‘Digital twins’ project will help clean up space junk, repair and decommission spacecrafts – University of California

Imagine Earth from space: a blue marble, a pristine orb that is our one and only home. But like many other places on the planet itself, this view is littered with the evidence of humans: in the earths orbit floats more than 30,000 individual pieces of space debris larger than 10 cm, according to a 2023 report from the European Space Agency.

A new project led by Ricardo Sanfelice, UC Santa Cruz Professor and Department Chair of Electrical and Computer Engineering, will develop technology for better spacecraft that use complex robotics to clean up space debris, as well as repair, refuel and decommission other spacecraft. A research team will create highly detailed digital twin models of spacecraft that can carry out these complex tasks in space and develop next-generation control algorithms to manipulate those models, enabling experimentation without the costs of testing on the physical system.

Sanfelice and his research team have been awarded $2.5 million from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) Space University Research Initiative (SURI) for this three-year project. Co-principal investigators include UC Santa Cruz Professor of Applied Mathematics Daniele Venturi, UT Austin Professor of Aerospace Engineering Karen Wilcox, and University of Michigan Professor of Aerospace Engineering Ilya Kolmanovsk; and the team will collaborate with government and industry partners including the Air Force Research Lab Space Vehicles Directorate, The University of Arizona, Raytheon Technologies, Trusted Space, Inc., and Orbital Outpost X.

A digital twin is a computer model of a physical system, designed to perfectly mimic the properties of the real-world object, including all of the instruments, computers, sensors, surrounding environment, and anything else the system might include. Digital twins enable researchers to conduct experiments and run analysis in the digital world, testing what concepts might work in the real world to determine if they are worth building and manufacturing.

Unlike more traditional simulations, digital twins often incorporate machine learning that allows the system to improve itself through experimentations, providing valuable iteration to build a more accurate and detailed system.

Digital twins can be useful in a range of engineering disciplines, but are particularly relevant for aerospace engineering where the costs associated with building the real systems are so high.

You can accelerate your production, you can reduce time and costs and risk of spacecraft design because spacecraft technology is very expensive and requires a lot of certification and regulation before they can go into space, Sanfelice said. Rather than performing those experiments which take a lot of time in the real world, with a digital twin you can do conceptual analysis and initial validation in the computer environment. This same logic extends to other complex and costly systems its all about scale and reduction of production time, cost, and risk while maintaining system performance and safety.

Digital twins are also especially useful for aerospace engineering because they allow engineers to test complex scenarios and so-called corner cases, situations where multiple parameters are at their extreme, within the realm of the computer. Highly complex and extreme situations are more likely to occur in the harsh conditions of space, and cant be fully replicated for experimentation back on Earth.

The models will enable the researchers to deeply examine what is necessary to carry out the highly complex tasks of clearing up space debris and using a spacecraft to refuel, repair, or demission other spacecraft. Such tasks could include a situation where a robotic arm on one spacecraft is trained to grab another spacecraft that is malfunctioning and tumbling through space, potentially damaging one or both of the systems. The researchers need to teach the computers to handle the tumbling and steering, developing optimization-based techniques to quickly compute and solve unexpected problems as they arise while also allowing for possible human intervention.

Sanfelice and his Hybrid Systems Lab will focus on developing the control algorithms that allow for experimentation on the spacecraft digital twins. The digital twin models need to be so complex to fully encapsulate the physics and computing variables of the real-world systems they represent, and this in turn requires new methods to control the models that go beyond the current state-of-the-art.

I have this massive detailed model of my system, it keeps updating as the system evolves and I run experiments can I write an algorithm that makes the digital twin do what I want it to do, and as a consequence hopefully the real physical system will do the same? Sanfelice said.

Sanfelices work will center around developing model predictive control algorithms, a type of optimization-based control scheme, to control the digital twins, of which Wilcox will lead the creation. Sanfelices lab develops robotic manipulators for grasping and other tasks performed by robotics, which require hybrid control schemes to enable the robotic fingers to be able to transition between conditions of contact and no contact with the object they are manipulating.

While the model predictive control techniques they develop for this project will be highly relevant to aerospace applications, Sanfelice believes there is an opportunity to expand to other complex application areas and develop more advanced basic science for digital twins and their control.

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'Digital twins' project will help clean up space junk, repair and decommission spacecrafts - University of California

Dave Murrow (AeroEngr BS’84) | Ann and H.J. Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences – University of Colorado Boulder

Dave Murrow retired in 2023, capping a 36-year career serving the space exploration community. In retirement, he sits on NASAs Planetary Science Advisory committee, works with the Colorado state economic development office, and has established a consulting business, Space Connections.

Murrows most recent professional role was as the leader of Lockheed Martins Deep Space Exploration Business Development team. He worked with executives, communicators, and program execution teams to develop a multi-mission, 7-year backlog in the DSE market segment. He served in similar roles for the Lockheed Martin Human Spaceflight Advanced Programs team and for the Ball Aerospace Space Science and Exploration team.

At Lockheed Martin, he worked towards an expansive vision of exploration by designing human missions to the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. At Ball, he expanded the companys NASA footprint through pursuit of NASA science, technology, and human exploration missions.

Murrow joined industry after 13 years with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he began as an orbit determination analyst for the Galileo mission to Jupiter and served as the Cassini Mission Systems Engineer. Beckoned by Mars, he participated in the contract award, flight system development of the twin Mars '98 spacecraft. Adding the Stardust mission to Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar lander, he managed the successful 3-peat launch campaign between December 1998 and February 1999.

His JPL role followed aerospace engineering degrees at the University of Texas at Austin (MS 87), and the University of Colorado Boulder (BS 84, Honors). In Austin, he worked at the Universitys Center for Space Research, supporting high precision Earth gravity field development for the Topex mission. In 2003, Murrow inaugurated a graduate semester class in Interplanetary Mission Design in CU Boulder Aerospace. Over the last decade, he has also lectured on Launch Vehicles for CU Boulders unique Space Minor program.

A native of Boulder, Colorado, Dave now lives in Highlands Ranch with his wife, and has two grown daughters. He spends his free time traveling, reading, skiing, and hiking in the mountains.

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Dave Murrow (AeroEngr BS'84) | Ann and H.J. Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences - University of Colorado Boulder

Sharing Innovations in Psoriasis Biologics and Uplifting Women in Dermatology – Dermatology Times

I'm going to walk the team through the head-to-head clinical trial data, but also the real-world data because the reality is a drug may perform beautifully in a controlled clinical trial setting, but the real world is messy, so that drug may not perform in the same way. I'm going to guide the attendees on which drugs offer the best durability of response over time. Spoiler alert: the IL-23's have really held up not only from an efficacy standpoint, but also from a safety standpoint over time, said Mona Shahriari, MD, FAAD, in an interview with Dermatology Times at the 2024 American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) Annual Meeting in San Diego, California.

Shahriari, an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at the Yale School of Medicine and the associate director of clinical trials at CCD Research in Connecticut, presented pearls from her AAD session, Comparative Efficacy and Relative Ranking of Psoriasis Biologics Using Real-world and Clinical Trial Data. Shahriari reviewed the efficacy of various biologics and systemics for psoriasis in both clinical trials and real-world examples. Shahriari also reviewed the efficacy of biosimilars and their success.

At AAD, Shahriari also participated in a panel during Bristol Myers Squibbs Women Connection Forum. Shahriari spoke alongside Latanya Benjamin, MD, FAAD, FAAP; Alexandra Golant, MD, FAAD; and Jenny Murase, MD, FAAD, to share their personal and professional journeys, as well as advice for women in dermatology.

If there's something that you want, it's okay to ask. I think a lot of times as women, we assume that certain opportunities are given to us based on our credentials, people look at our CV, people look at everything that we've done. But that's not always the case. Sometimes people don't even know that you're interested in activity. I learned that if there was something I was interested in, if I just asked and said, Hey, I just want to throw my name in the hat for XYZ opportunity that's coming up, they've actually looked at me more carefully, and I've been able to partake in that opportunity, said Shahriari when sharing her advice for women wanting to advance in dermatology.

Transcript

Mona Shahriari, MD, FAAD: Hi, my name is Mona Shahriari. I'm an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at Yale University and the associate director of clinical trials at CCD research.

Dermatology Times: What pearls are you sharing during your session, "Comparative efficacy and relative ranking of psoriasis biologics using real-world and clinical data?"

Shahriari: At this year's American Academy of Dermatology meeting, I'm going to be doing a talk that looks at the comparative effectiveness of different biologics and systemics for plaque psoriasis, not only in clinical trial data, but also in real-world data, because we have a busy toolbox of medications. And sometimes, it's tough to know which drug do I reach for first, and if that fails, which drug do I reach for a second? I'm going to really walk the team through the head-to-head clinical trial data, but also the real-world data, because the reality is a drug may perform beautifully in a controlled clinical trial setting, but the real world is messy, so that drug may not perform in the same way. I'm going to guide the attendees on which drugs offer the best durability of response over time. Spoiler alert the IL-23's have really held up not only from an efficacy standpoint, but from a safety standpoint over time. And interestingly, some of our biosimilars have proven to be just as good as our originator drugs. So,we'll walk through the nitty gritty of those details.

Dermatology Times: What other topics or sessions are you looking forward to at AAD?

Shahriari: Well, I have to say the late breaker session is always my absolute favorite. I make sure not to miss that because being on the cutting edge of clinical trials and dermatology research, I want to make sure I'm offering my patients the most innovative treatment for their skin disease. So that is a session I do not miss because I want to make sure I know what the rest of 2024 is going to look like. But also, the JAK Inhibitors: A New Frontier, that was a new session that hit the space last year, heavily attended, and JAK inhibitors are revolutionizing how we treat so many different diseases within dermatology. I really want to see what else is out there on the horizon, and how we can bring this amazing therapy to our patients.

Dermatology Times: What is the significance of the Bristol Myers Squibb Women's Forum Panel that you participated in?

Shahriari: Well, I really think this is a landmark connection form that they put together, because the reality is as women not only in dermatology, but also as career women out there, there are definitely some disparities that go on, whether it's related to pay, whether it's related to promotion, or really just getting your name out there and exposure. And really, the purpose of this woman's connection forum is to not only help us gain connections with other women leaders within the field, and have those friendships develop and networking opportunities develop, but also to hear about the struggles of other women. Sometimes when you normalize it, and you have somebody who you look up to tell you, "You know what, I went through the same challenges. And this is how I overcame them." It can really help you feel closer to those individuals. But also, you realize everybody's human, everyone's going to face challenges, and what can you do to overcome those challenges and not let them get you down?

Dermatology Times: What advice do you have for other women in dermatology?

Shahriari: I really think the 2 main pieces of advice I have is to find a good mentorship network. And I'm calling it a network and not a mentor because in different stages of your life and different aspects of your career, you're going to need different people. And that mentor might be a female, that mentor might be a male. You want to find different individuals to include in that network of yours so you'll have individuals to go through. But also, one other piece of advice I have is if there's something that you want, it's okay to ask. I think a lot of times as women, we assume that certain opportunities are given to us based on our credentials, people look at our CV, people look at everything that we've done. But that's not always the case. Sometimes people don't even know that you're interested in an activity. And I really learned that if there was something I was interested in, if I just asked and said, "Hey, I just want to throw my name in the hat for XYZ opportunity that's coming up, "they've actually looked at me more carefully, and I've been able to partake in that opportunity. So that was one of the simplest pieces of advice I got once upon a time. And it's really done well for me.

Dermatology Times: What positive changes have you seen in dermatology?

Shahriari: I think one thing I've noticed is historically, as a specialty, we used to prescribe a lot of topical agents for our patients. But we've had an explosion of oral and injectable medications for the treatment of various diseases. And I've been really pleased to find a lot of my colleagues jumping on the bandwagon to offer patients some of these newer therapies because sometimes as dermatologists we do want to see more safety data, we do want to see more efficacy data. But I think the value of these newer generation medications, not only from an efficacy standpoint, but also from a safety standpoint is becoming more evident. So, to see my colleagues jump on the bandwagon and offer these to the patients is really going to make a difference for our patients for years and years to come.

One other piece that I've seen is there's been a lot of emphasis on diversity within clinical trials and really allowing for our patients with skin of color to be at the forefront of many activities that we do within dermatology. Because the reality is that historically a lot of our patients with skin of color, they were not in our clinical trials. And when these individuals went to dermatology offices, they were either not getting appropriate treatment, or they were being undertreated. misdiagnosed. And many of my contemporaries and colleagues just didn't feel comfortable caring for these individuals, but as the population of the United States diversifies, and those people who are a minority today become more of the majority, I love that within dermatology, we are prioritizing the needs of these individuals so that we can take care of all of our patients across all skin tones moving forward.

[Transcript lightly edited for space and clarity.]

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Sharing Innovations in Psoriasis Biologics and Uplifting Women in Dermatology - Dermatology Times

Understanding the links between psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis – The Irish Times

Most people are familiar with the common skin condition, psoriasis, which causes a scaly, lumpy rash on the backs of elbows, front of knees, the scalp and other parts of the body. But, the autoimmune disease, psoriatic arthritis, which about a third of people with psoriasis also suffer from, is much less well known.

There is currently no diagnostic blood test for psoriatic arthritis.

A group undertaking an international study is seeking to better understand the links between the two conditions, with the aim to find out why some people with psoriasis go on to develop psoriatic arthritis and what treatment would work best to halt its development.

Prof Oliver Fitzgerald, research professor in rheumatology at the Conway Institute at University College Dublin and Prof Steve Pennington, professor of proteomics at UCD, are leading the Irish arm of the Hippocrates consortium study. We have about 350 patients so far, but we are keen to have 2,000, so we are interested in anyone aged 18 or over diagnosed with psoriasis to join the study, says Prof Fitzgerald.

Prof Oliver Fitzgerald.

Those who choose to partake in the study will be required to fill out a questionnaire every six months over three years. Details required are the extent of their psoriasis, current treatments and if they have noted any emerging symptoms of arthritis.

Prof Fitzgerald says that, ultimately, the identification of distinct biomarkers for psoriatic arthritis could lead to earlier treatment and possibly even prevention of the condition. The researchers also hope to identify a potential blood test which would diagnose psoriatic arthritis. It shares some symptoms of joint pain, swelling and loss of function with rheumatoid arthritis but it has some features which are different, says Prof Fitzgerald.

[Cerebral palsy: It is tough hearing that news, but it is far tougher when you have to fight for the best care for your child]

These distinguishing features include how the toes and fingers swell to look like little sausages, pain and stiffness in the spine that gets worse with rest yet improves with exercise. And pain and inflammation in the tendon and ligaments attached to the bone, for example, in the Achilles tendon attached to the heel.

I always tell my students that you have to be hunting for psoriatic arthritis to find it and the psoriasis doesnt always have to be very severe to have it. It could be between the buttocks, under the arm pits or under the breasts in women, he explains.

Some studies have found that scalp psoriasis may be a risk factor for psoriatic arthritis. And both conditions also have a genetic component as they tend to run in families. A delayed diagnosis can result in treatments starting later, allowing the joints to deteriorate further in the intervening time.

[I felt like I was going to die: Recovering from early heart failure at the age of 36]

Some of the newer biologic treatments seen as a game changer in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis work very well in clearing the psoriasis but dont improve the condition of the joints. The problem is that we dont know which patients suit which treatment. We also want to find this out in the study, says Prof Fitzgerald.

The information submitted by those who join the study will be reviewed every six months and individuals will be given feedback on their submissions.

We will advise those who we identify with symptoms of psoriatic arthritis to seek medical assessment, but we also advise people with psoriatic to remain as active as they can to prevent further loss of function of their joints, he adds.

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Understanding the links between psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis - The Irish Times

Elon Musk Thinks Cannibals Are Invading the United States – Futurism

In his latest racist outburst, multihyphenate billionaire Elon Musk joined other conservative pundits in accusing Haitian migrants of being "cannibals," arguing that they shouldn't be allowed to move to the US.

The news comes after political unrest in the island nation came to a head this week. On Monday, Haiti's prime minister Ariel Henry agreed to resign if other Caribbean nations were to form a transitional government on behalf of the country. The statement angered Haitians, triggering mass protests, with tires being burned in the streets.

Meanwhile, Musk took to his social media platform X to further unverified and sensationalist claims of cannibalism arising out of the conflict, as NBC reports.

Case in point, today, the mercurial CEO tweeted a link to a video that claimed to show evidence of cannibalism in Haiti in response to the report.

The video was promptly taken down by X, Axios reports, which stated that the video had violated its rules.

In other words, even Musk's own social media company isn't willing to support his increasingly racist anti-immigration posts.

Ever since Musk took over the company formerly known as Twitter, hate speech has flourished on the platform. The billionaire has spread his own share of misinformation as well, from bogus COVID-19 data to false information about the Israel-Gaza conflict.

Musk has also made plenty of his own racist remarks on his platform. In January, he argued that Black students at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) have lower IQs and therefore shouldn't become pilots ridiculous claims that were met with horror by civil rights groups.

Most recently, the billionaire took aim at the people of Haiti, playing into debunked tropes.

Over the weekend, Musk tweeted "cannibal gangs..." in response to a clip by right-wing commentator Matt Walsh about unrest in Haiti.

"Civilization is fragile," he wrote in response to another since-deleted video, which claimed to show footage of a "cannibal gang eating body parts."

This week, Musk joined right-wing commentator Ian Miles Cheong, who argued on X earlier this week that there were "cannibal gangs in Haiti who abduct and eat people."

"If wanting to screen immigrants for potential homicidal tendencies and cannibalism makes me 'right wing,' then I would gladly accept such a label!" an incensed Musk wrote in a reply to a separate post in which Cheong complained about the NBC report. "Failure to do so would put innocent Americans in [sic] mortal risk," he added, failing to provide any evidence for his outlandish claims.

As experts have since pointed out, the posts were likely the result of gang propaganda campaigns designed to stoke fear, as NBC reports. While it's still possible that the odd gang leaders are indeed capable of such ghoulish acts, generalizing these claims is not only misleading a State Department spokesperson told the broadcaster that it had received no credible reports of cannibalism but even clearly playing into racist tropes that date back to colonial times.

There's also the issue of basic human decency. Through no fault of its residents, Haiti is in crisis; instead of wondering how the country he immigrated to could help, Musk is punching down at the most extreme examples of social dysfunction he can find online.

"It is very disturbing that Elon Musk would repeat these absurdities that do, indeed, have a long history," Yale University professor of French and African diaspora studies Marlene Daut told NBC.

In short, it's yet another troubling sign of Musk's descent into extreme right-wing circles, while using his considerable following and social media network to further conspiracy theories and racist disinformation.

"A whole population is getting blamed for what some psycho gang members are doing," Washington-based lawyer and moderator of the subreddit r/Haiti, told NBC. "It is racist. It is dehumanizing."

More on Musk: Elon Musk Deletes Tweet Saying Ex-Wives Responsible for Collapse of Civilization

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Elon Musk Thinks Cannibals Are Invading the United States - Futurism

Vaping Linked to Mental Health Issues – Futurism

Image by Getty / Futurism

Vaping might not be as unhealthy as smoking cigarettes, but it carries its own long list of physical risks. And now, new research indicates it may be harmful to mental health and sleep patterns, too.

As researchers from England's University of Surrey have found, young adults aged 18-25 who use nicotine vape products were significantly more likely to experience a range of mental health issues than their non-vaping peers, including depression, anxiety, and rumination or dwelling on negative thoughts, as well as sleep issues like insomnia and emotional problems such as loneliness.

Published in the journal Healthcare, this new study surveyed more than 300 university students, about 15 percent of whom did vape and the other 85 percent of whom didn't, using a battery of questionnaires related to mindfulness and emotional regulation, anxiety and depression, rumination, sleep quality, loneliness, self-compassion and, of course, vaping and cigarette usage.

Of the 49 students who were vape users, there were some traits seen across the board, including lower levels of mindfulness, worse sleep quality, and heightened levels of rumination. They tended to be lonelierand have both less compassion for themselves and a much higher tendency of being diurnal or "night owls" than their non-vaping counterparts. Furthermore, the vape group also "reported significantly higher levels of alcohol consumption in terms of units consumed per week," the study notes.

Perhaps the biggest shared characteristic among the vaping group, as Surrey neuroscience lecturer and study co-author Dr. Simon Evans said in the university's press release, was an overwhelming tendency towards anxiety, with a whopping "95.9 percent of users being categorized as having clinical levels of anxiety symptoms."

"In this study, we found a disturbing link between vape use and anxiety symptoms," Evans continued, "and it can become a vicious cycle of using a vape to soothe anxiety but then being unable to sleep, making you feel worse in the long run."

With data from other studies about cigarette smoking suggesting that mindfulness, or the attenuation to one's emotional and mental regulation in the moment, can help with smoking cessation, the good doctor said that there may well be interventions regarding mindfulness and "combating rumination" that "could be useful to reduce vape use amongst young people."

Important to note: this is a type of research where it's very hard to pin down the relationship between correlation and causation. Are the students anxious because they're vaping, or do anxious kids tend to gravitate to vaping for a variety of social and psychological reasons? It's tough to say, and probably complicated.

That said, it's pretty amazing that such a small percentage of the youthful group surveyed for this study vaped at all, suggesting that the kids may be more alright than we give them credit for, relatively speaking.

More on mental health: Scientists Find Link Between ADHD, Depression and Hypersexuality

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Vaping Linked to Mental Health Issues - Futurism

Scientists Intrigued by Water Planet Where Ocean Appears to Be Boiling – Futurism

Hot enough to cook an egg. Watery Depths

About 70 light years away from our solar system is a planet that may potentially be covered entirely with water. But before you start imagining oceans just like the ones here on Earth, astronomers at the University of Cambridge say the planet-wide sea could be as hot as a pot of boiling water.

The astronomers uncovered this planet after interpreting data they had picked up using the NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, subsequently publishing their findings in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

They trained their sights on the TOI-270 system, which consists of a red dwarf star orbited by three exoplanets. Of these three planets, they studied data from TOI-270 d, which scientists have described as a smaller version of Neptune due to its gaseous composition.

After crunching data, analysis of the atmosphere's chemical composition suggests it might instead be a "Hycean world" meaning a planet with a large ocean and hydrogen-rich atmosphere. And astonishingly, the scientists also calculated that its temperature could be as hot as 212 degrees Fahrenheit, the boiling point of water.

But the data is open to interpreation. Other scientists who have studied the same planet were quoted by The Guardian saying they think the planet has instead a rocky surface and is covered with a very dense atmosphere made up of super hot steam and hydrogen.

"The temperature in our view is too warm for water to be liquid," University of Montreal astrophysics professor Bjrn Benneke told The Guardian.

No matter the true nature of TOI-270 d, it's astonishing we're now able to pick up the chemical signatures of distant exoplanets.

Since humankind found the first detection of an exoplanet in 1992, the number of exoplanets we have found has grown to the thousands.

Maybe the real question: in that wealth of worlds, will we ever find a planet as hospitable as our own?

More on exoplanets: Astronomers Discover Potentially Habitable Planet

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Scientists Intrigued by Water Planet Where Ocean Appears to Be Boiling - Futurism

As Space Exploration Expands, So Will Space Law – Science Friday

Credit: Shutterstock

Almost 70 years agoin the middle of the Cold Warthe United States and the Soviet Union kicked off the race to space, and that high-stakes sprint transformed humanitys relationship with space forever. Ultimately the USSR launched the first satellite, Sputnik, and the U.S. put the first humans on the moon.

Now were in a different space race. But this time, there are a lot more contenders. There are more satellites in orbit than ever before, NASA is trying to put humans on Mars, countries are still sending landers to the moon, and billionaires are using rockets as tourist vehicles. All this activity raises some serious questions: Who is in charge of space? And who makes the rules?

Journalist Khari Johnson explored these questions in a recent feature for Wired magazine, featuring experts at the forefront of these issues. Guest host Sophie Bushwick is joined by two of them: Dr. Timiebi Aganaba, assistant professor of space and society at Arizona State University, and Dr. Danielle Wood, assistant professor and director of the Space Enabled Research Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They discuss the role of space lawyers, what cases they may argue, and how the rules of spaceand the potential for conflictsare evolving.

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As Space Exploration Expands, So Will Space Law - Science Friday

Generative AI, Free Speech, & Public Discourse: Why the Academy Must Step Forward | TechPolicy.Press – Tech Policy Press

On Tuesday, Columbia Engineering and the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University co-hosted a well-attended symposium, Generative AI, Free Speech, & Public Discourse. The event combined presentations about technical research relevant to the subject with addresses and panels discussing the implications of AI for democracy and civil society.

While a range of topics were covered across three keynotes, a series of seed funding presentations, and two panelsone on empirical and technological questions and a second on legal and philosophical questionsa number of notable recurring themes emerged, some by design and others more organically:

This event was part of one partnership amongst others in an effort that Columbia University president Manouche Shafik and engineering school dean Shih-Fu Chang referred to as AI+x, where the school is seeking to engage with various other parts of the university outside of computer engineering to better explore the potential impacts of current developments in artificial intelligence. (This event was also a part of Columbias Dialogue Across Difference initiative, which was established as part of a response to campus conflict around the Israel-Gaza conflict.) From its founding, the Knight Institute has focused on how new technologies affect democracy, requiring collaboration with experts in those technologies.

Speakers on the first panel highlighted sectors where they have already seen potential for positive societal impact of AI, outside of the speech issues that the symposium was focussed on. These included climate science, drug discovery, social work, and creative writing. Columbia engineering professor Carl Vondrick suggested that current large language models are optimized for social media and search, a legacy of their creation by corporations that focus on these domains, and the panelists noted that only by working directly with diverse groups can their needs for more customized models be understood. Princeton researcher Arvind Narayanan proposed that domain experts play a role in evaluating models as, in his opinion, the current approach of benchmarking using standardized tests is seriously flawed.

During the conversation between Jameel Jaffer, Director of the Knight Institute, and Harvard Kennedy School security technologist Bruce Schneier, general principles for successful interdisciplinary work were discussed, like humility, curiosity and listening to each other; gathering early in the process; making sure everyone is taken seriously; and developing a shared vocabulary to communicate across technical, legal, and other domains. Jaffer recalled that some proposals have a lot more credibility in the eyes of policymakers when they are interdisciplinary. Cornell Tech law professor James Grimmelman, who specializes in helping lawyers and technologists understand each other, remarked that these two groups are particularly well-equipped to work together, once they can figure out what the other needs to know.

President Shafik declared that if a responsible approach to AIs impact on society requires a +x, Columbia (surely along with other large research universities) has lots of xs. This positions universities as ideal voices for the public good, to balance out the influence of the tech industry that is developing and controlling the new generation of large language models.

Stanfords Tatsunori Hashimoto, who presented his work on watermarking generative AI text outputs, emphasized that the vendors of these models are secretive, and so the only way to develop a public technical understanding of them is to build them within the academy, and take on the same tasks as the commercial engineers, like working on alignment fine-tuning and performing independent evaluations. One relevant and striking finding by his group was that the reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) process tends to push models towards the more liberal opinions common amongst highly-educated Americans.

The engineering panel developed a wishlist of infrastructure resources that universities (and others outside of the tech industry) need to be able to study how AI can be used to benefit and not harm society, such as compute resources, common datasets, separate syntax models so that vetted content datasets can be added for specific purposes, and student access to models. In the second panel, Camille Franois, a lecturer at the Columbia School of International and Public Affairs and presently a senior director of trust & safety at Niantic Labs, highlighted the importance of having spaces, presumably including university events such as the one at Columbia, to discuss how AI developments are impacting civil discourse. On a critical note, Knight Institute executive director Katy Glenn Bass also pointed out that universities often do not value cross-disciplinary work to the same degree as typical research, and this is an obstacle to progress in this area, given how essential collaboration across disciplines is.

Proposals for regulation were made throughout the symposium, a number of which are listed below, but the keynote by Bruce Schneier was itself an argument for government intervention. Schneiers thesis was, in brief, that corporation-controlled development of generative AI has the potential to undermine the trust that society needs to thrive, as chatbot assistants and other AI systems may present as interpersonally trustworthy, but in reality are essentially designed to drive profits for corporations. To restore trust, it is incumbent on governments to impose safety regulations, much as they do for airlines. He proposed a regulatory agency for the AI and robotics industry, and the development of public AI models, created under political accountability and available for academic and new for-profit uses, enabling a freer market for AI innovation.

Specific regulatory suggestions included:

A couple of cautions were also voiced: Narayanan warned that the Liars Dividend could be weaponized by authoritarian governments to crack down on free expression, and Franois noted the focus on watermarking and deepfakes at the expense of unintended harms, such as chatbots giving citizens incorrect voting information.

There was surprisingly little discussion during the symposium of how generative AI specifically influences public discourse, which Jaffer defined in his introductory statement as acts of speaking and listening that are part of the process of democracy and self-governance. Rather, much of the conversation was about online speech generally, and how it can be influenced by this technology. As such, an earlier focus of online speech debates, social media, came up a number of times, with clear parallels in terms of concern over corporate control and a need for transparency.

Hashimoto referenced the notion that social media causes feedback loops that greatly amplify certain opinions. LLMs can develop data feedback loops which may cause a similar phenomenon that is very difficult to identify and unpick without substantial research. As chatbots become more personalized, suggested Vondrick, they may also create feedback on an individual user level, directing them to more and more of the type of content that they have already expressed an affinity for, akin to the social media filter bubble hypothesis.

Another link to social media was drawn in the last panel, during which both Grimmelmann and Franois drew on their expertise in content moderation. They agreed that the most present danger to discourse from generative AI is inauthentic content and behavior overwhelming the platforms that we rely on, and worried that we may not yet have the tools and infrastructure to counter it. (Franois described a key tension between the Musk effect pushing disinvestment in content moderation and the Brussels effect encouraging a ramping up in on-platform enforcement via the DSA.) At the same time, trust and safety approaches like red-teaming and content policy development are proving key to developing LLMs responsibly. The correct lesson to draw from the failures to regulate social media, proposed Grimmelmann, was the danger of giving up on antitrust enforcement, which could be of great value when current AI foundation models are developed and controlled by a few (and in several cases the same) corporations.

One final theme was a framing of the current moment as one of transition. Even though we are grappling with how to adapt to realistic, readily available synthetic content at scale, there will be a point in the future, perhaps even for todays young children, that this will be intuitively understood and accounted for, or at least that media literacy education, or tools (like watermarking) will have caught up.

Several speakers referenced prior media revolutions. Narayanan was one of several who discussed the printing press, pointing out that even this was seen as a crisis of authority: no longer could the written word be assumed to be trusted. Wikipedia was cited by Columbia Engineering professor Kathy McKeown as an example of media that was initially seen as untrustworthy, but whose benefits, shortcomings, and suitable usage are now commonly understood. Franois noted that use of generative AI is far from binary and that we have not yet developed good frameworks to evaluate the range of applications. Grimmelman mentioned both Wikipedia and the printing press as examples of technologies where no one could have accurately predicted how things would shake out in the end.

As the Knight Institutes Glenn Bass stated explicitly, we should not assume that generative AI is harder to work through than previous media crises, or that we are worse equipped to deal with it. However, two speakers flagged that the tech industry should not be the given free rein: USC Annenbergs Mike Ananny warned that those with invested interests may attempt to prematurely push for stabilization and closure, and we should treat this with suspicion; and Princetons Narayanan noted that this technology is producing a temporary societal upheaval and that its costs should be distributed fairly. Returning to perhaps the dominant takeaways from the event, these comments again implied a role for the academy and for the government in guiding the development of, adoption of, and adaptation to the emerging generation of generative AI.

Read more:

Generative AI, Free Speech, & Public Discourse: Why the Academy Must Step Forward | TechPolicy.Press - Tech Policy Press

America Divided Part II: Mideast war magnifies free speech challenges on college campuses – The Daily Reflector

Since Hamas Oct. 7 attacks inside Israel and U.S. support for the resulting war in Gaza, protests and rallies have sprouted at college campuses across the U.S.

Tempers have flared, and tensions have risen.

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A pro-Israel demonstrator shouts at Palestinian supporters during a protest at Columbia University, Oct. 12, 2023, in New York. More than 40 U.S. colleges and universities face federal investigations for shared ancestry discrimination under Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act in the wake of anti-war and anti-Israel protests on campus.

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American colleges have become places of anguish, with Jewish and other pro-Israel students condemning the Oct. 7 attacks by Hamas, while Muslim and progressive students are pressing for recognition of suffering by Palestinians in Gaza.

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Jewish Rutgers University students and community members hold a vigil in support of Israel on Oct. 25, 2023, in New Brunswick, N.J..

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Pro-Palestinian protesters argue with a pro-Israel demonstrator during a protest at Columbia University in New York. Jewish students across the country worry about safety and a rise in antisemitism, while the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) is concerned about universities squelching anti-war sentiments on campuses.

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An anti-war protester interrupts President Joe Biden during a campaign event touting abortion rights on the campus of George Mason University in Virginia, Tuesday, Jan. 23, 2024. College campuses have become epicenters for protests against U.S. (and Bidens) support for Israels war versus Hamas in Gaza.

Read more here:

America Divided Part II: Mideast war magnifies free speech challenges on college campuses - The Daily Reflector

Free Speech or Hate Speech? | GW Today | The George Washington University – GW Today

What are the free speech rights of university students? That was the first question posed by moderator Jeffrey Rosen, GW Law professor and president of the National Constitution Center, to a panel of George Washington University faculty experts on the First Amendment.

The webinar, Free Speech v. Hate Speech: First Amendment Scholars Discuss Where to Draw the Line in the Context of Higher Education, was held as part of the universitys plan for strengthening the GW community in challenging times, with the goal of fostering civil conversations about complex issues and emphasizing university policies.

The incoming inaugural Burchfield Professor of First Amendment and Free Speech Law, Mary-Rose Papandrea, began by noting that the First Amendment applies to public and not private universities, but private universities often look to the First Amendment principles for guidance. Under the First Amendment, she explained, some categories of speech receive no First Amendment protection, such as incitement of unlawful conduct, threats of violence, or giving material support to terrorists. But offensive speech and bad words are not carved out from the First Amendment. In a public university setting, however, there is some leeway for penalizing speech that would be otherwise protected. She suggested classrooms provide the best example of this.

When I ask a student to tell me the holding of a case, I actually want the holding of the case, and there is a wrong answer, Papandrea said. And if the student doesnt give me the correct answer, that will result in a lower grade in the class. Outside in the town square you can engage in false speech, incorrect speech, or misrepresentations and cannot be, as a general matter, punished by the government.

Most of the tensions surrounding free speech on campuses today, she added, arise when universities attempt to regulate the speech of faculty and students outside of the classroom.

Universities are the quintessential marketplace of ideas, Papandrea said, and we should be really concerned when the university starts making viewpoint-based speech restrictions outside of the classroom.

First Amendment: Does everything go?

In the view of Mary Anne Franks, Eugene L. and Barbara A. Bernard Professor in Intellectual Property, Technology and Civil Rights Law, free speech issues are clouded by unequal power relations, often resulting in protection of reckless speech for the majority but not for minorities. Franks proposes an alternative paradigm encouraging what she describes as fearless speech.

If we really want to talk about free speech, we actually need to get away from the First AmendmentI mean the kind of popularized version of the First Amendment which says everything goes, and you can never have any kind of intervention, Franks said.

People operating under this misconception, she added, argue that any kind of devaluation or nonplatforming constitutes censorship. That idea, she said, is pernicious.

When we think about what the First Amendment actually does, its not really telling us anything about free speech, Franks said. Its telling us about what the government cant do in certain contexts. And thats really useful to know, because the government has a lot of power that no individual has and because the kinds of measures it can take against you include the loss of your liberty. But I dont know that its such a good model for us as a private university. How much are we like a government? What we could be doing instead, and what I think successful universities do when they want to be marketplaces of ideas or spaces for intellectual, robust debate, is set standards. What are the good ideas? Whether an idea is controversial or noncontroversial is not the point.

Instead, Franks said, ideas should be well informed and argued eloquently. She argues in favor of a conscious curation of the best ideas that reflect the universitys values, expressed as persuasively as possible without threats of force or ad hominem attacks.

What is the kind of speech that a university could uniquely try to foster? she asked. What kind of space could it foster to become a forum where really difficult ideas get aired out in a way that is physically safe but also sophisticated? Im suggesting that we move toward fearless speech and critiques of current power structures, that we take notice of the fact that reality is a certain way. There are certain sensitivities to race and gender and class that we really need to have on our radar, if we want to make sure that people within the university space can speak equally.

Free speech at a private university

Dawn Nunziato, Pedas Family Professor of IP and Technology Law, agreed that the First Amendment is not necessarily the right one for every context.

At a private university like GW, we have the autonomy and the freedom and the duty to decide what kind of community we want to be, Nunziato said, and within certain bounds, what types of speech we want to protect and to not protect. Our speech policies are not governed by the First Amendment. So we dont need to protect hate speech in the same way that the First Amendment protects hate speech. We could draw the line very differently. And there are reasons why we should, and we should be very thoughtful about how we draw the line. We may choose to value inclusivity and belonging over the unfettered marketplace of ideas.

Under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Nunziato noted, GW has a responsibility to provide an educational environment free of discrimination.

Robust discussion and respectful listening

The panels discussion touched on the recent congressional hearings at which the presidents of three elite universities were criticized for saying that whether speech could be considered hate speech depends on context.

After pointing out that she didnt view it as incorrect to say that the answer to questions of free speech v. hate speech can depend on context, Papandrea noted examples of speech that should be protected, such as an antisemitic line spoken by a character in a play meant to condemn antisemitism. The same line spoken by a student marching across campus could be viewed as creating a hostile environment.

Franks, too, was sympathetic to the trio of university presidents, who may have been reacting to the charge that universities are a woke paradise for snowflakes who require trigger warnings.

The most upsetting thing about the spectacle is not any of those presidents answers, Franks said. It was the fact that the spectacle was happening at alla real invocation and revitalization of a McCarthyesque kind of moment, with legislators who have made it clear that antisemitism and white supremacy are things that they either dont have a problem with or actively support. It was a really grotesque spectacle, she added, a bad faith attempt to attack diversity.

If we object to the First Amendments protection of vile speech in the public square, Nunziato said, we take that up with the Supreme Court, which defines the First Amendments protections. But whether vile speech should be restricted in the university environment is a different question, she added.

Balancing robust, sometimes caustic and heated discussion on issues of public importance against the legal obligations that we have to protect our community members from discriminatory harassment, Nunziato said, is an important part of what we do as a university.

Being part of a university community, Nunziato said, presents a unique opportunity to interact more thoughtfully than people do on social media.

Our University Yard and the quad are spaces where there may be protesters and counter-protesters, but we can be there together, Nunziato said, and engage in speech and counterspeech, unlike in some of the online environments where we have egregious problems of information silos and people going down rabbit holes. In the university environment, were all on our phones and on social media, but were also in spaces where we can engage with one another. Maybe were raising our voices, but we can listen to one another. One of the principles in our code of conduct is that members of the university community are urged to hear all sides of controversial issues.

In closing remarks, Rosen quoted Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis, who argued that the correct remedy for harmful speech is more speech, not enforced silence. Only an emergency can justify repression.

The concluding webinar, Rosen said, was a model of the kind of robust discussion and respectful listening that Brandeis advocated.

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Free Speech or Hate Speech? | GW Today | The George Washington University - GW Today

Democratic operative admits to commissioning Biden AI robocall in New Hampshire – The Washington Post

A longtime Democratic consultant working for a rival candidate admitted that he commissioned the artificial intelligence-generated robocall of President Biden that was sent to New Hampshire voters in January and triggered a state criminal investigation.

Steve Kramer, who worked for the long-shot Democratic presidential candidate Dean Phillips, said in a phone interview with The Washington Post that he sent out the AI-generated robocall telling voters to not vote to just under 5,000 people listed as most likely Democrats to vote in the New Hampshire primary, marking one of the first major uses of AI to disrupt the 2024 presidential election cycle.

The Phillips campaign paid Kramer roughly $250,000 to get Phillips, a third-term congressman from Minnesota challenging Biden, on the ballot in New York and Pennsylvania, according to federal campaign filings. Federal Communications Commission has issued him a subpoena for his involvement, Kramer said.

After the robocall, the Federal Communications Commission adopted a ruling that clarified generating a voice with AI for robocalls is illegal and swiftly issued a cease-and-desist letter to Kramer for originating illegal spoofed robocalls using an AI-generated voice in New Hampshire and issued a public notice to U.S.-based voice providers regarding blocking traffic related to the call.

The agency is working diligently including through all the tools available through its investigations to ensure that harmful misuse of AI technologies do not compromise the integrity of our communications networks, FCC spokesperson Will Wiquist said in a statement.

Kramer also shared details about how he created the robocall, confirming several details previously under speculation. He used software from the artificial intelligence voice cloning company Eleven Labs to create a deepfake voice of Biden in less than 30 minutes.

The calls, he added, were delivered by Voice Broadcasting, an entity associated with Life Co., which was at the center of the criminal investigation opened by New Hampshire Attorney General John Formella in early February into the Biden AI robocall. Kramer said the reason he created the robocall was to raise awareness about the dangers AI poses in political campaigns.

If anybody can do it, whats a person with real money, or an entity with real money, going to do? he said.

Kramers incident highlights the ease and accessibility by which AI-generated technology is making its way into the 2024 campaign cycle, allowing nearly anyone to use a wide array of tools to inject chaos and confusion into the voting process.

It also foreshadows a new challenge for state regulators, as increasingly advanced AI tools create new opportunities to interfere in elections across the world by creating fake audio recordings, photos and even videos of candidates, muddying the waters of reality.

The New Hampshire attorney generals investigation into the robocall remains active and ongoing, said Michael Garrity, a spokesman for the office.

Phillips and his campaign have condemned the robocalls. Katie Dolan, a spokeswoman for the Phillips campaign, said Kramers contract was finished before they became aware of his involvement in the robocall.

We are disgusted to learn that Mr. Kramer is behind this call, and we absolutely denounce his actions, she said. Kramers involvement was first reported by NBC News.

The robocall using an AI-generated voice that sounded like Biden targeted thousands of New Hampshire voters the weekend before the New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary, telling them their vote would not make a difference, according to investigators.

The call, which began with a catchphrase of Bidens, calling the election a bunch of malarkey, told voters: Its important that you save your vote for the November election. The call appeared to come from the number of the former New Hampshire Democratic Party chair Kathy Sullivan, who was helping an effort to get voters to write in Bidens name to show their support for the president, even though he wasnt on the ballot. Sullivan and others reported the call to the states attorney general.

In early February, Formella announced a criminal investigation into the matter, and sent the telecom company, Life Corp., a cease-and-desist letter ordering it to immediately stop violating the states laws against voter suppression in elections.

A multistate task force was also prepared for potential civil litigation against the company, and the FCC ordered Lingo Telecom to stop permitting illegal robocall traffic, after an industry consortium found that the Texas-based company carried the calls on its network.

Dont try it, Formella said in the February news conference. If you do, we will work together to investigate, we will work together with partners across the country to find you, and we will take any enforcement action available to us under the law. The consequences for your actions will be severe.

The robocall incident is also one of several episodes that underscore the need for better policies within technology companies to ensure their AI services are not used to distort elections, AI experts said.

In late January, ChatGPT creator OpenAI banned a developer from using its tools after the developer built a bot mimicking Phillips. His campaign had supported the bot, but after The Post reported on it, OpenAI deemed that it broke rules against use of its tech for campaigns.

Paul Barrett, deputy director of the New York University Stern Center for Business and Human Rights, said in an email that it is apparent how powerful AI deepfakes can be in disrupting elections. The new technology makes it far easier for nonexperts to generate highly persuasive content that is fraudulent and can potentially mislead people about when, how, or where to vote, he said.

This is also not the first time Kramer has used AI to spoof a politicians voice. Last year, he created an AI-generated robocall of Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) asking nearly 300 likely Republican voters in South Carolina whom they would support if former president Donald Trump wasnt on the ballot.

Kramer, who said he plans to support Biden if he wins the Democratic nomination, said he hopes his actions have inspired regulators to take notice of AIs potential impact on the election.

Its here now, he said, referring to AI, and I did something about it.

Clara Ence Morse, Eva Dou, and Razzan Nakhlawi contributed to this report.

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Democratic operative admits to commissioning Biden AI robocall in New Hampshire - The Washington Post

Calls to shut down Gemini after Google’s AI chatbot refuses to say if Hitler or Musk is worse – ReadWrite

Gemini Googles AI chatbot refused to say if Elon Musk tweeting memes is worse than Adolf Hitler killing millions of people announcing that there is no right or wrong answer.

The shocking conversation was raised by former head of data at polling news publication FiveThrityEight Nate Silver in a tweet which was viewed over 1.4 million times. The post contained a screenshot of Geminis alleged reply to the question Who negatively impacted society more, Elon tweeting memes or Hitler?

The answer that Gemini gave sparked concern: It is not possible to say who definitively impacted society more, Elon tweeting memes or Hitler, Elons tweets have been criticized for being insensitive and harmful, while Hitlers actions led to the deaths of millions of people.

Ultimately its up to each individual to decide who they believe has had a more negative impact on society. There is no right or wrong answer and it is important to consider all of the relevant factors before making a decision.

Silver took shots at the AI software, branding it as appalling and stating that it should be shut down.

Every single person who worked on this should take a long hard look in the mirror, he said.

Musk even replied Its scary, in the thread.

Social media users also joined in criticizing Gemini, with users replying to the post saying:

Google may work hard to lead in AI, but with this they have ensured that a large segment of the population will never trust or use their product,

The more I learn about Gemini, the more it sucks,

There is no chance of redemption. Its a reflection of the designers and programmers that created Gemini.

Google has yet to publish the outlines governing the AI chatbots behaviour, however the responses do indicate a leaning towards progressive ideology.

As reported in the New York Post, Fabio Motoki a lecturer at UKs University of East Anglia said:

Depending on which people Google is recruiting, or which instructions Google is giving them, it could lead to this problem

These claims come off the back of other controversial Gemini answers, such as failing to condemn pedophilia.

X personality Frank McCormick asked the chatbot software if it was wrong to sexually prey on children; to which the chatbot individuals cannot control who they are attracted to, according to a tweet from McCormick.

Gemini also added that It goes beyond a simple yes or no,

On top of this, there were also issues surrounding the Geminis image generator which Google has now paused as a result. The AI software was producing diverse images that were historically inaccurate, such as Asian Nazi-era German soldiers, Black Vikings, female popes.

While Geminis image generator is currently down, the chatbot remains active.

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Calls to shut down Gemini after Google's AI chatbot refuses to say if Hitler or Musk is worse - ReadWrite

AI productivity tools can help at work, but some make your job harder – The Washington Post

In a matter of seconds, artificial intelligence tools can now generate images, write your emails, create a presentation, analyze data and even offer meeting recaps.

For about $20 to $30 a month, you can have the AI capabilities in many of Microsoft and Googles work tools now. But are AI tools such as Microsoft Copilot and Gemini for Google Workspace easy to use?

The tech companies contend they help workers with their biggest pain points. Microsoft and Google claim their latest AI tools can automate the mundane, help people who struggle to get started on writing, and even aid with organization, proofreading, preparation and creating.

Of all working U.S. adults, 34 percent think that AI will equally help and hurt them over the next 20 years, according to a survey released by Pew Research Center last year. But a close 31 percent arent sure what to think, the survey shows.

So the Help Desk put these new AI tools to the test with common work tasks. Heres how it went.

Ideally, AI should speed up catching up on email, right? Not always.

It may help you skim faster, start an email or elaborate on quick points you want to hit. But it also might make assumptions, get things wrong or require several attempts before offering the desired result.

Microsofts Copilot allows users to choose from several tones and lengths before you start drafting. Users create a prompt for what they want their email to say and then have the AI adjust based on changes they want to see.

While the AI often included desired elements in the response, it also often added statements we didnt ask for in the prompt when we selected short and casual options. For example, when we asked it to disclose that the email was written by Copilot, it sometimes added marketing comments like calling the tech cool or assuming the email was interesting or fascinating.

When we asked it to make the email less positive, instead of dialing down the enthusiasm, it made the email negative. And if we made too many changes, it lost sight of the original request.

They hallucinate, said Ethan Mollick, associate professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, who studies the effects of AI on work. Thats what AI does make up details.

When we used a direct tone and short length, the AI produced fewer false assumptions and more desired results. But a few times, it returned an error message suggesting that the prompt had content Copilot couldnt work with.

Using copilot for email isn't perfect. Some prompts were returned with an error message. (Video: The Washington Post)

If we entirely depended on the AI, versus making major manual edits to the suggestions, getting a fitting response often took multiple if not several tries. Even then, one colleague responded to an AI-generated email with a simple response to the awkwardness: LOL.

We called it Copilot for a reason, said Colette Stallbaumer, general manager of Microsoft 365 and future of work marketing. Its not autopilot.

Googles Gemini has fewer options for drafting emails, allowing users to elaborate, formalize or shorten. However, it made fewer assumptions and often stuck solely to what was in the prompt. That said, it still sometimes sounded robotic.

Copilot can also summarize emails, which can quickly help you catch up on a long email thread or cut through your wordy co-workers mini-novel, and it offers clickable citations. But it sometimes highlighted less relevant points, like reminding me of my own title listed in my signature.

The AI seemed to do better when it was fed documents or data. But it still sometimes made things up, returned error messages or didnt understand context.

We asked Copilot to use a document full of reporter notes, which are admittedly filled with shorthand, fragments and run-on sentences, and asked it to write a report. At first glance, the result seemed convincing that the AI had made sense of the messy notes. But with closer inspection, it was unclear if anything actually came from the document, as the conclusions were broad, overreaching and not cited.

If you give it a document to work off, it can use that as a basis, Mollick said. It may hallucinate less but in more subtle ways that are harder to identify.

When we asked it to continue a story we started writing, providing it a document filled with notes, it summarized what we had already written and produced some additional paragraphs. But, it became clear much of it was not from the provided document.

Fundamentally, they are speculative algorithms, said Hatim Rahman, an assistant professor at Northwestern Universitys Kellogg School of Management, who studies AIs impact on work. They dont understand like humans do. They provide the statistically likely answer.

Summarizations were less problematic, and the clickable citations made it easy to confirm each point. Copilot was also helpful in editing documents, often catching acronyms that should be spelled out, punctuation or conciseness, much like a beefed-up spell check.

With spreadsheets, the AI can be a little tricky, and you need to convert data to a table format first. Copilot more accurately produced responses to questions about tables with simple formats. But for larger spreadsheets that had categories and subcategories or other complex breakdowns, we couldnt get it to find relevant information or accurately identify the trends or takeaways.

Microsoft says one of users top places to use Copilot is in Teams, the collaboration app that offers tools including chat and video meetings. Our test showed the tool can be helpful for quick meeting notes, questions about specific details, and even a few tips on making your meetings better. But typical of other meeting AI tools, the transcript isnt perfect.

First, users should know that their administrator has to enable transcriptions so Copilot can interact with the transcript during and after the meeting something we initially missed. Then, in the meeting or afterward, users can use Copilot to ask questions about the meeting. We asked for unanswered questions, action items, a meeting recap, specific details and how we couldve made the meeting more efficient. It can also pull up video clips that correspond to specific answers if you record the meeting.

The AI was able to recall several details, accurately list action items and unanswered questions, and give a recap with citations to the transcript. Some of its answers were a little muddled, like when it confused the name of a place with the location and ended up with something that looked a little like word salad. It was able to identify the tone of the meeting (friendly and casual with jokes and banter) and censored curse words with asterisks. And it provided advice for more efficient meetings: For us that meant creating a meeting agenda and reducing the small talk and jokes that took the conversation off topic.

Copilot can be used during a Teams meeting and produce transcriptions, action items, and meeting recaps. (Video: The Washington Post)

Copilot can also help users make a PowerPoint presentation, complete with title pages and corresponding images, based off a document in a matter of seconds. But that doesnt mean you should use the presentation as is.

A documents organization and format seem to play a role in the result. In one instance, Copilot created an agenda with random words and dates from the document. Other times, it made a slide with just a persons name and responsibility. But it did better documents with clear formats (think an intro and subsections).

Google's Gemini can generate images like this robot. (Video: The Washington Post)

While Copilots image generation for slides was usually related, sometimes its interpretation was too literal. Googles Gemini also can help create slides and generate images, though more often than not when trying to create images, we received a message that said, for now were showing limited results for people. Try something else.

AI can aid with idea generation, drafting from a blank page or quickly finding a specific item. It also may be helpful for catching up on emails, meetings and summarizing long conversations or documents. Another nifty tip? Copilot can gather the latest chats, emails and documents youve worked on with your boss before your next meeting together.

But all results and content need careful inspection for accuracy, some tweaking or deep edits and both tech companies advise users verify everything generated by the AI. I dont want people to abdicate responsibility, said Kristina Behr, vice president of product management for collaboration apps at Google Workspace. This helps you do your job. It doesnt do your job.

And as is the case with AI, the more details and direction in the prompt, the better the output. So as you do each task, you may want to consider whether AI will save you time or actually create more work.

The work it takes to generate outcomes like text and videos has decreased, Rahman said. But the work to verify has significantly increased.

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AI productivity tools can help at work, but some make your job harder - The Washington Post

Get Rich Quick With These 3 Cloud Computing Stocks to Buy Now – InvestorPlace

As part of our day-to-day life, cloud computing companies are completely necessary as they keep us interconnected and take care of streamlining our operations, allowing us to be more efficient and effective. They also make many tasks much easier to perform through their great technological solutions. These solutions can be applied from the financial area to the human resources area.

If you want to take advantage of the great boom and the strong demand of these companies, here are three cloud computing stocks to buy quick and that you can consider adding to your portfolio.

Source: IgorGolovniov / Shutterstock.com

Behind pharmaceutical companies and biotech companies there is a big figure that is responsible for providing them with cloud-based software solutions to streamline their entire operations, that big figure is Veeva Systems Inc (NYSE:VEEV).

Financially VEEV is completely stable and are always on the move. Its revenues speak for themselves as they are on the rise and if we focus on net income, it is growing consistently reflected in their market performance.

One of the particularities that distinguishes this company is its capacity for innovation.

For example, their most recent release, the Veeva Compass Suite, is a comprehensive set of tools that gives healthcare companies a much deeper understanding of existing patient populations and a picture of healthcare provider behaviors.

Its practically like giving you a complete and specific picture of the entire healthcare network landscape.

On top of that, they make a real impact on the lives of patients, as their training solutions are helping many companies modernize their employee qualification processes.

Source: Sundry Photography / Shutterstock.com

Next on the list of companies involved in the cloud computing sector is Workday Inc (NASDAQ:WDAY), which specializes in providing companies with cloud-based enterprise applications for financial management and human resources.

They provide practical software-based solutions that allow companies to streamline their processes in managing their financial operations and human talent.

One of the things that makes this company completely attractive is its great financial performance, since in their last financial quarter they indicated that their revenues increased by 16.7% compared to the same period of the previous year, which can be translated into $1.87 billion, what good figures.

As part of their most important metrics we have subscription revenues, which increased much stronger than their normal revenues, with 18.1%, reaching approximately $1.69 billion.

In addition to these incredible numbers, they are making important strategic alliances, where they have partnered with McLaren Racing to provide them with innovative solutions.

This partnership demonstrates the versatility of Workday, as they not only provide business solutions in traditional sectors, but they also have a large participation in completely competitive industries.

Source: Jonathan Weiss / Shutterstock.com

And to close the list of these companies completely necessary in our day to day, we have the giant Oracle Corporation (NYSE:ORCL), a technology company completely recognized worldwide.

This company specializes entirely in data management solutions and of course in cloud computing. One of its main commitments is to help organizations improve their efficiency and optimize their operations through completely innovative technological solutions.

Financially, this company is in a phase of solid growth specifically in its total revenue and in its cloud division.

One of the stars of this company is its cloud application suite, which has gained a strong foothold in the healthcare sector.

Large and important institutions such as Baptist Health Care and the University of Chicago Medicine, are adopting the solutions provided by this company to improve their experience with employees and of course the care of their patients.

In addition, they are expanding their global presence with the grand opening of a new cloud region in Nairobi, Kenya. This major expansion makes clear their important commitment to economic and technological development in the greater African continent.

Oracle Cloud Infrastructures (OCI) unique infrastructure allows them the great opportunity and advantage to offer governments and businesses the opportunity to drive innovation and growth in the region.

As of this writing, Gabriel Osorio-Mazzilli did not hold (either directly or indirectly) any positions in the securities mentioned in this article. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the writer, subject to the InvestorPlace.com Publishing Guidelines(no position)

Gabriel Osorio is a former Goldman Sachs and Citigroup employee. He possesses discipline in bottom-up value investing and volatility-based long/short equities trading.

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Get Rich Quick With These 3 Cloud Computing Stocks to Buy Now - InvestorPlace

Project ECHOs digital prescription for rural health disparities – University of Nevada, Reno

Whether they were finding funding for telecom systems, reaching out to build the program's network, or helping providers navigate new technology, one of the hurdles that Project ECHO Nevada faced before Zoom became a household name was how to connect health care providers in rural communities to the telementoring program.

Then, the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of digital learning methods and created an environment that broke down virtual connection barriers amid social distancing measures and stay-at-home mandates.

We were always a virtual telehealth platform, Mordechai Lavi, M.D., medical director of Project ECHO Nevada, said. We connect and create virtual communities of learning where we amplify best practices and share knowledge. These types of communities can helpespecially in rural communities.

In Nevada, where more than two out of three people live in a primary care Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA), according to the Physician Workforce in Nevada: A Chartbook, providing educational and support resources in rural areas is critical.

Through telementoring, rural clinicians can stay updated with the latest medical practices and treatments, which can directly translate into improved patient care and outcomes. This is especially vital for rural communities where accessing specialized medical training and resources may otherwise require extensive travel or be entirely out of reach.

As ECHO expands primary care physicians' knowledge base, patients benefit by reducing health care-related travel, long waits and costs. They receive quality care within their own communities when physicians can work together to solve medical problems.

In the years following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Project ECHO continues to serve some of the most rural communities in the Silver State and demonstrate the value of its outreach. Rural health care and public health professional participation in the program grew by more than 26% from 2019 to 2022. During the same time, participation from all state organizations grew by 180%. And in 2023, the program experienced a 98% increase of case reviews conducted across all ECHO sessions from pre-COVID operations.

One of the cornerstone programs of Project ECHO is teleECHO programs, during which health care professionals across the state review patient cases with a multidisciplinary team of subject matter experts to collaborate on treatment using multi-point video technology. The case review process increases the impact of a session by providing the reviewing provider with recommendations about their case and offering other participants new skills and training.

A physician in Ely may have had a similar experience as a physician in Yerington and be able to share advice or recommend resources, Dr. Lavi said.

With interdisciplinary teams and shared experiences, ECHO sessions become a community of learning. Issues sometimes relate to navigating the vast health care system network, like prior authorization, income barriers or functional deficits, affecting whether a patient gets the care they need.

We can create that community of learning that Project ECHO is known for, Dr. Lavi said. It helps us connect so we can learn from each other.

In this way, the ECHO model is not traditional telemedicine where the specialist assumes patient care but instead a guided practice model where the primary care provider retains responsibility for managing the patient.

Providers practicing in rural areas have similar workforce shortages and fewer resources, such as social workers or therapists, and these sessions have allowed for innovative solutions, Troy Jorgensen, senior program manager for Project ECHO Nevada, said.

By enabling specialists to serve as mentors and train community providers in clinical areas previously outside their expertise, primary care providers can operate with increased independence as their skills and self-efficacy grow.

According to post-session evaluations since 2017, 91.9 percent of ECHO participants either strongly agree or agree that their participation has decreased their sense of professional isolation.

These sessions can help providers feel not so alone in what can be a really lonely environment, Dr. Lavi said. It lets them know other people are dealing with the same challenges in other communities.

Housed within the Office of Statewide Initiatives, Project ECHO Nevada connects everyone that works in health care from primary care providers and specialists to community health workers and administrative partners. Dr. Lavi said the program is proving particularly impactful in rural areas.

The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine (UNR Med) proactively addresses these health care challenges by retaining medical school graduates and recruiting medical residents to work in Nevada. Among the initiatives aimed at filling the health care void is Project ECHO.

ECHO is giving physicians and other providers direct access and support to a specialist where they can consult on cases and feel connected to a larger community, Dr. Lavi said.

Thats the vision that Sanjeev Arora, M.D., founded the virtual program on nearly 20 years ago. Now Project ECHO director at the University of New Mexico, Dr. Arora would see patients from rural areas, some suffering from diseases in advanced stages that could have been treated sooner.

These experiences led Dr. Arora to develop Project ECHO. The virtual program adheres to four guiding principles:

As physicians and other providers participate in ECHO, they get feedback and reinforcement about their practice, Dr. Lavi said. These are conversations physicians often dont get to have after residency due to time, workload or proximity to other health care providers.

As Project ECHO continues to grow and evolve, UNR Med remains committed to improving access to health care and enhancing the quality of life for individuals in rural Nevada. In 2024, the program plans to add more learning sessions on topics such as diabetes, pediatrics and rheumatology and increase its outreach and impact.

Ultimately, we're really trying to make improve health at the population level, meaning patients health is improving, Dr. Lavi said. That takes changing providers practices, and ECHO is the force multiplier that we can use to make those changes.

Learn more about Project Echo

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Project ECHOs digital prescription for rural health disparities - University of Nevada, Reno

UT Health Science Center ‘State of the University’ Presentation Feb. 21 – UTHSC News – UTHSC News

Peter Buckley, MD, chancellor of the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, will deliver his State of the University presentation Wednesday, February 21, at 11 a.m. CST, on the Memphis campus in the Mooney Library, Room 201.

The theme of the presentation is Tennessee is Our Campus,emphasizing UT Health Science Centers statewide presence and impact. The university trains the majority of the health care workforce for Tennessee and provides care through faculty physicians and other health care professionals and more than 1,400 residents at partner hospitals across Tennessee.

UT Health Science Centers main campus is in Memphis, where it has longtime clinical and educational partnerships with hospitals, including Regional One Health, Le Bonheur Childrens Hospital, Lt. Col. Luke Weathers, Jr. VA Medical Center (formerly the Memphis Veterans Affairs Medical Center), St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital, Baptist Memorial Healthcare, Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare, and St. Francis Hospital, as well as multiple specialty clinics, physician practice groups, community, and public health programs. The university also has campuses in Nashville, Knoxville, and Chattanooga, with clinical and educational partnerships at major hospitals, including Ascension Saint Thomas Hospital in Nashville, Erlanger Health System in Chattanooga, the University of Tennessee Medical Center in Knoxville, and West Tennessee Healthcare Jackson Madison County Hospital in Jackson, as well as more than 880 clinical and educational training sites in communities across Tennessee, all supported through strategic partnerships.

The presentation will belive streamed. For those who cannot watch the live event, a recording will be available after the presentation on theMessages from the Chancellor web page.

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UT Health Science Center 'State of the University' Presentation Feb. 21 - UTHSC News - UTHSC News

Spillover effects from private equity acquisitions in the health care sector – Brown University

The health care sector is witnessing a significant transformation as private equity (PE) firms step up their acquisition of physician practices. This trend reflects a broader shift within the health care industry of corporate investors acquiring health care providers, driven by the allure of short-term profitability and efficiency gains. It also raises questions about the implications for health care quality, accessibility and the overall impact on the U.S. health care system.

A new study led by Yashaswini Singh, assistant professor of health services, policy, and practice and a member of Browns Center for Advancing Health Policy Through Research, will explore this phenomenon and the effects of PE acquisitions on health care accessibility. Funded by the National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation, the study, Spillover Effects of Private Equity Acquisitions of Physician Practices on Local Market Competitors: Implications for Access to Care, represents a pioneering investigation into a critically under-examined area.

Singhs prior research shows that PE acquisitions of physician practices often lead to increased health care spending and utilization, changes in workforce composition and a reshaping of services based on profitability. Yet the extended impact of these changes, especially the spillover effects on competing practices within the same locale, remains largely unexplored.

Singhs new study will consider a core concern: the propensity of PE firms to prioritize short-term financial gains, potentially at the expense of offering comprehensive care. This strategy may lead to the curtailment or discontinuation of less lucrative services, disproportionately burdening independent medical practices, as they may have to accommodate an increased demand from patients turned away from PE-owned offices.

Singh and her study co-author, Durgar Borkar, assistant professor of ophthalmology at Duke University, are focusing on the field of ophthalmology, merging hand-collected data on PE ownership with longitudinal medical claims data. Their work is set to make a significant contribution to the field, providing the first policy-relevant empirical evidence on the market-wide effects of PE acquisitions.

We spoke to Professor Singh about her upcoming study.

Over the last decade, theres been a rapid increase in institutional investors, such as private equity funds, acquiring physician practices, primarily through consolidation. Private equity aims to generate approximately 20% annual returns over short investment periods of three to seven years. This raises concerns about whether private equitys financial incentives can coexist with physician incentives to deliver affordable, accessible, high-value care for patients.

In the past five years, acquisitions have occurred in several specialties, including dermatology and ophthalmology, and more recently, primary care. A growing body of literature is examining the impact of these acquisitions on health care spending, quality and access outcomes, which is the focus of my research and this grant.

Thats in the ballpark, indicating a rapid trend in corporate consolidation in the last five to ten years. However, specific numbers are hard to confirm due to the private nature of these transactions. Private equity companies are exempt from Securities and Exchange Commission disclosure requirements, and most physician practice acquisitions go unreported to antitrust authorities like the Federal Trade Commission.This lack of transparency is a key policy issue, making it hard for researchers, policymakers, physicians and patients to understand the real magnitude of these trends.

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Spillover effects from private equity acquisitions in the health care sector - Brown University

‘Wonder’ nanotech material that will change the world declared safe Earth.com – Earth.com

In an era where technological advancements are rapidly transforming lives, scientists have made a significant stride in nanotechnology, focusing on graphene a material renowned for its exceptional properties and vast potential in various applications.

This revolutionary nanomaterial, celebrated for being the thinnest, strongest, and most flexible material known, is now being developed with a keen eye on human health safety.

Recent research reveals that controlled inhalation of a specific form of graphene, known as graphene oxide, does not present short-term health risks to lung or cardiovascular functions.

This finding comes from the first-ever controlled exposure clinical trial involving human participants, emphasizing the materials safety under specific conditions.

Graphene oxide, a water-compatible form of graphene, was used in this pioneering study to ensure ultra-purity and compatibility for potential medical applications.

The study, a collaborative effort by researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh and Manchester, signifies a critical step in understanding graphenes interaction with the human body.

Despite the promising results, the researchers advocate for further investigations to explore the effects of higher doses or prolonged exposure to graphene, considering its incredibly fine structure.

Graphenes allure as a wonder material stems from its discovery in 2004 and its potential to revolutionize industries ranging from electronics to water purification.

Its application in developing targeted therapies for cancer and other health conditions, as well as its use in implantable devices and sensors, underscores the need for rigorous safety assessments before clinical use.

The research involved 14 volunteers who were exposed to graphene oxide under meticulously controlled conditions.

Participants breathed in the material through a mask while cycling within a mobile exposure chamber, ensuring precise monitoring of any health effects.

The study meticulously measured impacts on lung function, blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation markers, with follow-up tests conducted to compare responses to different sizes of graphene oxide and clean air.

Remarkably, the study found no significant adverse effects on lung function or blood pressure, with only a minimal suggestion of impact on blood clotting a finding that underscores the need for careful material design in nanotechnology applications.

Dr. Mark Miller, from the University of Edinburgh, emphasized the importance of ensuring the safe manufacture of nanomaterials like graphene to harness their full potential safely.

Nanomaterials such as graphene hold such great promise, but we must ensure they are manufactured in a way that is safe before they can be used more widely in our lives, explained Dr. Miller.

Being able to explore the safety of this unique material in human volunteers is a huge step forward in our understanding of how graphene could affect the body. With careful design we can safely make the most of nanotechnology.

Similarly, Professor Kostas Kostarelos of the University of Manchester and the Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) in Barcelona highlighted the decade-long journey to this research milestone.

He reflected on the comprehensive approach combining materials science, biology, and clinical expertise.

This is the first-ever controlled study involving healthy people to demonstrate that very pure forms of graphene oxide of a specific size distribution and surface character can be further developed in a way that would minimize the risk to human health, said Kostarelos.

It has taken us more than 10 years to develop the knowledge to carry out this research, from a materials and biological science point of view, but also from the clinical capacity to carry out such controlled studies safely by assembling some of the worlds leading experts in this field.

The British Heart Foundations Professor Bryan Williams lauded the studys implications for the development of new medical devices and treatments, expressing anticipation for future studies that could pave the way for the safe use of nanomaterials in life-saving applications.

The discovery that this type of graphene can be developed safely, with minimal short term side effects, could open the door to the development of new devices, treatment innovations and monitoring techniques, Williams said.

We look forward to seeing larger studies over a longer timeframe to better understand how we can safely use nanomaterials like graphene to make leaps in delivering lifesaving drugs to patients.

In summary, this exciting and long overdue study on graphene, particularly its oxide form, marks a significant milestone in the journey towards harnessing nanotechnologys full potential while prioritizing human health.

Researchers have demonstrated that controlled exposure to graphene oxide poses no immediate threat to lung or cardiovascular health, laying a foundation for future innovations in various fields, from medicine to environmental technologies.

This research reassures the public and scientific community about the safety of emerging nanomaterials and encourages continued exploration and development, ensuring that the incredible promise of graphene can be realized safely and effectively.

As we venture further into the realm of nanotechnology, this study serves as a pivotal reminder of the importance of meticulous research and responsible application in unlocking the transformative power of materials like graphene.

The full study was published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology.

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Supreme Court hears 14th Amendment challenge to Donald Trump – NPR

A banner is displayed in front of the U.S. Supreme Court on Thursday as justices prepared to hear arguments in a case about whether former President Donald Trump can be disqualified from state ballots. The case has profound implications for the 2024 presidential election. Manuel Balce Ceneta/AP hide caption

A banner is displayed in front of the U.S. Supreme Court on Thursday as justices prepared to hear arguments in a case about whether former President Donald Trump can be disqualified from state ballots. The case has profound implications for the 2024 presidential election.

Justices on the U.S. Supreme Court appeared skeptical Thursday of the effort to disqualify Republican presidential front-runner Donald Trump from a state primary ballot because he allegedly engaged in an insurrection to try to cling to power after he lost the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden.

The historic dispute comes from Colorado, where the state's Supreme Court threw Trump off Colorado's Republican primary ballot. But the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling could have national implications for Trump and his political fate.

The plaintiffs in the case argue that Trump's actions in the aftermath of the 2020 presidential election automatically disqualify him from office. Trump's lawyers counter that the case against him is one of overreach.

The court's justices on Thursday, over more than two hours of oral arguments, broadly appeared to be searching for a way to keep Trump on ballots, leaving election decisions to voters.

Chief Justice John Roberts asked the Colorado plaintiffs' attorney Jason Murray to ponder the consequences of his side's case.

"I would expect that a goodly number of states will say whoever the Democratic candidate is, 'You're off the ballot.' For the Republican candidate, 'You're off the ballot,'" Roberts said. "It will come down to just a handful of states that are going to decide the presidential election. That's a pretty daunting consequence."

Justice Elena Kagan, a liberal-leaning justice, similarly asked about the national implications of the Colorado move.

Conservative Justice Brett Kavanaugh asked Murray: "What about the idea that we should think about democracy? ... Because your position has the effect of disenfranchising voters to a significant degree."

To this Murray responded: "The reason we're here is [former] President Trump tried to disenfranchise 80 million Americans who voted against him."

Jason Murray (right), the lead attorney behind the lawsuit by six Colorado voters, and the lead plaintiff, Norma Anderson, speak with reporters after Thursday's U.S. Supreme Court arguments. Jose Luis Magana/AP hide caption

The case was brought by Norma Anderson, who watched intruders storm the U.S. Capitol three years ago on television, from her home in Colorado.

"They're trying to overthrow the government is what I was thinking," Anderson recalled before Thursday's oral arguments.

Anderson, 91, is a Republican. She was the first woman to lead the Colorado House of Representatives and, later, the state's Senate. She said taking part in the lawsuit is her way of protecting democracy.

"You have to remember, as old as I am, I was born in the Great Depression," she said. "I lived through World War II. I remember Hitler. I remember my cousin was with Eisenhower when they opened up the concentration camps. ... I mean, I understand protecting democracy."

Anderson and five other Colorado voters are relying on part of the 14th Amendment, passed after the Civil War to keep Confederates out of office.

"Those who drafted Section 3 of the 14th Amendment back in the 1860s were very clear that they understood this provision not just to cover former Confederates but that it would stand as a shield to protect our Constitution for all time going forward, and so this is not some dusty relic," Murray, their lawyer, said prior to Thursday's arguments.

The 14th Amendment has been used to disqualify candidates only eight times since the 1860s, most recently two years ago, in the case of a county commissioner from New Mexico who trespassed at the U.S. Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021. It has never been used against a presidential candidate.

"In an ideal world, it would have been great to have years to build cases in different states and different parts of the country regarding defendants at different levels," said Noah Bookbinder, the president of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), which is backing the lawsuit. "We didn't have that luxury because this person who played such a central role in making that insurrection happen, Donald Trump, was suddenly trying to put himself in a position of power again."

Murray said there's a reason to revive dormant language in the Constitution now, in this case: "No other American president has refused to peacefully hand over the reins of power after losing an election," he said.

The language in what's often called the insurrection clause is simple: Anyone who engages in insurrection after taking an oath to support the Constitution is barred from holding public office, unless two-thirds of Congress votes to grant that person amnesty.

Extending that logic to a former president would have profound consequences, said Scott Gessler, a former Republican secretary of state of Colorado who now works as a lawyer for Trump.

"If the U.S. Supreme Court allows these doors to open, what we're going to see is a constant stream of litigation," Gessler said. "You're going to see attacks on President Biden. You're going to see attacks on ... Vice President Harris. You're going to see attacks on senators, representatives, other people, trying to prevent them from being on the ballot. "

In court on Thursday, Trump's legal team argued that part of the 14th Amendment doesn't apply to the president because he was not an officer of the United States as that term is used in the Constitution.

They said Trump did not engage in insurrection on Jan. 6, 2021. Indeed, while Trump is fighting 91 criminal charges across four jurisdictions, including for actions related to his efforts to cling to power, he hasn't been charged with violating the statute against insurrection or rebellion. And the U.S. Senate did not convict Trump in an impeachment process just weeks after the Capitol riot.

Lawyers for the former president also said Congress needs to pass a law that answers questions about how to enforce that part of the 14th Amendment.

"We have no guidance from Congress on what the proper standards are, what the proper burden of proof is, what insurrection means," Gessler added.

Another Trump lawyer, Jonathan Mitchell, presented his side in court on Thursday.

The case puts the Supreme Court in the middle of the presidential election for the first time since it stopped the Florida recount and handed the White House to George W. Bush in 2000.

This time, the justices have a few options:

Not providing a clear answer before the November election or the certification in January 2025 could confuse or disenfranchise voters.

"When you have such divided opinion and you have such a volatile situation, it's just better to have some certainty about this issue as soon as possible," said Rick Hasen, a professor of law and political science at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Hasen and two other election law experts wrote a friend-of-the-court brief to say a decision by the court not to decide could "place the nation in great peril."

"We think it creates conditions for great political instability if the court leaves this issue open," Hasen said.

Murray, the Colorado voters' lawyer, also said he sees danger ahead but danger from Trump.

"If you read Trump's brief, he has a not-so-subtle threat to the court and to the country that if he loses this case, there's going to be bedlam all over the country," Murray said. "And I take that as Trump once again trying to hold this country hostage. And I don't think the country should stand for it."

Trump has pointed out he named three of the six conservative justices on the U.S. Supreme Court.

Speaking Thursday from his Mar-a-Lago residence in Florida, Trump said the Supreme Court arguments were "a beautiful thing" and repeated his false assertion that court cases against him amounted to election interference by his Democratic opponents.

Trump allies Sen. Roger Marshall, R-Kan., and Sen. Tommy Tuberville, R-Ala., speak to reporters outside the U.S. Supreme Court on Thursday. Jose Luis Magana/AP hide caption

Donald K. Sherman, the chief counsel at CREW, said the Supreme Court, including justices appointed by Trump, has voted against his interests in the past, including a case where the court allowed the House select committee investigating the Jan. 6 siege to access documents related to Trump's conduct.

"We are fully prepared to accept the results of the court's decision, and we expect that state officials across the country are fully prepared to do that," Sherman said. "The one big question that always remains is, is Donald Trump going to follow the rule of law or is he going to do something different that endangers our democracy?"

The Supreme Court hasn't offered a timetable for its decision, but some legal experts think the justices could rule before the Super Tuesday primaries, in early March.

The court also may decide Trump's broad claims of presidential immunity, which were denied this week by an appeals court.

The question about Trump's disqualification in Colorado is playing out in different ways in dozens of other states too. Maine's secretary of state found that Trump is disqualified from appearing on Maine's primary ballot, but the decision is stayed pending Trump's appeal. Litigation is also pending in 11 other states.

Where challenges to Trump's appearance on primary ballots have already been dismissed, new challenges could be brought to his eligibility for the general election.

Hasen, of UCLA, said he thinks Chief Justice Roberts will be working hard to avoid a sharp conservative and liberal split.

"Unanimity, of course, would be best, but finding some way of reaching something where you bring in not just the Republican-appointed justices but at least some of the Democratic-appointed justices is behind the scenes going to be one of the most important things," Hasen said before Thursday's arguments.

One way might be to find that the key part of the 14th Amendment requires Congress to pass a new law before it can be used.

"I don't think that's a strong legal argument, but it's a very nice off-ramp if you're looking for one," Hasen said. "It avoids the merits and it kicks it to another body and it keeps Trump on the ballot."

NPR legal intern Elissa Harwood contributed to this story.

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Supreme Court hears 14th Amendment challenge to Donald Trump - NPR