Patient navigators can help cut through health care's red tape and potentially save money

A medical emergency leaves you with tens of thousands of dollars in unpaid hospital bills. Your health insurance company rejects coverage for an important medical test. An unexpected diagnosis requires you to find three new medical specialists.

In today's health care system, consumers are increasingly on their own when these complex -- and often costly -- medical problems arise. Primary care doctors once helped patients manage such situations, but many physicians now have 15 minutes or less for each appointment. It's in this high-pressure environment that a new industry of patient advocates -- sometimes called patient navigators -- has emerged, offering to help guide patients through knotty health situations.

Driven by an increasing number of baby boomers dealing with chronic medical problems, the field has mainly taken shape in the last 5 to 10 years, according to Professor Theresa Cronan of San Diego State University.

"People with chronic conditions use the health care system more. But the health care system has become so complex that it's really hard for people to navigate," said Cronan, who has studied the health advocacy industry.

Here are some questions and answers about these businesses and the services they offer:

WHAT DO PATIENT ADVOCATES DO?

Patient advocates are hired to help solve health care problems or help patients get the best care possible. Advocates can work for companies with hundreds of employees or operate as stand-alone consultants for a handful of clients. Some of the most common tasks health advocates work on include:

Negotiating discounts and payment plans for large medical bills;

Managing and filing insurance paperwork, especially appeals where companies deny coverage for expensive procedures or equipment;

Helping patients find and schedule appointments with medical experts who specialize in rare or hard-to-treat diseases.

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Patient navigators can help cut through health care's red tape and potentially save money

These 10 Pharma and Health Care Stocks Were the Best S&P 500 Performers Last Quarter

NEW YORK (TheStreet) -- Health care is a hot investment sector, encompassing new and emerging biotech and pharmaceutical companies as well as larger health care servicer providers. Some of the industry's best performers last quarter included well-known big benefits companies.

The S&P 500 Health Care Index rose 6.16% for the first three months of the year, outstripping the broader S&P 500 Index, which inched just 0.44% higher for the same time period. These 10 health care stocks significantly outperformed their sector index.

TheStreet paired the 10 best health care performers with TheStreet Ratings to determine whether they really are good investments going forward.

TheStreet Ratings, TheStreet's proprietary ratings tool, projects a stock's total return potential over a 12-month period including both price appreciation and dividends. Based on 32 major data points, TheStreet Ratings uses a quantitative approach to rating over 4,300 stocks to predict return potential for the next year. The model is both objective, using elements such as volatility of past operating revenues, financial strength, and company cash flows, and subjective, including expected equities market returns, future interest rates, implied industry outlook and forecasted company earnings.

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These 10 Pharma and Health Care Stocks Were the Best S&P 500 Performers Last Quarter

Health Care Sector Update for 04/02/2015: CNAT,RPRX,OCRX

Top Health Care Stocks

JNJ +0.63%

PZE +0.26%

MRK +0.68%

ABT +0.60%

AMGN -0.55%

Health care stocks were moderately higher Thursday with the NYSE Health Care Sector Index climbing 0.4% and shares of health care companies in the S&P 500 also gaining about 0.4% as a group.

In company news, Conatus Pharmaceuticals Inc. ( CNAT ) tumbled Thursday after today pricing a $20.1 million public offering of 3.5 million shares of its common stock at $5.75 apiece, a 15.6% discount to Wednesday's closing price for the stock.

The company also issued 30-day options to underwriters to buy up to 525,000 more shares to cover possible overallotments. It expects to use net proceeds to fund clinical trials of its emricasan drug candidate, including preparation for registration trials of the experimental liver treatment.

CNAT shares recently were down over 11% at $6.08 each, or just 8 cents above their low for the session. The stock has traded within a 52-week range of $5.06 to $11.74 a share, already slipping more than 10% before today's slide.

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Health Care Sector Update for 04/02/2015: CNAT,RPRX,OCRX

Researchers produce iPSC model to better understand genetic lung/liver disease

(Boston)--Using patient-derived stem cells known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) to study the genetic lung/liver disease called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, researchers have for the first time created a disease signature that may help explain how abnormal protein leads to liver disease.

The study, which appears in Stem Cell Reports, also found that liver cells derived from AAT deficient iPSCs are more sensitive to drugs that cause liver toxicity than liver cells derived from normal iPSCs. This finding may ultimately lead to new treatments for the condition.

IPSC's are derived from the donated skin or blood cells of adults and, with the reactivation of four genes, are reprogrammed back to an embryonic stem cell-like state. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSC can be differentiated toward any cell type in the body, but they do not require the use of embryos. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a common genetic cause of both liver and lung disease affecting an estimated 3.4 million people worldwide.

Researchers from the Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) at Boston University and Boston Medical Center (BMC) worked for several years in collaboration with Dr. Paul Gadue and his group from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia to create iPSC from patients with and without AAT deficiency. They then exposed these cells to certain growth factors in-vitro to cause them to turn into liver-like cells, in a process that mimics embryonic development. Then the researchers studied these "iPSC-hepatic cells" and found the diseased cells secrete AAT protein more slowly than normal cells. This finding demonstrated that the iPSC model recapitulates a critical aspect of the disease as it occurs in patients. AAT deficiency is caused by a mutation of a single DNA base. Correcting this single base back to the normal sequence fixed the abnormal secretion.

"We found that these corrected cells had a normal secretion kinetic when compared with their diseased, parental cells that are otherwise genetically identical except for this single DNA base," explained lead author Andrew A. Wilson, MD, assistant professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Director of the Alpha-1 Center at Bu and BMC.

They also found the diseased (AAT deficient) iPSC-liver cells were more sensitive to certain drugs (experience increased toxicity) than those from normal individuals. "This is important because it suggests that the livers of actual patients with this disease might be more sensitive in the same way," said Wilson, who is also a physician in pulmonary, critical care and allergy medicine at BMC.

According to Wilson, while some patients are often advised by their physicians to avoid these types of drugs, these recommendations are not based on solid scientific evidence. "This approach might now be used to generate that sort of evidence to guide clinical decisions," he added.

The researchers believe that studies using patient-derived stem cells will allow them to better understand how patients with AAT deficiency develop liver disease. "We hope that the insights we gain from these studies will result in the discovery of new potential treatments for affected patients in the near future," said Wilson.

###

Funding was provided by an ARRA stimulus grant (1RC2HL101535-01) awarded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Additional funding was provided by K08 HL103771, FAMRI 062572_YCSA, an Alpha-1 Foundation Research Grant and a Boston University Department of Medicine Career Investment Award. Additional grants from NIH 1R01HL095993 and 1R01HL108678 and an ARC award from the Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Research at Boston University supported this work.

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Researchers produce iPSC model to better understand genetic lung/liver disease

Cancer's relentless evolution

All living things--from dandelions to reindeer--evolve over time. Cancer cells are no exception, and are subject to the two overarching mechanisms described by Charles Darwin: chance mutation and natural selection.

In new research, Carlo Maley, PhD., and his colleagues describe compulsive evolution and dramatic genetic diversity in cells belonging to one of the most treatment-resistant and lethal forms of blood cancer: acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The authors suggest the research may point to new paradigms in both the diagnosis and treatment of aggressive cancers, like AML.

Maley is a researcher at Arizona State University's Biodesign Institute and an assistant professor in ASU's School of Life Sciences. His work focuses on applying principles of evolutionary biology and ecology to the study of cancer.

The group's findings appear in this week's issue of the journal Science Translational Medicine.

The cells, they are a changin'

A tumor is a laboratory for evolutionary processes in which nature experiments with an immense repertoire of variants. Mutations that improve a cell's odds of survival are "selected for," while non-adaptive cells are weeded out in the evolutionary lottery.

Genetic diversity therefore provides cancer cells with a library of possibilities, with some mutations conferring heightened resistance to attack by the body's immune system and others helping malignant cells foil treatments like chemotherapy. Generally speaking, the seriousness of a given cancer diagnosis may be linked with genetic diversity in cancerous cells. High diversity means the cancer has many pathways for outsmarting treatment efforts.

The diagnosis of cancer and study of disease progression is often accomplished by examining a tumor sample containing many billions or even trillions of cells. These are subjected to so-called next generation sequencing, a technique that sifts the vast genetic composite, ferreting out sequence variants (or alleles) caused by mutations in genes. The process then evaluates the frequency of these alleles, using the results to chart disease progression and assess the effectiveness of treatment.

According to Maley, such methods may obscure the true degree of genetic diversity, as well as the manner in which mutations arise. "One issue here is that if a mutation occurs in less than 20 percent of the cells, it's hard to detect by modern methods," he says. For example, because individual cells in the tumor probably carry unique mutations, they would be virtually impossible to observe with standard sequencing methods.

A further issue is that tracking mutations through bulk analysis of cells is typically based on certain assumptions as to how mutations arise and what their frequencies mean.

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Cancer's relentless evolution

iPSC model helps to better understand genetic lung/liver disease

Using patient-derived stem cells known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) to study the genetic lung/liver disease called alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, researchers have for the first time created a disease signature that may help explain how abnormal protein leads to liver disease.

The study, which appears in Stem Cell Reports, also found that liver cells derived from AAT deficient iPSCs are more sensitive to drugs that cause liver toxicity than liver cells derived from normal iPSCs. This finding may ultimately lead to new treatments for the condition.

IPSC's are derived from the donated skin or blood cells of adults and, with the reactivation of four genes, are reprogrammed back to an embryonic stem cell-like state. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSC can be differentiated toward any cell type in the body, but they do not require the use of embryos. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a common genetic cause of both liver and lung disease affecting an estimated 3.4 million people worldwide.

Researchers from the Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM) at Boston University and Boston Medical Center (BMC) worked for several years in collaboration with Dr. Paul Gadue and his group from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia to create iPSC from patients with and without AAT deficiency. They then exposed these cells to certain growth factors in-vitro to cause them to turn into liver-like cells, in a process that mimics embryonic development. Then the researchers studied these "iPSC-hepatic cells" and found the diseased cells secrete AAT protein more slowly than normal cells. This finding demonstrated that the iPSC model recapitulates a critical aspect of the disease as it occurs in patients. AAT deficiency is caused by a mutation of a single DNA base. Correcting this single base back to the normal sequence fixed the abnormal secretion.

"We found that these corrected cells had a normal secretion kinetic when compared with their diseased, parental cells that are otherwise genetically identical except for this single DNA base," explained lead author Andrew A. Wilson, MD, assistant professor of medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Director of the Alpha-1 Center at Bu and BMC.

They also found the diseased (AAT deficient) iPSC-liver cells were more sensitive to certain drugs (experience increased toxicity) than those from normal individuals. "This is important because it suggests that the livers of actual patients with this disease might be more sensitive in the same way," said Wilson, who is also a physician in pulmonary, critical care and allergy medicine at BMC.

According to Wilson, while some patients are often advised by their physicians to avoid these types of drugs, these recommendations are not based on solid scientific evidence. "This approach might now be used to generate that sort of evidence to guide clinical decisions," he added.

The researchers believe that studies using patient-derived stem cells will allow them to better understand how patients with AAT deficiency develop liver disease. "We hope that the insights we gain from these studies will result in the discovery of new potential treatments for affected patients in the near future," said Wilson.

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Boston University Medical Center. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

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iPSC model helps to better understand genetic lung/liver disease

Some false postive prenatal genetic screens due to mother's extra DNA segments

People differ in the size and composition of their chromosomes, which can affect the test results

IMAGE:This is conceptual art of maternal blood screening of fetal DNA. view more

Credit: Alice C Gray

Prenatal blood screening for extra or missing chromosomes in the fetus might give false-positive results if the mother's genome contains more than the usual number of certain DNA segments. This finding is reported April 1 in the New England Journal of Medicine. The article is part of a collection of papers examining screening tests now available to patients due to recent advances in genome sciences.

Researchers at the University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worked together to analyze false-positive results from the newer prenatal genetic screens.

Dr. Hilary Gammill, UW assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology and research associate at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, and Dr. Jay Shendure, UW professor of genome sciences, are the senior authors of the study. The lead authors are Matthew W. Snyder, UW genome sciences graduate student, and Dr. Lavone Simmons, former UW fellow in maternal-fetal medicine.

The newer prenatal genetic screens analyze cell-free DNA circulating in the mother's blood during pregnancy. The tests are safer and less invasive than sampling the fluid surrounding the fetus in the uterus.

The blood tests are now routinely offered to pregnant women whose offspring might face greater odds of certain genetic conditions, such as the chromosome trisomies that are more common in children born to older mothers. In a trisomy, there three, instead of the usual two, copies of a particular chromosome. Some trisomies, such as Edwards and Patau syndromes, cause life-threatening medical problems and have high stillbirth and newborn mortality rates.

Based on previous investigations, the new screening tests reportedly have a high accuracy in pregnancies that are at high risk for aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes), as well as in pregnancies that are at low risk.

The overall reduced incidence of uneven chromosome counts in low-risk pregnancies, however, limits the positive predictive value of these non-invasive prenatal screening tests. Researchers want to understand why false positive results occur so they could be minimized.

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Some false postive prenatal genetic screens due to mother's extra DNA segments

New Discovery Moves Gene Editing Closer to Use in Humans

The gene editing method called CRISPR is already used in the lab to insert and remove genome defects in animal embryos

Genome editing has generated controversy, with unconfirmed reports of its use in human embryos. Credit: NIAID/Flickr

A tweak to a technique that edits DNA with pinpoint precision has boosted its ability to correct defective genes in people. Called CRISPR, the method is already used in the lab to insert and remove genome defects in animal embryos. But the genetic instructions for the machinery on which CRISPR reliesa gene-editing enzyme called Cas9 and RNA molecules that guide it to its targetare simply too large to be efficiently ferried into most of the human bodys cells.

This week, researchers report a possible way around that obstacle: a Cas9 enzyme that is encoded by a gene about three-quarters the size of the one currently used. The finding, published on 1April inNature, could open the door to new treatments for a host of genetic maladies (F. A. Ranetal. Naturehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature14299; 2015).

There are thousands of diseases in humans associated with specific genetic changes, says David Liu, a chemical biologist at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who was not involved in the latest study. A fairly large fraction of those have the potential to be addressed using genome editing.

Genome editing has generated controversy, with unconfirmed reports of its use in human embryos. Some scientists have expressed concern that the technique might be used by fertility doctors to edit the genes of human embryos before its safety is established (see alsoE.Lanphieret al. Nature519,410411; 2015). That concern is exacerbated by the fact that changes made by the procedure in embryos would be passed to all subsequent generations without giving anyone affected the opportunity to consent (seeNature519,272; 2015). But in the non-reproductive cells of children and adults, where intergenerational issues are not a concern, researchers and companies are already racing to develop CRISPR as a clinical tool.

The ethics of that pursuit may be more straightforward, but its execution can be harder than using CRISPR in embryos. An embryo consists of a small number of cells that give rise to a human. To edit the genome at that stage is simply a matter of injecting the necessary CRISPR components into a few cells. An adult human, however, is a mix of trillions of cells assembled into many different tissues. Researchers fret over how to target the CRISPR machinery to the specific cells where defective genes are disrupting physiological processes.

You can have the most optimal gene-editing system in the world, but if you cant deliver it to the proper cell type, its irrelevant, says Nessan Bermingham, chief executive of Intellia Therapeutics in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which aims to bring genome editing to the clinic. Were spending a tremendous amount of time working on it.

Snug fit Gene-therapy researchers often harness a virus called AAV to shuttle foreign genes into mature human cells. However, most laboratories use a gene encoding the Cas9 protein that is too large to fit in the snug confines of the AAV genome alongside the extra sequences necessary for Cas9 function.

Feng Zhang of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and his colleagues decided to raid bacterial genomes for a solution, because the CRISPR system is derived from a process that bacteria use to snip unwanted DNA sequences out of their genomes. Zhangs team analysed genes encoding more than 600 Cas9 enzymes from hundreds of bacteria in search of a smaller version that could be packaged in AAV and delivered to mature cells.

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New Discovery Moves Gene Editing Closer to Use in Humans

40/29 in Little Rock: Arkansas house passes religious freedom bill – Video


40/29 in Little Rock: Arkansas house passes religious freedom bill
40/29 #39;s Pedro Rivera is live in Little Rock after the state legislature passed H.B. 1228 Tuesday afternoon. Gov. Hutchinson said in a news conference that the bill needs to be amended before...

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40/29 in Little Rock: Arkansas house passes religious freedom bill - Video

Views of the News: Indiana religious freedom law draws controversy – Video


Views of the News: Indiana religious freedom law draws controversy
Indiana Gov. Mike Pence (R) signed a law Thursday, March 26 that will allow businesses to refuse services to members of the LGBTQ community based on religious reasons. Pence argues that the...

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Views of the News: Indiana religious freedom law draws controversy - Video

Hutchinson Asks Arkansas Leaders to Recall Religious Freedom Bill – Video


Hutchinson Asks Arkansas Leaders to Recall Religious Freedom Bill
Arkansas Gov. Asa Hutchinson says he will not sign a religious-objection bill in its current form, telling reporters Wednesday that he has ordered leaders in the state #39;s General Assembly...

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Hutchinson Asks Arkansas Leaders to Recall Religious Freedom Bill - Video

Podcast 004: J.D. Meier with Sources of Insights talks about Freedom – Video


Podcast 004: J.D. Meier with Sources of Insights talks about Freedom
Visit http://corefreedom.com/gift to get your free eBook. Visit http://sourcesofinsight.com to get in touch with J.D. Meier. To get your own work-at-home program (with discount), visit http://coref...

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Podcast 004: J.D. Meier with Sources of Insights talks about Freedom - Video

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Friends: Religious Freedom, Foreign Policy, and More Hillary E… – Video


The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Friends: Religious Freedom, Foreign Policy, and More Hillary E...
A roundtable, cable-news style discussion of current events, politics, and popular culture from a conservative perspective. Hosted by RedState.com #39;s own Leon Wolf, and featuring his regular...

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Indiana adds protections to religious freedom law

Top Indiana Republican lawmakers overhauled their week-old religious freedom law Thursday with a follow-up measure intended to ease concerns driven by businesses that it could lead to discrimination. Gov. Mike Pence then signed it into law.

The changes appear to have tamped down some of the criticism -- but in doing so Pence and lawmakers infuriated social conservative activists and set the stage for a bigger fight next year over expanding Indiana's anti-discrimination law to cover gays and lesbians.

Republican legislative leaders unveiled their series of changes Thursday morning to the law that triggered intense backlash from businesses, sports associations, pro-LGBT groups and even fiscally-focused conservatives when Pence signed it last week.

The GOP-dominated House and Senate approved a legislative fix, which was added into an unrelated bill, on Thursday, sending it to Pence's desk almost immediately.

Despite last-minute lobbying from conservative groups like Indiana Right to Life to get Pence to veto the fix, the governor signed it Thursday evening.

"In the midst of this furious debate, I have prayed earnestly for wisdom and compassion, and I have felt the prayers of people across this state and across this nation. For that I will be forever grateful," Pence said in a statement.

"There will be some who think this legislation goes too far and some who think it does not go far enough, but as governor I must always put the interest of our state first and ask myself every day, 'What is best for Indiana?'" he said. "I believe resolving this controversy and making clear that every person feels welcome and respected in our state is best for Indiana."

The changes prohibit businesses from using the law as a defense in court for refusing "to offer or provide services, facilities, use of public accommodations, goods, employment, or housing" to any customers based on "race, color, religion, ancestry, age, national origin, disability, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, or United States military service."

It doesn't accomplish what the law's critics wanted most: Adding sexual orientation to the list of categories protected by Indiana's anti-discrimination law.

But that debate, GOP legislators acknowledged, is coming soon. House Speaker Brian Bosma said the backlash against the religious freedom law has "opened many perspectives" and that the anti-discrimination law "needs to be discussed."

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Indiana adds protections to religious freedom law

Indiana and Arkansas add LGBT protections to religious freedom laws

LITTLE ROCK, Ark. Lawmakers in Arkansas andIndiana passed legislation Thursday that they hoped would quiet the national uproar over new religious objections laws that opponents say are designed to offer a legal defense for anti-gay discrimination.

The Arkansas House voted 76-17 to adopt a revised bill after Republican Gov. Asa Hutchinson asked for changes in the wake of mounting criticism. Hutchinson signed it only moments after the vote, saying the new version recognizes that "we have a diverse workforce and a diverse culture."

A parallel process played out at theIndianaCapitol as the House and Senate passed changes to a law signed last week by GOP Gov. Mike Pence, who quickly approved the revisions.

"Over the past week, this law has become a subject of great misunderstanding and controversy across our state and nation," Pence said in a statement. "However we got here, we are where we are, and it is important that our state take action to address the concerns that have been raised and move forward."

The new legislation marks the first time sexual orientation and gender identity have been mentioned inIndianalaw.

The Arkansas measure is similar to a bill sent to the governor earlier this week, but Hutchinson said he wanted it revised to more closely mirror a 1993 federal law.

TheIndianaamendment prohibits service providers from using the law as a legal defense for refusing to provide goods, services, facilities or accommodations. It also bars discrimination based on race, color, religion, ancestry, age, national origin, disability, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or U.S. military service.

The measure exempts churches and affiliated schools, along with nonprofit religious organizations.

Business leaders, many of whom had opposed the law or canceled travel to the state because of it, called the amendment a good first step but said more work needs to be done. Gay-rights groups noted thatIndiana'scivil-rights law still does not include LGBT people as a protected class.

Former Indianapolis Mayor Bart Peterson, now a senior vice president at drugmaker Eli Lilly, praised the changes but said the state's image must still be mended.

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Indiana and Arkansas add LGBT protections to religious freedom laws

Volokh Conspiracy: Religious freedom laws should not exempt antidiscrimination provisions

Below, co-blogger Dale celebrates the fact that Indiana is going to exempt civil rights (antidiscrimination) laws from its state religious freedom act.

I dont think antidiscrimination laws presumptively deserve special status, and I therefore dont think they should be exempted from state RFRAs, or should otherwise be exempted from civil liberties protections, statutory or constitutional. In other words, state RFRAs shouldnt exempt antidiscrimination laws, and when courts are enforcing constitutional rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion, they should not find that antidiscrimination laws constitute compelling government interests sufficient to override those rights.

I argued this point in great detail in my 2003 book, You Cant Say That! The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscrimination Laws. The first twenty-six pages of the book can be found here. Some of the arguments from that book appear in this essay in the North Carolina Law Review. this essay in the Missouri Law Review, this article in the University of Chicago Legal Forum, this article in Social Philosophy and Policy, and this article in The William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal. A chapter dealing with the ACLUs abandonment of civil liberties in favor of antidiscrimination laws is excerpted here.

As a historical aside, the liberal lefts hostility to RFRA didnt start with gay rights, but with cases in the 1990s in which religious landlords who owned a few rental units declined to rent to unmarried, heterosexual individuals. This ran afoul in some states of laws banning discrimination on the basis of marital status.

At the time, liberal civil libertarian groups like the ACLU didnt claim that this was just bigotry disguised as religion, but rather that though it was the exercise of religion, (a) antidiscrimination concerns, even ones as trivial as heterosexual couples being denied an apartment in a huge metro area with many other willing landlords, should trump religious freedom; and (b) given that courts might not always agree that antidiscrimination concerns are a compelling interest sufficient to trump statutory religious freedom rights, they would no longer supports RFRAs that didnt exempt antidiscrimination laws.

Thus, liberal opposition to RFRA seems to have originated as a combination of treating antidiscrimination as a trump over almost any other right (the national ACLUbut not all state ACLUshas so far exempted pure speech), and hostility to assertions of rights by traditional Christians, as opposed to the peyote-smoking Native Americans, Sabbatarians, Amish, and other groups more traditionally associated with free exercise claims.

In any event, gay rights advocates do have a legitimate concern that religious conservatives are seeking to target laws protecting people on the basis of sexual orientation rather than protect religious freedom, as such.

I have heard a very prominent religious conservative argue that religious freedom should protect the right of someone to not photograph a gay marriage because of religious objections to such a marriage, but should not protect the right of someone to not photograph an interracial marriage because of religious objections. This individual may have a coherent reason for believing that, but if so it wasnt apparent from his remarks, beyond the possibility that he thinks it would be politically infeasible to defend the latter.

So heres my suggestion: instead of exempting antidiscrimination laws from state RFRAs, instead write into the laws a provision that the compelling interest test should be applied with the same rigor regardless of which group an antidiscrimination law protects. Therefore, a photographer should have the same right, but only the same right, to refuse on religious grounds to photograph a gay wedding as an interracial wedding, or a wedding between a Jew and a Gentile, or whatever.

If RFRA advocates arent willing to defend the right of someone who believes that interracial or interreligious marriages are against Gods will to refuse to participate in such weddings, then they dont have much of a leg to stand on when it comes to gay marriage. But the better position is to allow exemptions in all those situations.

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Volokh Conspiracy: Religious freedom laws should not exempt antidiscrimination provisions

Arkansas religious freedom law now mirrors federal act

In the wake of intense backlash against a similar law in Indiana, first-term Republican governor had rejected the first version Arkansas lawmakers had sent to his desk, instead asking for two tweaks so there would be no daylight between his state's law and the one President Bill Clinton signed in 1993.

"I think it's sending the right signal, the way this has been resolved, to the world and the country that Arkansas understands the diversity of our culture and workforce but also the importance of balancing that with our sincerely held religious convictions," Hutchinson said Thursday afternoon.

READ: Who is Arkansas Gov. Asa Hutchinson?

Hutchinson's decision to sign the law follows an uproar in Indiana, where Gov. Mike Pence has faced pressure from businesses, sports associations like the NCAA and popular culture figures to backtrack on a similar religious freedom law he signed last week. In Arkansas, was Wal-Mart applying the most pressure.

Hutchinson earlier this week asked lawmakers to recall the law that the Arkansas House had given final approval on Tuesday or to send him follow-up legislation that makes the changes he requested.

Meanwhile, Hutchinson said, he's considering signing an executive order that bars discrimination among the state's workforce.

"The issue has become divisive because our nation remains split on how to balance the diversity of our culture with the traditions and firmly held religious convictions," Hutchinson said then. "It has divided families, and there is clearly a generational gap on this issue."

What do you think of these laws?

Case in point, Hutchinson said: His son Seth signed a petition asking him to veto the bill and also gave his father permission to tell reporters he'd done so.

Arkansas Sen. Tom Cotton, a Republican, told CNN's Wolf Blitzer that it was a "legitimate question to ask" whether someone who "strongly believes that gay marriage is not consistent with her personal conscience" should be "compelled by law" to offer services to gay couples.

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Arkansas religious freedom law now mirrors federal act

Five things about Indiana's 'religious freedom' law

Story highlights The controversy over Indiana's religious freedom law is complicated Some factors you might have not considered

You applaud the growing chorus of companies blasting the law as an invitation for businesses to discriminate against gays and lesbians, using religion as a cover.

Or, like Indiana Gov. Mike Pence, you are surprised at the backlash and maintain that it is basically a copy of a law that is already in the books at the federal level and 19 other states.

The issue drives a wedge because, well, the debate over religious freedom and gay rights is always heated, but also because the interpretations and motives behind the law can be questioned.

Whichever side you're on, here are five things you might not have considered when thinking about this controversy. These points might not change your mind, but offer context to better understand the uproar.

As the author of the 1993 federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), Sen. Chuck Schumer is one who can offer clarity over the controversy surrounding Indiana's version of the law.

Schumer mocks Indiana's contention that the state law is simply a mirror of the 22-year-old federal law. "That may be true only if you're using a Funhouse mirror," Schumer wrote on his Facebook page.

The federal law was intended to protect individual's religious freedom from government intervention, he said. The Indiana law justifies discrimination in the name of religious freedom, he contends.

Also, the law was envisioned to protect the religious freedoms of individuals, while the Indiana law also protects private companies, Schumer said.

So, how can the law's supporters claim it is basically a copy of the federal law?

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Five things about Indiana's 'religious freedom' law