical Discharge Machines Global Market to 2027 – Featuring AAEDM, AccuteX Technologies & Beaumont Machine Among Others -…

DUBLIN, July 21, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) - Global Market Trajectory & Analytics" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

Amid the COVID-19 crisis, the global market for Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) estimated at US$5.3 Billion in the year 2020, is projected to reach a revised size of US$8.4 Billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 6.9% over the analysis period 2020-2027. Wire Cutting EDM, one of the segments analyzed in the report, is projected to grow at a 7.3% CAGR to reach US$5.1 Billion by the end of the analysis period.

After an early analysis of the business implications of the pandemic and its induced economic crisis, growth in the Small Hole EDM segment is readjusted to a revised 6.4% CAGR for the next 7-year period. This segment currently accounts for a 24.7% share of the global Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) market.

The U.S. Accounts for Over 27% of Global Market Size in 2020, While China is Forecast to Grow at a 10.5% CAGR for the Period of 2020-2027

The Electrical Discharge Machines (EDM) market in the U.S. is estimated at US$1.4 Billion in the year 2020. The country currently accounts for a 27.04% share in the global market. China, the world second largest economy, is forecast to reach an estimated market size of US$1.8 Billion in the year 2027 trailing a CAGR of 10.5% through 2027. Among the other noteworthy geographic markets are Japan and Canada, each forecast to grow at 3.7% and 6.2% respectively over the 2020-2027 period. Within Europe, Germany is forecast to grow at approximately 4.4% CAGR while Rest of European market (as defined in the study) will reach US$1.8 Billion by the year 2027.

Die Sinking EDM Segment Corners a 16.8% Share in 2020

In the global Die Sinking EDM segment, USA, Canada, Japan, China and Europe will drive the 5.5% CAGR estimated for this segment. These regional markets accounting for a combined market size of US$666.9 Million in the year 2020 will reach a projected size of US$968.9 Million by the close of the analysis period. China will remain among the fastest growing in this cluster of regional markets. Led by countries such as Australia, India, and South Korea, the market in Asia-Pacific is forecast to reach US$1.1 Billion by the year 2027, while Latin America will expand at a 7.2% CAGR through the analysis period. The publisher brings years of research experience to this 19th edition of our report. The 279-page report presents concise insights into how the pandemic has impacted production and the buy side for 2020 and 2021. A short-term phased recovery by key geography is also addressed.

Competitors identified in this market include, among others

Key Topics Covered:

I. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & REPORT SCOPE

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. MARKET OVERVIEW

2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS

3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS

4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE

III. MARKET ANALYSIS

IV. COMPETITION

Total Companies Profiled: 36

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Outlook on the Electrical Discharge Machines Global Market to 2027 - Featuring AAEDM, AccuteX Technologies & Beaumont Machine Among Others -...

What is Nanoengineering? (with pictures)

Nanoengineering is one field of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is an umbrella term that encompasses all fields of science that operate on the nanoscale. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter, or three to five atoms in width. It would take approximately 40,000 nanometers lined up in a row to equal the width of a human hair. Nanoengineering concerns itself with manipulating processes that occur on the scale of 1-100 nanometers.

The general term, nanotechnology, is sometimes used to refer to common products that have improved properties due to being fortified with nanoscale materials. One example is nano-improved tooth-colored enamel, as used by dentists for fillings. The general use of the term nanotechnology then differs from the more specific sciences that fall under its heading.

Nanoengineering is an interdisciplinary science that builds biochemical structures smaller than bacterium, which function like microscopic factories. This is possible by utilizing basic biochemical processes at the atomic or molecular level. In simple terms, molecules interact through natural processes, and nanoengineering takes advantage of those processes by direct manipulation.

Nanoengineering, in its infancy, has seen some early successes with using DNA as a catalyst to self-assemble simple structures. In 2006 a Brown University research team was able to grow zinc oxide nanowires of approximately 100-200 nm in length by fusing snippets of synthetic DNA to carbon nanotubes. DNA, natures manual for creating matter from the bottom up, is of particular interest in the field of nanoengineering. By assembling specific DNA code a nanoengineer can set up the conditions for the genetic code to perform tasks that result in the biochemical assembly of nanomaterials.

The implications of being able to manipulate the growth of materials from the atomic level up are enormous. Nanoengineering could potentially lead to a plethora of revolutionary materials and products that would not only benefit areas like aerospace, medicine and technology, but everyday life. Nanoengineering could lead to such practical applications as self-cleaning paint that never fades or needs waxing; planes with skins that de-ice themselves and adjust to different aerodynamic environments; and more efficient and cleaner burning fuels.

One of the most exciting aspects of nanoengineering is that it is exceptionally cost-effective, environmentally friendly (raw product is abundant), non-polluting, and requires little energy. Nanoengineering is believed to be a promising field for young scientific minds looking for a chance to ride the leading edge of a groundbreaking wave of new science heading our way. It is widely believed nanotechnology will have a greater impact on the world than the Industrial Revolution and is predicted to be a multi-billion dollar business by 2015.

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What is Nanoengineering? (with pictures)

B.S. NanoEngineering | NanoEngineering

NanoEngineeringAdmit Day Presentation

Learn more about the Nanoengineering major

The undergraduate curriculum constitutes a four-year accredited program in Engineering leading to a B.S. degree in NanoEngineering and requires completion of 185* units. The objective is to meet the standards of excellence at UC San Diego which allows students graduating with this degree to enter the industrial job market.The B.S. program in NanoEngineering is tailored to provide breadth and flexibility by taking advantage of the strength of basic sciences and other engineering disciplines at UC San Diego. The intention is to graduate nanoengineers who are multidisciplinary and can work in a broad spectrum of industries.

All NANO courses are taught only once per year, and courses are scheduled to be consistent with the curriculum. Students must follow the prescribed curriculum. Unavoidable deviation from the curriculum, for example, to participate in the Education Abroad Program, must be approved by the Undergraduate Affairs Committee prior to taking alternative courses elsewhere. Approvals are also needed for engineering courses not listed under the current selections for different engineering focus areas. Policy regarding these conditions may be obtained from the departments Student Affairs Office. All students are encouraged to visit the Student Affairs Office or visit the Department of NanoEngineering website for any clarification and updated information.

To graduate, students must complete 137 units of major work, plus the college general education requirements. Students must also maintain an overall GPA of at least 2.0, and the department requires at least a C grade in each course required for the major.

General-Education/College Requirements

For graduation, each student must satisfy general education course requirements determined by the students college, as well as the major requirements determined by the department. The six colleges at UC San Diego require widely different general education courses, and the number of such courses differs from one college to another. Each student should choose his or her college carefully, considering the special nature of the college and the breadth of general education. Learn more about the different collegeshere.

The NANO curriculum allows for forty-eight* units of general education (G.E.) requirements, which are sufficient to fulfill most but not all college requirements. Regardless of the specific college, students must develop a program that includes a total of at least forty-eight*units in the arts, humanities, and social sciences, not including subjects such as accounting, industrial management, finance, or personnel administration. Students must consult with their college to determine which G.E. courses to take.

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B.S. NanoEngineering | NanoEngineering

What does a nanotechnology engineer do? CareerExplorer

What does a Nanotechnology Engineer do?

A nanotechnology engineer seeks to learn new things that can change the face of health, science, technology, and the environment on a molecular level. They test for pollutants, create powders to enrich our foods and medicines, and study the smallest fragments of DNA. They can even manipulate cells, proteins, and other chemicals from within the body.

Nanotechnology engineers take advanced supplies and materials and turn them into something new and exciting. They may try to make a once heavy invention work better while weighing less, making the object far more efficient. They may also create new and improved ways of watching out and improving the environment by creating innovative ways to test for contaminants and pollutants in the air, ground, and water.

Nanotechnology engineers may also choose to work in the medical field creating new gadgets that can fix problems on a scale as small as the molecular level, thus changing the face of medicine forever. Those involved with bio-systems will create ways to store the tiniest amounts of DNA or other biological fragments for testing and manipulation.

Nanotechnology engineers that work with nanoelectronics will create smaller, more efficient chips, cards, and even smaller computer parts to make products that can do as much as bigger products without so much electronic waste.

Behind the scenes, these engineers must be good at paperwork and detailed description writing. They are responsible for writing extremely detailed reports describing their findings in their specific experiments.

Nanotechnology engineers work with the latest technology in scientific equipment and computers. Since all of the work in nanotechnology is microscopic, it can be expected that the workplace will involve many different high-tech microscopes that will allow the engineer to see things far smaller than are visible to the naked eye. Attention to detail is very important in this field, and the workplace facilitates that with few distractions and very focused teammates.

The workplace is most likely within a science research facility, a pharmaceutical company, or a medical supplies and equipment company, though there are many engineers who work for semiconductor manufacturing companies.

Nanotechnology Engineers are also known as:Nanotechnology and Microsystems Engineer

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What does a nanotechnology engineer do? CareerExplorer

USABC awards $2.4M contract to WPI for development of low-cost/fast-charge batteries for EV applications – Green Car Congress

The United States Advanced Battery Consortium LLC (USABC), a subsidiary of the United States Council for Automotive Research LLC (USCAR), and a collaborative organization of FCA US LLC, Ford Motor Company and General Motors, has awarded a $2.4-million contract to Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) to lead a program to develop low-cost/fast-charge batteries for electric vehicle (EV) applications.

Yan Wang, William Smith Deans Professor of Mechanical Engineering at WPI, is principal investigator of the three-year project. Other researchers are Heng Pan, associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology; Ming Tang, assistant professor of materials science and nanoengineering at Rice University; and Bryan Yonemoto at Microvast Inc.

The contract award, which includes a 50% cost share, funds a 36-month project that began earlier this year. The program will develop low-cost and fast-charge batteries for EV applications, building on the technology of solvent-free electrode manufacturing.

There are two key issues for electric vehicle batteries: The cost is too high, and charging takes too long. The project goal is to lower the battery cost by 15% and charge the batteries in 15 minutes by manufacturing batteries with an innovative process.

Yan Wang

Commercial lithium-ion car battery electrodes are typically made by mixing active materials that provide energy, conductive carbon, polymer binders, and solvents to create a thick mixture known as slurry. The slurry gets pasted onto a flat metal substrate, which then moves through a furnace for drying. The solvent is recovered via a complex evaporation-condensation process. Finally, rollers press the coated metal, which can be cut into pieces for assembly into batteries.

The team working on the USABC project will develop a process that sprays dry mixed materials directly onto the substrate, cutting out solvents, drying time, and equipment needed to recover solvents. The process will also tightly pack materials onto substrates, making for energy-dense, faster-charging batteries.

Tangs Rice lab will perform battery modeling to design new multilayered electrode architecture that significantly improves the rate capability of battery cells and allows them to be charged at higher rates. Microvast will assemble large-format pouch cells using layered electrodes and evaluate the electrochemical performance against the program goals

USABC is a subsidiary of the United States Council for Automotive Research LLC (USCAR). Enabled by a cooperative agreement with the US Department of Energy (DOE), USABCs mission is to develop electrochemical energy storage technologies that support commercialization of hybrid, plug-in hybrid, electric and fuel cell vehicles. In support of its mission, USABC has developed mid- and long-term goals to guide its projects and measure its progress.

Founded in 1992, USCAR is the collaborative automotive technology company for FCA US LLC, Ford Motor Company and General Motors. All USCAR Member companies have joined in becoming signatories of the Responsible Raw Materials Initiative (RRMI, now part of the Responsible Minerals Initiative, RMI) Declaration of Support.

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USABC awards $2.4M contract to WPI for development of low-cost/fast-charge batteries for EV applications - Green Car Congress

3D Printing Healthcare Market to Record a Robust Growth Rate for the COVID-19 Period – Cole of Duty

3D printing, also known as desktop fabrication or additive printing technology, allows manufacturers to develop objects using a digital file and various printing materials. The materials used in 3D printing include several types of polymers, metals, and ceramics.

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3D printing offers methodologies that can make manufacturing of complex designs an apparent reality. The 3D printing technology in healthcare caters to the rising demands of medical care by providing wide array of applications based on individual needs. The global 3D Printing Healthcare market was valued at $973 million in 2018, and is projected to reach $3,692 million by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 18.2% from 2019 to 2026.

The factors that drive the 3D printing healthcare market are reduction of errors, decrease in development cost & time, and the ability to build customized products. In addition, increase in scope of applications in healthcare and biomedical applications is expected to create lucrative growth opportunities. On the contrary, high cost of 3D printing and dearth of skilled labors hamper the growth of the market.

Furthermore, increase in healthcare expenditure and rise in collaborations between academic institutions, hospitals, and companies supplement the market growth. However, unfavorable reimbursement policies hinders the market growth. Conversely, emerging economies such as India, China, Mexico, Brazil, and others are anticipated to provide new opportunities for the market growth during the forecast period.

The global 3D printing healthcare market is segmented into component, technology, application, end user, and region. By component, the market is segregated into system/device, materials, and services. Depending on technology, it is categorized into droplet deposition (DD), photopolymerization, laser beam melting, electronic beam melting (EBM), and laminated object manufacturing.

The applications covered in the study include external wearable devices, clinical study devices, implants, and tissue engineering. As per end user, the market is fragmented into medical & surgical centers, pharma & biotech companies, and academic institutions. Region wise, it is analyzed across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA.

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KEY BENEFITS FOR STAKEHOLDERS

This report highlights the market dynamics to understand the global 3D printing healthcare market and capitalize on the prevailing opportunities. Quantitative analysis of the current market and forecasts would assist stakeholders to design business strategies accordingly. Porters five forces analysis examines the competitive market structure and provides a deeper understanding of the influencing factors for entry and expansion. Pin-point analysis of geographical segments offers identification of most profitable segments to capitalize on.

KEY MARKET SEGMENTS

By Componento System/Deviceo Materialso Services

By Technologyo Droplet Deposition (DD) Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Technology Low-temperature Deposition Manufacturing (LDM) Multiphase Jet Solidification (MJS)

o Photopolymerization Stereolithography (SLA) Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP) Two-Photon Polymerization (2PP)

o Laser Beam Melting Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

o Electronic Beam Melting (EBM)o Laminated Object Manufacturing

By Applicationo External Wearable Deviceso Clinical Study Deviceso Implantso Tissue Engineering

By End Usero Medical & Surgical Centerso Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companieso Academic Institutions

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By Regiono North America U.S. Canada Mexico

o Europe Germany France Spain Italy UK Rest of Europe

o Asia-Pacific Australia Japan India China Rest of Asia-Pacific

o LAMEA Brazil Saudi Arabia South Africa Rest of LAMEA

KEY MARKET PLAYERS 3D Systems Corporation Exone Formlabs GE Materialise NV Oxferd Performance Materials, Inc. Organovo Holdings, Inc. Proto Labs SLM Solutions Group AG Stratasys Ltd.

The other players in the value chain include(profiles not included in the report):

Advanced Solutions Life Sciences Aspect Biosystem Cyfuse Biomedical K.K. Envisiontec Nano Dimension

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3D Printing Healthcare Market to Record a Robust Growth Rate for the COVID-19 Period - Cole of Duty

Lasers and sticky tape triple lithium metal battery life – Futurity: Research News

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Researchers have turned adhesive tape into a silicon oxide film that replaces troublesome anodes in lithium metal batteries.

For the Advanced Materials study, the researchers used an infrared laser cutter to convert the silicone-based adhesive of commercial tape into the porous silicon oxide coating, mixed with a small amount of laser-induced graphene from the tapes polyimide backing. The protective silicon oxide layer forms directly on the current collector of the battery.

The idea of using tape came from previous attempts to produce free-standing films of laser-induced graphene, says James Tour, chair in chemistry and a professor of computer science and of materials science and nanoengineering at Rice University.

Unlike pure polyimide films, the tape produced not only laser-induced graphene from the polyimide backing but also a translucent film where the adhesive had been. That caught the curiosity of the researchers and led to further experimentation.

The layer formed when they stuck the tape to a copper current collector and lased it multiple times to quickly raise its temperature to 2,300 Kelvin (3,680 degrees Fahrenheit). That generated a porous coating composed primarily of silicon and oxygen, combined with a small amount of carbon in the form of graphene.

In experiments, the foamy film appeared to soak up and release lithium metal without allowing the formation of dendritesspiky protrusionsthat can short-circuit a battery and potentially cause fires. The researchers note lithium metal tends to degrade fast during the batterys charge and discharge cycles with the bare current collector, but they did not observe any of those problems in anodes coated with laser-induced silicon oxide (LI-SiO).

In traditional lithium-ion batteries, lithium ions are intercalated into a graphite structure upon charging and de-intercalate as the battery discharges, says lead author Weiyin Chen, a graduate student. Six carbon atoms are used to store one lithium atom when the full capacity of graphite is used.

But in a lithium metal anode, no graphite is used, he says. The lithium ions directly shuttle from the surface of the metal anode as the battery discharges. Lithium metal anodes are considered a key technology for future battery development once their safety and performance issues are solved.

Lithium metal anodes can have a capacity 10 times higher than traditional graphite-lithium ion batteries. But lithium metal batteries that are devoid of graphite usually use excess lithium metal to compensate for losses caused by oxidation of the anode surface, Tour says.

When there is zero excess lithium metal in the anodes, they generally suffer fast degradation, producing cells with very limited cycle life, says coauthor Rodrigo Salvatierra, an academic visitor in the Tour lab. On the bright side, these anode-free cells become lighter and deliver better performance, but with the cost of a short life.

The researchers note LI-SiO tripled the battery lifetimes over other zero-excess lithium metal batteries. The LI-SiO coated batteries delivered 60 charge-discharge cycles while retaining 70% of their capacity.

Tour says that could make lithium metal batteries suitable as high-performance batteries for outdoor expeditions or high-capacity storage for short-term outages in rural areas.

Using standard industrial lasers should allow industry to scale up for large-area production. Tour says the method is fast, requires no solvents, and can be done in room atmosphere and temperature. He says the technique may also produce films to support metal nanoparticles, protective coatings, and filters.

The Air Force Office of Scientific Research supported the project.

Source: Rice University

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Lasers and sticky tape triple lithium metal battery life - Futurity: Research News

Tiny particles, big solutions – The Hindu

Over the past 15-plus weeks, how many times in a day have you furiously wiped down surfaces with disinfectants? The COVID-19 fear factor has turned scientists to research on products based around nano technology, the application of a group of few atoms. They are looking for a solution aimed at a surface coating that bonds to the material with long-term protection against germs (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa).

What are these surface protectors?

They are substances that use metals such as silver and copper or biomolecules such as neem extract known for their microbial activity, or cationic (i.e positively charged) polymers in combination with chemical compounds (like ammonia plus nitrogen) that can be used as a long lasting protective coating. The compound can be sprayed on metal, glass, wood, stone, fabric, leather, and other materials and the effect can last from a week to 90 days depending on what type of surface it is used on.

Are they out in the market?

Until the pandemic, there were products for anti-bacterial application, but now the focus has shifted to viruses. For instance, Prof Ashwini Kumar Agrawal, the Head of Textile and Fibre Engineering Department at IIT Delhi, developed N9 blue nano silver in 2013, with a much higher potency than other metals and polymers to catch and kill bacteria. He has now evaluated the anti-viral properties and re-formulated the compound to work against COVID-19. He says different kinds of silver (yellow and brown) have been patented by countries including the US, China, Australia to establish the uniqueness of the metal for surface hygiene. "But the N9 blue silver can be 100 times more effective with the longest lasting protection."

Institutions (particularly the IITs) across the country are in different stages of developing these nanoparticles as surface coatings. All are awaiting validation against viruses, through field trials before they can legally mass manufacture.

The required certification needs to ideally go through government-approved labs (like ICMR, CSIR, NABL or NIV) that are currently all engaged only in research on medicinal drugs and vaccines.

Nano-products that are available

There are some products that have been tested by private labs either in India or abroad. For instance, Delhi-based start-up, Germcop has launched a disinfection service with a US manufactured and EPA-certified water-based anti-microbial product which, it is claimed, when sprayed over metallic, non-metallic, tiled and glass surfaces gives protection up to 120 days with a 99.9% killing rate in the first 10 days. Dr Pankaj Goyal, the founder, says the product is good for homes that have had a COVID positive patient home-quarantined. She is speaking to the Delhi Transport Corporation to disinfect 1,000 buses. However, the testing has been conducted in a private lab.

IIT Delhis samples were sent in April to the microbiological testing laboratory, MSL in UK. The reports are expected only by the end of the year. "The battery of lab tests will confirm the efficacy of the compound in dry state, how fast and for how long it can continue to kill the virus and if it is non-toxic and safe to use," says Prof Agrawal.

While Prof Agrawals N9 blue silver comes under the Government of Indias Nano Mission project funded by the Department of Science & Technology, another by IIT Madras, funded by the Defence Research Development Organisation, has developed a nano-coated filter for PPE kits, masks, and gloves that can be used by frontline healthcare workers. The coating filters sub-micron sized dust particles in the air. However, its practical application is also subject to field testing and is therefore, pending.

Why cant we just use regular disinfectants?

We can, but theyre not a healthy option for us or the environment, over a long term. Dr Rohini Sridhar, the COO of Apollo Hospitals in Madurai, says common disinfectants used so far in high density public places such as hospitals and clinics contain alcohol, phosphates or hypochlorite solutions, more commonly known as household bleach. "These solutions lose their function as they evaporate quickly, and break down when exposed to UV lights such as the sun, requiring the need for surfaces to be disinfected several times a day.

Are the long lasting surface protectors in use anywhere else in the world?

Following the findings from the Diamond Princess cruise ship that the coronavirus can last on surfaces up to 17 days, the development of a new disinfectant technology arose. While anti-viral coatings are undergoing clinical tests in several countries, three months ago scientists from Haifa's Institute of Technology, in Israel, claimed to have developed anti-viral polymers that could kill the coronavirus without getting diminished.

Researchers in Hong Kong University of Science & Technology also developed a new anti-microbial coating known as MAP-1 that can kill most bacteria and viruses -- including the coronavirus -- for up to 90 days.

Prof Agrawal says many countries are engaged in developing heat-sensitive polymers that respond to contamination from touch or droplets, from the time of previous epidemics of SARS. Many of those formulations have been modified during the current pandemic and sold under different brand names in Japan, Singapore, and the US. However, the surface protectors currently available in international markets are pocket-pinching.

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MRSEC wins major new grant from the National Science Foundation – Brandeis University

The cutting-edge research center received $18 million to develop the next generation of machines and materials.

MRSEC harnesses the power of organic matter to develop new materials and machines.

Brandeis' MRSEC program, which is developing revolutionary new types of nano-sized machines and materials, has received an $18 million, 6-year grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF).

It is the third time Brandeis has received the prestigious award. This year it was given to only 10 other universities besides Brandeis, including Columbia, Harvard and Princeton.

MRSEC, which stands for Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), is a long-term, nationwide effort to invent devices that are right out of a science fiction movie self-mending clothing, self-healing artificial organs, nanobots that travel through the bloodstream to wipe out cancer cells and cyborgs that move with the agility and grace of human beings.

Brandeis MRSEC researchers also recently began a long-term project to develop cures for viruses, including COVID-19.

It is extremely stimulating to be part of a sustained, well-supported team like the MRSEC that addresses grand challenges at the forefront of science, said Brandeis MRSEC director and professor of physics Seth Fraden. Brandeis is a fitting home for such a center because our small size and passionate community of researchers support a highly collaborative environment.

"The MRSEC program is a flagship program for the [NSF Division of Materials Research] and with these new awards will continue its long history of forging discoveries and fueling new technologies," the division's director, Linda Sapochak, said in a press release.

At Brandeis, Fraden and his colleagues focus on soft matter compounds like gels, liquid crystals, foams and polymers that exist somewhere between a liquid and a solid state.

They aim to endow these materials with features and abilities found in nature.

Fraden and his collaborators also work on "self-propelling" or "self-powered" liquids.

These are made from motor proteins taken from animal cells that consume chemical energy to keep on going. In the same way, these liquids move on their own without any kind of human intervention, and act like self-pumping fluids.

The MRSEC is an example of "horizontal connectivity" at Brandeis, where scientists transcend programmatic, departmental and school affiliations to work across disciplines. Some 17 Brandeis faculty, from 6 science departments, work alongside 30 graduate students, postdocs and MRSEC staff.

The MRSEC also offers a broad range of educational outreach programs for K-12 students and teachers, undergraduates, graduate students and postdocs.

As part of the NSF's Partnerships for Research and Education in Materials (PREM), MRSEC collaborates on research into cutting-edge materials with Hampton University, a historically black university in Virginia.

This 6-year, $3.6M PREM grant aims to boost diversity in the sciences by building Hampton's research capacity and increasing the recruitment, retention and graduation rates of individuals from underrepresented groups.

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MRSEC wins major new grant from the National Science Foundation - Brandeis University

Synthetic Biology Market (2019-2025) with COVID-19 After Effects Analysis by Emerging Trends, Industry Demand, Growth, Key Players – Jewish Life News

The synthetic biology market is segmented on the lines of its product, technology and application. The synthetic biology is segmented on the lines of its product are enabled products, core product and enabling products. The enabled product is further segmented into pharmaceuticals, chemicals, biofuels and agriculture. Under core product segmentation it covered synthetic DNA, synthetic genes, synthetic cells, XNA and chassis organisms. The enabling product is segmented into DNA synthesis and oligonucleotide synthesis. The synthetic biology is segmented on the lines of its technology like enabling technology and enabled technology. Under enabling technology it covers genome engineering, microfluidics technologies, DNA synthesis & sequencing technologies, bioinformatics technologies, biological components and integrated systems technologies. The enabled technology the market is segmented into pharmaceuticals, chemicals, biofuels and agriculture. Under application segmentation the market covered into research & development, chemicals, agriculture, pharmaceuticals & diagnostics, biofuels, environment, biotechnology and biomaterials. The synthetic biology market is geographic segmentation covers various regions such as North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. Each geography market is further segmented to provide market revenue for select countries such as the U.S., Canada, U.K. Germany, China, Japan, India, Brazil, and GCC countries.

FYI, You will get latest updated report as per the COVID-19 Impact on this industry. Our updated reports will now feature detailed analysis that will help you make critical decisions.

The global synthetic biology market is expected to exceed more than US$ 12.50 billion by 2024, at a CAGR of 20% in given forecast period.

You Can Browse Full Report @: https://www.marketresearchengine.com/reportdetails/synthetic-biology-market

The report covers detailed competitive outlook including the market share and company profiles of the key participants operating in the global market. Key players profiled in the report include BASF, GEN9 Inc. , Algenol Biofuels , Codexis Inc. , GenScript Corporation , DuPont , Butamax Advanced Biofuels , BioAmber , Biosearch Technologies, Inc. , OriGene Technologies, Inc. , Synthetic Genomics, Inc. , GeneArt (Life Technologies) , GENEWIZ, Inc. , Eurofins Scientific, Inc. , Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. , DNA2.0, Inc. , Pareto Biotechnologies , Synthorx, Inc. , TeselaGen Biotechnology , Editas Medicine, Inc. , Twist Bioscience , GeneWorks Pty Ltd. , Proterro, Inc. and Blue heron (OriGene technologies Inc.) . Company profile includes assign such as company summary, financial summary, business strategy and planning, SWOT analysis and current developments.

Synthetic biology market also called as constructive biology or system biology in which creating and designing new biological device, part which is not exist in environment. It also reconstructs the existing system to perform better job. It is branch of biology as well as engineering. The main aim of synthetic biology is to develop biological system same like engineers produce mechanical and electronic system. System based on molecular are helpful in detection and changes in health of body. It also helpful in developing synthetic vaccines. Synthetic biology plays vital role in HIV and cancer treatment. Synthetic biology accepts different technology such as nano-technology, bio-technology and more.

The scope of the report includes a detailed study of global and regional markets for various types of synthetic biology market with the reasons given for variations in the growth of the industry in certain regions.

The Synthetic biology Market has been segmented as below:

The Global Synthetic biology Market is segmented on the basis of Product Analysis, Technology Analysis, Application Analysis and Regional Analysis .

By Product Analysis this market is segmented on the basis of Enabling Products, DNA Synthesis, Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Enabled Products, Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Biofuels, Agriculture, Core Products, Synthetic DNA, Synthetic Genes, Synthetic Cells, XNA and Chassis Organisms. By Technology Analysis this market is segmented on the basis of Enabling Technology, Genome Engineering, Microfluidics technologies, DNA synthesis & sequencing technologies, Bioinformatics technologies, Biological components and integrated systems technologies, Enabled Technology, Pathway engineering, Synthetic microbial consortia and Biofuels technologies. By Application Analysis this market is segmented on the basis of Research & Development, Chemicals, Agriculture, Pharmaceuticals & Diagnostics, Biofuels and Others (Environment, Biotechnology & Biomaterials, etc.). By Regional Analysis this market is segmented on the basis of North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World.

This report provides:

1) An overview of the global market for synthetic biology and related technologies.

2) Analyses of global market trends, with data from 2015, estimates for 2016 and 2017, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2024.

3) Identifications of new market opportunities and targeted promotional plans for synthetic biology

4) Discussion of research and development, and the demand for new products and new applications.

5) Comprehensive company profiles of major players in the industry.

The major driving factors of synthetic biology market are as follows:

The restraints factors of synthetic biology market are as follows:

Request Sample Report: https://www.marketresearchengine.com/reportdetails/synthetic-biology-market

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

2 Research Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Premium Insights

5 Industry Speaks

6 Market Overview

6.1 Introduction6.2 Market Dynamics6.2.1 Drivers6.2.1.1 Rising R&D Expenditure of Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies6.2.1.2 Increasing Demand for Synthetic Genes6.2.1.3 Rise in the Global Production of Genetically Modified Crops6.2.1.4 Increase in Funding6.2.2 Restraint6.2.2.1 Ethical and Societal Issues6.2.3 Challenge6.2.3.1 Standardization of Biological Parts6.2.4 Opportunities6.2.4.1 Rising Concerns on Fuel Consumption6.2.4.2 Increasing Demand for Protein therapeutics

7 Industry Insights

8 Synthetic Biology Market, By Tool

9 Market, By Technology

10 Market, By Application

11 Synthetic Biology Market, By Geography

12 Competitive Landscape

13 Company Profiles

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Amyris, Inc.

13.3 Dupont

13.4 Genscript USA, Inc.

13.5 Intrexon Corporation

13.6 Integrated Dna Technologies (IDT), Inc.

13.7 New England Biolabs, Inc.

13.8 Novozymes

13.9 Royal DSM N.V.

13.10 Synthetic Genomics, Inc.

13.11 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.

Other Related Market Research Reports:

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Synthetic Biology Market (2019-2025) with COVID-19 After Effects Analysis by Emerging Trends, Industry Demand, Growth, Key Players - Jewish Life News

The best and worst choices for a cloth face mask – Times Union

Any face mask is better than no face mask during the pandemic. But all masks are not created equal.

Anti-maskers argue that forcing someone to wear a face covering is an infringement on rights, such as the right to decide what represents an acceptable risk to oneself. Thats the same argument that bareheaded motorcycle riders made before helmet rules went into effect.

When it comes to masks, however, the infringement justification does not hold water. The primary duty of a face covering is not to protect the wearer like a helmet does, but to protect others. If you are COVID-19 asymptomatic and you refuse to wear a mask in public, your body effectively becomes a bioweapon.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the general public should wear cloth face coverings, not medical-grade N95 masks and surgical masks. Those should be reserved for health-care workers and first responders.

So what are the best and worst cloth masks for everyday use?

Bandanas are the least-effective. In a Florida Atlantic University study, scientists found that droplets from a bandana-covered cough traveled 3 feet, 7 inches, compared to 8 to 12 feet with no mask at all. Holding a double-folded handkerchief over ones mouth was much more efficient it stopped droplets from going more than 1.25 feet.

Get one made of cotton. Tightly woven, 100-percent cotton works well. Christopher Zangmeister, a researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and co-author of a new study published in ACS Nano, told NPR that microscopic cotton fibers have a more three-dimensional structure than synthetic materials, which makes them more efficient at snagging incoming particles.

The more layers, the better. Two layers of tight-weave cotton are good, three or more are better. The CDCrecommends at least three fabric layers, which can include a middle layer of filtering material.

Masks with a filter pocket between two layers provide more protection. A two-layer, tight-weave cotton mask alone can filter out about 35% of small particles, Stanford University Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Yi Cui told NPR. But if a filter made out of two layers of charged polypropylene is placed in the pocket, the masks filtration efficiency could double to up to 70%. Polypropylene, also known by the brand name Oly-fun (Walmart) and spunbond, holds an electrostatic charge that traps incoming and outgoing particles.

Fit matters. Its important that a cloth mask seals snuggly to your face. If gaps open up where the mask touches the skin, its effectiveness is compromised. Folded, pleated and duckbill masks allow more air flowing through the fabric and less leaking out the sides compared to a flat-front mask.

Neck gaiters, tubes or buffs, which cover the nose down to the neck, solve the air-leakage problem. Many people find them more comfortable than masks because they dont have ear loops or ties. However, they are generally made of polyester and/or spandex, which are less effective at filtering particles than cotton. Some come with filters. Sample complaints from product reviews include: too hot during the summer, easy to slip off nose, filter does not stay over the mouth.

Dont buy a mask with a vent or exhalation valve. While they make breathing easier, vents defeat the masks purpose because they release unfiltered air that can contain droplets. Industrial-grade N95 masks designed for smoky or smoggy environments often have these valves.

Reports of stores and other businesses barring entry to customers wearing vented masks are increasing. If you already own one, either put a second mask over top of it or completely cover the vent with tape or a sewn-on patch.

Make sure your mask is washable. Unlike medical masks, which are normally designed for single-use, cloth masks should be washed after every use and worn until the fabric or structure breaks down.

Mike Moffitt is an SFGATE Reporter. Email: moffitt@sfgate.com. Twitter: @Mike_at_SFGate

There are few studies on face mask fabrics, but the current consensus is that tight-weave cotton is the best material for a cloth mask.

This mask has two layers of cotton.

Pleated face masks allow more air circulation inside the mask, making it less likely air will escape through the sides.

A cone-shaped mask is more effective than a flat-front design in stopping incoming and outgoing droplets.

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The best and worst choices for a cloth face mask - Times Union

Research Assistant or Research Fellow in Electromagnetic Actuation job with CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY | 213886 – Times Higher Education (THE)

OrganisationCranfield UniversitySchool/DepartmentSchool of Water, Energy and EnvironmentBased atCranfield Campus, Cranfield, BedfordshireHours of work37 hours per week, normally worked Monday to Friday. Flexible working will be considered.Contract typeFixed term contractFixed Term Period21 monthsSalary30,600 per annum (Research Assistant) or 33,309 per annum (Research Fellow)Posted Date14/07/2020Apply by14/08/2020

Role Description

An exciting opportunity has arisen for an innovative individual, with expertise in electromagnetic modelling and electric circuit design, within the Centre for Thermal Energy and Materials (CTEM). The CTEM has a strong record in applied research in the academic and industrial sectors. Our research areas include renewable and low carbon energy systems, advanced power generation systems for efficiency benefits, heating and cooling and next generation technologies for reduction in energy demand.

As the UKs only exclusively postgraduate university, Cranfields world-class expertise, large-scale facilities and unrivalled industry partnerships is creating leaders in technology and management globally. Our distinctive expertise is in our deep understanding of technology and management and how these work together to benefit the world.

Our people are our most valuable resource and everyone has a role to play in shaping the future of our university, developing our learners, and transforming the businesses we work with. Learn more about Cranfield and our unique impacthere. Our shared, stated values help to define who we are and underpin everything we do: Ambition; Impact; Respect; and Community. Find out morehere.

This post resides within the CTEM and is related to many research activities across the University. The key mission is to extend our knowledge in micro-scale (possibly nano-scale) electromagnetic devices for a range of novel applications, including battery thermal management, aero-engine cooling and precision delivery of drug to human organs. The project will involve partners from City and Oxford Universities. It is expected significant new knowledge that runs across multiple disciplines will be created by exploiting the distinctive expertise residing in each partner. The key objectives for these projects are explained within the candidate brief.

You will have a PhD in Electrical / Electronic / Mechatronic Engineering / Industrial Engineering. You must have proven experience in electromagnetic modelling and electronic circuit design, and competence in advanced software design tools. You will have demonstrated skills in building and testing electric and electronic devices including those at micro-scale levels.

Whilst you will work within a multi-disciplinary research environment, you will also be self-resourceful and work independently with own initiatives. You will play an active role in fostering a vibrant research culture among your peers.

To be successful in your role you will have a high degree of ingenuity and the ability to think out of the box. You should have excellent written and presentation skills in the dissemination of scientific results, and aspiration in generating high-quality high-volume publications. Your ability to communicate complex information clearly to partners and stakeholders to maximise research impact is highly desirable.

At Cranfield we value Diversity and Inclusion, and aim to create and maintain a culture in which everyone can work and study together harmoniously with dignity and respect and realise their full potential.

We actively consider flexible working options such as part-time, compressed or flexible hours and/or an element of homeworking, and commit to exploring the possibilities for each role. Find out morehere.

For an informal discussion please contact Prof. Patrick Luk, Professor of Electrical Engineering, on E:p.c.k.luk@cranfield.ac.ukor T: +44 (0)1234 754716

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Research Assistant or Research Fellow in Electromagnetic Actuation job with CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY | 213886 - Times Higher Education (THE)

Targeting brain metastases with ultrasmall theranostic nanoparticles, a first-in-human trial from an MRI perspective – Science Advances

Abstract

The use of radiosensitizing nanoparticles with both imaging and therapeutic properties on the same nano-object is regarded as a major and promising approach to improve the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Here, we report the MRI findings of a phase 1 clinical trial with a single intravenous administration of Gd-based AGuIX nanoparticles, conducted in 15 patients with four types of brain metastases (melanoma, lung, colon, and breast). The nanoparticles were found to accumulate and to increase image contrast in all types of brain metastases with MRI enhancements equivalent to that of a clinically used contrast agent. The presence of nanoparticles in metastases was monitored and quantified with MRI and was noticed up to 1 week after their administration. To take advantage of the radiosensitizing property of the nanoparticles, patients underwent radiotherapy sessions following their administration. This protocol has been extended to a multicentric phase 2 clinical trial including 100 patients.

Combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy, external radiotherapy (RT) is one of the most frequently used therapeutic solutions for patients with solid tumors. In Western countries, approximately 40% of cancer cures include the use of RT either as a single modality or combined with other treatments (1). However, despite its indisputable curative efficacy, RT is associated with deleterious side effects for the patient, the main undesirable one being the destruction of normal cells and healthy tissues in the vicinity of tumor areas or on the passage of high-dose radiation. Several strategies have been developed over the years to limit this issue of nonspecific dose deposition. In addition to major technological improvements such as intensity-modulated RT, image-guide RT, hypofractionated therapy, and ablative therapy, the use of radiosensitizers has been extensively studied, developed, and applied as an effective approach to limit undesirable side effects of RT (2). By definition, a radiosensitizer is an agent (molecule, drug, or nanoparticle) that sensitizes tumor cells preferentially to RT and, thus, increases the therapeutic window, in which the radiation dose allows the tumor to be eradicated while maintaining normal tissue tolerance. Standard chemotherapeutic agents, often combined with RT, are the most common agents used for increasing the efficacy of RT. Among the nanoscale-size particles recognized as nanoenhancers, those whose composition includes high-Z metals (gadolinium, hafnium, gold, silver, etc.) may interact with x-rays through various mechanisms of action, including the creation of photoelectric Compton and Auger electrons, themselves at the origin of secondary electrons. The high and local deposition of energy induced by these secondary electrons in the vicinity of the high-Z atoms results in synergistic effects that potentiate the deleterious effects of x-rays on the cells (36).

Considering the local radiosensitizing effect induced by these nanoenhancers, it seems all the more important to have access to their static and dynamic biodistribution and, possibly, to their in vivo concentration to make the most of the widening of the therapeutic window allowed by their presence. The use of theranostic nanoparticles, combining both diagnostic and radiosensitizing properties on the same nano-object, is an elegant solution to achieve this objective (7). This approach has recently been evaluated in a phase 2-3 clinical trial in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma using intratumoral administration of hafnium oxide nanoparticles visualized using computed tomography before preoperative external beam RT (8).

Similarly, the engineering of a new type of theranostic platform, consisting of a polysiloxane core matrix covalently bound to gadolinium chelates (Gd-DOTA), was first reported less than 10 years ago (9). Since then, the diagnostic and radiosensitizing properties of this Gd-based nanoparticle (AGuIX, NH TherAguix, Meylan, France) have been validated in numerous in vitro (1013) and in vivo studies (1420) using intravenous administration of nanoparticle suspension to tumor-bearing (glioma, pancreas, lung, brain metastases, etc.) animals followed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sessions and RT treatment.

On the basis of the positive results obtained in these preclinical studies, a first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial with intravenous administration of AGuIX nanoparticles, filed in 2016 and inclusion completed in 2018, was conducted in 15 patients with multiple brain metastases from four types of primary tumors (melanoma, lung, colon, and breast). In this paper, we compile the main MRI findings obtained on the patients during this clinical trial. In particular, we report, through comparison with a commercial clinical MRI contrast agent, the diagnostic value of AGuIX nanoparticles for the detection and the characterization of brain metastases. Last but not least, we present quantitative measurements of theranostic nanoparticle concentration in all four types of brain metastases obtained 2 hours after administration to patientand incidentally 2 hours before the first session of whole-brain RTand up to 1 week after nanoparticle administration.

No acute grade 3 (severe) or grade 4 (life threatening) adverse effects attributed to the AGuIX nanoparticles were observed at each escalation step of administered dose (N = 3 patients for 15, 30, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg body weight), with the highest dose corresponding to the dose retained for the multicentric phase 2 clinical trial.

The patient recruitment resulted into the inclusion of four types of brain metastases, namely, NSCLC (nonsmall cell lung carcinoma), N = 6; breast, N = 2; melanoma, N = 6; and colon cancer, N = 1.

Two hours after AGuIX injection, MRI signal enhancements (SEs) were observed for all measurable metastases (longest diameter greater than 1 cm), regardless of the type of brain metastases, the patient, and the dose administered. Tumor enhancements are exemplified in Fig. 1 for each type of brain metastasis. Within the region of interest drawn around each metastasis, MRI SEs were found to increase with the administered dose of AGuIX nanoparticles (Fig. 2A). SEs, averaged over all measurable metastases, were equal to 26.3 15.2%, 24.8 16.3%, 56.7 23.8%, 64.4 26.7%, and 120.5 68% for AGuIX doses of 15, 30, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The mean MRI SE was found to linearly correlate with the injected dose (slope 1.08, R2 = 0.90) as shown in Fig. 2A.

First and second row images are obtained pre/postadministration of Gd-based nanoparticles using three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted imaging sequence. The green arrows are pointing highlighted metastases. Third row images are corresponding SE maps with conspicuous local increase of intensity (light blue to orange color) in all different types of brain metastases. The fourth row shows a 3D visualization of all metastases with SE.

(A) MRI SE as a function of the injected dose of AGuIX nanoparticle. Each point corresponds to an MRI SE value measured in a metastasis for all patients. Mean value and SD (error bar) are displayed. The solid line and the equation correspond to the linear regression on the mean values. BW, body weight. (B) MRI SE by primary tumor type. Each point corresponds to an SE value, normalized to the administered AGuIX dose, measured in a metastasis for all patients. Mean value and SD (error bar) are displayed. NSCLC, nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma. (C) MRI SE as a function of the longest diameter of metastases for each type of primary tumor. Each point corresponds to an SE value, normalized to the administered AGuIX dose, measured in a metastasis for all patients.

The dependence of the MRI SE on the primary tumor type is illustrated in Fig. 2B. To take into account the difference in SE due to the injected dose, the SE values were multiplied by a normalization coefficient corresponding to the ratio of the highest injected dose, 100 mg/kg, to the actual injected dose in mg/kg. The mean MRI SEs were equal to 115 81%, 107 62%, 124 52%, and 87 58% for melanoma, NSCLC, breast, and colon primary cancer, respectively. No statistical differences in SE values were observed between the different types of primary tumor.

Similarly, the dependence of SE as a function of the metastasis size for each primary tumor type is presented in Fig. 2C. The same corrective coefficient was applied to take into account the effect of the injected dose on the SE. No SE variation with size was found. For example, the mean SE values were 114 70% and 117 70% for metastases with the longest diameter between 10 and 20 mm and between 20 and 50 mm, respectively.

For each patient, the MRI SE was also measured at day 0, 15 min after injection of a clinically approved Gd-based contrast agent (Dotarem, Guerbet, Villepinte, France). Averaged over all measurable metastases with longest diameter larger than 1 cm, the MRI SE was equal to 182.9 116.2%.

The detection sensitivity of AGuIX nanoparticles, defined as their ability to enhance MRI signal in measurable brain metastases, was assessed for all administered doses and compared with the sensitivity of the clinically used contrast agent Dotarem. Expressed as a percentage of Dotarem sensitivity, the AGuIX nanoparticle sensitivity was equal to 12.1, 19.5, 34.2, 31.8, and 61.6% for injected doses of 15, 30, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively.

A tumor-by-tumor comparison of the MRI SE 15 min after Dotarem injection and 2 hours after nanoparticle injection is shown in Fig. 3A for patients treated at 100 mg/kg body weight. This largest injected dose of AGuIX nanoparticle represents the same quantity of injected Gd3+ ions as for the Dotarem administration, i.e., 100 mol/kg body weight of Gd3+. The MRI SEs were found to linearly correlate by primary tumor type (NSCLC, R2 = 0.96; breast cancer, R2 = 0.93).

(A) Each point corresponds to an MRI SE value measured in a metastasis for patients receiving 100 mg/kg body weight AGuIX dose. The solid lines and the equations correspond to the linear regressions for each primary tumor type (e.g., NSCLC and breast cancer). (B) Correlation between MRI SE and AGuIX concentration following AGuIX administration. Each point corresponds to an MRI SE and AGuIX concentration value measured in a metastasis of patients #13, #14, and #15 injected with a 100 mg/kg body weight AGuIX dose. The solid lines correspond to the linear regression applied to the series of points.

The multi-flip-angle three-dimensional (3D) FLASH acquisitions were successfully used to compute pixelwise maps of T1 values (fig. S1) and to enable quantification of the longitudinal relaxation time over regions of interest. The decrease in T1 relaxation times in brain metastases, induced by the uptake of AGuIX nanoparticles, is clearly shown in these T1 maps. As expected, the decreases in T1 values are colocalized with the contrast-enhanced brain metastases.

The concentrations of AGuIX nanoparticles in contrast-enhanced metastases were computed on the basis of the changes in T1 values following their administration. The measurements of AGuIX concentration were performed in metastases with longest diameter larger than 1 cm for the patients administered with a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The mean AGuIX concentration in the brain metastases was measured to be 57.5 14.3, 20.3 6.8, and 29.5 12.5 mg/liter in patient #13 (NSCLC metastases), #14 (NSCLC metastases), and #15 (breast cancer metastases), respectively.

The correlation between MRI SE and nanoparticle concentration was assessed for the three patients with the highest (100 mg/kg) administered dose. The relationship between the two MRI measurements is illustrated in Fig. 3B for the three patients. The slopes and R2 values of the linear regression were 3.31 (R2 = 0.80), 1.69 (R2 = 0.39), and 3.95 (R2 = 0.64) for patient #13, #14, and #15, respectively.

For each patient, the MRI SE and T1 values were assessed in brain regions of interest free of visible metastases (three representative regions of interest per patient, with a similar size for all patients). No substantial MRI SE and no T1 variations were observed in any of these healthy brain regions.

For patients administered with the largest dose (100 mg/kg body weight), persistence of MRI SE was noticed in measurable metastases (longest diameter greater than 1 cm) at day 8, 1 week after administration of AGuIX nanoparticles as shown in Fig. 4. The mean MRI SEs in metastases were measured equal to 32.4 10.8%, 14 5.8%, and 26.3 9.7% for patient #13, #14, and #15, respectively. As a point of comparison, the mean MRI SEs at day 1 were equal to 175.8 45.2%, 58.3 18.4%, and 154.1 61.9% for patients #13, #14, and #15, respectively. Because of small T1 variations, the concentration of AGuIX nanoparticles could not be computed. On the basis of the observed correlation between MRI SE and nanoparticle concentration, an upper limit of 10 M can be estimated for the AGuIX concentration at day 8 in brain metastases. No noticeable MRI SE was observed in any patient at day 28, 4 weeks after the administration of AGuIX nanoparticles.

3D visualization of patients brain superimposed with color-encoded SE in NSCLC metastases 2 hours p.i. (postinjection) on the left and 7 days p.i. on the right. The patient was administered with the largest dose of nanoparticles (100 mg/kg body weight).

The clinical evaluation of the diagnostic value of the AGuIX nanoparticles for brain metastases was one of the secondary objectives of the clinical trial NanoRad, and the first and main purpose of this paper is to present the MRI results obtained with these Gd-based, MRI-visible, ultrasmall nanoparticles. In this clinical trial, the MRI protocol included a large panel of MRI sequences giving access to many imaging readouts and biomarkers (relaxation time, diffusion, edema, hemorrhage, etc.). Despite its 40-min duration, the protocol was found to be compatible with the patients health status. However, if necessary, this protocol could easily be shortened in clinical routine and restricted to the sole MRI sequences needed to assess the volume and number of metastases and the concentration of nanoparticles.

The target dose for the theranostic application of the AGuIX nanoparticles in patients corresponds to the largest administered dose to the patients, and for this reason, the conclusions and perspectives of this study focus essentially on this dose. This largest dose (100 mg/kg body weight or 100 mol/kg body weight Gd3+) corresponds as well to the amount of chelated Gd3+ ions injected in one dose of clinically used MRI contrast agent such as Dotarem (100 mol/kg body weight Gd3+). It is therefore appropriate to compare the MRI SEs observed in metastases with the largest AGuIX dose to a dose of Gd-based contrast agent used in clinical routine.

A dose escalation was included in the design of this first-in-human clinical trial, and five increasing doses of AGuIX nanoparticles were investigated. From the linear correlation observed between the SE in metastases and the administered nanoparticle concentration, it can be concluded that the dose of nanoparticlesin the range of investigated dosesis not a limiting factor for the passive targeting of metastases. Despite the limited number of patients participating in this first clinical study, the initial results show that uptake of nanoparticles and SE is present at similar levels in the four types of investigated metastases (NSCLC, melanoma, breast, and colon) regardless of the injected dose of nanoparticles. In addition, the uptake of nanoparticles appears to be independent of the diameter of the metastases in the 1- to 5-cm range.

In this study, there was a 2-hour delay between the nanoparticle administration and the MRI acquisitions. As part of the safety protocol of this first-in-human trial, the patient was kept in bed under medical monitoring by a dedicated nurse for 1 hour after the start of the injection. An additional hour was necessary to transport and install the patient from the phase 1 unit, where the injection took place, in the MRI scanner. Note that this safety delay is not applicable for the phase 2 clinical trial and that the injection can be performed with the patient inside the MRI scanner.

With a mean nanoparticle plasma half-life of about 1 hour, this 2-hour delay results in an 86% decrease in the nanoparticle concentration in the plasma. In contrast, there was only a 15-min delay between the Dotarem injection (plasma half-life of about 1.5 hours) and the MRI acquisition. Despite this significant clearance of nanoparticles and the decrease in concentration in the patients bloodstream, the MRI SE at the highest nanoparticle dose is close to that observed with the clinical contrast agent. It is also of great interest to note that, from the tumor-by-tumor comparison of SE after AGuIX and after Dotarem administration, there is a notable correlation between the uptake of nanoparticle and the uptake of clinical contrast agent for two different types of primary tumors.

This remarkable diagnostic performance of AGuIX nanoparticles to enhance the MRI signal in brain metastases can be attributed to two independent factors. The first factor is related to the intrinsic magnetic properties of nanoparticles. Their larger diameter and molecular weight, as compared with clinical Gd-based contrast agent, result in a higher longitudinal relaxation coefficient r1, equal to 8.9 and 3.5 mM1 s1 per Gd3+ ion at a magnetic field of 3 T (21) for AGuIX nanoparticles and Dotarem, respectively. This higher relaxivity of nanoparticles results in a larger SE in tumors compared with that obtained with Dotarem, as observed in preclinical studies when identical delays between injection and MRI acquisitions are used for both Gd-based agents (15).

The second factor may be related to the ability of the ultrasmall AGuIX nanoparticles to passively accumulate in brain metastases. This passive targeting phenomenon takes advantage of the so-called enhanced permeability and retention effect, which postulates that the accumulation of nano-objects in tumors is due to both defective and leaky tumor vessels and to the absence of effective lymphatic drainage (22). The passive targeting of tumors by AGuIX nanoparticles has been consistently observed in previous investigations of animal models of cancer. In a mouse model of multiple brain melanoma metastases, internalization of AGuIX nanoparticles in tumor cells was reported and the presence of nanoparticles in brain metastases was still observed 24 hours after intravenous injection to the animals (18). At the highest 100 mg/kg dose, all metastases with a diameter larger than 1 cm were contrast enhanced up to 7 days after the nanoparticles were administered. The persistence of MRI SE in metastases 1 week after administration confirms this accumulation and delayed clearance of nanoparticles from the metastases. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report in the literature of such late SE in metastases after administration of clinically used Gd-based contrast agents.

Considering the radiosensitizing properties of AGuIX nanoparticles, it is key to evaluate and possibly quantify the local concentration of nanoparticles accumulated in metastases. To that end, the MRI protocol included a T1 mapping imaging sequence from which the nanoparticle concentration was derived. The concentration values obtained in this clinical study can be put in perspective with those obtained in preclinical studies in animal models of tumor. The computed concentration of AGuIX nanoparticles in the NSCLC and breast cancer metastases of the three patients injected with the highest dose varied between 8 and 63 mg/liter, corresponding to a concentration range of Gd3+ ions between 8 and 63 M in brain metastases. Although the experimental conditions differ in some respects (concentration, dose, and administration modalities of the nanoparticles), the concentration of nanoparticles obtained in animal models is very similar to the concentration values observed in patients. In a rat model of glioma, Verry et al. (19) reported a Gd3+ concentration in the order of 70 M, 4 hours after the nanoparticle administration to the animals. Similarly, in an experimental mouse model of lung cancer, Bianchi et al. (23) reported a Gd3+ concentration close to 40 M in tumor, 2 hours following the nanoparticle administration.

The percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g) in metastasis can be derived from the measured concentration of nanoparticle in the metastasis and from the total dose of nanoparticle injected to the patients. For instance, approximating the tissue density to 1 kg/liter, the percentage of injected dose is equal to 0.001% ID/g for a measured nanoparticle concentration of 60 mg/liter in a 60-kg patient administered with 100 mg/kg nanoparticles. As a point of comparison (and bearing in mind the differences in protocols, measurements, and administered nanoparticles), Harrington et al. (24) reported values ranging between 0.005 and 0.05% ID/g in passively targeted solid tumors of patients injected with radiolabeled pegylated liposomes. More recently, Phillips et al. (25) approximated the percentage of injected dose to 0.01% ID/g in melanoma metastasis of a patient injected with radiolabeled and pegylated nanoparticles engineered for cRGD (cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate) targeting.

In this study, we evaluated as well the relationship between the nanoparticle concentration and the MRI SE obtained using a robust T1-weighted 3D MRI sequence. In the range of measurable nanoparticle concentration in metastases, a linear relationship between the MRI SE and the nanoparticle concentration is observed with the acquisition protocol used in this study. Hence, with the specific protocol used in this study, the SE can be used as a robust and simple index for assessing the concentration of AGuIX nanoparticles.

While metastasis targeting is beneficial for both diagnosis and radiosensitization purposes, it is desirable to maintain nanoparticles at low concentration in healthy surrounding tissues. In this respect, no SE could be observed in the metastasis-free brain tissues 2 hours after the highest dose of AGuIX nanoparticles was administered. This lack of enhancement is consistent with the rapid clearance of nanoparticles measured in patients plasma and is a positive indication of the innocuousness of the nanoparticles for the healthy brain.

The occurrence of brain metastases is a common event in the history of cancer and negatively affects the life expectancy of patients. For patients with multiple brain metastases, despite advances in stereotactic radiosurgery and new systemic treatments (immunotherapy and targeted therapy), the overall 2- and 5-year survival estimates across all primary tumor types are 8.1 and 2.4%, respectively (26). Consequently, new approaches need to be developed to improve the treatment efficacy for these patients. The use of radiosensitizing agents is thus of great interest. The in vivo theranostic properties (radiosensitization and diagnosis by multimodal imaging) of AGuIX nanoparticles were previously demonstrated in preclinical studies performed on eight tumor models in rodents (20), and particularly in brain tumors (14, 19).

The MRI results of this study show in humans, that the accumulation of Gd-based nanoparticles is also present in tumors (brain metastases) and can therefore potentially be used to increase the effectiveness of RT in patients.

Although Gd-based contrast agents used in clinical practice are also known to enhance brain metastases, it is important to note that radiosensitization requires the presence of nanoparticles and is not observed in the case of Gd-based molecular agents such as Dotarem (27). It is generally thought that it is the clustering of gadolinium atoms on the nanoparticle that leads to the formation of an Auger shower inducing a strong increase in the dose deposited in the vicinity of the nanoparticle (6).

Another key property of nanoparticles is their prolonged retention in metastases. As a result, the radiosensitizer can be used under optimal conditions with the elimination of nanoparticles in healthy tissues and remanence in tumors. In addition, prolonged persistence in metastases provides a wide therapeutic window that could benefit to fractionated RT.

The expected benefits of radiosensitizers are to increase the effectiveness of the radiation dose administered in metastases to improve the local response to RT and the overall survival of the patient, without increasing the dose in the surrounding healthy tissues. Alternatively, radiosensitizers can be used to obtain an equivalent local response with a reduced radiation dose. In the particular case of AGuIX theranostic nanoparticles, MRI visualization can be advantageously used to achieve personalized and adaptive RT based on the local uptake of the Gd-based radiosensitizers. In the future, the use of Gd-based radiosensitizers will be particularly relevant to the emerging MR-Linac technology combining an MRI scanner and a linear accelerator on the same instrument (28).

There are some limitations to this study. First, because of the dose escalation objective of this phase 1 clinical trial, the number of patients receiving the highest dose is relatively low and corresponds to only two types of brain metastases. This limitation will be addressed in a recently launched phase 2 clinical trial that includes 100 patients injected with an identical dose of 100 mg/kg body weight and that covers similar types of brain metastases. The second limitation concerns the quantification of T1 relaxation values and nanoparticle concentration. These quantifications require a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio and are therefore carried out on regions of interest corresponding to metastases greater than 1 cm in diameter. However, we have shown in this study that the acquisition protocol yields a quasi-linear correlation between the MRI SE and the nanoparticle concentration. Therefore, the more reliable and sensitive measurement of SE will probably be preferred in future clinical trials to more accurately assess the nanoparticle uptake in smaller metastases. Last, only metastases with a diameter greater than 1 cm were considered in this study, in accordance with the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) criteria. Although SEs do not show variation with tumor diameter between 1 and 5 cm, it remains important to evaluate nanoparticle uptake in smaller metastases. In the phase 2 clinical trial, metastases with diameter down to 5 mm will be included in the protocol. The analysis of these smaller metastases will be facilitated by the largest administered dose (100 mg/kg body weight) and by the shortened delay between nanoparticle injection and MRI acquisitions.

In summary, the preliminary results of the clinical trial reported in this paper demonstrate in patients that an intravenous injection of Gd-based nanoparticles is effective for enhancing different types of brain metastases in patients. These first clinical findingspharmacokinetic, passive targeting, and concentration in metastasesare in line with the observations obtained in previous preclinical studies in animal models of brain tumor and bode well for a successful translation of this theranostic agent from the preclinical to the clinical level. In addition to this, the preliminary results of the NanoRad phase 1 clinical trial indicate good tolerance of intravenous injection of AGuIX nanoparticle up to the 100 mg/kg dose selected for this study. All these results and observations make it possible to confidently start a phase 2 clinical trial on the same indication (NANORAD2, NCT03818386).

This study is part of a prospective dose escalation phase I-b clinical trial to evaluate the tolerance of the intravenous administration of radiosensitizing AGuIX nanoparticles in combination with whole-brain RT for the treatment of brain metastases. This investigator-driven trial was sponsored by the Department of Clinical Research and Innovation of Grenoble Alpes University Hospital and performed in the Department of Radiotherapy of Grenoble Alpes University Hospital. Its Data and Safety Monitoring Board is composed of physicians who specialized in RT, oncology, and pharmacology. Approval was obtained from the Agence nationale de scurit du mdicament et des produits de sant (ANSM) (French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products; EudraCT number 2015-004259-30) in May 2016. The NanoRad trial (Radiosensitization of Multiple Brain Metastases Using AGuIX Gadolinium Based Nanoparticles) was registered as NCT02820454. The study began in June 2016 and was completed in February 2019. Here, we report the findings of the MRI protocol applied to the 15 recruited patients. The objectives assigned to this MRI ancillary study were (i) to assess the distribution of AGuIX nanoparticles in brain metastases and surrounding healthy tissues and (ii) to measure the T1-weighted contrast enhancement and nanoparticle concentration in brain metastases and surrounding healthy tissues after intravenous administration of AGuIX nanoparticles. Detailed information on the NanoRad trial is available in the paper from Verry et al. (29).

Patients with multiple brain metastases ineligible for local treatment by surgery or stereotactic radiation were recruited. Inclusion criteria included (i) minimum age of 18 years, (ii) secondary brain metastases from a histologically confirmed solid tumor, (iii) no prior brain irradiation, (iv) no renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate, >60 ml/min per 1.73 m2), and (v) normal liver function (bilirubin, <30 M; alkaline phosphatase, <400 UI/liter; aspartate aminotransferase, < 75 UI/liter; alanine aminotransferase, < 175 UI/liter). All patients provided written informed consent in accordance with institutional guidelines.

AGuIX product was provided by NH TherAguix. It is a sterile powder for solution containing gadolinium-chelated polysiloxane-based nanoparticles. AGuIX product was manufactured, controlled, and released according to Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) standards. This theranostic agent is composed of a polysiloxane network surrounded by gadolinium cyclic ligands, derivatives of DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane acid-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid), covalently grafted to the polysiloxane matrix (Fig. 5). Its hydrodynamic diameter is 4 2 nm, its mass is about 10 kDa, and it is described by the average chemical formula (GdSi47C2430N58O1525H4060, 5 to 10 H2O)x. On average, each nanoparticle presents on its surface 10 DOTA ligands that chelate core gadolinium ions. The longitudinal relaxivity r1 at 3 T is equal to 8.9 mM1 s1 per Gd3+ ion, resulting in a total r1 of 89 mM1 s1 per AGuIX nanoparticle.

(A) Schematic representation of AGuIX nanoparticles. DOTA(Gd) species are grafted to the polysiloxane core (Si, pearl gray; O, red; C, gray; N, blue; Gd, metallic blue; and H, white). (B) Main properties of AGuIX nanoparticle. (C) Hydrodynamic diameter distribution of AGuIX nanoparticles as obtained by dynamic light scattering. (D) Zeta potential of AGuIX nanoparticle as a function of the pH.

The timeline of the trial is summarized in Fig. 6. The main steps of the trial protocol were as follows. At day 0, patients underwent a first imaging session (see MRI protocol in next paragraph) 15 min after the intravenous bolus injection of Dotarem (gadoterate meglumine) at a dose of 0.2 ml/kg (0.1 mmol/kg) body weight. One to 21 days after the first imaging session (depending on patient availability and radiation therapy planning), the patients received a single intravenous administration of AGuIX nanoparticle suspension at doses of 15, 30, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg body weight. The date of AGuIX nanoparticle administration is referred as day 1. The same MRI session, without injection of gadoterate meglumine, was performed 2 hours after administration of the nanoparticles. All the patients underwent a whole-brain radiation therapy (30 Gy delivered in 10 sessions of 3 Gy) starting 4 hours after administration of the nanoparticles. Seven days (day 8, no Dotarem injection), 4 weeks (day 28, Dotarem injection), and then every 3 months during 1 year after the AGuIX nanoparticles were administered, a similar MRI session was performed for each patient.

At day 0 (D0), the patients underwent an MRI session with injection of Dotarem. At D1, the patients received a single intravenous (IV) injection of AGuIX nanoparticles. Two hours later, the patients underwent an MRI session. After 2 more hours, the patients received their first session of whole-body radiation therapy (WBRT; 30 Gy split in 10 fractions). Further MRI sessions were performed at D8 (no Dotarem injection), D28 (Dotarem injection), month 3 (M3), and then every 3 months for 12 months (Dotarem injection).

The MRI acquisitions were performed on a 3 T Philips scanner. The 32-channel Philips head coil was used. Patients underwent identical imaging protocol including the following MRI sequences: (i) 3D T1-weighted gradient echo sequence, (ii) 3D FLASH sequence with multiple flip angles, (iii) susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequence, (iv) fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence, and (v) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence. Some of these imaging sequences are recommended when following the RECIST and RANO (response assessment in neuro-oncology) criteria for assessing brain metastases response after RT (30, 31). The 3D T1-weighted imaging sequence provides high-resolution contrast-enhanced images of healthy tissue and brain metastases following MRI contrast agent administration. The 3D FLASH sequence is repeated several times with a different flip angle for computing T1 relaxation times and contrast agent concentration. The SWI sequence is used for detecting the presence of hemorrhages. The FLAIR sequence is applied for monitoring the presence of inflammation or edema. Last, the DWI sequence can be applied for detecting abnormal water diffusion in tissue or brain metastases. The total acquisition time ranged between 30 and 40 min depending on patient-adjusted imaging parameters. The key features and the main acquisition parameters of these imaging sequences are detailed in the Supplementary Materials.

MRI analyses were performed using an in-house computer program called MP3 (https://github.com/nifm-gin/MP3) developed by the GIN Laboratory (Grenoble, France) and running under MATLAB software. Image analyses include counting and measurements of metastases, quantification of contrast enhancement, relaxation times, and concentration of nanoparticles. Following RECIST and RANO criteria, solely metastases with longest diameter above 1 cm were considered as measureable and were retained in subsequent analyses. The MRI SE, expressed in percentage, was defined as the ratio of the difference between the amplitude of the MRI signal after the administration of the contrast agent and before the administration of the contrast agent over the amplitude of the MRI signal before the administration of the contrast agent, the MRI signal amplitude being measured in the 3D T1-weighted image dataset. The T1 relaxation times were derived from the 3D FLASH images obtained at four different flip angles. The concentration of nanoparticles in brain metastases was derived from the variations of T1 relaxation times before and after contrast agent administration and from the known relaxivity of the nanoparticles. The details about the acquisition and the procedure for computing the T1 values and the concentration are given in the Supplementary Materials.

A 3D image rendering was performed using the BrainVISA/Anatomist software (http://brainvisa.info) developed at NeuroSpin (CEA, Saclay, France). To better visualize the location of the different metastases, the Morphologist pipeline of BrainVISA was used to generate the meshes of both the brain and the head of each patient.

All analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software Inc.). Significance was fixed at a 5% probability level. All of the data are presented as means SD.

Acknowledgments: This work was performed on the IRMaGe platform member of France Life Imaging network (grant ANR-11-INBS-0006). Funding: The clinical trial was funded by the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) of Grenoble and the company NH TherAguix (Meylan, France). Author contributions: C.V. is the trial coordinator and the main investigator of the clinical trial. C.V., J.B., S.D., G.L.D., and O.T. defined the study design. C.V., S.G., S.D., G.L.D., and O.T. designed the MRI protocol. J.P. and I.T. performed the MRI acquisitions. S.D., B.L., S.G., Y.C., S.M., B.L., E.L.B., and O.T. contributed to data quantification and MRI analysis. S.D. and Y.C. performed statistical analysis. Y.C. wrote the paper, and all authors revised it critically, contributed to it, and approved the final version of the manuscript. Competing interests: F.L. and O.T. are authors on a patent filed by NANOH, Universit Lyon 1, Institut National des Sciences Appliques de Lyon (no. WO2011135101 A3, published 31 May, 2012). G.L.D. and O.T. are authors on a patent filed by Universit Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, NANOH, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (no. WO2009053644 A8, published 17 December 2012). These patents protect the AGuIX nanoparticles described in this publication. S.D., Y.C., O.T., F.L., and G.L.D. are employees from NH TherAguix that is developing the AGuIX nanoparticles. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.

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Targeting brain metastases with ultrasmall theranostic nanoparticles, a first-in-human trial from an MRI perspective - Science Advances

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems Announce Agreement to Develop Innovative Telescopes for Nanosatellites -…

IRVINE, Calif., July 16, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc. have reached a cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) to develop innovative compact and robust telescopes for nanosatellites.

The four-year, $2 million CRADA will combine LLNL's Monolithic Telescope (MonoTele) technology with Tyvak's expertise producing high-reliability spacecraft. In the future, the advanced optical imaging payloads may be employed to collect information for remote sensing data users.

The MonoTele consists of a space telescope fabricated from a single, monolithic fused silica slab, allowing the optic lens to operate within tight tolerances. This approach does not require on-orbit alignment, greatly simplifying spacecraft design and favorably affecting spacecraft size, weight and power needs.

"I'm excited about this technology transitioning from LLNL to space demonstration and eventual commercial use," said Alex Pertica, the deputy program leader for LLNL's Space Science and Security Program (SSSP).

Tyvak will provide the spacecraft and payload, consisting of the MonoTele, sensor, and electronics, ensuring survivability in a demanding vibration environment during launch and wide-ranging temperatures on-orbit.

LLNL will then apply its knowledge of novel optical payloads to develop, test, and process data gathered from the sensors.

"We are delighted to have formalized this collaborative effort with LLNL to demonstrate and commercialize advanced optical imaging technology," said Anthony Previte, Tyvak's CEO. "Together we will enable end users to achieve their mission goals in many space-based markets."

Developed by LLNL over the past eight years, the MonoTele space telescopes range in size from one inch (called the mini-monolith) to 14 inches.

The MonoTele technology provides imaging for nanosatellites, about the size of a large shoebox and weighing less than 22 pounds, and microsatellites, about the size of a dorm refrigerator and weighing up to several hundred pounds.

LLNL researchers undertook the development of the tiny one-inch, mini-monolith for use in star trackers, a component that every satellite has one or more of, and is used to find the satellite's "attitude" or orientation. Attached to the satellite's body, the star trackers compare the satellite's position relative to the position of the stars to determine their orientation.

"Several telescopes with the MonoTele technology have flown in space. They've performed very well," Pertica said, adding that the one-inch, mini-monolith version is now flying aboard Tyvak-0129. The technology's first space mission was the GEOstare satellite, which launched in January 2018.

Typically, space telescopes have two optical mirrors a larger primary mirror and a smaller secondary mirror that face each other. If the mirrors go out of alignment, the image becomes fuzzy.

To keep the mirrors in alignment, a metering structure is typically employed to maintain the mirrors in place. But metering structures can be expensive and can go out of alignment.

To solve this problem, LLNL optical scientist Brian Bauman came up with the idea of the MonoTele replacing the two mirrors and metering structure with one solid piece of glass, with optical shapes and reflective coatings at both ends of the glass.

The MonoTele concept was inspired by the design of the mirrors used for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope that is under construction in Chile, due to come online in 2023 and expected to image some 20 billion galaxies.

Under this CRADA, LLNL and Tyvak expect to develop additional MonoTele-type telescopes capable of operating in other wavelength bands, such as ultraviolet and short-wave infrared, and as a spectrometer instrument.

The telescopes, which would be demonstrated in space, also would feature compact and low-power focus mechanisms for missions requiring agile optics technology.

The MonoTele nanosatellite imaging payloads can be used across multiple applications and will serve Earth observation, space situational awareness, and satellite navigation initiatives.

"Partnering under a CRADA with outside industry was the natural next step for commercializing the technology," said David Dawes. "We look forward to working with Tyvak."

"The CRADA gives Tyvak the option to license LLNL intellectual property (IP) or joint IP developed under this collaboration, in addition to any of the Lab's existing background IP required to practice the subject inventions," Dawes added.

About Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)

Founded in 1952, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (www.llnl.gov) provides solutions to our nation's most important national security challenges through innovative science, engineering and technology. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is managed by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration.

About Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc.

Founded in 2013 and headquartered in Irvine, California, Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Inc. is an industry leader, delivering optimized, end-to-end satellite solutions. For more information, please visit http://www.Tyvak.com or follow the Company @TyvakNanoSat

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Viewed through revamped slide, cancer cells show their hidden side : The Asahi Shimbun – Asahi Shimbun

SAPPORO--Cancer cells play dead to dodge attacks by immune cells, a scientist here discovered, and tumor tissue moves like a slug to fuse with other tumors, revelations that could trigger a breakthrough in the development of carcinoma treatment.

The phenomena were uncovered using a special glass slide that promotes the growth of cancer cells for in-depth observation developed by Yukiko Miyatake, 47, an assistant professor of experimental pathology at the Faculty of Medicine of Hokkaido University.

Miyatake designed the slide with tiny bumps on its surface in order to stimulate cells so they turn into tumor tissue.

To closely observe cancerous cells, Miyatake utilized a technique developed by Kaori Shigetomi, a specially appointed associate professor of micro- and nano-engineering at the universitys Institute for the Advancement of Higher Education.

The method created by Shigetomi, 45, allows one to two cells to be cultured on the slide, by taking advantage of semiconductor substrate development technology.

Miyatake said she expects the technique to become commercially available within a year.

In 2018, Miyatake succeeded in imaging through a microscope how cells gather, grow and convert into cancer tissue on a rough-surfaced glass slide measuring 2 centimeters by 2 cm and repeated the experiment to confirm her results.

Initially, she couldnt figure out why cells grew so smoothly on the special material. A one-year analysis revealed that the bumps on the surface offer the foundation for cells to develop into cancer tissue.

During a more detailed examination, Miyatake found a mature tumor merged with another to grow even bigger, moving around like a slug. She said she was surprised that the minor difference on the glass surface could physically stimulate cells into forming tissue.

ZOMBIE TISSUE

When carcinoma cells killed by exposure to strong ultraviolet rays were put on the slide, tumors took in deceased cells around them, to in effect play dead, rendering it impossible for immune cells that attack cancer cells to target them.

By donning the veil of dead cells like a zombie, tumors may be trying to evade being attacked by immune cells, Miyatake said.

Working with a major manufacturer, Miyatake is now creating a prototype for mass production. If the cell growth observation technology is commercialized, a new anti-cancer agent might be developed, she said.

Miyatake, who majored in virus research in university, said she is inspired to work harder by longtime friends and scientists she first met then who are now devoting themselves to research related to the novel coronavirus.

As someone involved in academic research, my goal is to save the lives of patients and contribute to society, Miyatake said.

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Viewed through revamped slide, cancer cells show their hidden side : The Asahi Shimbun - Asahi Shimbun

With Fedora 33, Nano Will Be The Default Terminal Text Editor – Fossbytes

Which is your favorite Linux terminal text editor? I guess it must be one from the never-ending list of candidates, including Vim and Nano. Even if youre free to install and use any editor, sometimes you chose the one installed by default. Thats why the default text editor matters.

Speaking of the Fedora system, Vi is the current default terminal text editor in most cases, such as git commit and command-line text editing. Now if you want Nano in Fedora, you have to run a single command dnf install nano. But with the upcoming Fedora 33, you no longer need to run any command to get Nano.

Yes, this is because the Fedora developer team has decided to ship the terminal text editor, GNU Nano, by default. This means Nano will replace Vi as the default editor in Fedora 33 Linux distribution.

If youre confused between Vi and Vim, let me tell you that Vim is an improved version of Vi with additional features.

The change comes amid the ongoing development for the upcoming Fedora 33. Along with othersystem-wide changes, a proposal was sent to make Nano the default text editor.

Later, during the Fedora Engineering and Steering Committee (FESCo) meeting last week, several features for Fedora 33 were approved, including Nano text editor by default in the Fedora system.

As the proposal cites, users need to learn the mode concept of Vi even for basic editing tasks. It makes it hard for new users to understand and use Vi.

Unlike Vi, Nano doesnt have any modes, which gives the user a shallow learning curve and lets them interact directly with text using user-friendly graphical text editing.

Hence, this proposal will make Nano the default editor across all of Fedoras editions. However, you still have vi pre-installed owing to the vim-minimal package.

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With Fedora 33, Nano Will Be The Default Terminal Text Editor - Fossbytes

Clean Seed to deploy their patented SMART technologies to modernize the agricultural sector – Proactive Investors USA & Canada

Clean Seed Capital (CVE: CSX- OTC: CLGPF) Chief Operating Officer Colin Rush joined Steve Darling from Proactive Vancouver to discuss the company that is continuing to pioneer the modernization of the crop/food production industry with cutting edge SMART technologies that include their upcoming SMART Seeder MAX and MAX-S seeding and planting systems.

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Clean Seed to deploy their patented SMART technologies to modernize the agricultural sector - Proactive Investors USA & Canada