Joint Statement for the Record
Chairman Graham, Ranking Member Feinstein, distinguished members of the committee, thank you for the opportunity to testify today about four important provisions of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) that will expire at the end of this year unless reauthorized by Congress. As indicated in the Director of National Intelligences letter to this committee, the administration strongly supports permanent reauthorization of these provisions.
Three of the authoritiesthe roving wiretap, business records, and lone wolf provisionshave been part of FISA for well over a decade and have been renewed by Congress multiple times, most recently in the USA FREEDOM Act of 2015 (FREEDOM Act). Before that, these same authorities were reauthorized multiple times between 2005 and 2011, each time following extensive congressional review and deliberation. Each renewal gained bipartisan support.
Two of the authorities, the roving wiretap and business records provisions, have been part of FISA since 2001. These provisions are important in national security investigations and are comparable to provisions available in ordinary criminal investigations. The roving wiretap authority enables the government to continue surveilling a court-approved national security target when the target takes steps to thwart the surveillance. The business records authority allows the government to collect records, papers, and other documents that are relevant to a national security investigation. The government has used these important national security authorities judiciously, with the approval of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), and in the interest of national security.
The lone wolf provision was added to FISA in 2004 to close a gap in the governments ability to surveil a foreign person who is engaged in international terrorism or international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, but who lacks traditional connections to a terrorist group or other foreign power. Without the authority, the government could not rely on FISA to respond to those kinds of threats. Although the government has not used the lone wolf provision to date, it is critical this authority remain in the governments toolkit for the future, as international terrorist groups increasingly seek to inspire individuals to carry out attacks, without necessarily providing the kind of coordination or support that would authorize traditional FISA surveillance.
The fourth authoritythe Call Detail Records (CDR) provisionpermits the targeted collection of telephony metadata but not the content of any communications. Congress added this authority to FISA four years ago in the FREEDOM Act as one of several significant FISA reforms designed to enhance privacy and civil liberties. It replaced the National Security Agencys (NSA's) bulk telephony metadata collection program with a new legal authority whereby the bulk metadata would remain with the telecommunications service providers. The CDR authority provides a narrowly-tailored mechanism for the targeted collection of telephone metadata for possible connections between foreign powers or agents of foreign powers and others as part of an authorized investigation to protect against international terrorism. H. Rep. 114-109, at 17 (2015). The FREEDOM Act also permanently banned bulk collection under FISAs business records and pen-trap provisions and under the National Security Letter statutes. As this committee is aware, the NSA recently discontinued the CDR program for technical and operational reasons. But the CDR program retains the potential to be a source of valuable foreign intelligence information. The CDR program may be needed again in the future, should circumstances change. NSAs careful approach to the program, and the legal obligations imposed by the FREEDOM Act in the form of judicial oversight, legislative oversight, and transparency, support the reauthorization of the CDR program.
We urge the committee to consider permanently reauthorizing these authorities based not only on the governments demonstrated record and the importance of the authorities to national security, but also on the significant reforms contained in the FREEDOM Act. These include authorizing the FISC to appoint amici curiae to address privacy and civil liberties concerns and enhancing public transparency and reporting requirements under FISA. Four years ago, the FREEDOM Act was passed after extensive oversight and comprehensive hearings, and received strong bipartisan support in the Senate. In the wake of repeated reviews and bipartisan authorizations over nearly two decades, the administrations view is that the time has come for Congress to extend these authorities permanently.
Roving Wiretap
First, Congress should permanently reauthorize the roving wiretap provision. The authority outlined in this provision is similar to the roving wiretap authority that has been available since 1986 in criminal investigations, under the Wiretap Act, and which has repeatedly been upheld in the courts.
The roving wiretap provision provides the government an effective tool to use in response to adversaries attempting to thwart detection. To understand the importance of this authority, the committee must consider how FISA functions in ordinary, non-roving cases, and how roving authority is necessary for targets who try to avoid surveillance. Under both regular and roving FISA authority, the governments application for a court order must identify the target of the surveillance with particularity and must establish probable cause that the target is a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power. If the court approves the application, it issues one order to the government and a secondary order to a third-partysuch as a telephone companydirecting it to assist the government in conducting the wiretap. See 50 U.S.C. 1805(c)(1-2). The secondary order is necessary because, in most cases, the government needs the assistance of a company to implement the surveillance. In an ordinary case, if the target switches to a new communications service provider, the government must submit a new application and obtain a new set of FISA orders. However, where the government can demonstrate in advance to the FISA court that the targets actions may have the effect of thwarting surveillance, such as by rapidly and repeatedly changing providers, FISAs roving wiretap provision allows the FISC to issue a generic secondary order that the government can serve on the new provider to commence surveillance without first going back to the court. See 50 U.S.C. 1805(c)(2)(B). The governments probable cause showing that the target is an agent of a foreign power remains the same, and the government must also demonstrate to the FISC, normally within 10 days of initiating surveillance of the new facility, probable cause that the specific target is using, or is about to use, the new facility. See 50 U.S.C. 1805(c)(3).
The roving wiretap authority has proven to be an important intelligence-gathering tool. The government has used the authority in a relatively small number of cases each year. Those cases tend to involve highly-trained foreign intelligence officers operating within the United States, or other important investigative targets, including terrorism-related targets, who have shown a propensity to engage in activities deliberately designed to thwart surveillance. Similar authority designed to prevent suspects from thwarting surveillance has been a permanent part of our criminal law for over 30 years, and this provision has been renewed as part of FISA repeatedly since 2001 without controversy or evidence of abuse. It remains an important tool, and we strongly support permanent reauthorization.
Business Records
Second, we also support permanent reauthorization of the so-called business records provision, which was enacted as section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act in 2001. This provision authorizes the government to apply to the FISC for an order directing the production of business records or other tangible things that are relevant to an authorized national security investigation. It allows the government to obtain in a national security investigation many of the same types of records and other tangible things that the government can obtain through a grand jury subpoena in an ordinary criminal investigation. The government has used the business records provision to obtain, for example, drivers license records, hotel records, car rental records, apartment leasing records, and the like.
Importantly, the business records provision contains several statutory safeguards. To obtain a FISC order approving a business records application, the government must make a showing to the FISC that (1) it is seeking information in an authorized national security investigation conducted pursuant to guidelines approved by the attorney general; (2) where the investigative target is a U.S. person, the government has demonstrated that the investigation is not based solely on activities protected by the First Amendment; and (3) the government must demonstrate that the information sought is relevant to the authorized investigation. See 50 U.S.C. 1861(a)(1-2). The government must also adhere to attorney general guidelines and minimization procedures that limit the retention and dissemination of any information collected concerning U.S. persons. Id. 1861(a)(2)(A) & (g). Recipients of an order seeking business records also have the opportunity to challenge the legality of the order in court, although, to date, no recipient has done so.
Some criticize the business records provisions as running afoul of the Fourth Amendment because business records orders are not issued under a probable cause standard. But an order issued under the business records provision does not authorize the government to enter premises, or to search for or seize records or other tangible things. Thus, the Fourth Amendments probable cause standard generally does not apply. Rather, the records the government is authorized to obtainpursuant to a FISC orderare similar to those that the government could obtain in ordinary criminal or civil investigationswithout any court order in most instancespursuant to a grand jury subpoena in an ordinary criminal case, or pursuant to an administrative subpoena in a civil case. Like a grand jury subpoena or an administrative subpoena, a business records order merely requires the recipient to identify and produce responsive records or other tangible things.
Critics have also questioned the need for the business records provision in view of the governments ability to seek similar records pursuant to a grand jury subpoena. But not every national security investigation involves criminal activity; thus, a grand jury subpoena is not always available to the government. Additionally, business records orders issued by the FISC are often supported by classified information that cannot be disclosed to the grand jury and cannot be declassified without compromising important national security interests. Thus, reauthorization of this provision remains critically important.
To be sure, this authority has generated substantial controversy because it was employed, with FISC approval, to support NSAs bulk telephony metadata collection program. However, that program has been terminated and replaced by the more targeted collection of telephony metadata authorized under the CDR provisions of the FREEDOM Act, as discussed below. The FREEDOM Act permanently banned bulk collection altogether under the business records authority and required the use of a specific selection term to justify an application for a business records order. The law defines specific selection term as a term that specifically identifies a person, account, address, or personal device, or any other specific identifier [that] is used to limit, to the greatest extent reasonably practicable, the scope of tangible things sought, consistent with the purpose for seeking the tangible things. 50 U.S.C. 1861(k)(4)(A)(i). It does not include terms, or a combination of terms, that are not so limited. See id. 1861(k)(4)(A)(ii). Moreover, the FREEDOM Act provided that the FISC may evaluate the adequacy of minimization procedures issued under the business records provisions, and may require additional, particularized minimization procedures beyond those otherwise required, with regard to the production, retention, or dissemination of certain business records, including requiring the destruction of such records within a reasonable period of time. See id. 1861(g)(3).
The government has used the business records authority judiciously. On average, between 2015 and 2018, the government sought and obtained records under this provision less than 76 times per year. The number of business records applications approved has decreased every year since 2012. Many of these investigations involve scenarios that are outside the scope of the National Security Letter statutes, and often a business records order is sought because national security interests preclude the use of less secure criminal authorities, or because there may be no criminal investigation underway. Given the importance of the authority, the absence of any evidence of abuse, and the additional safeguards Congress imposed in 2015, we urge the committee to support permanent reauthorization of this provision.
Lone Wolf
The third expiring provision is the so-called lone wolf provision of FISA. It allows the FISC to authorize surveillance of non-United States persons engaged in international terrorism or the international proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, without the need to show that the target is acting on behalf of a particular terrorist group or other foreign power.
The lone wolf provision is contained within the definition of an agent of a foreign power in FISA. Electronic surveillance under FISA can only be directed at a foreign power or agent of a foreign power, as defined in the statute. See 50 U.S.C. 1804(a)(3)(A). A foreign power under FISA is defined for counterterrorism purposes to include a group engaged in international terrorism. Accordingly, without the lone wolf provision, the government would need to establish that a terrorism-related surveillance target was an agent of an international terrorist group. The lone wolf provision specifies that a foreign individual is also considered an agent of a foreign power under FISA if the individual is engaged in international terrorismeven if the individual is not directly connected to a foreign terrorist group.
There are two key points to understand about this provision. First, it applies only to non-U.S. persons (not to American citizens or aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence), see 50 U.S.C. 1801(b)(1)(C), and second, only when they engage or prepare to engage in international terrorism, see id. 1801(c). In practice, to establish the probable cause necessary to secure a FISC order under the lone wolf provision, the government must know a great deal about the target, including the targets purpose and plans for terrorist activity, to satisfy the definition of international terrorism.
Although the government has not used the lone wolf authority to date, it fills an important gap in the governments collection capabilities. The provision allows for the surveillance of a foreign terrorist who might be inspired by a foreign group, but who is not technically an agent of that group. For example, the provision would allow for surveillance of a foreign person who has self-radicalized through internet propaganda of a foreign terrorist organization, or a known international terrorist who severs his connection with a terrorist group. The governments decision not to employ this authority to date does not mean that it should be abandoned. To the contrary, it shows that the government will use this provision only where necessary and legally available. Terrorist groups like ISIS and al-Qaida actively seek to encourage lone wolf attacks. The continued availability of the lone wolf provision ensures the government retains the authority to surveil isolated foreign terrorist actors who are inspired, but not directed by, foreign terrorist groups.
Call Detail Records
Finally, as we have explained, in addition to reauthorizing these longstanding provisions of FISA in 2015, the FREEDOM Act banned bulk collection and established a new, narrowly-tailored mechanism for the targeted collection of CDRs from U.S. telecommunications service providers. The new provisions were enacted after comprehensive oversight, including hearings addressing recommendations of a presidentially appointed group of outside experts and the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, which weighed in on the privacy and civil liberties effects of the authorities and their importance to national security.
The CDR provision represents a carefully tailored balance between the interest in individual privacy and the need to protect against the activities of international terrorist groups. In support of an authorized counterterrorism investigation, the CDR authority provides a way for government investigators, pursuant to a FISC order, to identify contacts of suspected terrorists who may be within the United States. It permits the government to seek an order from the FISC compelling the production on an ongoing basis of CDR information based on a specific selection term, such as a telephone number. The government must demonstrate to the FISC that (1) there are reasonable grounds to believe that the data sought is relevant to an authorized counterterrorism investigation; and (2) there is a reasonable, articulable suspicion that the specific selection term is associated with a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power engaged in international terrorism or activities in preparation of international terrorism. See 50 U.S.C. 1861(b)(2)(C). Critically, the provision authorizes the collection of certain metadata associated with telephone calls, such as the originating or terminating telephone number and date and time of a call, but does not authorize collecting the content of any communication, the name, address, or financial information of a subscriber or customer, or cell site location or global positioning system information. See id. 1861(k)(3). With FISC approval, the government may require the production of CDRs two hops from the seed termi.e., the CDRs associated with the initial specific selection term and those associated with the CDRs identified in the initial hop. See id. 1861(c)(2)(F).
The government has used this authority responsibly. In 2018, the NSA identified certain technical irregularities in data it received from telecommunications service providers under the CDR provision. Because it was not feasible for NSA to resolve the issue technologically, in May of 2018, NSA began the process of deleting all CDR data that it had received since 2015. Then, after balancing the programs intelligence value, associated costs, and compliance and data integrity concerns caused by the unique complexities of using these company-generated business records for intelligence purposes, NSA suspended the CDR program.
NSAs decision to suspend the CDR program does not mean that Congress should allow the CDR authority to expire. Rather, that decision shows that the Executive Branch is a responsible steward of the authority Congress afforded it, and that the numerous constraints on the government imposed by the FREEDOM Act, including oversight by the FISC, are demanding and effective. As technology changes, our adversaries tradecraft and communications habits continue to evolve and adapt. In light of this dynamic environment, the administration supports reauthorization of the CDR provision so that the Government will retain this potentially valuable tool should it prove useful in the future.
The administration looks forward to working with this committee and the rest of the Congress to reauthorize on a permanent basis these important national security provisions.
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