The US House of Representatives Judiciary Committee voted Wednesday to advance a bill that would create a commission to study the idea of reparations for slavery,an idea that has also been gaining ground in Europe since Black Lives Matter protests went global last summer.

Legislation to create acommission to study slavery reparations for Black Americans cleared aHouse committee in a historic vote this week,sending it on its way to a full House vote for the first time more than three decades after it was introduced.If the legislation, HR 40,is passed by the Democrat-controlled House, it would go to the evenly divided Senate, with Democratic Vice President Kamala Harris casting the tie-breaking vote.

Reparations are ultimately about respect and reconciliation and the hope that,one day, all Americans can walk together toward a more just future,saidDemocratic Congresswoman Sheila Jackson Leeof Texas, a sponsor of the bill.

Some Republicans voiced opposition to the bill, arguing that the suffering wrought by slavery happened too long ago.

No one should be forced to pay compensation for what they have not done,said Republican Congressman Steve Chabot of Ohio. Paying reparations would amount to taking money from people who never owned slaves to compensate those who were never enslaved.

Historical precedents

The idea of compensating the descendants of the estimated 4 million Africans forcibly brought to theUnited Statesbetween 1619 and 1865 was revived by the wave ofprotests that followedthe death of George Floyd in May 2020. But the first version of the legislative text advanced onWednesday was draftedmore than three decades ago.

Compensation to freed slaves was promised towards the end of the American Civil War in 1865, when Union GeneralWilliam TecumsehShermanfamously promised them forty acres and a mule. But this vow was never kept. It took until the 1970s and the creation of the Reparations Coordinating Committee by Harvard law professor Charles Ogletree for the issue to re-emerge.

Proponents ofreparations, however, remaindivided about what form they should take. Some argue for more welfare programmes and an expansion of existing measures such asaffirmative action.Others argue for direct financial compensation citingfact that there is still severe economic inequality between Black and White Americans,andmaintainingthat the long-term effects of slavery and segregation areresponsible. In 2019, the median annual income for an African-American household was $43,771 (36,000) compared to $71,664 (60,000) for White families.

Advocates of compensation havealso citedhistorical precedents.In 1988,Republicanpresident Ronald Reagansigned a 1988 lawto pay $20,000 (17,000) each to all survivingJapanese-Americans detained during the World War Two.In 2012,Barack Obamas White House agreedto pay more than $1 billion to 41 Native American tribes over the federal governments mismanagement of money and natural resources held in trust.

Partly inspiredby theBlack Lives Mattermovement, demonstrators in Bristol in southern England toppled a statue of18th-centuryslave trader Edward Colston and tipped it into the nearbyharbour last June.

Thatsame month, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bacheletcalled on former colonialistcountries tomake amends for centuries of violence and discrimination, including through formal apologies, truth-telling processes and reparations in various forms.

In 2013, the Caribbean Community (or CARICOM), an intergovernmental organisation of 15 states in the region, believes that France, the Netherlands, the UK, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Sweden and Denmark should pay compensation for their role in the transatlantic slave tradebetween the 16th and 19th centuries.

Senior politicians inthe Democratic Republic of Congo demandedreparations from the countrys former colonial ruler Belgium after the2020 publicationof a letter of regret from Belgian King Philippe for atrocities committed duringthat era. They also called for the removal of statuesof King Leopold II, known for his brutal rule of what was then Belgian Congo. DR Congos neighbour Burundihas been calling for yearsfor 36 billion in compensation for atrocities committed by German and Belgian settlers from 1896 to 1962.

In 1999,a Truth CommissionConference held in Ghana estimatedthe total amount of reparations owedto African countriesbyformer colonial powers at $777 trillion (650 trillion).

An association of descendants of slaves filed a requestwiththe French state for 200 billion in compensationin 2005 on the groundsthat Frances historical participation in slavery was recognised as a crime against humanity in a 2001 law(known as the Taubira law).But a court ruled that this request was inadmissible because it was impossible to discern the amount due for events that happened so long ago.Thejudgement was confirmed by Frances two highest courts of appeal.

The Afro-Caribbean groupsbehind the demandsrejected thecourt rulings on the grounds that Francehadcompensated slave owners when it abolished slavery in 1848. The following year,the French state disbursed the equivalentof7.1 percent of public spending to compensate the owners of slaves in Senegal, Madagascar, Reunion Island, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Guyana.

In 1825, France imposed a considerable debt on Haiti which had won independence in 1804 as compensation for the French former owners of slaves there. The young Haitian republic was also forced to pay colossal interest on loans from bankers in Paris.

A French research initiative known asthe Repairs project is building a database to log the names of those who received compensation as former slave owners and the amount paid to them.

The British Empire also compensated slave owners when it abolished slavery in 1833.

Some historiansnote that a significant number of these former slave owners were free people of colour former slaves who themselves became owners of slaves.

We tend to see the history of slavery exclusively through the lens of White on Black racial oppression, but this is problematic because race is not the only criterion to be taken into account when thinking about the history of slavery, said Myriam Cottias, director of the Paris-based International Slavery and Post-Slavery Research Centre (Centre international de recherches sur les esclavages et post-esclavages).

In light of this, it seems to me that it would be very difficult, if not impossible, to identify the right people to receive compensation, Cottias continued.

In 2015, then FrenchpresidentFranois Hollande ruled outpayingany compensationto thedescendants of slaves.It would be impossible to calculate because it was so long ago, he said.

Private initiatives

While nocountry involvedin the transatlantic slave trade hasestablished reparationsfor the descendants of slaves,other initiativeshave been set up.In the US, the local council of the prosperous town of Evanston in the Chicago suburbs voted in March to hand out $10 million (8m) in compensation to its Black residents over the following decade.

In 2019, Georgetown University in Washington,D.C.,approved the creation of a fund to compensate the descendants of slaves sold to balance the universitys books in the19th century.Thatsame year, Glasgow University in Scotland announced that it would pay 20 million(23m)to fund a joint venture with the University of the West Indies as a way ofrefunding the descendants of slaves for donationsit had received centuries ago from slave owners.

In the private sector,Royal Bank of Scotland, Lloyds Bank and brewer Greene King have acknowledged responsibility for their involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. So far,no French companyhas acknowledged involvement in slaveryor offered compensation.

This article was translated from the original in French.

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How Black Lives Matter put slave reparations back on the agenda - FRANCE 24 English