Psychedelics (also known as serotonergic hallucinogens) are a class of psychoactive substances that produce profound alterations in perception, mood and numerous cognitive processes.[1]
Psychedelics exert their effects primarily by binding to and activating the receptors for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT), particularly the 5-HT2a receptor. Serotonin plays a number of critical roles all throughout the human body and is a key neurotransmitter involved in the functioning and regulation of sensory perception, behavior, mood, cognition and memory.[2]
The term "psychedelic" was coined by the British psychiatrist Humphrey Osmond in 1956. It derives from the Greek words (psyche, "soul, mind") and (delein, "to manifest") which taken together mean "soul-manifesting," with the implication being that psychedelics can allow one to access the soul and develop unused potentials of the human mind.[3][4]
Unlike most highly prohibited substances, psychedelics are generally considered to be physiologically safe and non-addictive by the scientific community.[1]
The use of psychedelics predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts.[1] In modern times, psychedelic substances are used in a range of contexts spanning from the shamanic, religious and "spiritual", or the transpersonal. They are sometimes referred to as entheogens (i.e. "generating the divine within")[5] by those who use them for these purposes, although they are also used in purely recreational settings.
The term "psychedelic" was first coined in 1956 by psychiatrist Humphry Osmond as an alternative descriptor for hallucinogenic substances in the context of psychedelic psychotherapy.[6] Seeking a name for the experience induced by LSD, Osmond contacted Aldous Huxley, a personal acquaintance and advocate for the therapeutic use of the substance. Huxley coined the term "phanerothyme," from the Greek terms for "manifest" () and "spirit" (). In a letter to Osmond, he wrote:
To make this mundane world sublime,
To which Osmond responded:
To fathom Hell or soar angelic,Just take a pinch of psychedelic[7]
It was on this term that Osmond eventually settled, because it was "clear, euphonious and uncontaminated by other associations."[8] This mongrel spelling of the word 'psychedelic' was loathed by American ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes, but championed by Timothy Leary, who thought it sounded better.[9] Due to the expanded use of the term "psychedelic" in pop culture and a perceived incorrect verbal formulation, Carl A.P. Ruck, Jeremy Bigwood, Danny Staples, Jonathan Ott, and R. Gordon Wasson proposed the term "entheogen" to describe the religious or spiritual experience produced by such substances.[10]
Psychedelics act on serotonin receptors (also referred to as 5-HT receptors) via the way in which they act as full or partial agonists through their structural similarity to the serotonin molecule. It has a higher affinity than serotonin itself for the receptors, therefore preventing serotonin from binding to the receptors by competing with it.
While the method of action behind psychedelics is not fully understood, serotonergic psychedelics are known to show affinities for various 5-HT receptors and may be classified by their activity at different 5-HT subsites, such as 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, etc.
Many serotonergic psychedelics share very close chemical and structural similarities to serotonin itself. There is a consensus that serotonergic psychedelics produce their effects by acting as uniquely effective partial agonists at 5-HT2A receptor sites.[14]
The effects listed below are based upon the subjective effects index and personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. The listed effects should be taken with a grain of salt and will rarely (if ever) occur all at once, but heavier doses will increase the chances and are more likely to induce a full range of effects. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely on higher doses and may include serious injury or death.
The "classical psychedelics" are all classed as serotonergic in nature.[14] This means that they structurally mimic the endogenous neurotransmitter known as serotonin, the neurotransmitter that regulates higher-level brain functions such as mood, sensory perception, cognition, and memory.[2]
The diagram to the right shows the structural similarities and differences between the various classes of psychedelics and the serotonin neurotransmitter.The three classes (phenethylamines, lysergamides and tryptamines) all contain the same chemical rings (which have been labeled).
Psychedelics are considered to be non-addictive, do not cause brain damage, and tend to have an extremely low toxicity relative to dose.[1]
Most psychedelics have very few physical side effects associated with acute exposure. Various studies have shown that in reasonable doses in a sufficiently prepared context, they are very unlike to present negative physical, cognitive, psychiatric or other toxic consequences. There is no evidence that any psychedelics causes damage to any human body organ.[17]
However, they can act as a potential trigger for those with underlying psychiatric conditions, so those with a family history of mental illness are generally advised not to use these substances.
Psychedelics do not have established lethal dosages. There are no well-documented deaths attributable to the direct pharmacological action of any psychedelic, with the notable exception of the 25x-NBOMe series.
Psychedelics are not habit-forming and the desire to use them can actually decrease with use. They are generally considered to be self-regulating aspect, although cases of dependence and addiction have been recorded.[Controversial] Notably, there is virtually no withdrawal syndrome when the chronic use of these substances have ceased.[18]
Although many psychoactive substances are safe on their own, they can become dangerous and even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below contains some common potentially dangerous combinations, but may not include all of them. Certain combinations may be safe in low doses of each but still increase the potential risk of death. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
The information below describes and explains various concepts regarding the responsible use of psychedelic substances. These should be read over and carefully considered before one decides whether or not the potential benefits of experimenting with psychedelics outweighs the potential risks.
One of the most important factors to consider as an inexperienced user is one's current state of mind. Many substances exponentially enhance a person's current state of mind, emotions and general perspective on the world which is a process that can go in either a positive and euphoric direction or a negative, terrifying and anxiety ridden direction. It is because of this that many substances should not be used by the inexperienced during stressful or negative periods of life and users should be fully aware of the ways in which hallucinogens and other drugs, particularly psychedelics, consistently force a person to face and deal with their personal introspective problems that all human beings deal with.
It has often been recommended that those with severe pre-existing mental conditions (especially individuals with psychotic illnesses like schizophrenia) should not ingest these substances due to the way they strongly increase one's current state of mind and emotions as well as cause delusions and hallucinations.
Throughout the experience itself the person needs to let go and allow the effects to take charge. One should be taking the metaphorical passenger seat and never trying to control any part of the experience. It is extremely important that people simply relax and take things as they come. The user must understand that the act of tripping is often ineffable and incomprehensible at high enough dosages, meaning that an acceptance of not being able to understand the full scope of what is happening should be present at all times. One should be embracing the fact that their thought processes, although more insightful in places, will be inherently impaired along with motor control, conversational skills and general functioning. The user should be sure to view these effects as normal and not feel self-conscious or insecure about them within the presence of others.
If one is using hallucinogens, a sober, responsible trip sitter is strongly recommended to be present throughout a trip by an inexperienced individual or group with an unfamiliar substance. It is this persons responsibility to assist the individual or group by maintaining a rational and responsible frame of mind. This should be done by simply watching over the trippers and calmly reassuring them if they experience any anxiety or stress, whilst also preventing them from coming to any harm. There is an obvious correlation between the name trip sitter and babysitter; this is because at many times, trip sitting can be like babysitting and it is definitely a responsibility that must be taken just as seriously.
A good trip sitter needs to be sure of a number of things throughout the experience. They should remain (mostly) sober and should be able to empathize with the group members situation through personal experiences with the substance/similar substances or at least a considerable amount of research on their effects. Trip sitters should understand that when a person is tripping, they might not be able to communicate as they usually do. Also, their balance and spatial judgement may be off so assistance in performing physical tasks such as keeping hydrated can greatly reduce anxiety. The trip sitter can contribute to the conversation, but should also remember to leave them to explore the experience without too much external influence.
Once a person is familiar with the experience, it becomes down to them whether or not they feel comfortable enough to trip without a sitter.
An anchor, in the context of hallucinogen usage, can be defined as an activity or physical object which keeps one grounded during heavy suppression and distortion of a person's sense of time, space, language, ego and short/long-term memory. At higher dosages, this can result in extreme disorientation and confusion. Anchors are often used to counteract this and maintain one's concept of the current situation as it is within reality. Examples of anchors include:
Hallucinogens have the potential to become overwhelming and push trippers into paranoid/dreadful moods if the tripper is inexperienced or in an inappropriate setting.
If one decides that they want the trip to end, benzodiazepines and other sedatives such as some antipsychotics can be considered as an analogous "eject button" of a downhill-headed or extensively long trip. They are very useful tools in preventing panic attacks, paranoia, and possible traumatic experiences. If these are available, be sure to keep them at hand as they are extremely effective tools for mitigating a hallucinogenic crisis. Independent research should always be done to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe before consumption.
Read more:
- 8 Mystical Herbs and Legal Psychedelics For Lucid Dreaming - December 8th, 2016 [December 8th, 2016]
- Psychedelics: LSD, Mushrooms, Salvia | Facts | Drug Policy ... - December 10th, 2016 [December 10th, 2016]
- FS Book Company - Marijuana Books - December 12th, 2016 [December 12th, 2016]
- Psychedelic - PsychonautWiki - December 27th, 2016 [December 27th, 2016]
- From Alzheimer's To Psychedelics, 2016 Was A Good Year For ... - January 3rd, 2017 [January 3rd, 2017]
- LSD - Psychedelic Effects - The Good Drugs Guide - January 5th, 2017 [January 5th, 2017]
- THC - Psychedelics - January 29th, 2017 [January 29th, 2017]
- Psychedelics | Pharmacological Reviews - January 30th, 2017 [January 30th, 2017]
- Dorian Yates reveals all on steroids, body dysmorphia, psychedelics, cannabis and yoga - Express.co.uk - February 7th, 2017 [February 7th, 2017]
- Psychedelic drug therapy including magic mushrooms, LSD and ... - CBS News - February 7th, 2017 [February 7th, 2017]
- Psychedelics Being Tested For Use In Treating Various Conditions - CBS Local - February 8th, 2017 [February 8th, 2017]
- The psychedelic renaissance - Boulder Weekly - February 9th, 2017 [February 9th, 2017]
- Buy psychedelics online : Chinglabs.com - February 12th, 2017 [February 12th, 2017]
- Psychedelic drugs like magic mushrooms and LSD have key ... - Yahoo Finance - February 13th, 2017 [February 13th, 2017]
- Psychedelics a Viable Therapeutic Option for Depression - Psychiatry Advisor - February 14th, 2017 [February 14th, 2017]
- Is Silicon Valley Onto Something With Its LSD Microdosing? - Newsweek - February 15th, 2017 [February 15th, 2017]
- News Releases - Noozhawk - February 16th, 2017 [February 16th, 2017]
- A Revolution in the Science of Psychedelics is Happening in Boulder - 303 Magazine - February 16th, 2017 [February 16th, 2017]
- When Reality Is More Intense Than Psychedelics: Strand Of Oaks ... - NPR - February 17th, 2017 [February 17th, 2017]
- Psychedelics Help Reduce Opioid Addiction, According to New Study - AlterNet - February 22nd, 2017 [February 22nd, 2017]
- Psychedelics May Help Reduce Opioid Addiction, According To ... - Huffington Post - February 23rd, 2017 [February 23rd, 2017]
- Psychedelics Help Reduce Opioid Addiction, According to New Study - eNews Park Forest - February 24th, 2017 [February 24th, 2017]
- Psychedelics Could Play A Role In Tackling The Opioid Epidemic - Huffington Post - February 24th, 2017 [February 24th, 2017]
- Meet The People's Champion of Psychedelic Drugs - Narratively - February 27th, 2017 [February 27th, 2017]
- How psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD actually change the way ... - Yahoo Finance - February 27th, 2017 [February 27th, 2017]
- First U. student group on studying psychedelics holds open house - The Daily Princetonian - February 27th, 2017 [February 27th, 2017]
- How psychedelics like psilocybin and LSD actually change the way people see the world - Businessinsider India - February 28th, 2017 [February 28th, 2017]
- Psychedelics Help Reduce Opioid Addiction, According to New ... - February 28th, 2017 [February 28th, 2017]
- WATCH: A Public Policy Expert Explains How to Safely Deregulate LSD and Other Psychedelics - AlterNet - March 7th, 2017 [March 7th, 2017]
- Quotes About Psychedelics (48 quotes) - March 7th, 2017 [March 7th, 2017]
- Inside the Psychedelic Underground - RollingStone.com - March 9th, 2017 [March 9th, 2017]
- What Psychedelics Really Do to Your Brain - Rolling Stone - RollingStone.com - March 10th, 2017 [March 10th, 2017]
- Hallucinogens Help, According to a Mom's Memoir and Son's Documentary - Bedford + Bowery - April 8th, 2017 [April 8th, 2017]
- Meditation and the psychedelic drug ayahuasca seem to change the brain in surprisingly similar ways - Businessinsider India - April 8th, 2017 [April 8th, 2017]
- Tripping out: the highs and lows of psychedelic therapy - Marie Claire UK - April 8th, 2017 [April 8th, 2017]
- Stop Policing Psychedelic Science - Motherboard - June 6th, 2017 [June 6th, 2017]
- America's Trippiest Chemist: Making Psychedelics 'Was Fun' - Motherboard - June 6th, 2017 [June 6th, 2017]
- The Three Types of Hallucinogens: Psychedelics ... - June 7th, 2017 [June 7th, 2017]
- Cary Grant was one of the first to benefit from LSD therapy - Quartz - June 11th, 2017 [June 11th, 2017]
- What it's like to take psychedelics in small doses at breakfast - New Scientist - June 14th, 2017 [June 14th, 2017]
- 'Changing Our Minds' explores psychedelic drugs and spiritual healing - Religion News Service - June 14th, 2017 [June 14th, 2017]
- Q&A With Psychedelic Stand-Up and LaughFest Headliner Shane Mauss - Flagpole Magazine - June 20th, 2017 [June 20th, 2017]
- Q&A: LaughFest comedian talks science and psychedelics - Red and Black - June 20th, 2017 [June 20th, 2017]
- 'Changing Our Minds' explores psychedelic drugs and spiritual healing - The Daily Tribune - June 21st, 2017 [June 21st, 2017]
- Shane Mauss brings Good Trip Comedy Tour to town - Chattanooga Times Free Press - June 22nd, 2017 [June 22nd, 2017]
- 'Changing Our Minds' explores psychedelic drugs and spiritual healing - The Oakland Press - June 22nd, 2017 [June 22nd, 2017]
- Director Ana Lily Amirpour on Cannibalism, Psychedelics, and 'Horrifying' Racism Allegations - Jezebel - June 23rd, 2017 [June 23rd, 2017]
- Majority of Americans ready to embrace psychedelic therapy - YouGov US - June 24th, 2017 [June 24th, 2017]
- The Refugee Funding America's Psychedelic Renaissance - VICE - June 24th, 2017 [June 24th, 2017]
- Open Your Mind This Weekend at Europe's Largest Psychedelic Conference - VolteFace Magazine (blog) - June 27th, 2017 [June 27th, 2017]
- Psychedelics and Virtual Reality Make a Trendy but Illegal Therapy - Inverse - June 27th, 2017 [June 27th, 2017]
- The war on drugs is back. Will psychedelic drug research survive? - The Verge - June 29th, 2017 [June 29th, 2017]
- Tune in, Turn on, Stay in School - Study Breaks - July 2nd, 2017 [July 2nd, 2017]
- Cannabist Show: He's psychedelic comedian Shane Mauss - The Cannabist - July 2nd, 2017 [July 2nd, 2017]
- The brain on DMT: mapping the psychedelic drug's effects - Wired.co.uk - July 3rd, 2017 [July 3rd, 2017]
- Psychedelics Could Help Asia's Mental Health Care, But Stigma Remains Roadblock - TheFix.com - July 3rd, 2017 [July 3rd, 2017]
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- My grandfather was a death row doctor. He tested psychedelic drugs on Texas inmates. - Texas Tribune - July 5th, 2017 [July 5th, 2017]
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- Do Psychedelic Drugs Cause the 'Prophetic Effect'? - Breaking Israel News - July 11th, 2017 [July 11th, 2017]
- Are psychedelics the new medical marijuana? - WTSP 10 News - July 14th, 2017 [July 14th, 2017]
- Psychiatrists Say Cannabis Medicine Has Psychedelic Properties - The Marijuana Times - July 15th, 2017 [July 15th, 2017]
- Can Psychedelics Be Therapy? Allow Research to Find Out - New York Times - July 17th, 2017 [July 17th, 2017]
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- Should We Reclassify Marijuana as a Hallucinogen? - Big Think - July 20th, 2017 [July 20th, 2017]
- Do You Take Drugs at Festivals? This Initiative is Working on Keeping You Safe - PoliticalCritique.org - July 20th, 2017 [July 20th, 2017]
- Psychedelic drugs could tackle depression in a way that antidepressants can't - INSIDER - July 22nd, 2017 [July 22nd, 2017]
- Psychedelic Shine takes a trip to the skies in Boulder - Boulder Daily Camera - July 22nd, 2017 [July 22nd, 2017]
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- Psychedelics and Normality - HuffPost - July 27th, 2017 [July 27th, 2017]
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