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Un cyborg est un tre humain ou la rigueur un autre tre vivant intelligent, en science-fiction qui a reu des greffes de parties mcaniques.
Le terme s'emploie surtout en science-fiction ou en futurologie; utiliser le terme pour des personnes ayant reu des prothses, dans le monde contemporain, peut parfois tre peru comme de mauvais got par les intresss[1].
Cyborg est un mot d'origine anglaise, contraction de cybernetic organism (organisme cyberntique).
Le terme cyborg a t popularis par Manfred Clynes(en) et Nathan S. Kline(en) en 1960 lorsqu'ils se rfraient au concept d'un humain amlior qui pourrait survivre dans des environnements extraterrestres. Ce concept est le rsultat d'une rflexion sur la ncessit d'une relation intime entre l'humain et la machine, l'heure des dbuts de l'exploration spatiale.
Le mot cyborg est devenu une expression courante. Cependant, son sens a largement dvi depuis. Dans le film Terminator, il est employ pour dsigner un robot, non seulement l'apparence humaine, mais dont l'enveloppe extrieure est faite de tissus organiques de synthse ( l'origine faite pour soigner les blessures humaines). Depuis, il est devenu courant d'utiliser cyborg comme synonyme de robot androde.
La cyberntique tant l'tude exclusive des changes, un organisme pourrait tre qualifi de cyberntique ds lors qu'il effectue un change efficace pour une tche donne, mais le terme cyborg sous-entend en plus qu'il ne s'agit pas (uniquement) d'un organisme naturel.
La cyberntique est un principe scientifique formalis par Norbert Wiener en 1948. En 1950, il utilise lui-mme la mtaphore d'un robot communiquant comme un humain pour dissocier le principe d'change efficace des lments communicants[2]. La mme anne, Isaac Asimov publie I, Robot et pose les principes de base de l'change volu robot/humain en science-fiction; il n'est alors pas question de mlange au sein d'un mme organisme.
La Cyborgologie est maintenant un domaine enseign dans de nombreuses universits. En 1964, l'universit de Melbourne a attribu Clynes le diplme de D.Sc (Docteur en Science); diplme suprieur au PH. D et rarement donn par des universits britanniques.
La notion ajoute donc une charge motive, dviant sensiblement du sens initial d'change pour aller vers celui plus inquitant de substitution (o la machine envahit l'humain plus qu'elle n'change avec lui).
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