Ocean Beaches Nearest to Pennsylvania | USA Today

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Meg Jernigan, Demand Media

Many of New Jersey's ocean beaches have boardwalks. (Photo: Jupiterimages/Polka Dot/Getty Images )

It might seem unlikely to mention Pennsylvania and ocean beaches in the same breath, but residents of the eastern part of the state can reach the beach in an hour or two. Tiny Victorian towns, flashy boardwalks and serene state parks offer something for everyone. Some towns require permits for day use of their beaches, and others provide free access. A few close when they get too full, so plan an early start.

The Sandy Hook unit of Gateway National Recreation Area (nps.gov) about 95 miles east of Bethlehem includes an historic fort, lighthouse and beaches on Sandy Hook Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Asbury Park, 13 miles south of Sandy Hook, famous as Bruce Springsteen's stomping grounds, has a six-block-long boardwalk lined with amusement rides, arcades, eateries and bars, including the Stone Pony, made famous by Springsteen and other performers such as Bon Jovi. Avon-by-the-Sea, barely two miles south of Asbury Park, is a Victorian village with a quiet, non-commercial boardwalk and white, sandy beaches.

The Barnegat Peninsula stretches from Point Pleasant, about 10 miles south of Asbury Park, through Island Beach State Park to the Barnegat Inlet. Point Pleasant Beach's boardwalk is home to an aquarium, arcades and restaurants. The village hosts an annual seafood festival in September. Eleven miles south, Seaside Beach has a mile-long boardwalk with amusements, boutiques and arcades. Island Beach State Park (islandbeachnj.org) offers 10 miles of Atlantic beaches, a hiking-trail system and views of the Barnegat Light across Barnegat Inlet. One mile of beach is lifeguarded, and portions of the southernmost end of the park are reserved for surfers and sailboarders.

Cape May, at the southern tip of New Jersey, is about 80 miles from Pennsylvania's southern border with Delaware. The town, noted for its historic downtown filled with Victorian mansions, has numerous beaches, including the remote Higbee Wildlife Management Area and The Cove, a popular spot with surfers. Family friendly Ocean City, named "Least Angry and Least Depressed" city in the United States in a 2012 Gallup Poll, is about 30 miles north of Cape May. Eight miles of beach, much of it lifeguarded, stretch along the Atlantic, and coves on the bay side provide anglers and Sunfish sailboat enthusiasts a protected area to enjoy their sport.

Philadelphians need only hop on the Atlantic City Expressway to make the 60-mile drive to Atlantic City. An amusement pier, arcades and high-rise hotels join Las Vegas-style casinos along the four-mile-long wooden boardwalk, named first among the "Top 10 U.S. Boardwalks" by "National Geographic" magazine in 2012. Atlantic City beaches have no bathhouses, but there are restrooms at regular intervals and outdoor showers at lifeguard stations. Some hotels provide beach volleyball equipment, and grilling is allowed on the beach on Memorial Day, the Fourth of July and Labor Day. The Jackson Avenue beach is restricted to kayakers and windsurfers.

Meg Jernigan has been writing for more than 30 years. She specializes in travel, cooking and interior decorating. Her offline credits include copy editing full-length books and creating marketing copy for nonprofit organizations. Jernigan attended George Washington University, majoring in speech and drama.

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Liberty, Tioga County, Pennsylvania – Wikipedia, the free …

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Liberty is a borough in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. The population was 249 at the 2010 census.[1]

Liberty is located at 413330N 77614W / 41.55833N 77.10389W / 41.55833; -77.10389 (41.558446, -77.103839).[2]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.5square miles (1.3km), all of it land.

As of the census[5] of 2010, there were 249 people, 93 households, and 85 families residing in the borough.[1] The population density was 446.5 people per square mile (170.8/km). There were 95 housing units at an average density of 184.4/sqmi (70.5/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.13% White, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.

There were 88 households out of which 42.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the borough the population was spread out with 31.3% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 101.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $39,219, and the median income for a family was $38,542. Males had a median income of $27,813 versus $19,688 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $17,690. About 4.9% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.6% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those sixty five or over.

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Its Hip! Its Cool! Its Libertarianism! – By Connor …

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Calling yourself a libertarian today is a lot like wearing a mullet back in the nineteen eighties. It sends a clear signal: business up front, party in the back.

You know, those guys who call themselves socially liberal but fiscally conservative? Yeah. Its for them.

Today, the ruling class knows that theyve lost the culture wars. And unlike with our parents, they cant count on weeping eagles and the stars n bars to get us to fall in line. So libertarianism is their last ditch effort to ensure a succession to the throne.

Republicans freak you out but think the Democrats are wimps? You must be a libertarian! Want to sound smart and thoughtful in front of your boss without alienating your socially liberal buds? Just say the L-word, pass the coke and everyones happy!

Just look at how they play it up as the cool alternative to traditional conservatism. Its pathetic. George Will wore the bowtie. But Reason magazines Nick Gillespie wears an ironic D.A.R.E. t-shirt. And dont forget the rest of his all-black wardrobe, complete with leather jacket. What a totally with-it badass.

***

With such a bleak economic forecast for the Millennials, it shouldnt surprise anyone that our elites want to make libertarianism shorthand for political disaffection. Now theres a demographic with some growth potential. And its inspired a lot of poorly-sourced, speculative babble about how the kids have all gone Galt, almost always through the personal anecdotes of young white men.

A couple of months ago, after Harvard released a poll on the political views of Millennials, libertarians took to the internet to tell the world how the youth of America was little more than a giant anarcho-capitalist sleeper cellready to overthrow the state and privatize the air supply at a moments notice. So I took a look at the poll numbers. And you know what? Its utter horseshit.

Right off the bat, were told that 79% of Millennials dont consider themselves politically-engaged at all so, uh, keep that in mind.

Much is made of the fact that less than half of the survey respondents thought the government should provide free health care to those who cant afford it. What they dont mention is that that number (44 percent) is twice the percentage who say they stand against (22 percent) such hand outs. Nearly a third didnt think one way or the other.

Then we hear that the poll proves kids dont care about climate change. But they dont mention that slightly more Millennials wanted the government to do more on that front than theyre doing noweven if it hurt economic growth. Nearly half, you guessed it, neither agree nor disagree. (Come on kids, Rock the Vote!)

More Millennials identify as liberals than conservatives. Hardly any of them (10 percent) support the libertarian-embraced Tea Party. About three-quarters say they despise congressional Republicans.

Nearly two-thirds voted for Obama in 2008. Slightly over half approve of him now. Nearly three-quarters of Millennials hate congressional Republicans. 55% trust in the U.S. military, one of the largest state-socialist programs in the entire world, also responsible for, you know, those wars that libertarians supposedly hate.

Over a quarter put their faith in the federal government all or most of the time, and 55% some of the time. Only 17% answered never. And despite all their supposed Ron Paul love, they trust the globalist United Nations even more than they do the feds.

A little nibble here with only 36% approving of Obamas handling of the budget deficit, but then again, thats actually better than his rating on the deficit with Americans of all ages. Plus, worrying about the budget deficit is how dumb people have tried to sound smart since the days of FDR. And most people are dumb.

And when we finally get down to a hypothetical libertarian match-up between Obama and Ron Paul41 percent pick Obama and only 27 percent pick Paul.

Oh, but the kiddies are cool with gay marriage and tired of bombing brown people overseas? No shit. That just makes them normal people living in the 21st century. Im for single-payer health care and cant stand Barney Frank. Does that mean I sip the Kool-Aid at the Lyndon LaRouche compound?

None of this should be too surprising. For almost two decades, roughly two-thirds of the American public have supported what wed call a moderate European welfare stateputting the average U.S. citizen significantly to the left of the Democratic party, a center/center-right organization saddled, much to their dismay, with a perpetually-disappointed center-left constituency.

But hey, our ruling class would shit a brick if any of that wealth redistribution stuff happened over here. Which is why this is a center-right nation has been a favorite Fox News talking point for over ten years. Its only nowafter Occupy Wall Street forced their handthat the media is finally willing to admit that it might be bullshit.

But libertarianism? Our ruling class is totally fine with that. Smoke your reefer and sodomize whomever you please, just keep your mouth shut and hand over your Social Security account.

***

Never trust a hippietarian

I get the appeal. The states been sticking it to working folks for decades. It seems almost unimaginable that Big Government could ever be run by us and not the One Percent.

But child labor laws, the Civil Rights act, federal income tax, minimum wage laws, Social Security, Medicare, food safetylibertarians have accused all of them as infringements upon the free market that would lead to economic ruin. And over and over again, theyve been proven wrong. Life goes ona little less gruesomelyand society prospers.

There is no such thing as a free-market, economist Ha-Joon Chang has said repeatedly. A market looks free only because we so unconditionally accept its underlying restrictions that we fail to see them.

In other words, markets are social institutions, just as much under the thumb of politics and government as everything else. Which means theyre subject to democratic pressures, as they should be.

And what you earn from said markets? Chang: All our wages are, at root, politically determined. Despite what Ron Pauls trolls might have you believe, gold Krugerrands dont spray out your asshole every time you type up a spreadsheet or pour a Grande mochachino for your next customer.

Capitalism has always been a product of Big Government. Ever since the railroads of the nineteenth century, to Silicon Valley, Big Pharma and the banks, the Nanny State has been there all along, passing subsidies and tax breaks, and eating the costs the private sector doesnt want.

So whenever a libertarian says that capitalism is at odds with the state, laugh at him. Its like saying that the NFL is at war with football fields. To be a libertarian is to say that God or the universe marked up that field, squirted out the pigskins from the bowels of the earth and handed down the playbooks from Mt. Sinai.

***

When a Red like me wants to argue for something like universal health care or free college tuition, we can point to dozens of wealthy democratic societies doing just that. The Stalinist left is nothing more than a faint memory. But where are the libertarian Utopias?

General Pinochets Chile was a longtime favorite. But seeing as how it relied on a fascist coupwith a big assist from Nixon and KissingerChiles lost a bit of that Cold War luster. So these days, for the slightly more with-it libertarian, we get Singapore as the model of choice.

Hey, isnt that where the Facebook guy lives these days? Thats pretty hip!

Ah, Singapore: a city-state near the very top in the world when it comes to number of police and execution rate per capita. Its a charming little one-party state where soft-core pornography is outlawed, labor rights are almost nonexistent and gay sex is banned. Expect a caning if you break a window. And death for a baggie of cocaine.

But hey: no capital gains tax! (Freedom!)

Singapore: Libertarian Paradise

Its not like any of this will make it through the glassy eyes of the true-believers. Ludwig von Mises, another libertarian pin-up boy, wrote in 1927 that, Fascism and similar movements aiming at the establishment of dictatorships are full of the best intentions and that their intervention has, for the moment, saved European civilization.

Lately, Ron Pauls economic advisor has been claiming that Communist Party-ruled China has a freer market than the U.S.s.

***

So lets talk a little about this freedom theyre always going on about. Or, to paraphrase Lenin, the libertarians ultimate nemesis: freedom for who to do what?

Most American adults spend about half their waking hours at a job. And during that time, libertarians do not give a flying fuck about your liberty. Instead, they condone the most brutal of tyrannies all in the name of a private employers freedom.

Racial discrimination, verbal abuse, random drug testing, body-searches, sexual harassment, illegal termination, email monitoring, union busting, even withholding piss-breaksask any libertarian how they feel about workplace unfreedom and theyll tell you: Hey man, if you dont like it, you have the freedom to get another job. If folks are hiring. But with four-and-a-half applicants for every job, theyre probably not.

Heres another thing libertarians always forget to mention: a free-market capitalist society has never and by definition can never lead to full-employment. It has to be made to byyou guessed itthe Nanny State. Free market capitalism actually requires a huge mass of the unemployedits not just a side effect.

And make no mistake: corporate America loves a high unemployment rate.

When most everyone has a job, workers are less likely to take shit. They do nutty things like join unions, demand better wages and refuse to work off-the-clock. They start to stand up to real power: not to the EPA, and not the King of England, but to their bosses.

But with a real unemployment rate close to 20 percent, that aint happening. Well, fuck. Better sign up for that Big Government welfare state theyre always whining about. Hey, dont worry. You could always sell a little crack and turn a few tricks. Libertarians totally support that.

After all, thats your freedom, dude!

***

Libertarianism isnt some cutting-edge political philosophy that somehow transcends the traditional left to right spectrum. Its a radical, hard-right economic doctrine promoted by wealthy people who always end up backing Republican candidates, no matter how often they talk about civil liberties, ending the wars and legalizing pot. Funny how that works.

Its the third way for a society in which turning against capitalism or even taking your foot off the pedal is not an option. Thanks to our shitty constitution and the most violent labor history in the West, we never even got a social-democratic party like the rest of the developed world.

So what do we get? The libertarian line: No, no: the problem isnt that were too capitalist. Its that were not capitalist enough!

Genius.

At a time in which our society has never been more interdependent in every possible way, libertarians think theyre John fucking Wayne looking out over his ranch with an Apache scalp in his belt, or John fucking Galt doingwhatever it is he does. (Collect vintage desk toys from the Sharper Image?)

Their whole ideology is like a big game of Dungeons & Dragons. Its all make-believe, except for the chain-mailthey brought that from home. Elves, dwarves and fair maidens for capital. Even with the supposedly good onesanti-war libertarianswere still talking about people who think Medicares going to lead to Stalinism.

So my advice is to call them out.

Ask them what their beef really is with the welfare state. First, theyll talk about the deficit and say we just cant afford entitlement programs. Well, thats obviously a joke, so move on. Then theyll say that it gives the government tyrannical power. Okay. Let me know when the Danes open a Guantnamo Bay in Greenland.

Heres the real reason libertarians hate the idea. The welfare state is a check against servility towards the rich. A strong welfare state would give us the power to say Fuck You to our bossesthis is the power to say Im gonna work odd jobs for twenty hours a week while I work on my driftwood sculptures and play keyboards in my chillwave band. And Ill still be able to go to the doctor and make rent.

Sounds like freedom to me.

Connor Kilpatrick is the managing editor of Jacobin magazine.

Would you like to know more? Read Thirty More Years of Hell and Silent Majority Millennials by Connor Kilpatrick.

Read more: child labor laws, deficit, democratic party, fascism, fdr, george will, ha-joon chang, libertarian, ludwig von mises, lyndon larouche, medicare, millennials, nick gillespie, pinochet, reason, ron paul, Singapore, social security, socialism, Tea Party, Connor Kilpatrick, Class War For Idiots, Libertards

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City floating on the sea could be just 3 years away – CNN.com

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(CNN) -- A floating city off the coast of San Francisco may sound like science fiction, but it could be reality in the not-too-distant future.

The Seasteading Institute has drawn up plans for a floating city off the coast of San Francisco.

The Seasteading Institute already has drawn up plans for the construction of a homestead on the Pacific Ocean.

One project engineer described the prototype as similar to a cruise ship, but from a distance the cities might look like oil-drilling platforms.

According to the plans, the floating cities would not only look different from their land-based counterparts, but they might operate differently, too.

Patri Friedman, a former Google engineer who now works for the Seasteading Institute, said floating cities are the perfect places to experiment with new forms of government.

Some of the new political ideas the group is tossing around include legalizing marijuana and making intellectual property communal -- so that everyone would take ownership in art produced on the city at sea.

"The idea isn't just about getting away from rules or getting rid of rules. It's about a system that encourages experimentation with different political systems," he said.

Friedman said the floating city may be built in modular pieces so that city blocks and neighborhoods can be recombined to create new urban layouts.

The idea of building cities on the sea is not new, he said, but the Seasteading Institute has come closer to realizing the goal than others.

"A lot of people over the past hundred plus years have had this idea and even specifically building cities on the ocean to try out new forms of government," he said. "But they've pretty much been totally imagined and if they did try, they totally failed."

There are several unknowns about future attempts to create floating cities, said Christian Cermelli, an engineer and architect with Marine Innovation and Technology, based in San Francisco.

Cermelli, who is part of a team of designers creating a blueprint for the first seastead, said it's unclear if construction is possible -- or what it would cost.

Still, a prototype for the idea may be finished in as little as three years, he said.

Friedman said seasteads are loosely based on oil rigs, but with important modifications.

"We care more about sunlight and open space, so the specifications are different," he said. "Also, oil platforms are fixed in place. We think it's important to have more modular cities. So you would build a city out of buildings that can actually be separated and rearranged."

Cermelli said the ocean cities may use technology from suspension bridges "to expand the space at sea and basically get a roomier platform."

Friedman says the idea of seasteading has met a range of reactions.

"Some people think we're crazy. A lot of people think we're crazy," he said. "Some people think terrible things could happen, others think it would be great."

About 600 people have joined the Seasteading Institute.

Some of them, like Gayle Young, say the idea is exciting partly because it's so different.

"I love the idea because it's audacious. It's big," she said. "It's about pushing frontiers."

All About Engineering Architecture San Francisco

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City floating on the sea could be just 3 years away - CNN.com

Engineering Physics | Division of Engineering Science

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University of Toronto, Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering

Division of Engineering Science

Explore Our Program EngSci Majors Engineering Physics

The Department of Physics at the University of Toronto, together with the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, gave birth to the Engineering Physics program in 1934 (called Engineering Science since 1965). The Physics Option continues to attract students with a keen aptitude for physics who see the creative potential for combining this with an engineering degree. Graduates appreciate the high degree of flexibility provided to them in terms of the design of their program across a wide spectrum of theoretical and experimental physics courses.

David BaileyOption Chair dbailey@physics.utoronto.ca

Eric Nicholson (1T1)

The Physics Option has given me the background in fundamental science and the flexibility to take courses most relevant to my interests in order to pursue a career in experimental research.

2015 Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering.

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Moore’s Law is the reason your iPhone is so thin and cheap …

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An aerial view of Intel's Ronler Acres campus in Hillsboro, Ore., with D1X, center, the site's newest factory for developing cutting-edge chips. Ben Fox Rubin/CNET

To get a sense of what society owes to Moore's Law, just ask what the world would look like if Intel co-founder Gordon Moore never made his famous 1965 observation that the processing power of computers would increase exponentially.

CNET

"It is almost unimaginable," said Genevieve Bell, a cultural anthropologist for Intel.

"The implications would be so dramatic, I struggle to put it in words," said Adrian Valenzuela, marketing director for processors for Texas Instruments.

Jeff Bokor, a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of California, Berkeley, found at least one: "Cataclysmic."

The comments aren't wild hyperbole; they underscore just how significant an impact one little observation has had on the world. Moore's Law is more than a guideline for computer processor, or chip, manufacturing. It's become a shorthand definition for innovation at regular intervals, and has become a self-fulfilling prophecy driving the tech industry.

Are you happy about your sleeker iPhone 6 or cheaper Chromebook? You can thank Moore's Law.

With Sunday marking the 50th anniversary of Moore's observation, we decided to take stock of Moore's Law. CNET staff reporter Ben Fox Rubin offers an in-depth look at the work that semiconductor manufacturers are putting in to make sure the rate of improvement is sustainable. Tomorrow, CNET senior reporter Stephen Shankland explores alternative technologies and the future of Moore's Law while senior reporter Shara Tibken looks at Samsung's lesser known presence in the field.

But first, let's explore the effect of Moore's Law throughout history -- and start by dispelling some misconceptions. Most importantly, Moore's Law is not actually a law like Isaac Newton's Three Laws of Motion. In a paper titled, "Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits," published by the trade journal Electronics in 1965, Moore, who studied chemistry and physics, predicted that the number of components in an integrated circuit -- the brains of a computer -- would double every year, boosting performance.

A decade later, he slowed his prediction to a doubling of components every two years.

It wasn't until Carver Mead, a professor at the California Institute of Technology who worked with Moore at the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, coined the term "Moore's Law" in 1975 that it gained widespread recognition in the tech world. It became a goal for an entire industry to aspire to -- and hit -- for five decades.

"[It's] a name that has stuck beyond anything that I think could have been anticipated," Moore, now 86, said in an interview with Intel earlier this year.

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Moore's Law specifically refers to transistors, which switch electrical signals on and off so that devices can process information and perform tasks. They serve as the building blocks for the brains inside all our smartphones, tablets and digital gadgets.

The more transistors on a chip, the faster that chip processes information.

To keep Moore's Law going, chip manufacturers have to keep shrinking the size of the transistors so more can be placed together with each subsequent generation of the technology. The original size of a transistor was half an inch long. Today's newest chips contain transistors that are smaller than a virus, an almost unimaginably small scale. Chipmakers including Intel and Samsung are pushing to shrink them even more.

But size doesn't really matter when it comes to appreciating Moore's Law. More important is the broader idea that things get better -- smarter -- over time.

The law has resulted in dramatic increases in performance in smaller packages. The Texas Instruments processor that powers the navigation system in a modern Ford vehicle is nearly 1.8 million times more powerful than the Launch Vehicle Digital Computer that helped astronauts navigate their way to the moon in 1969.

The iPhone 6 in your pocket is more powerful than computers from a decade ago. CNET

And Apple's iPhone 6 is roughly 1 million times more powerful than an IBM computer from 1975 -- which took up an entire room -- according to a rough estimate by UC Berkeley's Bokor. The iPhone, priced starting at $650, is also a lot cheaper than a full-fledged desktop computer selling anywhere between $1,000 and $4,000 a decade ago -- and it can do so much more.

Just as critical is the time element of Moore's Law: the doubling of transistors every two years meant the entire tech industry -- from consumer electronics manufacturers to companies that make the equipment to manufacture chips and everything in between -- had a consistent rate that everyone could work at.

"It created a metronome," Bell said. "It's given us this incredible notion of constant progress that is constantly changing."

It also set a pace that companies need to keep, or else get left behind, according to Moore. "Rather than become something that chronicled the progress of the industry, Moore's Law became something that drove it," Moore said in an online interview with semiconductor industry supplier ASML in December.

While he didn't think his observation would hold true forever, chipmakers don't seem to be slowing down their efforts. "It's a self-fulfilling prophecy, so to the industry it seems like a law," said Tsu-Jae King Liu, a professor of microelectronics at UC Berkeley.

Nowadays, everyone assumes technology will just get better, faster and cheaper. If we don't have a sophisticated enough processor to power a self-driving car now, a faster one will emerge in a year or two.

Remove Moore's Law, and that assumption no longer holds true. Without a unifying observation to propel the industry forward, the state of integrated circuits and components might be decades behind.

"It's an exponential curve, and we would be much earlier on that curve," Valenzuela said. "I'm happy to say I don't have to carry my 1980s Zack Morris phone."

Intel's Bell imagines a more "horrifying" world without integrated circuits, one in which everything is mechanized, and common tropes of technology such as smartphones and even modern telephone service wouldn't exist. "The Internet would have been impossible," she said.

It's not a completely implausible alternate reality. Bell noted that many industries haven't moved as quickly to embrace new technology and ideas. The internal combustion engine hasn't changed much since Henry Ford's Model T more than a century ago, and it's only in the last several years that automakers have embraced batteries that power the engine.

Speaking of batteries, there's a reason why our smartphones lose their juice faster and faster -- battery technology hasn't kept pace with the advancement of the processor and its capabilities.

"Not too many industries have a clearly defined expectation in improvement of capability and cost benefits over such a long time," said H.S. Philip Wong, an engineering professor at Stanford.

It's a lot easier to document the progress achieved through Moore's Law. Increasingly sophisticated chips have resulted in not just more powerful standalone devices, but an ecosystem of gadgets that can talk to each other.

As Bell said, there would be no Internet without Moore's Law, which means Google or Facebook would never have existed, and Netflix would still be mailing DVDs (VHS tapes?) to you.

"It's a technology that's been much more open-ended than I would have thought in 1965 or 1975," Moore said. "And it's not obvious yet when it will come to the end."

Intel's button-sized Curie processor for wearables wouldn't be possible without Moore's Law. James Martin/CNET

Smaller processors have driven interest in the Internet of Things (IoT), or the idea that physical objects around us can be connected to the Internet and to each other. TI's Valenzuela said he remembers selling basic thermostats using rudimentary chips. Now smart thermostats built by Google's Nest have a processor powerful enough to run a smartphone.

Intel demonstrated the potential for the IoT idea in January at the Consumer Electronics Show with Curie, a button-size module designed to power smart wearable devices with a low-power processor. It's the reason why we're talking about self-driving cars, smart transportation systems, smart homes, smart watches and even clothes equipped with Internet-connected sensors.

"It's really like the water that we drink and air that we breathe," Wong said about society's dependence on the innovations brought on by Moore's Law. "We can't survive without it."

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Moore's Law is the reason your iPhone is so thin and cheap ...

Department of Biology Biology – York College / The …

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Biology

The Biology Program provides academic experiences in the life sciences that meet a variety of student needs. The courses offered cover a broad range of subjects from General Biology, Biostatistics and Genetics, which all majors must take, to Organismic Biology, Molecular and Cell Biology, and Ecology. The program of study fulfills the academic requirements for admission to medical, dental and related professional schools and also prepares students for graduate studies (M.S. or Ph.D.) in all areas of Biology.

The program also provides non-science majors with an understanding of biological concepts and the importance of biological discoveries to the solution of social and environmental problems.

The Biotechnology Program is an interdisciplinary major designed to provide academic, laboratory and research experiences to students with career interests in the biomedical sciences. The program serves as preparation for the pursuit of graduate degrees in biotechnology, molecular genetics, molecular biology, cellular biology, biochemistry and other related fields. It provides a strong academic program for students interested in further studies leading to careers in the medical professions. Graduates with the bachelors degree may also seek jobs on the technician level in areas such as pharmaceutical, hospital and academic research laboratories.

The Biotechnology major incorporates general courses in Biology, Chemistry and Physics, with upper level instruction in Biochemistry, Genetics and Biotechnology. The course of study emphasizes the structure, function and relationships of DNA, RNA and proteins in the regulation of gene expression. Methods used in teaching and research laboratories incorporate instruction and training on modern equipment employed in Biotechnology for processes such as gene cloning, DNA sequencing and RNA processing, with application to the improved analysis, diagnosis and treatment of inherited and acquired human diseases.

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The Amazingly Accurate Futurism of 2001: A Space Odyssey

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Caption: The Making of Stanley Kubricks '2oo1: A Space Odyssey' Taschen

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Caption: A new book, The Making of Stanley Kubricks 2001: A Space Odyssey chronicles the creation of the epic sci-fi movie. Here, actor Keir Dullea poses in the equipment storage corridor to one side of Discoverys pod bay. Dmitri Kessel/Getty Images

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Caption: The central design challenge for 2001 was creating a set and props that could outpace 1960s technology. While they filmed, NASA was trying to put a man on the moon. If 2001 looked too much like what NASA had created, its futuristic setting wouldn't be believable. Taschen

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Caption: The book's author Piers Bizony points out that here and there, the movie forecasts our technology today. The executive briefcase with its phone handset and dial? Look closely, and all the elements of the laptop or smartphone are there, half a century ahead of time, he says.Taschen

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Caption: Kubrick hired a skunkworks team of aeronautics engineers and astronomy illustrators to help create the set. This drawings shows a cross section of the Discovery. Oliver Rennert/TASCHEN

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Caption: Kubrick and his team shooting the nal scenes of 2001 in the faux-luxurious bedroom. Stanley Kubrick Archives/TASCHEN

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Caption: Actor Gary Lockwood in the main command deck of 2001: A Space Odyssey's interplanetary spacecraft. Even though the design of the movie needed to outpace what NASA was creating, the designers took some cues from the industry and based spacesuits on actual NASA designs.Stanley Kubrick Archives/TASCHEN

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Caption: Kubrick and author and co-creator Arthur C. Clarke pose for publicity photographs inside the passenger deck set of the Aries lunar ferry. Stanley Kubrick Archives/TASCHEN

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Caption: Stanley Kubrick gives instructions through a hatch at the bottom of the centrifuge, as actors Keir Dullea and Gary Lockwood prepare for a scene. Stanley Kubrick Archives/TASCHEN

Slide: 9 / of 10 .

Caption: Most of the movie was filmed in England. Here, Kubrick directs the lunar monolith scenes over the Christmas of 1965 at Shepperton, on Europes second-largest shooting stage. Taschen

Slide: 10 / of 10 .

Caption: Book cover designer Roy Carnon helped created a visual scheme for how lighting might look in outer space. This is a rendering of the docking area at the hub of the space station, with a winged shuttle parked after arrival.Taschen

The Making of Stanley Kubricks 2001: A Space Odyssey documents in nearly scientificdetail exactly that: the story of how the iconic science-fiction film came into existence, and how it predicted much of the technology we take for granted today.

Science writer and space historian Piers Bizony offers an extraordinarily detailed catalog. It begins with the genesis of Kubricks masterpiece, starting with his partnership with author Arthur C. Clarke, and extends through the creation of the films futuristicset design. Only 1,500 copies were printed, and theyve long since sold out at $1,000 each. (A $70 second edition version is now available for pre-order.)

In the tome, which is chock-full of previously unseenimages, Bizony highlights the central tension of the films design: Even as Kubrick and his teamincluding cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth and art director John Hoesliwere creating a fictive future set in space, NASA was racing to put a man on the moon. The set and props in 2001: A Space Odyssey had to dramatically outpace the emerging technology, lest NASA succeed while they were filming and make Kubricks vision appear outdated, or, worse, flat-out wrong.

Thisforced Kubricks team to do deep, meticulous research, which Bizony says helps explain why much of the set design accurately forecasted how we live with technology today. The executive briefcase with its phone handset and dial? Look closely, and all the elements of the laptop or smartphone are there, half a century ahead of time,Bizonytells WIRED. You could also, for example, see HAL 9000 as a proto-Siri.

The book is packed with other detailsabout the making of the film (for example, Clarke wrote the most of the screenplayat the Chelsea Hotel, in the company of William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg), but is most elucidating in its attention to the technical and design details that made the film such anenduring paragon almost 50 years after its release.

In the 1960s, television spelled trouble for film executives. With more viewers getting their entertainment athome, studios needed a way to lure them into movie theaters. The board of MGM grew interested in a new widescreen format called Cinerama, which used a three-camera system to create an impossibly large, wide picture. It required special projection equipment, and audiences would buy tickets and seats ahead of time as if they were going to a Broadway playor, by todays standards, to a 3-D IMAX flick.

With the country entranced by NASAs race to the moon, Kubrick and Clarke realized the sweeping galaxy-building of their filmthe working title was Journey to the Starswas exactly the widescreen extravaganza MGM needed. MGM took the bait,Bizonysays.

That left Kubrick to build a space-age world unlike any other. After surveying set designs from other 1960s-era sci-fi films, Kubrick decided he didnt want to leave 2001s mise en scne in the hands of film industry artists. He wanted a more realistic setting. He assembled a skunkworks team of astronomical artists, aeronautics specialists, and production designers. Aerospace engineersnot prop makersdesigned switchpanels, display systems, and communications devices for the spacecraftinteriors.

This particularly helped with the movies light design. Artist Richard McKenna was creating color schemes for spacecrafts before anyone really knew what they might look like. Roy Carnon, another illustrator, created a visual system for Kubrick that imagined how sunlight and shadows might fall in space. Other advisors took cues from submarines and military vehicles to create the red-lit interiors of the moonbus cockpit.

Hans-Kurt Lange, who worked as an illustrator in NASAs Future Projects Division, modeled 2001s space suits on NASAs, using the same horizontal stitching to maintain a constant volume of air. They resembled a slimmed-down Michelin Man. Likewise, drawings of the Discoverys control panels were based on NASA photos showing astronauts huddled around an in-development Apollo space capsule.

Kubrick and Clarke needed to conceive of an onboard computing system for the Discovery, which they initially called Athena, not HAL. They went to IBM, then the worlds largest computing company, for drawings and blueprints that could imagine the future of personal computing.

IBM had trouble with that. Eliot Noyes, IBMs industrial design consultant, based his renderings on current technological achievements, which were room-sized supercomputers used only by professionals and the military. He proposed to Kubrick that a computer of the complexity required by the Discovery spacecraft would be a computer into which men went, rather than a computer around which men walked. Kubrick lost it. He wanted something smaller, like a control panel. IBMs assumptions were behind the times, Bizony writes. Rival companies, such as Motorola and Raytheon, were pushing toward miniaturization, spurred in large part by NASAs urgent requirement for computers small enough to fit inside the new lunar capsules.

In the end, Kubrick warmed to IBMs drawings for the sake of creating another character and adding drama to the movie. Of course, to animate HAL 9000, Kubricks team had to create thegraphics. ButDoug Trumbull, who did airbrush paintings for films, hit a speedbump: Computer-generated graphics didnt exist in any real way yet. MIT, where Kubrick had met with AI and robotics professor Marvin Minsky, was developing them, but they had a resolution of just 512 pixels across. That was advanced for the 1960s, but Kubrick knew it would be too crude for the year 2001. So histeam faked it by mounting high-contrast film negatives onto mobile glass panels. Trumbull played with colored filters, photographed different graphics slides, and then projected them onto the set.

MGMs contract with Kubrick stipulated that 2001 would wrap in 1966. It missed the deadline, but critics and fans alike would probably agree it was well worth the wait.) 2001: A Space Odyssey hit theaters in April 1968a year before Apollo 11 landed on the moon and provided another glimpse of what space travel might look like.

If there was a space race between Kubrick and NASA, the director won. But as the many, many pages in Bizonys book show, 2001 wasnt just a journey through space. It was a carefully wrought prediction for the future.

Originally posted here:

The Amazingly Accurate Futurism of 2001: A Space Odyssey

The Humble Libertarian

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You'll find very little about psychology.

It's a curious, maybe even suspicious gap in libertarian thought. For a political philosophy that characterizes itself as the champion of the individual, there doesn't seem to be very much reflection on the individual and the inner world of individual human beings, which are considered by libertarians to be fundamental and prior to society.

Most popular libertarianism focuses on issues that can be formulated as the following stock headlines:

The President Issues Another Edict That Limits Your Liberty

How This [State, Congressman, or Activist] Is Working to Stop [Government Agency] From Limiting Your Liberty

Why strive so mightily for a marginally healthier military-industrial-corporatist-police-state-complex-thingy and not for substantially healthier individual human minds?

Isn't the inner world of the individual at least equally worthy of libertarian attention? Can we begin to explore the question: "How do human beings constitute themselves as subjects?"

Since I began to seriously explore the question (as one stumbling in the dark and unsure of what I was exploring) in 2012, I am more convinced now than ever before that: "we are acted upon most effectively by power relations internal to our own sense of ourselves" and that "the fundamental exercise of power over individuals is their own confessional interpretation of themselves" (link above).

What the hell does that mean?

Here's just one exploration of the topic at The Last Psychiatrist:

This explains the near-universal anxiety over the movie's frequent use of the word nigger, and someone asked Tarantino if he thought he had used it too much in the movie, and his response was perfect: "too much, in comparison to how much it was used back then?" Nigger, and the violence, was all anyone was upset about. Terry Gross, NPR's mental Fleshlight, asked Tarantino her typically insightful and nuanced questions: "do you enjoy violent movies less after what happened at Sandy Hook?" Sigh. So there's the Terry Gross checklist for reviewing Django: gun=bad and saying nigger=bad. Check and check. You know what no one thought badworthy? When the white guy asked to have a certain slave sent to his room to try out her ample vagina, and the prim white lady of the house happily escorted her up. "Go on, do what you're told, girl."

I'd venture that Terry Gross and and the gang at HuffPoWo would rather be whipped than be-- that's rape, right?-- but that scene didn't light up their amygdalas, only hearing "nigger" did. I find that highly suspicious, or astoundingly obtuse, or both.

Anyway, perfectly ordinary slaveowner DiCaprio asks a rhetorical question, a fundamental question, that has occurred to every 7th grade white boy and about 10% of 7th grade white girls, and the profound question he asked was: "Why don't they just rise up?"

Kneel down, Quentin Tarantino is a genius. That question should properly come from the mouth of the German dentist: this isn't his country, he doesn't really have an instinctive feel for the system, so it's completely legitimate for a guy who doesn't know the score to ask this question, which is why 7th grade boys ask it; they themselves haven't yet felt the crushing weight of the system, so immediately you should ask, how early have girls been crushed that they don't think to ask this? But Tarantino puts this question in the mouth of the power, it is spoken by the very lips of that system; because of course the reason they don't rise up is that he-- that system-- taught them not to. When the system tells you what to do, you have no choice but to obey.

If "the system tells you what to do" doesn't seem very compelling, remember that the movie you are watching is Django UNCHAINED. Why did Django rise up? He went from whipped slave to stylish gunman in 15 minutes. How come Django was so quickly freed not just from physical slavery, but from the 40 years of repeated psychological oppression that still keeps every other slave in self-check? Did he swallow the Red Pill? How did he suddenly acquire the emotional courage to kill white people?

"The dentist freed him." So? Lots of free blacks in the South, no uprisings. "He's 'one in ten thousand'?" Everybody is 1 in 10000, check a chart. "He got a gun?" Doesn't help, even today there are gun owners all over America who feel that they aren't free. No. You should read this next sentence, get yourself a drink, and consider your own slavery: the system told Django that he was allowed to. He was given a document that said he was a bounty hunter, and as an agent of the system, he was allowed to kill white people. That his new job happened to coincide with the trappings of power is 100% an accident, the system decided what he was worth and what he could do with his life. His powers were on loan, he wasn't even a vassal, he was a tool.

This is not to minimize the individual accomplishment of a Django becoming a free man. But for the other slaves, what is the significance?

Of course Tarantino knew that the evil slaveowner's question has a hidden, repressed dark side: DiCaprio is a third generation slave owner, he doesn't own slaves because he hates blacks, he owns them because that's the system; so powerful is that system that he spends his free time not on coke or hookers but on researching scientific justifications for the slavery-- trying to rationalize what he is doing. That is not the behavior of a man at peace with himself, regardless of how much he thinks he likes white cake, it is the behavior of a man in conflict, who suspects he is not free; who realizes, somehow, that the fact that his job happens to coincide with the trappings of power is 100% an accident... do you see? "Why don't they just rise up?" is revealed to be a symptom of the question that has been repressed: "why do the whites own slaves? Why don't they just... stop?" And it never occurs to 7th graders to ask this question because they are too young, yet every adult thinks if he lived back then, he would have been the exception. 1 in 10000, I guess. And here we see how repression always leaves behind a signal of what's been repressed-- how else do you explain the modern need to add the qualifier "evil" to "slaveowner" if not for the deeply buried suspicion that, in fact, you would have been a slaveowner back then? "But at least I wouldn't be evil." Keep telling yourself that. And if some guy in a Tardis showed up and asked, what's up with you and all the slaves, seems like a lot? You'd say what everybody says, "look wildman, don't ask me, that's just the system. Can't change it. Want to rape a black chick?"

Libertarians will frequently remind you that you are a tax slave. "Why don't you just rise up?"

Against what?

Against Obama? He's just a character on TV that's never laid a finger on you.

Against the tax man? What constrains you more than a tax collector who lets you keep enough of your income to buy far more than a 19th century laborer who worked much harder than you?

If individuals exist prior to society, then the government of the outer world that lives in Washington DC is merely a shadow cast by the government that lives in the inner world of our individual minds.

If individuals exist prior to society, then a police state exists in the outer world because one exists in so many of our inner worlds.

If individuals exist prior to society, then abolishing external tyranny must be spearheaded by a psychological project to dismantle the tyranny that is inherent to our own confessional interpretations of ourselves.

The state is not the reason we are not free. That we are not free is the reason that the state exists.

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The Humble Libertarian

Moore’s Law and The Secret World Of Ones And Zeroes

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SciShow explains how SciShow exists -- and everything else that's ever been made or used on a computer -- by exploring how transistors work together in circuits to make all computing possible. Like all kinds of science, it has its limitations, but also awesome possibilities. ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/artist/52/SciShow

Or help support us by subscribing to our page on Subbable: https://subbable.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com

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Sources: http://www.mooreslaw.org/ http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/... http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unix-and-In... http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/book/binar... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm67w... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNN_t... http://www.newscientist.com/article/m... http://www.newscientist.com/article/m... http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unix-and-In... http://www.extremetech.com/computing/... http://www.amasci.com/miscon/speed.html http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2013/comput...

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Moore's Law and The Secret World Of Ones And Zeroes

A guide to the Italian Futurism art movement

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Ivo Pannaggi, Speeding Train (Treno in corsa), 1922

Painting, sculpture, architecture, design, ceramics, fashion, film, photography, advertising, free-form poetry, publications, music, theater and performanceItalian Futurism encompassed all of these and more in the years before World War I, as one of early modern arts most dynamic, controversial and unpredictable movements. Unlike their Cubist contemporaries in Pariswho, despite the atomizing effects of their revolutionary style, tended toward classic genres like still lifeFuturisms artists wanted to capture movement through time and space. It was all of a piece with their desire to represent the 20th centurys cultural ferment and breakneck industrialization. The Futurists, whose politics at the start ranged from socialism to anarchism, celebrated the speed made possible by the locomotive, the automobile and the airplane, and they gloried in the rebellious fervor of mobs, making images of strikers or demonstrators a favorite subject. They also extolled violence as a means of upending the entrenched order, as well as embracing misogyny, militarism and nationalism, eventually associating with the Italian Fascism of the 1920s and 30s. Yet despite its complicated history, Futurisms disregard for artistic limitations and aesthetic boundaries, and its exploitation of mass media to publicize its activities, offers lessons for today.

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A guide to the Italian Futurism art movement

The Best Cape Cod Beaches

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Best Cape Cod Beaches

Select a Town To View Its Beaches

Cape Cod beaches are some of the most beautiful beaches in the world. In order to find out which is the best beach, we need to ask the question; Best for whom? Below you will find a list of the best beaches on Cape Cod for each category, including best beach for families with young children, for sunsets, the most romantic beach, and the best Cape Cod dog friendly beach. Do you like to fish? We'll show you a great beach where you can catch striped bass while the rest of the family enjoys everything else that this beach has to offer. Do you like seclusion? We'll show you an

and we'll show you where to get a

to take you there. This is one of our family's favorites. It is like having your own private beach on Cape Cod.

Be sure to cast your vote for your favorite Cape Cod Beaches

The beaches on Cape Cod offer something for everyone. The calm waters of Cape Cod Bay are perfect for young kids. When the tide goes out, the flats can extend for up to a mile offshore, leaving behind numerous tidal pools for young ones to explore. If you are looking for the best place to stay on Cape Cod with kids...Check out the best Cape Cod Bay hotels

If you are a fisherman, when the tide comes in, so will the striped bass on some of these beaches.

we will tell you which ones!

On the south side of the Cape, you will find the beaches of Nantucket Sound. These beaches feature soft, sugary sand with warm, calm water ideal for swimming and windsurfing. This is where you will find some of the best Cape Cod beachfront rentals.

On the east side of the Cape, you will find the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean. These beaches feature the cold water and crashing surf that the Atlantic is known for. It is here that you will find the dunes that capture the look of Cape Cod. A great spot for a family portrait.

No matter what you are looking for in a beach, you can find it on Cape Cod. Click on the links below to find the best beach in each category.

Best Cape Cod Beaches

These fenced walkways lead over the dunes and to the beach. They keep the large amount of beach traffic confined to a small travel area, reducing the amount of erosion. The sea grasses and other plant are allowed to flourish, stabilizing the dunes. However, the Cape is still an ever changing landscape at the mercy of Mother Nature.

The seal population on Cape Cod has exploded in recent years, leading some to believe that sharks, thier #1 predator, cannot be far behind..

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The Best Cape Cod Beaches

Cape Cod Beaches for Cape Cod, Martha’s Vineyard and …

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Cape Cod Guide brings you the best information on Cape Cod beaches. Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket are all surrounded by beautiful scenic beaches. There are beaches on the bay and ocean sides of the islands, salt ponds, freshwater and kettle ponds. Bayside beaches are typically much calmer than oceanside, making them perfect destinations for families with children. Come explore the amazing beaches of the Cape and Islands!

PUBLIC BEACHES Craigville Beach: located off Craigville Beach Road on Nantucket Sound. It's one of the Cape's most popular beaches, and has restrooms, concessions, and showers. Google Map to Craigville Beach. Hathaway's Pond: small freshwater pond located off Phinney's Lane in Hyannis. Kalmus Park Beach: located on the Lewis Bay at the end of Ocean Street in Hyannis, and has restrooms and concessions. Kalmus is a one of the best locations for windsurfing on Cape Cod. Google Map to Kalmus Park Beach. Sandy Neck Beach: located on the Cape's Bay side in West Barnstable, this is the Upper Cape's longest beach. Large dunes and a six-mile sand spit may be found here, making it a great four wheeling destination. Sandy Neck offers showers and a snack bar. Google Map to Sandy Neck Beach. Sea Street Beach: at the end of Sea Street in Hyannis. Google Map to Sea Street Beach. Veterans Park Beach: behind the Kennedy Memorial on Ocean Street, Hyannis. Google Map to Veterans Park Beach.

RESIDENT BEACHES Covell Beach: on Cragville Beach Road in Centerville. Google Map to Covell Beach. Dowses Beach: on East Bay Road in Osterville. Google Map to Dowses Beach. Eugenia Fortes (East) Beach: on Iyanough Avenue in Hyannisport. Hamblins Pond: Route 149 in Marstons Mills. Google Map to Hamblins Pond. Joshua's Pond: Tower Hill Road in Osterville. Google Map to Joshua's Pond. Loop Beach: on Ocean View Avenue in Cotuit, this beach has restrooms and a bathhouse. Google Map to Loop Beach. Lovell's Pond: on Newtown Road in Marstons Mills. Google Map to Lovell's Pond. Millway Beach: on Millway in Barnstable Wequaquet Lake: off of Shoot Flying Hill Road in Centerville

BOURNE

Barlows Landing: Off of Route 28 in Pocasset. Google Map to Barlows Landing. Electric Avenue: Off Electric Avenue in Buzzards Bay. Hen Cove Harbor: Off of Shore Road and Circuit Avenue in Pocasset Monument Beach: Overlooks the Cape Cod Canal, located off Route 28 in Bourne. Monument has a snack bar and bathroom facilities, and is also a popular wind surfing location. Google Map to Monument Beach. Queen Sewell Pond: Off Puritan Road in Buzzards Bay. Google Map to Queen Sewell Pond. Sagamore Beach: Off of Scusset Beach Road in Sagamore. Google Map to Sagamore Beach. Scusset Neck: Off of Scusset Beach Road in Bourne, this is a popular recreation area with its campground. There are showers, restrooms, and a picnic area on site. Google Map to Scusset Neck. Squeteague Harbor: Ocean side beach off of Scraggy Neck and Squeteague Roads in Cataumet. Picture Lake: Off of Country Road in Pocasset

Breakwater Beach: A bayside beach off Breakwater Road, off 6A; near the Brewster General Store. This beach is a popular destination for families. Crosby Landing Beach (Crosby Beach): A bayside beach on Crosby Landing Road, off 6A; about 1.5 miles before the Orleans town line on Route 6A Ellis Landing Beach: A bayside beach on Ellis Landing Road, off 6A; about 2 miles before the Orleans town line on Route 6A Linnell Landing Beach: A bayside beach on Linnell Landing Road, off 6A; about 1.75 miles before the Orleans town line Paine's Creek Beach: A bayside beach on Paine's Creek Road; 1.5 miles west past the intersection of Route 137 and 6A Point of Rocks Beach: A bayside beach off Point of Rocks Road, off Route 6A; 1 mile east of the intersection of 6A and Route 124 Robbins Hill Beach: A bayside beach 1 mile off Lower Road, which intersects with Route 6A Nickerson State Park: Nickerson Park off of 6A in Brewster offers beautiful fresh water ponds for swimming and kayaking. Google Map to Nickerson State Park. Saint's Landing:A bayside beach 1 mile off Lower Road, which intersects with Route 6A Long Pond: Off of Mammon Drive in Brewster Upper Mill Pond: Off of Run Hill Road in Brewster

Cockle Cove Beach: On the waters of Nantucket Sound, off Route 28 at the end of Cockle Cove Road. This beach is a favorite among families, with its soft sand and calm waters. Restrooms are available. Google Map to Cockle Cove Beach. Forest Beach: At the end of Forest Street, south of Route 28. Google Map to Forest Beach. Goose Pond: Kettlehole pond off of Queen Anne Road. Google Map to Goose Pond. Hardings Beach: Off Harding's Beach Road; off of Route 28 and Barn Hill Road. This beach is also popular among families, and has restrooms and a snack bar. Lighthouse Beach: Ocean side beach off of Shore Road. North Beach: Ocean beach, only accessible via 4WD or boat. There are no restrooms or facilities here, and there is often big surf here. Oyster Pond: Small saltwater pond, perfect for children; off of Stage Harbor Road; requires a sticker. Google Map to Oyster Pond. Pleasant Bay: Off of Route 28. Google Map to Pleasant Bay. Ridgevale Beach: A public beach on Nantucket Sound, off Ridgevale Road; off Route 28 School House Pond: Freshwater pond, off of Queen Anne Road; requires sticker. Google Map to School House Pond. White Pond: Freshwater pond, off of Queen Anne Road. Google Map to White Pond.

Bayview Beach: Off Route 6A, on the bay side Chapin Memorial Beach: Off Route 6A in Dennis Village, on the bay side; on Dr. Bottero Road. This is a popular 4WD beach, and a good spot for clamming at low tide. Google Map to Chapin Memorial Beach. Cold Storage Beach: A bayside beach in East Dennis off School Street and Cold Storage Road. Corporation Beach: Off Route 6A on Corporation Road, on the bay side. This beach is a popular family destination, and has restrooms, concessions and a playground.Google Map to Corporation Beach. Depot Street Beach: Depot Street off Lower County Road Glendon Road Beach: Off Route 28, on the Atlantic side; Old Wharf Road off Lower County Road. Google Map to Glendon Road Beach. Harborview Beach: Off Route 6A, on the bay side; residents only Haigis Beach: In Dennis Port off of Lower County Road, Off Route 28, on the Atlantic Ocean side. Google Map to Haigis Beach. Horsefoot Path Beach: Off Route 6A, on the bay side Howes Beach: Off Route 6A, on the bay side. Google Map to Howes Beach. Inman Road Beach: Off Route 28, on the Atlantic side; Lower County Road to Inman Road in Dennisport. Google Map to Inman Road Beach. Mayflower Beach: Off Route 6A, on the bay side. This beach is a popular family destination, with restrooms and concessions available. Google Map to Mayflower Beach. Sea Street Beach: Off Route 28, on the Atlantic side; in Dennisport. Google Map to Sea Street Beach. South Village Road Beach: In Dennis Port off of Route 28, on the Atlantic side West Dennis Beach: In Dennis Port off of Davis Beach Road, this is a mile-long beach with a bathhouse, restrooms, boardwalk, and plenty of parking

Campground Beach: A bayside beach located off Shurtleff Road. Google Map to Campground Beach. Coast Guard Beach: An oceanside beach maintained by the Cape Cod National Seashore; no parking is available; shuttle service from a large parking lot off Nauset Road. This beach is one of the favorites amongst Cape Cod tourists, and is popular for surfing and swimming. Google Map to Coast Guard Beach. Cole Road Beach: A bayside beach located off Cole Road, off Herringbrook Road Cooks Brook Beach: A bayside beach in North Eastham; off Steele Road, off Massasoit Road. Google Map to Cooks Brook Beach. First Encounter Beach: Located at the end of Samoset Road, off Route 6. Google Map to First Encounter Beach. Kingsbury Beach: A bayside beach located off Kingsbury Beach Road, off Route 6. Google Map to Kingsbury Beach. Nauset Light Beach: An oceanside beach maintained by the Cape Cod National Seashore; follow Brackett Road off of Route 6. This beach is idea for surfing and swimming, and has restrooms and showers available. Google Map to Nauset Light Beach. Sunken Meadow Beach: A bayside beach located off Massasoit Road, off Route 6. Google Map to Sunken Meadow Beach. Thumpertown Beach: A bayside beach off Thumpertown Road, off Herringbrook Road. Google Map to Thumpertown Beach. Great Pond: Fresh water pond off of Great Pond Road. Google Map to Great Pond. Herring Pond: Fresh water pond off of Crosby Village Road. Google Map to Herring Pond. Wiley Park: Fresh water pond off of Herringbrook Road. Google Map to Wiley Park.

Chapoquoit Beach: Bayside beach off Chapoquoit Road in West Falmouth. This beach is referred to as "Hog Island" by locals. There are restrooms and a concession truck in the summer. Megansett Beach: Bayside beach off County Road in West Falmouth Old Silver Beach: Bayside beach off Quaker Road in North Falmouth. This beach is a popular family destination, and the waters are typically quite warm in the summer. There are restrooms, concessions and a bathhouse. Google Map to Old Silver Beach. Wood Neck Beach: Bayside beach off Palmer Avenue and Sippewissett Road. Google Map to Wood Neck Beach. Bristol Beach: Sound beach off of Menauhant Road Falmouth Heights Beach: Sound beach, take Falmouth Heights Road to Grand Avenue. Google Map to Falmouth Heights Beach. Menauhant Beach: Sound beach off Menauhant Road in East Falmouth. Google Map to Menauhant Beach. Stoney Beach: Sound beach north of Woods Hole Drive, in Woods Hole Surf Drive Beach: Sound beach located on Surf Drive, this beach is a popular destination for families. There are public restrooms, concessions, and showers available. Google Map to Surf Drive Beach.

Bank Street Beach: Located on Nantucket Sound near Harwichport center; at the end of Bank Street. This beach is typically busy in the summer season, and with its warmer waters is a great location for swimming. Google Map to Bank Street Beach. Bucks Pond Beach: Fresh water beach off of Route 39 Earl Road Beach: Earl Road, off of Lower County Road Fernandes Bog: Off of Long Pond Drive, between Routes 137 and 124 Long Pond: A large freshwater pond located off of Routes 124 and 137. Google Map to Long Pond. Pleasant Bay: Off of 28 on Pleasant Road in West Harwich; limited parking available Red River Beach: One of Harwich's larger beaches, off Route 28. This beach is also a great location for swimming, and has restrooms available. Google Map to Red River Beach. Sand Pond: Near town center, on Great Western Road. Google Map to Sand Pond.

South Cape Beach: Located on Great Oak Road; great fishing and a concession stand, parking, and restrooms. Google Map to South Cape Beach. Attaquin Park (Mashpee/Wakeby Lake): Freshwater lake located in Mashpee off Route 130 Johns Pond: Freshwater pond located off Route 151 and Currier Road. Google Map to Johns Pond.

PUBLIC BEACHES Gay Head Public Beach (Moshup Beach): Surf beach in Aquinnah, off of Moshup Trail; paid parking in summer only. Google Map to Gay Head Public Beach. East Beach: Located on Chappiquiddick Island; fee for non-members. Google Map to East Beach. Eastville Beach: Located at the bridge between Oak Bluffs and Vineyard Haven. Google Map to Eastville Beach. Fuller Street Beach: Located at the end of Fuller Street in Edgartown. It has a great view of the harbor traffic. Google Map to Fuller Street Beach. Joseph Sylvia State Beach: Located between Oak Bluffs and Edgartown on the Nantucket Sound. It is accessible by Beach Road and the bike path. It has small waves and shallow water, perfect for the kids! The Edgartown end of the beach is known as Bend-in-the-Road Beach. Google Map to Joseph Sylvia State Beach. Lake Tashmoo Beach (Herring Creek Beach): At the end of Herring Creek Road in Edgartown. Google Map to Lake Tashmoo Beach. Lighthouse Beach: A harbor beach at Starbuck's Neck in Edgartown. Google Map to Lighthouse Beach. Long Point Beach: Located at Long Point Wildlife Refuge, off of Waldron's Bottom Road. A nice pond adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, great for kids of all ages! Google Map to Long Point Beach. Menemsha Beach: Next to Menemsha Harbor. Google Map to Menemsha Beach. Norton Point Beach: On the south shore of Edgartown at the end of Katama Road. Google Map to Norton Point Beach. Oak Bluffs Town Beach: Located off Lake Avenue on the Nantucket Sound side of Oaks Bluff. Google Map to Oak Bluffs Town Beach. Owen Park Beach: Harbor beach located off Main Street in Vineyard Haven; on Vineyard Haven Harbor. Google Map to Owen Park Beach. Tisbury Town Beach (Owen Little Way Town Beach): Off of Owen Little Way, next to the Yacht Club. Google Map to Tisbury Town Beach.

RESIDENT BEACHES Head of the Pond Beach: Located in Aquinnah Lambert's Cove Beach : Located in West Tisbury. Google Map to Lambert's Cove Beach. Lobsterville Beach: Located in Aquinnah. Google Map to Lobsterville Beach. Lucy Vincent Beach: Located in Chilmark. Google Map to Lucy Vincent Beach. Philbin Beach: Located in Aquinnah. Google Map to Philbin Beach. Squibnocket Beach: Located in Chilmark. Google Map to Squibnocket Beach.

Brant Point Beach: Located on the Nantucket Sound side of the island. Google Map to Brant Point Beach. Children's Beach: Located on the Nantucket Harbor, ideal beach for children. Google Map to Children's Beach. Francis Street Beach: Located on the Nantucket Sound side of the island near downtown Miacomet Beach: Located at the end of Miacomet Road. Google Map to Miacomet Beach. Cisco Beach: Located at the end of Hummock Pond Road. Google Map to Cisco Beach. Jetties Beach: Located on the Nantucket Sound side of the island, great for families. Google Map to Jetties Beach. Dionis Beach: Located on the Nantucket Sound side of the island, good beach for children. Google Map to Dionis Beach. Madaket Beach: Located on the southwest side of the island in Madaket. Google Map to Madaket Beach. South Beach: Off Washington Street near downtown Nantucket. Google Map to South Beach. Surfside Beach: At the end of Surfside Road, good beach for families. Google Map to Surfside Beach. Siasconset Beach: On the southeast corner of the island in Siasconset; off Low Beach Road. Google Map to Siasconset Beach.

Nauset Beach: Located at the end of Beach Road in East Orleans on the ocean side; restrooms and food available. Google Map to Nauset Beach. Skaket Beach: A bayside beach off of Skaket Beach Road; a great place to view a sunset. Google Map to Skaket Beach. Pilgrim Lake: Fresh water beach on Monument Road off of Main Street. Google Map to Pilgrim Lake.

Herring Cove Beach: At the tip of the Cape; a narrow ocean beach with parking almost directly on the beach; maintained by the Cape Cod National Seashore; restrooms and food available. Google Map to Herring Cove Beach. Race Point Beach: Off Route 6; an ocean beach that is good for surf-fishing. Google Map to Race Point Beach. Harbor Beach: Runs parallel to Commercial Street, along the bayside; park at MacMillan Wharf Long Point Beach: At the very tip of the Cape where Long Point Lighthouse signals; access by water shuttle or walk from end of Commercial Street Hatches Harbor: Off of Herring Cove, access by walking or beach vehicle

East Sandwich Beach: Off Ploughed Neck Road off Route 6A. Google Map to East Sandwich Beach. Sandwich Town Beach: On Town Neck Road; has a boardwalk over the marsh on the way to the beach. Google Map to Sandwich Town Beach. Sandy Neck Beach: A large, long bayside beach that extends into Barnstable with a good sized parking area; popular spot for off-road vehicle (ORV) trails. Google Map to Sandy Neck Beach. Mashpee-Wakeby Pond Beach: Fresh water pond off of Sandwich-Cotuit Road

Ballston Beach: Off of North Pamet Road on the ocean side; also called Pamet Beach. Google Map to Ballston Beach. Head of The Meadow Beach: Ocean side beach in North Truro; off Head of the Meadow Road Road; fee required. Google Map to Head of the Meadow Beach. Long Nook Beach: On the ocean side; at the end of Longnook Road off Route 6. Google Map to Long Nook Beach. High Head: Off Route 6 on the ocean side; at the end of High Head Road; four wheel vehicle access. Google Map to High Head Beach. Coast Guard Beach: On the ocean side; at the end of Coast Guard Road. Google Map to Coast Guard Beach. Hopper Beach: Ocean side beach off of Route 6; four wheel vehicle access Pilgrim Beach: A narrow bayside beach off of Route 6A Pond Village Beach: A bayside beach off of Route 6A. Google Map to Pond Village Beach. Corn Hill Beach: A bayside beach on Corn Hill Road; great view of Provincetown; fee required. Google Map to Corn Hill Beach. Fisher Road Beach: Off Route 6 and Old County Road on the bayside Great Hollow Beach: A bayside beach off Route 6 on Great Hollow Road. Google Map to Great Hollow Beach. Ryder Beach: A bayside beach off Route 6; off Prince Valley and Ryder Beach Roads. Google Map to Ryder Beach.

Cahoon Hollow Beach: An ocean side beach at the end of Cahoon Hollow Road, off Route 6. Google Map to Cahoon Hollow Beach. Lecounts Hollow Beach (Maguires Landing): An ocean side beach 2.5 miles north of the Eastham line; off Lecount Hollow Road. Google Map to Lecounts Hollow Beach. Marconi Beach: An ocean side beach maintained by the Cape Cod National Seashore; off Route 6 in South Wellfleet. Google Map to Marconi Beach. Newcomb Hollow Beach: An ocean side beach almost at the Truro line; off Gross Hill Road. Google Map to Newcomb Hollow Beach. White Crest Beach: An ocean side beach off of Ocean View Drive; up from Lecount Hollow Beach. Google Map to White Crest Beach. Mayo Beach: A bayside beach on Commercial Street off of Route 6. Google Map to Mayo Beach. Powers Landing: A bayside beach off of Chequesset Neck Road. Google Map to Powers Landing. Duck Harbor Beach: A bayside beach off of Duck Harbor Road, off of Chequesset Neck Road. Google Map to Duck Harbor Beach. Indian Neck Beach: A bayside beach off of Pilgrim Spring Road. Google Map to Indian Neck Beach. Great Pond: Off of Cahoon Hollow Road off Route 6. Google Map to Great Pond. Gull Pond: Off of Gull Pond Road off Route 6. Google Map to Gull Pond. Long Pond: Off of Long Pond Road off Route 6. Google Map to Long Pond.

Bass Hole Beach (Gray's Beach): Overlooking Bass Hole in Yarmouthport; at the end of Center Street; some free parking. Google Map to Bass Hole Beach. Bass River Beach (Smuggler's Beach): At the end of South Shore Drive, off Old Main; fee required. Google Map to Bass River Beach. Bay View Beach: Overlooking Nantucket Sound; almost at the Barnstable town line; free parking. Google Map to Bay View Beach. Colonial Acres Beach: On Bay View Street off of Lewis Bay Road; free parking Englewood Beach: Located on Berry Avenue; free parking. Google Map to Englewood Beach. Parkers River Beach: Off of South Shore Drive; fee required. Google Map to Parkers River Beach. Sea Gull Beach: Off of Sea View Avenue; the largest Yarmouth Beach; fee required. Google Map to Sea Gull Beach. Sea View Beach: Off Route 28 in West Yarmouth; on South Shore Drive. Google Map to Sea View Beach. Windmill Beach: On River Street near the Bass River; free parking. Google Map to Windmill Beach. South Middle Beach: Off of South Shore Drive; residents only

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Cape Cod Beaches for Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard and ...

Stem Cells News — ScienceDaily

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Sep. 3, 2015 In the breast, cancer stem cells and normal stem cells can arise from different cell types and tap into distinct yet related stem cell programs, according to researchers. The differences between ... read more Sep. 3, 2015 A number of illnesses causing blindness can be cured from transplanting cells from the oral cavity. New findings make the treatment accessible to the places where the condition strikes the most ... read more Aug. 31, 2015 A strong physical gene interaction network has been discovered that is responsible for holding genes in a silencing grip during early development. In the same way that people can interact with others ... read more Aug. 27, 2015 Scientists have identified how mutations in the IKZF1 gene contribute to a high-risk leukemia subtype and drugs that may enhance the effectiveness of targeted ... read more Viral Infection in Colon Cancer Stem Cells Mimicked; Druggable Target Identified Aug. 27, 2015 Researchers targeting colorectal cancer stem cells the root cause of disease, resistance to treatment and relapse have discovered a mechanism to mimic a virus and potentially trigger an ... read more Alzheimers Disease Thought to Be Accelerated by an Abnormal Build-Up of Fat in the Brain Aug. 27, 2015 People with Alzheimers disease have fat deposits in the brain. For the first time since the disease was described 109 years ago, researchers have discovered accumulations of fat droplets in the ... read more Aug. 27, 2015 A finding reveals why the transformation process of differentiated cells into stem cells results in significant damage to the DNA. Researchers have managed to rectify this damage using a simple ... read more Aug. 26, 2015 Compounds found in purple potatoes may help kill colon cancer stem cells and limit the spread of the cancer, according to a team of ... read more Aug. 26, 2015 Medical researchers have found a novel nutrient uptake process that maintains the activity of murine chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) stem cells. Pharmacological inhibition of nutrient uptake ... read more Aug. 25, 2015 A new research study has identified for the first time the details of how inflammation triggers colon cancer cells to spread to other organs, or ... read more Study Provides Hope for Some Human Stem Cell Therapies Aug. 20, 2015 An international team of scientists has discovered that an important class of stem cells known as human 'induced pluripotent stem cells,' or iPSCs, which are derived from an ... read more Aug. 20, 2015 Scientists have developed a novel way to engineer the growth and expansion of energy-burning 'good' fat, and then found that this fat helped reduce weight gain and lower blood glucose ... read more How Newts Can Help Osteoarthritis Patients Aug. 20, 2015 Osteoarthritis is the most common form of joint disease worldwide. Now, scientists have taken a leaf out of natures book in an attempt to develop effective stem cell treatment for osteoarthritis, ... read more Regenerating Nerve Tissue in Spinal Cord Injuries Aug. 13, 2015 Researchers are exploring a new therapy using stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries within the first 14 to 30 days of injury. The therapy uses a population of cells derived from human embryonic ... read more Newly Discovered Cells Regenerate Liver Tissue Without Forming Tumors Aug. 13, 2015 The mechanisms that allow the liver to repair and regenerate itself have long been a matter of debate. Now researchers have discovered a population of liver cells that are better at regenerating ... read more Aug. 12, 2015 Scientists have discovered metabolic rejuvenation factors in eggs. This critical finding furthers our understanding of how cellular metabolism changes during aging, and during rejuvenation after egg ... read more Can Stem Cells Cause and Cure Cancer? Aug. 12, 2015 Simply put, cancer is caused by mutations to genes within a cell that lead to abnormal cell growth. Finding out what causes that genetic mutation has been the holy grail of medical science for ... read more Why Statins Should Be Viewed as a Double-Edged Sword Aug. 12, 2015 Statins have significant cardiovascular benefits, but also serious side effects. A new study finds that statin use impairs stem cell function, which helps in slowing atherosclerosis but hinders other ... read more Researcher Studying Advances in Next-Generation Stem Cell Culture Technologies Aug. 10, 2015 A researcher is studying ways to advance the next generation of cell culture technologiesthe removal of stem cells from an organism and the controlled growth of those cells in an engineering ... read more Stem Cells Help Researchers Study the Effects of Pollution on Human Health Aug. 10, 2015 Embryonic stem cells could serve as a model to evaluate the physiological effects of environmental pollutants efficiently and cost-effectively. The use of stem cells has found another facade. In the ... read more

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Freedom, New York – City-Data.com

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Zip codes: 14065.

Freedom town income, earnings, and wages data

Estimated median house or condo value in 2013: $96,237 (it was $66,800 in 2000)

Freedom, NY residents, houses, and apartments details

Profiles of local businesses

Business Search - 14 Million verified businesses

Races in Freedom, NY (2010)

Races in Freedom detailed stats: ancestries, foreign born residents, place of birth

Latest news from Freedom, NY collected exclusively by city-data.com from local newspapers, TV, and radio stations

Ancestries: German (34.6%), English (15.7%), Irish (13.5%), Polish (10.5%), United States (7.4%), Italian (7.1%).

Current Local Time: EST time zone

Land area: 40.3 square miles.

Population density: 60 people per square mile (very low).

21 residents are foreign born

Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units in 2000:

Nearest city with pop. 50,000+: Cheektowaga, NY (36.4 miles , pop. 79,988).

Nearest city with pop. 200,000+: Buffalo, NY (38.7 miles , pop. 292,648).

Nearest city with pop. 1,000,000+: Philadelphia, PA (239.5 miles , pop. 1,517,550).

Nearest cities: Farmersville, NY (2.3 miles ), Arcade, NY (2.3 miles ), Delevan, NY (2.4 miles ), Centerville, NY (2.5 miles ), Lime Lake, NY (2.5 miles ), Yorkshire, NY (2.6 miles ), Lime Lake-Machias, NY (2.6 miles ), Machias, NY (2.9 miles ).

Number of permits per 10,000 residents

Latitude: 42.47 N, Longitude: 78.36 W

This town's Wikipedia profile

Work and jobs in Freedom: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute

Based on data reported by over 4,000 weather stations

Freedom-area historical tornado activity is near New York state average. It is 63% smaller than the overall U.S. average.

On 7/24/1967, a category F3 (max. wind speeds 158-206 mph) tornado 11.3 miles away from the Freedom town center caused between $5000 and $50,000 in damages.

On 6/20/1969, a category F3 tornado 19.3 miles away from the town center caused between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in damages.

On 9/25/1998 at 19:52:52, a magnitude 5.2 (4.8 MB, 4.3 MS, 5.2 LG, 4.5 MW, Depth: 3.1 mi, Class: Moderate, Intensity: VI - VII) earthquake occurred 124.6 miles away from the city center On 1/31/1986 at 16:46:43, a magnitude 5.0 (5.0 MB) earthquake occurred 155.7 miles away from Freedom center On 10/7/1983 at 10:18:46, a magnitude 5.3 (5.1 MB, 5.3 LG, 5.1 ML) earthquake occurred 227.1 miles away from the city center On 4/20/2002 at 10:50:47, a magnitude 5.2 (5.2 MB, 4.2 MS, 5.2 MW, 5.0 MW, Depth: 6.8 mi) earthquake occurred 271.6 miles away from the city center On 1/26/2001 at 03:03:20, a magnitude 4.4 (3.9 MB, 4.4 LG, 4.3 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi, Class: Light, Intensity: IV - V) earthquake occurred 130.2 miles away from Freedom center On 1/16/1994 at 01:49:16, a magnitude 4.6 (4.6 MB, 4.6 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 191.2 miles away from the city center Magnitude types: regional Lg-wave magnitude (LG), body-wave magnitude (MB), local magnitude (ML), surface-wave magnitude (MS), moment magnitude (MW)

Causes of natural disasters: Storms: 10, Floods: 8, Snowstorms: 3, Blizzard: 1, Hurricane: 1, Ice Storm: 1, Power Outage: 1, Snow: 1, Tornado: 1, Tropical Storm: 1, Winter Storm: 1, Other: 1 (Note: Some incidents may be assigned to more than one category).

Political contributions by individuals in Freedom, NY

Click to draw/clear town borders

Notable locations in Freedom: Scouthaven Camp (A), Elton Station (B), Edelweiss Farms (C), Camp Vick (D), Turkey Run Golf Course (E). Display/hide their locations on the map

Churches in Freedom include: Salem Church (A), Sandusky Baptist Church (B). Display/hide their locations on the map

Cemeteries: Siloam Cemetery (1), Elton Cemetery (2), Sandusky Cemetery (3), Salem Cemetery (4), Freedom Cemetery (5), Maple Grove Cemetery (6). Display/hide their locations on the map

Lakes and swamps: Moores Pond (A), Skim Lake (B), Beaver Lake (C), Crystal Lake (D), Burleson Pond (E). Display/hide their locations on the map

Detailed information about poverty and poor residents in Freedom, NY

Educational Attainment (%) in 2000

School Enrollment by Level of School (%) in 2000

Most commonly used house heating fuel:

Presidential Elections Results

1996 Presidential Elections Results

2000 Presidential Elections Results

2004 Presidential Elections Results

2008 Presidential Elections Results

2012 Presidential Elections Results

Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results

4.18% of this county's 2011 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2010 ($32,141 average adjusted gross income)

5.04% of this county's 2010 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2011 ($31,902 average adjusted gross income)

Fatal road traffic accident statistics for 1975 - 2013 (per 100,000 population)

Jun 23, 2005 09:54 AM, Maple Grove Rd, Vehicles: 1, Persons: 1, Fatalities: 1 Apr 11, 2003 10:25 PM, Bixby Hill Road, Vehicles: 1, Persons: 1, Fatalities: 1, Drunken persons involved: 1 Apr 29, 1998 05:35 PM, Cr-90, Vehicles: 2, Persons: 3, Fatalities: 1 Aug 29, 1998 06:10 AM, Sr-98, Vehicles: 1, Persons: 2, Pedestrians: 1, Fatalities: 1

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Freedom, New York – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Freedom is a town in Cattaraugus County, New York, United States. The population was 2,405 at the 2010 census.[1] The town is in the northeast corner of Cattaraugus County.

As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 2,493 people, 871 households, and 680 families residing in the town. The population density was 61.8 people per square mile (23.9/km). There were 1,033 housing units at an average density of 25.6 per square mile (9.9/km). The racial makeup of the town was 98.88% White, 0.16% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.76% of the population.

There were 871 households out of which 39.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.5% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.9% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the town the population was spread out with 29.5% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $34,654, and the median income for a family was $36,061. Males had a median income of $27,380 versus $22,188 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,145. About 12.2% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 18.5% of those age 65 or over.

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ASME 2015 4th Global Congress on NanoEngineering for …

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The The ASME 2015 4th Global Congress on NanoEngineering for Medicine and Biology, to be held April 19-22, 2015 in Minneapolis, MN, will focus on nanoscale materials, methods, and devices for the study of biology and the treatment of disease.

Organizing Committee

Conference Chairs Prof. John C. Bischof, University of Minnesota Prof. Guy M. Genin, Washington University in St. Louis

Technical Program Chair Prof. Daniel Irimia, Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital

Confirmed Plenary Speakers

Prof. Rashid Bashir, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Prof. Shuichi Takayama, University of Michigan Prof. Lihong Wang, Washington University in St. Louis Prof. Paul Weiss, UCLA Prof. Denis Wirtz, Johns Hopkins University Prof. Susan Wolf, University of Minnesota

Track Themes

Organizers: Brian Cunningham (Univ. Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), Corey Neu (Purdue) Keynotes: Adam Wax (Duke), Ronald Walsworth (Harvard), Tony Huang (Penn State), David Erickson (Cornell), Joseph Lakowicz (Univ. of Maryland), Holger Schmidt (UC Santa Cruz)

Track 2 Nanotherapeutics

Organizers: Carston Wagner (Univ. of Minnesota), Bumsoo Han (Purdue) Keynotes: Alexander Kabanov (Univ. of North Carolina-Chapel Hill), Weibo Cai (Univ. of Wisconsin), Kris Kilian (University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign), Yoon Yeo (Purdue Univ), Robert J. Griffin (Univ Arkansas), Cagri Savran (Purdue Univ)

Track 3 Nano and Microfluidics

Organizers: Alex Revzin (UC Davis), David Eddington (Univ. of Illinois at Chicago) Keynotes: Abe Stroock (Cornell), Hang Lu (Georgia Tech), Amy Shen (University of Washington), David Wood (University of Minnesota), Don Devoe (University of Maryland), Ian Papautsky (University of Cincinnati), Tania Konry (Northeastern)

Track 4 Nano-to-Macro: Multiscale Modeling

Organizers: Victor Barocas (Univ. of Minnesota), Sinan Keten (Northwestern) Keynotes: Iwona Jasiuk (UIUC), Roberto Ballarini (U. of Houston), Traian Dumitrica (University of Minnesota), Vivek Shenoy (UPenn), Elliot Elson (Washington Univ.), Sean Sun (Johns Hopkins Univ.)

Track 5 Nanotoxicology and Public Health in the Environment

Organizers: Warren Chan (Univ. of Toronto), Chris Hogan (Univ. of Minnesota) Keynotes: Yoram Cohen (UCLA), John Fortner (Washington Univ.), Desiree Plata (Yale), Cathy Murphy (UIUC), Andrew Smith (UIUC), Christy Haynes (Minnesota)

Track 6 Biomimetic Materials and Nanoscale Analysis of Living Systems

Organizers: Dennis Discher (Univ. of Pennsylvania), Jianping Fu (Univ. of Michigan) Keynotes: Ning Wang (U Illinois), Jeffrey Ruberti (Northeastern), Yu-Li Wang (Carnegie Mellon), Sanjay Kumar (UC Berkeley), Darrell Irvine (MIT), Roger Kamm (MIT)

Awards

Sponsorships and Exhibits Available

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Eugenics in the United States – Wikipedia, the free …

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Early proponents

The American eugenics movement was rooted in the biological determinist ideas of Sir Francis Galton, which originated in the 1880s. Galton studied the upper classes of Britain, and arrived at the conclusion that their social positions were due to a superior genetic makeup.[8] Early proponents of eugenics believed that, through selective breeding, the human species should direct its own evolution. They tended to believe in the genetic superiority of Nordic, Germanic and Anglo-Saxon peoples; supported strict immigration and anti-miscegenation laws; and supported the forcible sterilization of the poor, disabled and "immoral".[9] Eugenics was also supported by African Americans intellectuals such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Thomas Wyatt Turner, and many academics at Tuskegee University, Howard University, and Hampton University; however they believed the best blacks were as good as the best whites and "The Talented Tenth" of all races should mix.[10] W. E. B. Du Bois believed "only fit blacks should procreate to eradicate the race's heritage of moral iniquity."[10][11]

The American eugenics movement received extensive funding from various corporate foundations including the Carnegie Institution, Rockefeller Foundation, and the Harriman railroad fortune.[6] In 1906 J.H. Kellogg provided funding to help found the Race Betterment Foundation in Battle Creek, Michigan.[8] The Eugenics Record Office (ERO) was founded in Cold Spring Harbor, New York in 1911 by the renowned biologist Charles B. Davenport, using money from both the Harriman railroad fortune and the Carnegie Institution. As late as the 1920s, the ERO was one of the leading organizations in the American eugenics movement.[8][12] In years to come, the ERO collected a mass of family pedigrees and concluded that those who were unfit came from economically and socially poor backgrounds. Eugenicists such as Davenport, the psychologist Henry H. Goddard, Harry H. Laughlin, and the conservationist Madison Grant (all well respected in their time) began to lobby for various solutions to the problem of the "unfit". Davenport favored immigration restriction and sterilization as primary methods; Goddard favored segregation in his The Kallikak Family; Grant favored all of the above and more, even entertaining the idea of extermination.[13] The Eugenics Record Office later became the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

Eugenics was widely accepted in the U.S. academic community.[6] By 1928 there were 376 separate university courses in some of the United States' leading schools, enrolling more than 20,000 students, which included eugenics in the curriculum.[14] It did, however, have scientific detractors (notably, Thomas Hunt Morgan, one of the few Mendelians to explicitly criticize eugenics), though most of these focused more on what they considered the crude methodology of eugenicists, and the characterization of almost every human characteristic as being hereditary, rather than the idea of eugenics itself.[15]

By 1910, there was a large and dynamic network of scientists, reformers and professionals engaged in national eugenics projects and actively promoting eugenic legislation. The American Breeder's Association was the first eugenic body in the U.S., established in 1906 under the direction of biologist Charles B. Davenport. The ABA was formed specifically to "investigate and report on heredity in the human race, and emphasize the value of superior blood and the menace to society of inferior blood." Membership included Alexander Graham Bell, Stanford president David Starr Jordan and Luther Burbank.[16][17] The American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality was one of the first organizations to begin investigating infant mortality rates in terms of eugenics.[18] They promoted government intervention in attempts to promote the health of future citizens.[19][verification needed]

Several feminist reformers advocated an agenda of eugenic legal reform. The National Federation of Women's Clubs, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and the National League of Women Voters were among the variety of state and local feminist organization that at some point lobbied for eugenic reforms.[20]

One of the most prominent feminists to champion the eugenic agenda was Margaret Sanger, the leader of the American birth control movement. Margaret Sanger saw birth control as a means to prevent unwanted children from being born into a disadvantaged life, and incorporated the language of eugenics to advance the movement.[21][22] Sanger also sought to discourage the reproduction of persons who, it was believed, would pass on mental disease or serious physical defect. She advocated sterilization in cases where the subject was unable to use birth control.[21] Unlike other eugenicists, she rejected euthanasia.[23] For Sanger, it was individual women and not the state who should determine whether or not to have a child.[24][25]

In the Deep South, women's associations played an important role in rallying support for eugenic legal reform. Eugenicists recognized the political and social influence of southern clubwomen in their communities, and used them to help implement eugenics across the region.[26] Between 1915 and 1920, federated women's clubs in every state of the Deep South had a critical role in establishing public eugenic institutions that were segregated by sex.[27] For example, the Legislative Committee of the Florida State Federation of Women's Clubs successfully lobbied to institute a eugenic institution for the mentally retarded that was segregated by sex.[28] Their aim was to separate mentally retarded men and women to prevent them from breeding more "feebleminded" individuals.

Public acceptance in the U.S. was the reason eugenic legislation was passed. Almost 19 million people attended the PanamaPacific International Exposition in San Francisco, open for 10 months from February 20 to December 4, 1915.[29][30][31] The PPIE was a fair devoted to extolling the virtues of a rapidly progressing nation, featuring new developments in science, agriculture, manufacturing and technology. A subject that received a large amount of time and space was that of the developments concerning health and disease, particularly the areas of tropical medicine and race betterment (tropical medicine being the combined study of bacteriology, parasitology and entomology while racial betterment being the promotion of eugenic studies). Having these areas so closely intertwined, it seemed that they were both categorized in the main theme of the fair, the advancement of civilization. Thus in the public eye, the seemingly contradictory[clarification needed] areas of study were both represented under progressive banners of improvement and were made to seem like plausible courses of action to better American society.[32][verification needed]

Beginning with Connecticut in 1896, many states enacted marriage laws with eugenic criteria, prohibiting anyone who was "epileptic, imbecile or feeble-minded"[33] from marrying.[citation needed]

The first state to introduce a compulsory sterilization bill was Michigan, in 1897 but the proposed law failed to garner enough votes by legislators to be adopted. Eight years later Pennsylvania's state legislators passed a sterilization bill that was vetoed by the governor. Indiana became the first state to enact sterilization legislation in 1907,[34] followed closely by Washington and California in 1909. Sterilization rates across the country were relatively low (California being the sole exception) until the 1927 Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell which legitimized the forced sterilization of patients at a Virginia home for the mentally retarded. The number of sterilizations performed per year increased until another Supreme Court case, Skinner v. Oklahoma, 1942, complicated the legal situation by ruling against sterilization of criminals if the equal protection clause of the constitution was violated. That is, if sterilization was to be performed, then it could not exempt white-collar criminals.[35] The state of California was at the vanguard of the American eugenics movement, performing about 20,000 sterilizations or one third of the 60,000 nationwide from 1909 up until the 1960s.[36]

While California had the highest number of sterilizations, North Carolina's eugenics program which operated from 1933 to 1977, was the most aggressive of the 32 states that had eugenics programs.[37] An IQ of 70 or lower meant sterilization was appropriate in North Carolina.[38] The North Carolina Eugenics Board almost always approved proposals brought before them by local welfare boards.[38] Of all states, only North Carolina gave social workers the power to designate people for sterilization.[37] "Here, at last, was a method of preventing unwanted pregnancies by an acceptable, practical, and inexpensive method," wrote Wallace Kuralt in the March 1967 journal of the N.C. Board of Public Welfare. "The poor readily adopted the new techniques for birth control."[38]

The Immigration Restriction League was the first American entity associated officially with eugenics. Founded in 1894 by three recent Harvard University graduates, the League sought to bar what it considered inferior races from entering America and diluting what it saw as the superior American racial stock (upper class Northerners of Anglo-Saxon heritage). They felt that social and sexual involvement with these less-evolved and less-civilized races would pose a biological threat to the American population. The League lobbied for a literacy test for immigrants, based on the belief that literacy rates were low among "inferior races". Literacy test bills were vetoed by Presidents in 1897, 1913 and 1915; eventually, President Wilson's second veto was overruled by Congress in 1917. Membership in the League included: A. Lawrence Lowell, president of Harvard, William DeWitt Hyde, president of Bowdoin College, James T. Young, director of Wharton School and David Starr Jordan, president of Stanford University.[39]

The League allied themselves with the American Breeder's Association to gain influence and further its goals and in 1909 established a Committee on Eugenics chaired by David Starr Jordan with members Charles Davenport, Alexander Graham Bell, Vernon Kellogg, Luther Burbank, William Ernest Castle, Adolf Meyer, H. J. Webber and Friedrich Woods. The ABA's immigration legislation committee, formed in 1911 and headed by League's founder Prescott F. Hall, formalized the committee's already strong relationship with the Immigration Restriction League. They also founded the Eugenics Record Office, which was headed by Harry H. Laughlin.[40] In their mission statement, they wrote:

Society must protect itself; as it claims the right to deprive the murderer of his life so it may also annihilate the hideous serpent of hopelessly vicious protoplasm. Here is where appropriate legislation will aid in eugenics and creating a healthier, saner society in the future."[40]

Money from the Harriman railroad fortune was also given to local charities, in order to find immigrants from specific ethnic groups and deport, confine, or forcibly sterilize them.[6]

With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, eugenicists for the first time played an important role in the Congressional debate as expert advisers on the threat of "inferior stock" from eastern and southern Europe.[41][verification needed] The new act, inspired by the eugenic belief in the racial superiority of "old stock" white Americans as members of the "Nordic race" (a form of white supremacy), strengthened the position of existing laws prohibiting race-mixing.[42] Eugenic considerations also lay behind the adoption of incest laws in much of the U.S. and were used to justify many anti-miscegenation laws.[43]

Stephen Jay Gould asserted that restrictions on immigration passed in the United States during the 1920s (and overhauled in 1965 with the Immigration and Nationality Act) were motivated by the goals of eugenics. During the early 20th century, the United States and Canada began to receive far higher numbers of Southern and Eastern European immigrants. Influential eugenicists like Lothrop Stoddard and Harry Laughlin (who was appointed as an expert witness for the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization in 1920) presented arguments they would pollute the national gene pool if their numbers went unrestricted.[44][45] It has been argued that this stirred both Canada and the United States into passing laws creating a hierarchy of nationalities, rating them from the most desirable Anglo-Saxon and Nordic peoples to the Chinese and Japanese immigrants, who were almost completely banned from entering the country.[42][46]

Both class and race factored into eugenic definitions of "fit" and "unfit." By using intelligence testing, American eugenicists asserted that social mobility was indicative of one's genetic fitness.[47] This reaffirmed the existing class and racial hierarchies and explained why the upper-to-middle class was predominately white. Middle-to-upper class status was a marker of "superior strains."[28] In contrast, eugenicists believed poverty to be a characteristic of genetic inferiority, which meant that that those deemed "unfit" were predominately of the lower classes.[28]

Because class status designated some more fit than others, eugenicists treated upper and lower class women differently. Positive eugenicists, who promoted procreation among the fittest in society, encouraged middle class women to bear more children. Between 1900 and 1960, Eugenicists appealed to middle class white women to become more "family minded," and to help better the race.[48] To this end, eugenicists often denied middle and upper class women sterilization and birth control.[49]

Since poverty was associated with prostitution and "mental idiocy," women of the lower classes were the first to be deemed "unfit" and "promiscuous."[28] These women, who were predominately immigrants or women of color[citation needed], were discouraged from bearing children, and were encouraged to use birth control.

In 1907, Indiana passed the first eugenics-based compulsory sterilization law in the world. Thirty U.S. states would soon follow their lead.[50][51] Although the law was overturned by the Indiana Supreme Court in 1921,[52] the U.S. Supreme Court, in Buck v. Bell, upheld the constitutionality of the Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924, allowing for the compulsory sterilization of patients of state mental institutions in 1927.[53]

Some states sterilized "imbeciles" for much of the 20th century. Although compulsory sterilization is now considered an abuse of human rights, Buck v. Bell was never overturned, and Virginia did not repeal its sterilization law until 1974.[54] The most significant era of eugenic sterilization was between 1907 and 1963, when over 64,000 individuals were forcibly sterilized under eugenic legislation in the United States.[55] Beginning around 1930, there was a steady increase in the percentage of women sterilized, and in a few states only young women were sterilized. From 1930 to the 1960s, sterilizations were performed on many more institutionalized women than men.[28] By 1961, 61 percent of the 62,162 total eugenic sterilizations in the United States were performed on women.[28] A favorable report on the results of sterilization in California, the state with the most sterilizations by far, was published in book form by the biologist Paul Popenoe and was widely cited by the Nazi government as evidence that wide-reaching sterilization programs were feasible and humane.[56][57]

Men and women were compulsorily sterilized for different reasons. Men were sterilized to treat their aggression and to eliminate their criminal behavior, while women were sterilized to control the results of their sexuality.[28] Since women bore children, eugenicists held women more accountable than men for the reproduction of the less "desirable" members of society.[28] Eugenicists therefore predominately targeted women in their efforts to regulate the birth rate, to "protect" white racial health, and weed out the "defectives" of society.[28]

A 1937 Fortune magazine poll found that 2/3 of respondents supported eugenic sterilization of "mental defectives", 63% supported sterilization of criminals, and only 15% opposed both.[58]

In the 1970s, several activists and women's rights groups discovered several physicians to be performing coerced sterilizations of specific ethnic groups of society. All were abuses of poor, nonwhite, or mentally retarded women, while no abuses against white or middle-class women were recorded.[59] Although the sterilizations were not explicitly motivated by eugenics, the sterilizations were similar to the eugenics movement[according to whom?] because they were done without the patients' consent.

For example, in 1972, United States Senate committee testimony brought to light that at least 2,000 involuntary sterilizations had been performed on poor black women without their consent or knowledge. An investigation revealed that the surgeries were all performed in the South, and were all performed on black welfare mothers with multiple children. Testimony revealed that many of these women were threatened with an end to their welfare benefits until they consented to sterilization.[60] These surgeries were instances of sterilization abuse, a term applied to any sterilization performed without the consent or knowledge of the recipient, or in which the recipient is pressured into accepting the surgery. Because the funds used to carry out the surgeries came from the U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity, the sterilization abuse raised older suspicions, especially amongst the black community, that "federal programs were underwriting eugenicists who wanted to impose their views about population quality on minorities and poor women."[28]

Native American women were also victims of sterilization abuse up into the 1970s.[61] The organization WARN (Women of All Red Nations) publicized that Native American women were threatened that, if they had more children, they would be denied welfare benefits. The Indian Health Service also repeatedly refused to deliver Native American babies until their mothers, in labor, consented to sterilization. Many Native American women unknowingly gave consent, since directions were not given in their native language. According to the General Accounting Office, an estimate of 3,406 Indian women were sterilized.[61] The General Accounting Office stated that the Indian Health Service had not followed the necessary regulations, and that the "informed consent forms did not adhere to the standards set by the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)."[62]

One of the methods that was commonly suggested to get rid of "inferior" populations was euthanasia. A 1911 Carnegie Institute report mentioned euthanasia as one of its recommended "solutions" to the problem of cleansing society of unfit genetic attributes. The most commonly suggested method was to set up local gas chambers. However, many in the eugenics movement did not believe that Americans were ready to implement a large-scale euthanasia program, so many doctors had to find clever ways of subtly implementing eugenic euthanasia in various medical institutions. For example, a mental institution in Lincoln, Illinois fed its incoming patients milk infected with tuberculosis (reasoning that genetically fit individuals would be resistant), resulting in 30-40% annual death rates. Other doctors practiced euthanasia through various forms of lethal neglect.[63]

In the 1930s, there was a wave of portrayals of eugenic "mercy killings" in American film, newspapers, and magazines. In 1931, the Illinois Homeopathic Medicine Association began lobbying for the right to euthanize "imbeciles" and other defectives. The Euthanasia Society of America was founded in 1938.[64]

Overall, however, euthanasia was marginalized in the U.S., motivating people to turn to forced segregation and sterilization programs as a means for keeping the "unfit" from reproducing.[65]

Mary deGormo, a former classroom teacher was the first person to combine ideas about health and intelligence standards with competitions at state fairs, in the form of "better baby" contests. She developed the first such contest, the "Scientific Baby Contest" for the Louisiana State Fair in Shreveport, in 1908. She saw these contests as a contribution to the "social efficiency" movement, which was advocating for the standardization of all aspects of American life as a means of increasing efficiency.[18] deGarmo was assisted by the pediatrician Dr. Jacob Bodenheimer, who helped her develop grading sheets for contestants, which combined physical measurements with standardized measurements of intelligence.[66] Scoring was based on a deduction system, in that every child started at 1000 points and then was docked points for having measurements that were below a designated average. The child with the most points (and the least defections) was ideal.[67][verification needed]

The topic of standardization through scientific judgment was a topic that was very serious in the eyes of the scientific community, but has often been downplayed as just a popular fad or trend. Nevertheless, a lot of time, effort, and money were put into these contests and their scientific backing, which would influence cultural ideas as well as local and state government practices.[68][verification needed]

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People promoted eugenics by hosting "Better Baby" contests and the proceeds would go to its anti-lynching campaign.[10]

First appearing in 1920 at the Kansas Free Fair, Fitter Family competitions, continued all the way until WWII. Mary T. Watts and Florence Brown Sherbon, both initiators of the Better Baby Contests in Iowa, took the idea of positive eugenics for babies and combined it with a determinist concept of biology to come up with fitter family competitions.[69]

There were several different categories that families were judged in: Size of the family, overall attractiveness, and health of the family, all of which helped to determine the likelihood of having healthy children. These competitions were simply a continuation of the Better Baby contests that promoted certain physical and mental qualities.[70] At the time, it was believed that certain behavioral qualities were inherited from your parents. This led to the addition of several judging categories including: generosity, self-sacrificing, and quality of familial bonds. Additionally, there were negative features that were judged: selfishness, jealousy, suspiciousness, high temperedness, and cruelty. Feeblemindedness, alcoholism, and paralysis were few among other traits that were included as physical traits to be judged when looking at family lineage.[29]

Doctors and specialists from the community would offer their time to judge these competitions, which were originally sponsored by the Red Cross.[29] The winners of these competitions were given a Bronze Medal as well as champion cups called "Capper Medals." The cups were named after then Governor and Senator, Arthur Capper and he would present them to "Grade A individuals".[71]

The perks of entering into the contests were that the competitions provided a way for families to get a free health check up by a doctor as well as some of the pride and prestige that came from winning the competitions.[29]

By 1925 the Eugenics Records Office was distributing standardized forms for judging eugenically fit families, which were used in contests in several U.S. states.[72]

After the eugenics movement was well established in the United States, it spread to Germany. California eugenicists began producing literature promoting eugenics and sterilization and sending it overseas to German scientists and medical professionals.[65] By 1933, California had subjected more people to forceful sterilization than all other U.S. states combined. The forced sterilization program engineered by the Nazis was partly inspired by California's.[7]

The Rockefeller Foundation helped develop and fund various German eugenics programs,[73] including the one that Josef Mengele worked in before he went to Auschwitz.[6][74]

Upon returning from Germany in 1934, where more than 5,000 people per month were being forcibly sterilized, the California eugenics leader C. M. Goethe bragged to a colleague:

"You will be interested to know that your work has played a powerful part in shaping the opinions of the group of intellectuals who are behind Hitler in this epoch-making program. Everywhere I sensed that their opinions have been tremendously stimulated by American thought . . . I want you, my dear friend, to carry this thought with you for the rest of your life, that you have really jolted into action a great government of 60 million people."[75]

Eugenics researcher Harry H. Laughlin often bragged that his Model Eugenic Sterilization laws had been implemented in the 1935 Nuremberg racial hygiene laws.[76] In 1936, Laughlin was invited to an award ceremony at Heidelberg University in Germany (scheduled on the anniversary of Hitler's 1934 purge of Jews from the Heidelberg faculty), to receive an honorary doctorate for his work on the "science of racial cleansing". Due to financial limitations, Laughlin was unable to attend the ceremony and had to pick it up from the Rockefeller Institute. Afterwards, he proudly shared the award with his colleagues, remarking that he felt that it symbolized the "common understanding of German and American scientists of the nature of eugenics."[77]

After 1945, however, historians began to attempt to portray the US eugenics movement as distinct and distant from Nazi eugenics.[78]Jon Entine wrote that eugenics simply means "good genes" and using it as synonym for genocide is an "all-too-common distortion of the social history of genetics policy in the United States." According to Entine, eugenics developed out of the Progressive Era and not "Hitler's twisted Final Solution."[79]

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Mad science | 12 bizarre examples of genetic engineering …

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Mad science

Glow-in-the-dark cats? It may sound like science fiction, but theyve been around for years. Cabbages that produce scorpion poison? Its been done. Oh, and the next time you need a vaccine, the doctor might just give you a banana.

These and many other genetically modified organisms exist today because their DNA has been altered and combined with other DNA to create an entirely new set of genes. You may not realize it, but many of these genetically modified organisms are a part of your daily life and your daily diet. Today, 45 percent of U.S. corn and 85 percent of U.S. soybeans are genetically engineered, and its estimated that 70 to 75 percent of processed foods on grocery store shelves contain genetically engineered ingredients.

Heres a look at the some of the weirdest genetically engineered plants and animals already in existence and many that are coming your way soon. (Text: Laura Moss)

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Genetic Engineering Careers in India : How to become a …

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Genetic Engineering (GE) is a highly complicated and advanced branch of science which involves a wide range of techniques used in changing the genetic material in the DNA code in a living organism. 'Genetic Engineering' means the deliberate modification of the characters of an organism by the manipulation of its genetic material.Genetic engineering comes under the broad heading of Biotechnology. There is a great scope in this field as the demand for genetic engineers are growing in India as well as abroad.

A cell is the smallest living unit, the basic structural and functional unit of all living matter, whether a plant, an animal, humans or a fungus. While some organisms are single celled, others like plants, animals, humans etc are made up of a lot more cells. For eg humans have approximately 3 million cells. A cell is composed of a 'cell membrane' enclosing the whole cell, many 'organelles' equivalent to the organs in the body and a 'nucleus' which is the command centre of the cell. Inside the nucleus are the chromosomes which is the storage place for all genetic (hereditary) information which determines the nature and characteristics of an organism. This information is written along the thin thread, called DNA, a nucleic acid which constitutes the genes (units of heredity). The DNA governs cell growth and is responsible for the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next.

Genetic engineering aims to re-arrange the sequence of DNA in gene using artificial methods. The work of a genetic engineer involves extracting the DNA out of one organism, changing it using chemicals or radiation and subsequently putting it back into the same or a different organism. For eg: genes and segments of DNA from one species is taken and put into another species. They also study how traits and characteristics are transmitted through the generations, and how genetic disorders are caused. Their research involves researching the causes and discovering potential cures if any.

Genetic engineering have specialisations related to plants, animals and human beings. Genetic engineering in plants and animals may be to improve certain natural characteristics of value, to increase resistance to disease or damage and to develop new characteristics etc. It is used to change the colour, size, texture etc of plants otherwise known as GM (Genetically Modified) foods.GE in humans can be to correct severe hereditary defects by introducing normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones.

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