Cris Cyborg Justino – ESPN.com

LOS ANGELES -- If a UFC bantamweight title fight between Ronda Rousey and Cris "Cyborg" Justino is ever going to happen, certain steps must take place first.

One step was taken care of in a big way Friday.

Justino (13-1) successfully defended her 145-pound Invicta FC title, defeating Charmaine Tweet via TKO just 46 seconds into the first round at Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles.

Referee Herb Dean called a stop to the bout shortly after Tweet rose to her feet from a knockdown but found herself eating punches with her back to the fence.

It marked the sixth first-round knockout of Justino's career. The Brazilian had not fought in MMA since July 2013, due to Invicta promotional issues and an ankle injury.

"I'm so happy to come back as the champion," Justino said afterward. "I will be in the UFC soon."

The violence began with a counter left hook by Justino in the opening moments. Tweet (6-5) was visibly rocked by the punch and went down moments later from an overhand right.

Justino stood over Tweet and started to unload free punches. She eventually followed her to the ground and landed a couple of shots from half-guard before backing up and forcing a standup. Bleeding heavily from the nose, Tweet stood but retreated to the fence immediately to cover up.

A former featherweight titleholder in Strikeforce, Justino has danced with Rousey (10-0) in the headlines for years. The two appeared to be on a collision course when Justino held the Strikeforce title, but a failed drug test in late 2011 by Justino coupled with Rousey's decision to drop to 135 pounds in 2012 has thus far prevented the fight from happening.

Last month, Justino extended her contract with Invicta. According to UFC CEO Lorenzo Fertitta, who was in attendance Friday, UFC executives were involved in the negotiation of Justino's contract extension, but her fight purses are paid for by Invicta.

The UFC and Invicta have a strong business relationship. Invicta's events air exclusively on Fight Pass, the UFC's Internet subscription service.

Justino is expected to try to cut to 135 pounds by the end of the year. She would then fight for the vacant Invicta bantamweight title and, if all goes well, make her UFC debut with a title on the line.

"For my team, my fans and my family, I will try my best, 100 percent, to make 135 pounds," Justino said.

Rousey, 28, is scheduled to make her fifth title defense against Cat Zingano at UFC 184 on Saturday at Staples Center. Both Rousey and Justino train out of Southern California.

Invicta FC president Shannon Knapp confirmed Justino will headline a card July 10 in Las Vegas. No opponent has been determined.

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Cris Cyborg Justino - ESPN.com

Evangelista Cyborg Santos – Sherdog

Result Fighter Event Method/Referee R Time loss Melvin Manhoef GSF - Gringo Super Fight 10 Apr / 27 / 2014 TKO (Punches) N/A 1 0:46 win Elton Rodrigues WOG - Warriors of God Aug / 17 / 2013 TKO (Punches) N/A 1 1:37 loss Jordan Mein Strikeforce - Barnett vs. Kharitonov Sep / 10 / 2011 TKO (Elbows) Jerry Poe 3 3:18 loss Nick Diaz Strikeforce - Diaz vs. Cyborg Jan / 29 / 2011 Submission (Armbar) Josh Rosenthal 2 4:50 win Marius Zaromskis Strikeforce - Los Angeles Jun / 16 / 2010 TKO (Punches) Herb Dean 1 2:38 win Daniel Zarate Samurai FC 2 - Warrior's Return Dec / 12 / 2009 TKO (Head Kick and Punches) Fabio Noguchi 1 1:41 loss Joey Villasenor Strikeforce - Challengers 2 Jun / 19 / 2009 Decision (Split) Anthony Hamlett 3 5:00 loss Siyar Bahadurzada Sengoku - Fifth Battle Sep / 28 / 2008 TKO (Arm Injury) Samio Kimura 1 0:22 win Makoto Takimoto Sengoku - First Battle Mar / 05 / 2008 Submission (Achilles Lock) Samio Kimura 1 4:51 loss Gegard Mousasi HCF - Destiny Feb / 01 / 2008 TKO (Punches) N/A 1 3:42 loss James Zikic Cage Rage 21 - Judgement Day Apr / 21 / 2007 Decision (Unanimous) N/A 3 5:00 win Yosuke Nishijima Pride FC - Final Conflict Absolute Sep / 10 / 2006 Submission (Rear-Naked Choke) N/A 1 3:24 loss Kazuhiro Nakamura Pride FC - Critical Countdown Absolute Jul / 01 / 2006 Submission (Keylock) N/A 1 4:49 win Francis Carmont WFC - Europe vs. Brazil May / 20 / 2006 Decision (Unanimous) N/A 3 5:00 win Roberto Godoi SF - Showfight 4 Apr / 06 / 2006 Decision (Unanimous) N/A 3 5:00 loss Melvin Manhoef Cage Rage 15 - Adrenalin Rush Feb / 04 / 2006 KO (Punches) N/A 2 3:51 win Michal Materla JF 5 - Jungle Fight 5 Nov / 26 / 2005 KO (Punches) N/A 2 1:23 win Darren Little Cage Rage 13 - No Fear Sep / 10 / 2005 TKO (Corner Stoppage) N/A 1 0:55 win Kassim Annan Meca 12 - Meca World Vale Tudo 12 Jul / 09 / 2005 Submission (Stomps and Soccer Kicks) N/A 1 3:43 win Mark Epstein Cage Rage 11 - Face Off Apr / 30 / 2005 TKO (Punches) N/A 1 2:16 loss Antony Rea Cage Rage 10 - Deliverance Feb / 26 / 2005 TKO (Punches) N/A 2 1:55 loss Yuki Kondo Pancrase - Brave 10 Nov / 07 / 2004 Decision (Unanimous) N/A 3 5:00 loss Claudio Cunha Godoy CF 1 - Conquista Fight 1 Dec / 20 / 2003 TKO (Punches) N/A 3 2:23 win Lucas Lopes JF 1 - Jungle Fight 1 Sep / 13 / 2003 TKO (Punches and Leg Kick) N/A 2 4:08 loss Mauricio Rua Meca 9 - Meca World Vale Tudo 9 Aug / 01 / 2003 TKO (Punches) Pedro Rizzo 1 9:22 win Gabriel Santos K - NOCK Jul / 23 / 2003 KO (Knee) N/A 1 2:51 win Osami Shibuya Pancrase - Hybrid 5 May / 18 / 2003 KO (Punch) Yoshinori Umeki 1 1:20 win Silvio de Souza Meca 7 - Meca World Vale Tudo 7 Nov / 08 / 2002 KO (Punch) N/A 1 0:10 loss Angelo Araujo IVC 14 - USA vs. Brazil Nov / 11 / 2001 TKO (Punches) N/A 1 8:46 win Jefferson Silva IVC 14 - USA vs. Brazil Nov / 11 / 2001 KO (Punch) N/A 1 2:28 win Aaron Sullivan IVC 14 - USA vs. Brazil Nov / 11 / 2001 TKO (Punches) N/A 1 0:13 loss Jorge Magalhaes Heroes - Heroes 2 Jun / 30 / 2001 Decision (Unanimous) N/A 1 12:00 loss Jose Landi-Jons BVF 8 - Campeonato Brasileiro de Vale Tudo 2 Nov / 20 / 1997 TKO (Punches) N/A 1 8:18 win Adriano Verdelli BVF 8 - Campeonato Brasileiro de Vale Tudo 2 Nov / 20 / 1997 Submission (Punches) N/A 1 1:56 win Roberto Pereira BVF 8 - Campeonato Brasileiro de Vale Tudo 2 Nov / 20 / 1997 Submission (Rear-Naked Choke) N/A 1 2:37

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Evangelista Cyborg Santos - Sherdog

Cyborg – DC Universe Online Wiki – Wikia

BackgroundEdit

Although Victor Stone's scientist parents encouraged Victor to pursue academic interests, he found athletic activity far more to his taste. During an experiment, Victor's mother accidentally unleashed a creature from another dimension that killed her instantly and badly wounded Victor. While his wife died, Victor's father managed to save his son by grafting cybernetic parts to Victor's organs and computerizing synthetic nerve bases to his spine. Now half organic and half molybdenum steel, Victor felt alienated from being no longer able to compete on the athletic field due to his body. However, after meeting and becoming a member of the Titans, Victor has found like-minded teens in similar situations to himself and seeks to guide them away from the alienation he himself once felt.

Cyborg was firing at other villains before Batman informed him to fire on the shield. When Black Adam shouted "SHAZAM" killing Green Lantern and The Flash, a sonic boom was made on the ground killing him with Batman crushed and hurt.

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Cyborg - DC Universe Online Wiki - Wikia

Watch Cyborg (1989) Free Online – OVGuide | Watch Online

Release Date:1989Duration:86 min

Cyborg, known in the UK as Cyborg 009, is a 1989 American martial-arts science fiction film directed by Albert Pyun. Jean-Claude Van Damme stars as Gibson Rickenbacker, a mercenary who battles a group of murderous marauders led by Fender Tremolo along the East coast of the United States in a... Show More

Cyborg, known in the UK as Cyborg 009, is a 1989 American martial-arts science fiction film directed by Albert Pyun. Jean-Claude Van Damme stars as Gibson Rickenbacker, a mercenary who battles a group of murderous marauders led by Fender Tremolo along the East coast of the United States in a post-apocalyptic future. The film was the first in Albert Pyun's Cyborg Trilogy. It was followed by 1993's Knights and finally 1997's Omega Doom.Show Less

Cast: Bruce Frye, Thomas Barley, Kristina Sebastian, Janice Graser, Blaise Loong, James Irwin, Robert Pentz, Dayle Haddon, Jim Creech, Deborah Richter, Alex Daniels, Dale Frye...Show More

Cast: Bruce Frye, Thomas Barley, Kristina Sebastian, Janice Graser, Blaise Loong, James Irwin, Robert Pentz, Dayle Haddon, Jim Creech, Deborah Richter, Alex Daniels, Dale Frye, Tim Gilbert, Ralf Mller, O.D. Wilson, Sharon K. Tew, Michael Halford, Matt McColm, Jackson 'Rock' Pinckney, Haley Peterson, Bill Morrison, Stefanos Miltsakakis, Johnny Grady Jr., Vincent Klyn, Tommy Evans, Karen Spell, Chuck Allen, Jean-Claude Van Damme, Jophery C. Brown, Terrie Batson(Show Less)

Categories:Movies, Action, Martial Arts, Sci-Fi

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Watch Cyborg (1989) Free Online - OVGuide | Watch Online

Phillips Aerospace

Phillips Aerospace is a supplier of custom avionics systems, off-the-shelf simulation for test tools, and built-to-print fabrication services.

Whether your needs are commercial, military, or space, Phillips can assist in the development process. Our team has an extensive experience in the design, manufacture, and test procedures for a wide range of applications and targets. Based on your needs, Phillips can provide estimates for cost and schedule that are firm fixed price, giving you total control over the project cycle.

Phillips Aerospace is a supplier of custom avionics systems, off-the-shelf simulation for test tools, and built-to-print fabrication services.

Whether your needs are commercial, military, or space, Phillips can assist in the development process. Our team has an extensive experience in the design, manufacture, and test procedures for a wide range of applications and targets. Based on your needs, Phillips can provide estimates for cost and schedule that are firm fixed price, giving you total control over the project cycle.

Phillips is a Gold Supplier to The Boeing Company, and a Silver Supplier to Northrop Grumman and Raytheon.

Phillips is an AS9100C certified company.

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Phillips Aerospace

Department of Genetic Medicine (Research) | – | Weill …

The Department of Genetic Medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine is a highly specialized form of personalized medicine that involves the introduction of genetic material into a patients cells to fight or prevent disease. This experimental approach requires the use of information and data from an individual's genotype or specific DNA signature, to challenge a disease, select a medication or its dosage, provide a specific therapy, or initiate preventative measures specifically suited to the patient. While this technology is still in its infancy, gene therapy has been used with some success and offers the promise of regenerative cures.

As none of New York's premier healthcare networks, Weill Cornell Medicine's genetic research program includes close collaborations with fellow laboratories such as Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center for stem cell projects, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and Hamad Medical Corporation in Doha, Qatar and Bioinformatics and Biostatistical Genetics at Cornell-Ithaca.

Department of Genetic Medicine Services

Our translational research program includes many projects in the fields of genetic therapies and personalized medicine, and we arestudying gene therapy for a number of diseases, such as combined immuno-deficiencies, hemophilia, Parkinson's, cancer and even HIV using a number of different approaches.

Patients interested in gene therapy are invited to participate in our full range of services, including:

-diagnostic testing

-imaging

-laboratory analysis

-clinical informatics

-managed therapies

In addition, we offer genetic testing to provide options for individuals and families seeking per-emptive strategies for addressing the uncertainties surrounding inherited diseases.The Department of Genetic Medicine at Weill Cornell is a pioneer in the advancement of genetics for patients and their families. These are the strengths we draw upon as we collaborate with our integrated network of partners, including the #1 hospital in New York, New York Presbyterian, to make breakthroughs a reality for our patients.

For more information or to schedule an appointment, call us toll-free at 1-855-WCM-WCMU.

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Nutritional Sciences Undergraduate Program at Rutgers SEBS

Program Goal

Through completion of the program in Nutritional Sciences, graduates will be prepared for supervised practice in dietetics, graduate school, or employment by focusing upon the biological, social science, and community principles of food and nutrition coursework.

Nutrition emphasizes the metabolic aspects of how organisms use food. It includes knowledge of how food is digested, absorbed and used for energy and growth as well as how and why nutrient requirements change over the live span and under stress. The field of nutritional sciences encompasses all aspects of an organism's interaction with food. It includes biochemical, physiologic, molecular, psychological, and cultural aspects of food choice and nutrient metabolism.

The Nutritional Sciences major includes the following options:

All students complete the core requirements in biology and chemistry and then pursue the specific course work pertinent to the option they have chosen. The largest number of students is enrolled in the Dietetics Option which was accredited in October, 2013 at the baccalaureate level for a period of 10 years.

The Dietetics Option of the Nutritional Sciences major is an accredited didactic program in dietetics (DPD) by the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120 South Riverside Drive, Chicago, IL 60606, (800) 877-1600; (312) 899-0040 ext. 5400, email: education@eatright.org

The Dietetics option emphasizes nutrition and food service and prepares students for careers as clinical dietitians and nutritionists, educators, health promotion facilitators, and consumer specialists in food and nutrition.

After students have satisfied the core requirements, they can proceed to the dietetics option. Advanced courses stress human nutrition and its application to diet and health. Students take organic chemistry, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, economics, and statistics. Upon completing the option, students normally apply for a dietetic internship or AP-4 program to prepare for the examination to become a Registered Dietitian (RD). Students are encouraged to download the Student Manual for the Didactic Program in Dietetics.

Upon completion of a dietetic internship, candidates may take the CDR registration examination and, upon passing, use the professional designation, "Registered Dietitian." Dietetics students are encouraged to see their academic advisor regularly, for assistance in course selection and to discuss academic progress toward their goals. In addition, the dietetics program regularly holds group sessions to inform all dietetics students about changes in ACEND requirements, important dates for submitting applications to internships, computer matching, the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) and any SEBS curriculum changes that may affect the student. Students are informed about these sessions via email and announcements posted in Davison Hall.

The option in Nutrition provides sound training for those intending to go to graduate school in any of the life sciences, conduct biomedical research, or pursue preprofessional (medical, dental) studies. The nutrition option also prepares for entry-level jobs in biomedical research fields in industry and academia.

After completing the core requirements, students who choose the Nutrition option take advanced courses in molecular and cell biology, biochemistry, and physiology, in addition to nutrition courses (e.g., nutritional aspects of energy metabolism; nutritional aspects of protein, vitamin and mineral metabolism).

Course list for Nutrition Option

The option in Food Service Administration is for students who want careers in food service marketing or in managing food service in schools, hotels, restaurants, cafeterias, corporations, hospitals, and long-term care facilities. Students complete the basic core requirements and take advanced courses in quantity food production, managing food-service systems, and institutional organization and management. They supplement this concentration with elective courses in business, agribusiness, and food science.

Course list for Food Service Administration Option

This option prepares professionals to work in food and food related industries at the interface of nutrition, food, and business. The fundamentals of nutrition, the science of food, and business prepare students for positions in test kitchens of food companies, product development in the food industry, public relations, pharmaceutical companies, the supermarket industry, and in research.

Course list for Nutrition, Food and Business

This option addresses the growing need for nutrition professionals to work with youth in structured organizations at the local, state, and national level such as WIC, Head Start, 4-H, cooperative extension, after school care, day care, environmental education, and programs for homeless children and families.

Course list for Community Nutrition

The Professional Youth Work certificate program addresses the growing need for educated professionals to work with youth in structured organizations. The program includes academic and experiential learning and draws upon educational pedagogy, sociology, and psychology to prepare students to address complex problems in youth, family, and community services.

For more information, please seehttp://catalogs.rutgers.edu/generated/nb-ug_current/pg855.html.

All students are encouraged to pursue independent research projects with faculty members.

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Nutritional Sciences Undergraduate Program at Rutgers SEBS

Stem Cell Therapy in Switzerland Life Cell Injections …

Stem Cell Therapy Plus is also called Live Cell Therapy or Regenerative Medicine.

Anecdotal evidence shows that through the usage of Stem Cell Therapy Plus, improvements can be seen in the following cases of degenerative diseases:

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Stem cells are cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells. Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types. In addition, in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells.

When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a nerve cell, or a brain cell.

Stem Cell Supplements are developed based on the merits of stem cells and they are applied for degenerative diseases treatments and to stimulate the formation of all the different tissues of the body: muscle, cartilage, tendon, ligament, bone, blood, nerve, organs, etc.

Stem Cell Supplements bring essential anti-ageing, health & beauty benefits by providing necessary elements to the body to improve cellular regeneration, organ rejuvenation and tissue healing.

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Stem Cell Therapy in Switzerland Life Cell Injections ...

Ocracoke NC Photo Tours and Travel Information

Check out our list of the best things to do in Ocracoke. For a scenic tour of the soundside that leads to the Pamlico Sound, head to the Hammock Hills Nature Trail. This three quarter mile trail is located on NC Highway 12, just across the street from the National Park Service's Ocracoke Campground, (More)

Learn about the history, geography, population, and area claims to fame with this list of fun facts and trivia. Ocracoke Islands is roughly 13 miles long, but the village of Ocracoke itself is just 4 square miles in area, and is located on the southern edge of the island. Ocracoke is bordered to the west by the Pamlico Sound and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. (More)

No need for a rainy day to dampen the fun on Ocracoke Island. These rainy day activities will ensure that vacationers of all ages will have a blast without the beach. Enjoy a little local education on the southern Outer Banks' history and culture with these unique sites on Ocracoke and Hatteras Islands. (More)

There may not be any major amusement parks or shopping malls on Ocracoke Island, but kids seem to have no problem staying entertained. On your next Ocracoke Island vacation, be sure and visit these fun, educational and altogether engaging kid-friendly Ocracoke activities and destinations. (More)

The Ocracoke Wild Horses, or "Banker Ponies" are easily Ocracoke's oldest residents, and have been plodding along the island for the last few hundred years. These famed horses are arguably one of the island's top attractions, and can be easily admired by any Ocracoke visitor via a quick trip to the National Park Service's Ocracoke Pony Pen. (More)

Ocracoke's long history has some interesting highlights, but none of the local legends and legacies are as far-reaching or as popular as the island's local pirates. As the temporary home to a crew of notorious buccaneers, including Blackbeard himself, Ocracoke is the destination of choice for pirate lovers who want to explore the stomping grounds of the island's most notorious residents. (More)

Ocracoke is separated from the rest of the world by the 20+ mile wide Pamlico Sound, which means that the only way to access the island is via a personal vessel, or more commonly, by a North Carolina State Ferry. (More)

All of the beaches along Ocracoke Island are part of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore, and as such, National Park Service (NPS) rules and regulations apply to every stretch of shoreline. Keep these following rules, regulations and NPS ordinances in mind to ensure a great day at the beach. (More)

Thanks to a thriving and active local community, visitors will find plenty to do during their Ocracoke Island stay. Check out these annual events that are held throughout the year, and are sure to add an extra boost of fun to an Ocracoke vacation. (More)

Cedar Island is the closest mainland region to Ocracoke Island, and serves as the launching point for many Ocracoke visitors who arrive on the Outer Banks from the south, via the Cedar Island / Ocracoke Ferry. (More)

Ocracoke has a unique history that revolves around pirates, shipwrecks, and offshore battles. Occupied for hundreds of years, this now booming tourism destination has deep roots that run parallel to the history of the country. (More)

The Ocracoke Island Real Estate market is unique in that while other regions of the Outer Banks experienced a definite "bubble burst" in the latter 2000s, Ocracoke prices remained relatively the same. The reason for this is simple - with just 4 square miles of area to build on, there were only so many properties for sale at any given time. Coupled with the fact that Ocracoke remains one of the most popular destinations for Outer Banks visitors, it's easy to see why this real estate market has steadily risen with its reputation as one of the best beaches on the East Coast. (More)

Fishing drives Ocracoke Island's off-season tourism economy, as the beaches are world renowned for excellent surf fishing. Because the island is just 12 miles away from the Gulf Stream, anglers will have easy access to big game offshore catches as well. (More)

The Ocracoke Island Lighthouse may not be the most imposing of the Outer Banks lighthouses, but as North Carolina's oldest lighthouse in operation, (and the second oldest in the United States), it is certainly one of the most beloved. At just 65' ft. tall, it is by far the smallest lighthouse on the Outer Banks, but it still towers over the 4 square miles of Ocracoke Village, and its beacon can be spotted up to 14 miles into the Pamlico Sound and the Atlantic Ocean. (More)

The Ocracoke Harbor is easily the busiest quarter mile stretch of Ocracoke Island. Consisting of a small, lagoon-like section of saltwater, and lined by a semi-circle of docks, restaurants, shops, marinas and motels, visitors will find that any and all of the activities on Ocracoke Island can most certainly be found harbor front. (More)

The Pamlico Sound is literally one of the biggest attractions on the Outer Banks, second only to the miles of shoreline and cool blue waves of the Atlantic Ocean. Stretching from the borders of Manteo and the Dare County Mainland all the way to Portsmouth Island and the Cape Lookout National Seashore, virtually all southern Outer Banks visitors will catch a glimpse of the Pamlico Sound at some point during their OBX vacation. (More)

Springer's Point is a gorgeous nature preserve with a legendary past. Populated for centuries, and open to the public, this small parcel of Ocracoke Island is one of the last undeveloped sections of land on the island, and thanks to extensive efforts by the Coastal Land Trust, will forever remain that way. (More)

Only a handful of Outer Banks visitors even make the long and arduous trek to Portsmouth Island, but those who do tend to return year after year, and with good reason. This small southern Outer Banks barrier island, located just south of Ocracoke Island on the other side of Ocracoke Inlet, is a rustic vacationer's paradise with unlimited camping options, incredible fishing, and some of the best shelling on the East Coast. (More)

Ocracoke Inlet is located at the southern edge of the Outer Banks, separating Ocracoke Island from Portsmouth Island and its Cape Lookout National Seashore neighbors. One of the oldest inlets on the entire coast of North Carolina, Ocracoke Inlet is a renowned destination for fishermen, beachcombers, birders, nature lovers, and plain old beach lovers. (More)

A stay in Ocracoke is a true departure from the real world, as the small island comprises of 13 miles of undeveloped beaches that border a small village that's miles away from the rest of the Outer Banks.

Considered a beach paradise by both national experts and its longtime fans, Ocracoke is truly the Outer Banks destination of choice for beach-goers who want to literally "get away from it all."

Because Ocracoke Islands is literally separated from the rest of the Outer Banks and the North Carolina region, it has a unique culture all its own.

The 13 mile long island is primarily comprised of desolate oceanfront shorelines and wooded soundside regions. The majority of the island is undeveloped, and is under the management of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore. NC Highway 12 runs along the length of the island, connecting the Hatteras Island ferry terminal with the Ocracoke Village ferry terminals to Cedar Island and Swanquarter.

Because of this, day-tippers and beach lovers can typically pick a parking lot or spot along the highway, cross a well-worn sandy path, and access a stretch of beach that may be completely deserted.

Nature trails are found along the soundside at marked parking areas, and this undeveloped stretch of shoreline has a lifeguarded beach, a National Park Service (NPS) campground, and not much else. This environment is fine with longtime visitors who appreciate the solitude, the fishing, and the beachcombing that only a remote island like Ocracoke can provide.

Ocracoke Village is strikingly different than the rest of the island, as it is home to the area's concentration of motels, vacation rental homes, shops and restaurants, and historic sites.

The small village circles around the Ocracoke Harbor and is always bustling in the summer months, when day-trippers from the mainland and the rest of the Outer Banks take the ferry to the island for a full day of sightseeing. The village is home to the famous, white Ocracoke Lighthouse, one of the oldest lighthouses in the Outer Banks, as well as a Visitors Center, a historic British Cemetery and a small history museum.

In addition, visitors will find a collection of seasonally-opened watersports businesses, fishing charters, and waterfront pubs and eateries overlooking the harbor. Art galleries are abundant in the region, as are Bohemian boutiques, surf shops, and residential streets lined with vacation rental cottages and historic residences.

The overall atmosphere is noticeably distinctive from any other Outer Banks region, and lends to its overall charm. Comically known as the place that OBX locals go to vacation, the overall aesthetic is relaxed, unique, and completely appreciative of the surrounding salty environment.

New visitors are quickly identified by how they pronounce Ocracoke. The correct pronunciation is "Oh-Crah-Coke," and it's a moniker that's been in place for centuries.

The authentic origins of Ocracoke have faded with time, but many folks believe that the name originated, or was deviated from, the original Native Americans who lived on the island, the Wokokon. Despite their long residence on the island, little is known about these original Ocracoke locals, and even their name has produced multiple spellings and pronunciations.

These Native Americans have been referred to as the "Woccocock," "Woccocon," or "Wococon," and later as "Oakacock" and "Okercock." Many historians believe the name eventually devolved into Ocracoke, which clearly stuck as the title for the region.

Of course, there are additional, more colorful explanations for this unique name. A favorite background story among locals and visitors is connected to the infamous Blackbeard the Pirate himself.

Legend has it that during Blackbeard's final battle with the authorities, Blackbeard began to cry "O Crow Cock, O Crow Cock!" from the helm of his ship. As the story goes, Blackbeard was eager for day to break so the ensuing fight between the pirate and the British Navy ships, led by Capt. Robert Maynard, could begin. The fight would inevitably be Blackbeard's last stand, and he would die just off the coast of Ocracoke Village, but the legend persisted that this final rallying cry would inevitably become the small island's official name.

Regardless of origin, Ocracoke is unique from the ground up. From its distinctive name to its distinctive culture that has been carved from centuries of being separated from the rest of the world, Ocracoke remains one of the last wild regions of the coastal North Carolina shoreline.

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Ocracoke NC Photo Tours and Travel Information

Home | Microbiology

Microbiology Faculty in MCB

David Benson -- Molecular ecology and diversity of bacteria, plant symbionts, molecular adaptations of psychrophilic bacteria, microbial diversity and ecology in traditional cheeses.

Kenneth Campellone -- Cellular microbiology,E.coliO157, host-pathogen interactions, toxin trafficking, type 3 effector proteins

Kathleen Feldman -- Environmental microbiology, indoor air quality, fungal contamination of indoor environments, history of microbiology, microbiology education

Daniel Gage -- Plant-microbe interactions, microbial genetics and physiology of infection in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.

J. Peter Gogarten -- Microbial evolution and phylogeny; comparative genome analyses; horizontal gene transfer; early evolution of life.

Joerg Graf -- Animal-microbe interactions, digestive-tract symbiosis, pathogenic microbes, microbial evolution, high-throughput DNA sequencing, and the use of 16S rRNA genes in the classification of bacteria.

Jonathan Klassen -- Microbial community ecology, especially using the fungus-growing ant symbiosis as a model system to study the evolution of microbial interaction networks; microbial natural product genomics, evolution and chemical ecology.

Kenneth Noll -- Microbial genetics and biochemical physiology of hyperthermophilic bacteria, carbohydrate transport and the regulation of gene expression in hyperthermophiles.

Spencer Nyholm -- Host-microbe interactions, squid / Vibrio fischeri symbiosis (colonization, interactions with the innate immune system), functional genomics of hydrothermal vent symbioses.

Thane Papke -- Evolution and biogeography of extremophiles using population genetics, genomics and metagenomics to understand the impact of sex on species and speciation.

Mary Rumpho-Kennedy -- Endosymbiotic association between algal (Vaucheria litorea) chloroplasts and a marine mollusc (Elysia chlorotica), resulting in photosynthetic sea slugs.

Carolyn Teschke -- Bacteriophage assembly in vivo and in vitro; structural, biochemical, mutational analysis of bacteriophage capsids; macromolecular protein assembly

Steven Geary (Pathobiology) -- 1. Mycoplasma genomics, microarray (expression) analysis, proteomics. 2. Pathogenic mechanisms of mycoplasmas. Mechanisms of attachment; cytadherence molecules and host cell receptors. Investigation of variably expressed cell surface proteins. 3. Vaccine Development. Immunologic and genetic means of analysis for the detection and speciation of mycoplasmas.

Pieter Visscher (Marine Sciences) -- Biogeochemical processes in oceanic environments, the fate of methanethiol, dimethylsulfide, methylbromide and methylchloride in oceanic waters.

See the Center for Microbial Systems, Ecology and Evolution (CMSEE) for a listing of other microbiologists at UConn.

Susanne Beck von Bodman (Plant Science) -- Molecular biology of host-microbe interactions. Quorum-sensing-mediated control of bacterial virulence factors. Plant genetic engineering for crop improvement and enhanced disease resistance.

Edward Leadbetter -- Microbial ecology, physiology, and diversity; biochemistry and physiology of gliding motility in gliding bacteria, and of sulfur and sulfonate metabolism.

Thomas Terry -- Microbiology education, developing new approaches and materials for microbiology educators, Web-based teaching.

Robert Vinopal -- Microbial physiology and genetics applied to biotechnology and environmental microbiology, antimicrobial and biocidal agents, synthetic biodegradable polymers, biodegradation.

Antonio Romano -- Microbial physiology, sugar transport and general microbiology.

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Home | Microbiology

The #1 Human Anatomy and Physiology Course | Learn …

Dear Friend,

A re you looking to learn anatomy and physiology?

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My name is Dr. James Ross and I've been teaching human anatomy and physiology for more than 18 years. I hold a Ph.D. in Integrative Physiology, which I completed in 1992, and started writing for popular magazines and journals.

I was recently a nominee in the poster prize at the British Neuroendocrine Society annual conference held on 15th and 16th September 2008 at the University of Briston. In 2004, I founded the "InnerHealth" training school for paramedics and nurses in Pennsylvania.

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Modules are clearly presented, easy to follow and thorough in content

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But that's just part of the story. Lets take a closer look at the main components in this course:

System Component #1:

System Component #2:

System Component #3:

It is simply impossible to list everything down since it is too big but here is brief overview at some of the contents. This is just ONE of the many modules in this component

Note: Click On Each Image To View Larger Illustration:

Click On Each Image To Zoom In

Lesson 1: Introduction to Basic Human Physiology

Lesson 2: Physiology of Cells and Miscellaneous Tissues

Lesson 3: Envelopes of the Body

Lesson 4: The Skeletal System

Lesson 5: Physiology and Actions of Muscles

Lesson 6: The Human Digestive System

Lesson 7: The Human Respiratory System and Breathing

Lesson 8: The Human Urinary System

Lesson 9: The Human Reproductive (Genital) System

Click On Each Image To Zoom In

Lesson 10: Cardiovascular and Other Circulatory Systems of the Human Body

Lesson 11: The Human Endocrine System

Lesson 12: The Human Nervous System

Lesson 13: The Special Senses

Lesson 14: Some Elementary Human Genetics

Ear-Eyes-Nose Injuries

Musculoskeletal System

Nursing Care Related to the Musculoskeletal System

Anatomy and Physiology Related to Clinical Pathology

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Pharmacology continues to be among the most dynamic of the biomedical sciences and as such, it included as a component in this amazing home study course.

Drug Dosage and Therapy

Oral and Maxillofactal pathology

Pharmacology I

Pharmacology II

Principles of Epidemiology and Microbiology

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

1-1 Regions of the human body 1-2 Anatomical position and medial-lateral relationships 1-3A The sagittal plane 1-3B The horizontal plane. 1-3C The frontal plane . 1-4 A "typical" animal cell (as seen in an electron microscope) 1-5 Planes of the body (exercise 14) 1-6 Directions (exercise 15). 1-7 Directions upon members (exercise 16). 1-8 A "typical" animal cell (exercise 18). 2-1 Epithelial cells. 2-2 Types of epithelial tissues 2-3 Types of muscle tissue 2-4 A neuron. 2-5 A synapse 3-1 The integument and related structures. 3-2 The integumentary derivatives (appendages) 3-3 A bursa--the simplest serous cavity 4-1 A mature long bone (femur) 4-2 A "typical synovial joint"--diagrammatic 4-3A Anterior view of the human skeleton 4-3B Posterior view of the human skeleton 4-4 A typical vertebra (superior and side views) 4-5 The human thorax with bones of the shoulder region 4-6 The human skull (front and side views) 4-7 A general pattern of the upper and lower members 4-8 The human scapula and clavicle (pectoral girdle) 4-9 The humerus, radius, and ulna 4-10 The human hand 4-11 The bony pelvis (two pelvic bones and sacrum). 4-12 The femur, tibia, and fibula (anterior views) 4-13 The human foot 5-1 Skeletal and facial muscles, anterior view. 5-2 Skeletal and facial muscles, posterior view 5-3 Types of lever systems 5-4 A simple pulley (the human knee mechanism)

5-5 The skeleto-muscular unit (arm-forearm flexion (3rd class lever system)) 6-1 The human digestive system 6-2 Anatomy of the oral complex. 6-3 Section of a tooth and jaw. 7-1 The human respiratory system 7-2 Supralaryngeal structures. 7-3 The larynx. 7-4 Infralaryngeal structures ("respiratory tree") 8-1 The human urinary system. 8-2 A section of a human kidney 8-3 A "typical" nephron 8-4 The human female genital system 8-5 The human male genital system (continued) . 9-1 Scheme of blood vessels 9-2 The human heart.. 9-3 Scheme of heart valves. 9-4 Cardiovascular circulatory patterns 9-5 Main arteries of the human body 9-6 Main veins of the human body 9-7 The human lymphatic system 10-1 The endocrine glands of the human body and their locations.. 11-1 A "typical" neuron . 11-2 A synapse 11-3 A neuromuscular junction. 11-4 The human central nervous system (CNS) . 11-5A Human brain (side view). 11-5B Human brain (bottom view) 11-6 A cross section of the spinal cord. 11-7 A schematic diagram of the meninges, as seen in side view of the CNS 11-8 A "typical" spinal nerve, with a cross section of the spinal cord 11-9 The general reflex arc 11-10 A horizontal section of the eyeball 11-11 Cellular detail of the retina. 11-12 A frontal section of the human ear 11-13 The labyrinths of the internal ear. 11-14 Diagram of the scalae 11-15 Diagram of semicircular duct orientation ..

Click On Each Image To Zoom In

If you're a student or researcher, these diagrams would be a lifesaver.

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Cells and Tissues | Skeletal | Muscular | Digestive | System | Respiratory | Urinary | Reproductive | Cardiovascular | Endocrine and Nerves | Human Genetics and Senses

+

Drug Dosage and Therapy | Oral and Maxillofactal Pathology |Pharmacology | Epidemiology | Microbiology

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The #1 Human Anatomy and Physiology Course | Learn ...

Goddard Space Flight Center – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory established on May 1, 1959 as NASA's first space flight center.[1] GSFC employs approximately 10,000 civil servants and contractors, and is located approximately 6.5 miles (10.5km) northeast of Washington, D.C. in Greenbelt, Maryland, USA. GSFC, one of ten major NASA field centers, is named in recognition of Dr. Robert H. Goddard (18821945), the pioneer of modern rocket propulsion in the United States.

GSFC is the largest combined organization of scientists and engineers in the United States dedicated to increasing knowledge of the Earth, the Solar System, and the Universe via observations from space. GSFC is a major U.S. laboratory for developing and operating unmanned scientific spacecraft. GSFC conducts scientific investigation, development and operation of space systems, and development of related technologies. Goddard scientists can develop and support a mission, and Goddard engineers and technicians can design and build the spacecraft for that mission. Goddard scientist John C. Mather shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on COBE.

GSFC also operates two spaceflight tracking and data acquisition networks (the Space Network and the Near Earth Network), develops and maintains advanced space and Earth science data information systems, and develops satellite systems for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

GSFC manages operations for many NASA and international missions including the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the Explorer program, the Discovery Program, the Earth Observing System (EOS), INTEGRAL, MAVEN, OSIRIS-REx, the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and Swift. Past missions managed by GSFC include the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, SMM, COBE, IUE, and ROSAT. Typically, unmanned earth observation missions and observatories in Earth orbit are managed by GSFC,[citation needed] while unmanned planetary missions are managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California.[citation needed]

Goddard is NASA's first, and oldest, space center. Its original charter was to perform five major functions on behalf of NASA: technology development and fabrication, planning, scientific research, technical operations, and project management. The center is organized into several directorates, each charged with one of these key functions.

Until May 1, 1959, NASA's presence in Greenbelt, Maryland was known as the Beltsville Space Center. It was then renamed the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), after Dr. Robert H. Goddard. Its first 157 employees transferred from the United States Navy's Project Vanguard missile program, but continued their work at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., while the center was under construction.

Goddard Space Flight Center contributed to Project Mercury, America's first manned space flight program. The Center assumed a lead role for the project in its early days and managed the first 250 employees involved in the effort, who were stationed at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. However, the size and scope of Project Mercury soon prompted NASA to build a new Manned Spacecraft Center, now the Johnson Space Center, in Houston, Texas. Project Mercury's personnel and activities were transferred there in 1961.

Goddard Space Flight Center remained involved in the manned space flight program, providing computer support and radar tracking of flights through a worldwide network of ground stations called the Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STDN). However, the Center focused primarily on designing unmanned satellites and spacecraft for scientific research missions. Goddard pioneered several fields of spacecraft development, including modular spacecraft design, which reduced costs and made it possible to repair satellites in orbit. Goddard's Solar Max satellite, launched in 1980, was repaired by astronauts on the Space Shuttle Challenger in 1984. The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, remains in service and continues to grow in capability thanks to its modular design and multiple servicing missions by the Space Shuttle.

Today, the center remains involved in each of NASA's key programs. Goddard has developed more instruments for planetary exploration than any other organization, among them scientific instruments sent to every planet in the Solar System.[2] The Center's contribution to the Earth Science Enterprise includes several spacecraft in the Earth Observing System fleet as well as EOSDIS, a science data collection, processing, and distribution system. For the manned space flight program, Goddard develops tools for use by astronauts during extra-vehicular activity, and operates the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, a spacecraft designed to study the Moon in preparation for future manned exploration.

Goddard's partly wooded campus is a few miles northeast of Washington, D.C. in Prince George's County. The center is on Greenbelt Road, which is Maryland Route 193. Baltimore, Annapolis, and NASA Headquarters in Washington are 3045 minutes away by highway. Greenbelt also has a train station with access to the Washington Metro system and the MARC commuter train's Camden line.

The Goddard Visitor Center is open to the public Tuesdays through Sundays, free of charge, and features displays of spacecraft and technologies developed there. The Hubble Space Telescope is represented by models and deep space imagery from recent missions. The center also features a Science On a Sphere projection system.

The center also features an Educator's Resource Center available for use by teachers and education volunteers such as Boy and Girl Scout leaders; and hosts special events during the year. As an example, in September 2008 the Center opened its gates for Goddard LaunchFest (see Goddard LaunchFest Site). The event, free to the public, included; robot competitions, tours of Goddard facilities hosted by NASA employees, and live entertainment on the Goddard grounds.

The High Bay Cleanroom located in building 29 is the world's largest ISO 7 cleanroom with 1.3 million cubic feet of space.[3] Vacuum chambers in adjacent buildings 10 and 7 can be chilled or heated to +/- 200C (392F). Adjacent building 15 houses the High Capacity Centrifuge which is capable of generating 30 G on up to a 2.5 tons load.[4]

The High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) is NASA's designated center for the archiving and dissemination of high energy astronomy data and information. Information on X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy and related NASA mission archives are maintained for public information and science access.[5]

The Software Assurance Technology Center (SATC) is a NASA department founded in 1992 as part of their Systems Reliability and Safety Office at Goddard Space Flight Center. Its purpose was "to become a center of excellence in software assurance, dedicated to making measurable improvement in both the quality and reliability of software developed for NASA at GSFC". The Center has been the source of research papers on software metrics, assurance, and risk management.[6]

GSFC operates three facilities that are not located at the Greenbelt site. These facilities are:

GSFC is also responsible for the White Sands Complex, a set of two sites in Las Cruces, NM, but the site is owned by Johnson Space Center as part of the White Sands Test Facility.

Goddard Space Flight Center has a workforce of over 3,000 civil servant employees, 60% of which are engineers and scientists.[7] There are approximately 7,000 supporting contractors on site every day. It is one of the largest concentrations of the world's premiere space scientists and engineers. The Center is organized into 8 directorates, which includes Applied Engineering and Technology, Flight Projects, Science and Exploration, and Safety & Mission Assurance.[8]

Co-op students from universities in all 50 States can be found around the campus every season through the Cooperative Education Program.[9] During the summers, programs such as the Summer Institute in Engineering and Computer Applications (SIECA) and Excellence through Challenging Exploration and Leadership (EXCEL) provide internship opportunities to students from the US and territories such as Puerto Rico to learn and partake in challenging scientific and engineering work.

A fact sheet highlighting many of Goddard's previous missions are recorded on a 40th anniversary webpage [10]

Goddard has been involved in designing, building, and operating spacecraft since the days of Explorer 1, the nation's first artificial satellite. The list of these missions reflects a diverse set of scientific objectives and goals. The Landsat series of spacecraft has been studying the Earth's resources since the launch of the first mission in 1972. TIROS-1 launched in 1960 as the first success in a long series of weather satellites. The Spartan platform deployed from the space shuttle, allowing simple, low-cost 2-3 day missions. The second of NASA's Great Observatories, the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, operated for nine years before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere in 2000. Another of Goddard's space science observatories, the Cosmic Background Explorer, provided unique scientific data about the early universe.[11]

Goddard currently supports the operation of dozens of spacecraft collecting scientific data. These missions include earth science projects like the Earth Observing System (EOS) that includes the Terra, Aqua, and Aura spacecraft flying alongside several projects from other Centers or other countries. Other major earth science projects that are currently operating include the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission TRMM, a mission that has provided data critical to hurricane predictions. Many Goddard projects support other organizations, such as the US Geological Survey on Landsat-7 and NOAA on the GOES spacecraft that provide weather predictions.

Other Goddard missions support a variety of space science disciplines. Goddard's most famous project is the Hubble Space Telescope, a unique science platform that has been breaking new ground in astronomy for nearly 20 years. Other missions such as the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe WMAP study the structure and evolution of the universe. Other missions such as the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) are currently studying the Sun and how its behavior affects life on the Earth.[12]

The Goddard community continually works on numerous operations and projects that have launch dates ranging from the upcoming year to a decade down the road. These operations also vary in what scientists hope they will uncover.

Particularly noteworthy operations include: the James Webb Space Telescope which will try to study the history of the universe and Aquarius will measure the waters salinity in order to better understand the global cycling of water.[13]

Addressing Scientific Questions

NASA's missions (and therefore Goddards missions) address a broad range of scientific questions generally classified around four key areas: Earth sciences, astrophysics, heliophysics, and the solar system.[14] To simplify, Goddard studies Earth and Space.[15]

Within the Earth sciences area, Goddard plays a major role in research to advance our understanding of the Earth as an environmental system, looking at questions related to how the components of that environmental system have developed, how they interact and how they evolve. This is all important to enable scientists to understand the practical impacts of natural and human activities during the coming decades and centuries.

Within Space Sciences, Goddard has distinguished itself with the 2006 Nobel Physics Prize given to John Mather and the COBE mission. Beyond the COBE mission, Goddard studies how the universe formed, what it is made of, how its components interact, and how it evolves. The Center also contributes to research seeking to understand how stars and planetary systems form and evolve and studies the nature of the Suns interaction with its surroundings.

From Scientific Questions to Science Missions

Based on existing knowledge accumulated through previous missions, new science questions are articulated. Missions are developed in the same way an experiment would be developed using the scientific method. In this context, Goddard does not work as an independent entity but rather as one of the 10 NASA centers working together to find answers to these scientific questions.

Each mission starts with a set of scientific questions to be answered, a set of scientific requirements for the mission, which build on what has already been discovered by prior missions. Scientific requirements spell out the types data that will need to be collected. These scientific requirements are then transformed into mission concepts that start to specify the kind of spacecraft and scientific instruments need to be developed for these scientific questions to be answered.

Within Goddard, the Sciences and Exploration Directorate (SED) leads the center's scientific endeavors, including the development of technology related to scientific pursuits.

Collecting Data in Space Scientific Instruments

Some of the most important technological advances developed by Goddard (and NASA in general) come from the need to innovate with new scientific instruments in order to be able to observe or measure phenomena in space that have never been measured or observed before. Instrument names tend to be known by their initials. In some cases, the mission's name gives an indication of the type of instrument involved. For example, the James Webb Space Telescope is, as its name indicates, a telescope, but it includes a suite of four distinct scientific instruments: Mid Infrared Instrument (MIRI); Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam); Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec); Fine Guidance Sensor Tunable Filter Imager (FGS-TFI).[16] Scientists at Goddard work closely with the engineers to develop these instruments.

Typically, a mission consists of a spacecraft with an instrument suite (multiple instruments) on board. In some cases, the scientific requirements dictate the need for multiple spacecraft. For example, the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS) will study reconnection, a 3-D process. In order to capture data about this complex 3-D process, a set of four spacecraft flying as a tetrahedron is being developed. Each spacecraft will carry an instrument suite consisting of four instruments. MMS is part of a larger program (Solar Terrestrial Probes) that studies the impact of the sun on the solar system.

Goddard's Scientific Collaborations

In many cases, Goddard works with partners (US Government agencies, aerospace industry, university-based research centers, other countries) that are responsible for developing the scientific instruments. In other cases, Goddard develops one or more of the instruments. The individual instruments are then integrated into an instrument suite which is then integrated with the spacecraft. In the case of MMS, for example, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) is responsible for developing the scientific instruments and Goddard provides overall project management, mission systems engineering, the spacecraft, and mission operations.[17]

On the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), six instruments have been developed by a range of partners. One of the instruments, the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA), was developed by Goddard. LOLA measures landing site slopes and lunar surface roughness in order to generate a 3-D map of the moon.[18]

The newest (as of October 2008) Mission to be managed by Goddard is MAVEN. MAVEN is the second mission within the Mars Scout Program that will explore the atmosphere of Mars in support of NASA's broader efforts to go to Mars. MAVEN will carry eight instruments to measure characteristics of Mars' atmospheric gases, upper atmosphere, solar wind, and ionosphere. Instrument development partners include the University of Colorado at Boulder, and the University of California, Berkeley. Goddard will contribute overall project management as well as two of the instruments, two magnetometers.

Managing Scientific Data

Once a mission is launched and reaches its destination, its instruments start collecting data. The data is transmitted back to earth where it needs to be analyzed and stored for future reference. Goddard manages large collections of scientific data resulting from past and ongoing missions.

The Earth Science Division hosts the Goddard Earth Science Data and Information Services Division (GES DISC).[19] It offers Earth science data, information, and services to research scientists, applications scientists, applications users, and students.

The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), created at Goddard in 1966, hosts a permanent archive of space science data, including a large collection of images from space.

Section 102(d) of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 calls for the establishment of long-range studies of the potential benefits to be gained from, the opportunities for, and the problems involved in the utilization of aeronautical and space activities for peaceful and scientific purposes. [20] Because of this mandate, the Technology Utilization Program was established in 1962 which required technologies to be brought down to Earth and commercialized in order to help the US economy and improve the quality of life.[21]

Documentation of these technologies that were spun off started in 1976 with Spinoff 1976.[22] Since then, NASA has produced a yearly publication of these spinoff technologies through the Innovative Partnerships Program Office.

Goddard Space Flight Center has made significant contributions to the US economy and quality of life with the technologies it has spun off. Here are some examples: Weather balloon technology has helped firefighters with its short-range radios; aluminized Mylar in satellites has made sports equipment more insulated; laser optics systems have transformed the camera industry and life detection missions on other planets help scientists find bacteria in contaminated food.[23]

The Goddard Space Flight Center maintains ties with local area communities through external volunteer and educational programs. Employees are encouraged to take part in mentoring programs and take on speaking roles at area schools. On Center, Goddard hosts regular colloquiums in engineering, leadership and science. These events are open to the general public, but attendees must sign up in advance to procure a visitors pass for access to the Centers main grounds. Passes can be obtained at the security office main gate on Greenbelt Road.

Goddard also hosts several different internship opportunities, including NASA DEVELOP at Goddard Space Flight Center.

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh visited Goddard Space Flight Center on Tuesday, May 8, 2007. The tour of Goddard was near the end of the queen's visit to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown in Virginia. The queen spoke with crew aboard the International Space Station.[24]

Coordinates: 385949N 765054W / 38.99694N 76.84833W / 38.99694; -76.84833

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Goddard Space Flight Center - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Libertarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know

Historically, Americans have seen libertarians as far outside the mainstream, but with the rise of the Tea Party movement, libertarian principles have risen to the forefront of Republican politics. But libertarianism is more than the philosophy of individual freedom and unfettered markets that Republicans have embraced. Indeed, as Jason Brennan points out, libertarianism is a quite different--and far richer--system of thought than most of us suspect.

In this timely new entry in Oxford's acclaimed series What Everyone Needs to Know, Brennan offers a nuanced portrait of libertarianism, proceeding through a series of questions to illuminate the essential elements of libertarianism and the problems the philosophy addresses, including such topics as the Value of Liberty, Human Nature and Ethics, Economic Liberty, Civil Rights, Social Justice and the Poor, Government and Democracy, and Contemporary Politics. Brennan asks the most fundamental and challenging questions: What do Libertarians think liberty is? Do libertarians think everyone should be selfish? Are libertarians just out to protect the interests of big business? What do libertarians think we should do about racial injustice? What would libertarians do about pollution? Are Tea Party activists true libertarians? As he sheds light on libertarian beliefs, Brennan overturns numerous misconceptions. Libertarianism is not about simple-minded paranoia about government, he writes. Rather, it celebrates the ideal of peaceful cooperation among free and equal people. Libertarians believe that the rich always capture political power; they want to minimize the power available to them in order to protect the weak. Brennan argues that libertarians are, in fact, animated by benevolence and a deep concern for the poor.

Clear, concise, and incisively written, this volume explains a vitally important philosophy in American history--and a potent force in contemporary politics.

What Everyone Needs to Know is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press.

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Libertarianism: What Everyone Needs to Know

International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology: Libertarianism

This essay first appeared in the International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology, edited by Jens Beckert and Milan Zafirovski (London and New York: Routledge, 2006, pp. 403-407). It was posted as a Notablog entry on 5 January 2006. Comments welcome (post here).

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"LIBERTARIANISM"

By Chris Matthew Sciabarra

Libertarianism is the political ideology ofvoluntarism, a commitment to voluntary action in a social context, where no individual or group of individuals can initiate the use of force against others. It is not a monolithic ideological paradigm; rather, it signifies a variety of approaches that celebrate therule of law and the free exchange of goods, services, and ideas a laissez-faire attitude towards what philosopher Robert Nozick (1974) once called capitalist acts between consenting adults.

Modern libertarians draw inspiration from writings attributed to the Chinese sage Lao Tzu, as well as the works of Aristotle, among the ancients; [seventeenth-,] eighteenth- and nineteenth-century classicalliberalism (e.g. John Locke, the Scottish Enlightenment, the American founders, Carl Menger, andHerbert Spencer); individualist anarchism (e.g. Benjamin Tucker and Lysander Spooner); Old Right opponents of Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal (e.g. Albert Jay Nock, John T. Flynn, Isabel Paterson andH. L. Mencken); modern Austrian economics (e.g. Ludwig von Mises, F. A. Hayek and Murray Rothbard), as well as the economics of the Chicago school(Milton Friedman) and Virginia school (James Buchanan); and the Objectivist philosopherAyn Rand.

Classical liberalism is the most immediatepredecessor of contemporary libertarianism. Locke and the American founders had an impact on those libertarians, such as Rothbard and Rand, who stress individual rights, while the Scottish Enlightenment and Spencer had a major impact on thinkerssuch as Hayek, who stress the evolutionary wisdom of customs and traditions in contradistinctionto the constructivist rationalism of state planners.

Among evolutionists, Spencer in particularmade important contributions to what would become known as general systems theory; some consider him to be the founder of modern sociology. Indeed, he authored Principles of Sociology and TheStudy of Sociology, which was the textbook used for the first sociology course offered in the United States, at Yale University. A contemporary of Charles Darwin, he focused on social evolution the development of societies and organizational structuresfrom simple to compound forms. In such works as The Man Versus the State, he presented a conception of society as a spontaneous, integrated growth and not amanufacture, an organically evolving context for the development of heterogeneity and differentiation among the individuals who compose it. Just as Spencer emphasized organic social evolution, so too did he focus on the organic evolution of the state with its mutually reinforcing reliance onbureaucracy and militarism, and how it might be overcome.

The Austrian-born Carl Menger, a founder along with W. S. Jevons and Lon Walras of the marginalist revolution in economics, held a similar view of social life as a dynamic, spontaneous, evolving process. Influenced by Aristotle in his methodological individualism, Menger wasfervently opposed to the historical relativism of the German historicists of the Methodenstreit. Menger focused on the purposeful actions of individuals in generating unintended sociologicalconsequences a host of institutions, such as language, religion, law, the state, markets, competition and money.

In the twentieth century, the Nobel laureate Austrian economist F. A. Hayek carried on Mengers evolutionist discussion and praised it for providing outstanding guidelines for general sociology. For Hayek (1991), Menger was among the Darwinians before Darwin those evolutionists,such as the conservative Edmund Burke and the liberals of the Scottish Enlightenment, who stressed the evolution of institutions as the product of unintended consequences, rather than deliberate design. Hayek drew a direct parallel between hisown concept of spontaneous order and Adam Smiths notion of the invisible hand. Hayek argued that, over time, there is a competition among various emergent traditions, each of which embodies rivalrules of action and perception. Through a process of natural selection, those rules and institutions that are more durable than others will tend to flourish, resulting in a relative increase in population and wealth. Though he didnt argue for a theory of inevitable progress, as Spencer had, heclearly assumed that liberalism was the social system most conducive to such flourishing.

Like Karl Marx, Hayek criticized utopiansfor their desire to construct social institutions as if from an Archimedean standpoint, external to history and culture. But Hayek turned this analysis on Marx; he developed a full-fledged critique of socialism and central planning as utopian requiring an unattainable synoptic knowledge of all the articulated and tacit dimensions of social life. Hayek argued that market prices were indispensable to rational entrepreneurial calculation. He also focused on the sociological and psychological ramifications of the movement away from markets. He maintains in The Road to Serfdom (1944), for example, that there is a structural connection between social psychology and politics: to the extent that the stateimposes collectivist arrangements on individuals, it is destructive of individualchoice, morals and responsibility, and this destruction of individualism reinforces the spread of statism. And the more the state comes to dominate social life, says Hayek, the more state power will be the only power worth having which is why theworst get on top.

The Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises was similarly opposed to statism and collectivism, and presented, in [1922], an influential book entitled Socialism, which was an economic and sociological analysis of all forms of state intervention from fascism to communism. Mises used the tools of praxeology, the science of humanaction, to demonstrate the calculational problems that all non-market systems face, due to their elimination of private property, entrepreneurialism and the price system. More important, perhaps, is Misess development of a non-Marxist, libertarian theoryof class. Like Charles Dunoyer, Charles Comte, James Mill and other classical liberals, Mises argued that traders on the market share a mutuality of benefit that is destroyed by political intervention. For Mises, the long-term interests of marketparticipants are not in fundamental conflict. It is only with government action that such conflict becomes possible, Mises claims,because it is only government that can create a caste system based on the bestowal of special privileges.

Mises located the central caste conflictin the financial sector of the economy. In such books as The Theory of Money and Credit, he contends that government control over money and banking led to the cycle of boom and bust. A systematicincrease in the money supply creates differentialeffects over time, redistributing wealth to those social groups, especially banks and debtor industries, which are the first beneficiaries of the inflation.

Mises student, Murray Rothbard, developed this theory of caste conflict into a full-fledged libertarian class analysis. Rothbard views central banking as a cartelizing device that has created a powerful structure of class privilege in modern political economy. These privileges growexponentially as government restricts market competition and free entry, thereby creating monopoly through various coercive means (e.g. compulsory cartelization, price controls, output quotas, licensing, tariffs, immigration restrictions, labourlaws, conscription, patents, franchises, etc.).

Rothbards view of the relationship between big business and government in the rise of American statism draws additionally from the work of New Left historical revisionists, such as Gabriel Kolko andJames Weinstein. These historians held that big business was at the forefront of the movement towards government regulation of the market. That movement, according to Rothbard, had both a domestic and foreigncomponent, since it often entailed both domestic regulation and foreign imperialism to secure global markets. The creation of a welfare-warfare state leads necessarily to economic inefficiencies and deep distortions in the structure of production. Like Marx, Rothbard views these internal contradictions as potentially fatal to the economic system; unlike Marx, Rothbard blames these contradictions not on the free market, but on the growth of statism.

Drawing inspiration from Franz Oppenheimers and Albert Jay Nocks distinction between state power and social power, or state and market, and from John C. Calhouns class theory, as presented in Disquisition on Government, Rothbard sawsociety fragmenting, ultimately, into two opposing classes: taxpayers and tax-consumers. In his book Power and Market, Rothbard identifies bureaucrats, politicians and the net beneficiaries of government privilege as among the tax-consumers. Unlike his Austrian predecessors Hayek andMises, however, Rothbard argues that it is only with the elimination of the state that a fully just and productive society can emerge. His anarcho-capitalist ideal society would end the states monopoly on the coercive use of force, as well as taxation and conscription, and allow for the emergence of contractual agencies for the protectionof fully delineated private property rights (thereby resolving the problems of externalities and public goods) and the adjudication of disputes. His scenario had a major impact on Nozick, whose Anarchy,State, and Utopia was written in response to the Rothbardian anarchist challenge.

Ayn Rand, the Russian-born novelist and philosopher, author of best-selling novels TheFountainhead and Atlas Shrugged, was one of those who eschewed the libertarian label, partially because of its association with anarchism. An epistemological realist, ethical egoist and advocate of laissez-faire capitalism, Rand maintained that libertarians had focused too much attention on politics to the exclusion of the philosophical and cultural factors upon which it depended. But even though she saw politics as hierarchically dependent on these factors, she often stressed the reciprocal relationships among disparate elements, from politicsand pedagogy to sex, economics and psychology. She sought to transcend the dualities of mind and body, reason and emotion, theory and practice, fact and value, morality and prudence, and theconventional philosophic dichotomies of materialism and idealism, rationalism and empiricism, subjectivism and classical objectivism (which she called intrinsicism). Yet, despite her protestations, Rand can be placed in the libertarian tradition, given her adherence to its voluntarist political credo.

From the perspective of social theory, Rand proposed a multi-level sociological analysis of human relations under statism. Echoing the Austrian critique of state intervention in her analysis of politics and economics, Rand extended her critique toencompass epistemology, psychology, ethics and culture. She argued that statism both nourished and depended upon an irrational altruist and collectivist ethos that demanded the sacrifice of the individual to the group. It required and perpetuated a psychology of dependence and a groupmentality that was destructive of individual authenticity, integrity, honesty and responsibility. Rand also focused on the cultural preconditions and effects of statism since coercive social relations required fundamental alterations in the nature of language, education, pedagogy, aesthetics and ideology. Just as relations of power operatethrough ethical, psychological, cultural, political and economic dimensions, so too, for Rand, the struggle for freedom and individualism depends upon a certain constellation of moral, psychological, cultural and structural factors that support it. Randadvocated capitalism, the unknown ideal, as the only system capable of generating just social conditions, conducive to the individuals survival and flourishing.

See also: inflation; laissez faire; monopolyand oligopoly.

References and further reading

Calhoun, John C. ([1853]1953) A Disquisition onGovernment and Selections from the Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States, Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.

Hayek, F. A. (1944) The Road to Serfdom, Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

(1991) The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek,Volume 3: The Trend of Economic Thinking: Essays on Political Economists and Economic History, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mises, Ludwig von ([1912]1981) The Theory ofMoney and Credit, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Classics.

(1936) Socialism: An Economic and SociologicalAnalysis, London: Jonathan Cape.

Nozick, Robert (1974) Anarchy, State, and Utopia,New York: Basic Books.

Rand, Ayn (1967) Capitalism: The UnknownIdeal, New York: New American Library.

Rothbard, Murray ([1970]1977) Power and Market:Government and the Economy, Kansas City, MO: Sheed Andrews and McMeel.

(1978) For a New Liberty: The LibertarianManifesto, revised edition, New York: Collier Books.

Sciabarra, Chris Matthew (1995) Ayn Rand: TheRussian Radical, University Park, PA: PennsylvaniaState University Press.

(1995) Marx, Hayek, and Utopia, Albany,NY: State University of New York Press.

(2000) Total Freedom: Toward a DialecticalLibertarianism, University Park, PA: PennsylvaniaState University Press.

Spencer, Herbert (1873) The Study of Sociology,New York: D. Appleton.

(188298) The Principles of Sociology, threevolumes, London: Williams and Norgate.

([1940]1981) The Man Versus the State, withSix Essays on Government, Society, and Freedom, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Classics.

CHRIS MATTHEW SCIABARRA

______ Note: [bracketed words] above are corrections to online version

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International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology: Libertarianism

Plant Pathology Graduate Program: Home

The Graduate Program of Plant Pathology at the University of California, Riverside aims at conducting research on the basic biology of plant pathogens; developing methods for the management of plant diseases; providing a quality education to its students; and, providing expert advice on plant diseases to the citizens of California and the world.

Plant pathology is a multidisciplinary field and consequently represented among our faculty are experts in the fields of genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and chemistry, as well as the more traditional aspects of disease control. Thus, some of our faculty are exploiting novel genomics-based approaches to the study of plant pathology. World-class, federally to regionally and statewide-funded research is being conducted by our faculty with research subjects ranging from gene identification, function, and manipulation to proteomics and biochemistry. Research programs range from those based primarily in the laboratory to those with both laboratory and substantial field programs. Many faculty also have close interactions with growers and farm advisors throughout California and the world. This is critical to applied research for identifying new and common plant diseases and developing innovative management programs based on ecological and epidemiological approaches including molecular epidemiology.

The Plant Pathology Graduate Programs is a key component to the Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology. Many graduate students have been attracted to Riverside by the international reputation of our Department. The Department is large enough to provide graduate students with the experience and skills needed to make them successful in scientific endeavors, but small enough for them to form close, personal relationships with their professors and colleagues. As a consequence of the multidisciplinary approaches used for this goal, graduate students in the Department have the opportunity to learn about a broad range of disciplines including molecular and classical genetics, biochemistry, botany, and disease diagnosis. Graduates may find themselves working for large agribusiness firms developing new fungicides, biotechnology firms creating disease-resistant plants through genetic engineering, universities developing tomorrow's agricultural technology or studying how microorganisms cause diseases, or at governmental agencies or private organizations providing practical advice on controlling disease.

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AI Horizon: Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence …

This site is designed to help you learn the basics of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence programming. We provide a smooth transition between learning a language to understanding what to do with it. Read the introduction to see how and why we approach Artificial Intelligence in the way that we do.

Please see our notice about our example source code.

Don't forget to bookmark this site and check back regularly for updates.

Basic Computer Science: Essays on algorithms and data structures. How to apply your knowledge of a programming language.

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Chess Artificial Intelligence: Essays on minimax algorithms, board evaluation. The grandfather of all strategic thinking applications.

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Books: Reviews of the top staff recommendations for books on Computer Science, Cognitive Science, and Artificial Intelligence.

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Mechanics of Breathing – Breathing in Joy

Mechanics of Breathing

This explanation of the physiology of breathing shows how our health improves through the conscious connected breathing that we do in Transformation Breathwork.

Humans need a continuous supply of oxygen for cellular respiration, and they must get rid of excess carbon dioxide, the poisonous waste product of this process. Gas exchange supports this cellular respiration by constantly supplying oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. The oxygen we need is derived from the Earth's atmosphere, which is 21% oxygen. This oxygen in the air is exchanged in the body by the respiratory surface. In humans, the alveoli in the lungs serve as the surface for gas exchange.

Gas exchange in humans can be divided into five steps:

Other factors involved with respiration are:

Structure of the Human Respiratory System

The Nose - Usually air will enter the respiratory system through the nostrils. The nostrils then lead to open spaces in the nose called the nasal passages. The nasal passages serve as a moistener, a filter, and to warm upthe air before it reaches the lungs. The hairs existing within the nostrils prevents various foreign particles from entering.Different air passageways and the nasal passages are covered with a mucous membrane. Many of the cells which produce the cells that make up the membrane contain cilia. Others secrete a type a sticky fluid called mucus. The mucus and cilia collect dust, bacteria, and other particles in the air. The mucus also helps in moistening the air. Under the mucous membrane there are a large number of capillaries. The blood within these capillaries helps to warm the air as it passes through the nose. The nose serves three purposes. It warms, filters, and moistens the air before it reaches the lungs. You will obviously lose these special advantages if you breath through your mouth.

Pharynx and Larynx - Air travels from the nasal passages to the pharynx, or more commonly known as the throat. When the air leaves the pharynx it passes into the larynx, or the voice box. The voice box is constructed mainly of cartilage, which is a flexible connective tissue. The vocal chords are two pairs of membranes that are stretched across the inside of the larynx. As the air is expired, the vocal chords vibrate. Humans can control the vibrations of the vocal chords, which enables us to make sounds. Food and liquids are blocked from entering the opening of the larynx by the epiglottis to prevent people from choking during swallowing.

Trachea - The larynx goes directly into the trachea or the windpipe. The trachea is a tube approximately 12 centimeters in length and 2.5 centimeters wide. The trachea is kept open by rings of cartilage within its walls. Similar to the nasal passages, the trachea is covered with a ciliated mucous membrane. Usually the cilia move mucus and trapped foreign matter to the pharynx. After that, they leave the air passages and are normally swallowed. The respiratory system cannot deal with tobacco smoke very keenly. Smoking stops the cilia from moving. Just one cigarette slows their motion for about 20 minutes. Thetobacco smokeincreases the amount of mucus in the air passages. When smokers cough, their body is attempting to dispose of the extra mucus.

Bronchi - Around the center of the chest, the trachea divides into two cartilage-ringed tubes called bronchi. Also, this section of the respiratory system is lined with ciliated cells. The bronchi enter the lungs and spread into a treelike fashion into smaller tubes calle bronchial tubes.

Bronchioles - The bronchial tubes divide and then subdivide. By doing this their walls become thinner and have less and less cartilage. Eventually, they become a tiny group of tubes called bronchioles.

Alveoli - Each bronchiole ends in a tiny air chamber that looks like a bunch of grapes. Each chamber contains many cup-shaped cavities known as alveoli. The walls of the alveoli, which are only about one cell thick, are the respiratory surface. They are thin, moist, and are surrounded by several numbers of capillaries. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air occurs through these walls. The estimation is that lungs contain about 300 million alveoli. Their total surface area would be about 70 square meters. That is 40 times the surface area of the skin. Smoking makes it difficult for oxygen to be taken through the alveoli. When the cigarette smoke is inhaled, about one-third of the particles will remain within the alveoli. There are too many particles from smoking or from other sources of air pollution which can damage the walls in the alveoli. This causes a certain tissue to form. This tissue reduces the working area of the respiratory surface and leads to the disease called emphysema.

Breathing

Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration. During inspiration, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract. The diaphragm moves downwards increasing the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity, and the intercostal muscles pull the ribs up expanding the rib cage and further increasing this volume. This increase of volume lowers the air pressure in the alveoli to below atmospheric pressure. Because air always flows from a region of high pressure to a region of lower pressure, it rushes in through the respiratory tract and into the alveoli. This is called negative pressure breathing, changing the pressure inside the lungs relative to the pressure of the outside atmosphere. In contrast to inspiration, during expiration the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. This returns the thoracic cavity to it's original volume, increasing the air pressure in the lungs, and forcing the air out.

External Respiration

When a breath is taken, air passes in through the nostrils, through the nasal passages, into the pharynx, through the larynx, down the trachea, into one of the main bronchi, then into smaller bronchial tubules, through even smaller bronchioles, and into a microscopic air sac called an alveolus. It is here that external respiration occurs. Simply put, it is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood in the lungs. Blood enters the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. It then proceeds through arterioles and into the alveolar capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between blood and the air. This blood then flows out of the alveolar capillaries, through venuoles, and back to the heart via the pulmonary veins. For an explanation as to why gasses are exchanged here, see partial pressure.

Gas Transport

If 100mL of plasma is exposed to an atmosphere with a pO2 of 100mm Hg, only 0.3mL of oxygen would be absorbed. However, if 100mL of bloodis exposed to the same atmosphere, about 19mL of oxygen would be absorbed. This is due to the presence of haemoglobin, the main means of oxygen transport in the body. The respiratory pigment haemoglobin is made up of an iron-containing porphyron, haem, combined with the protein globin. Each iron atom in haem is attached to four pyrole groups by covalent bonds. A fifth covalent bond of the iron is attached to the globin part of the molecule and the sixth covalent bond is available for combination with oxygen. There are four iron atoms in each hemoglobin molecule and therefore four heam groups.

Oxygen Transport -

In the loading and unloading of oxygen, there is a cooperation between these four haem groups. When oxygen binds to one of the groups, the others change shape slightly and their attraction to oxygen increases. The loading of the first oxygen, results in the rapid loading of the next three (forming oxyhemoglobin). At the other end, when one group unloads it's oxygen, the other three rapidly unload as their groups change shape again having less attraction for oxygen. This method of cooperative binding and release can be seen in the dissociation curve for hemoglobin. Over the range of oxygen concentrations where the curve has a steep slope, the slightest change in concentration will cause hemoglobin to load or unload a substantial amount of oxygen. Notice that the steep part of the curve corresponds to the range of oxygen concentrations found in the tissues. When the cells in a particular location begin to work harder, e.g. during exercise, oxygen concentration dips in that location, as the oxygen is used in cellular respiration. Because of the cooperation between the haem groups, this slight change in concentration is enough to cause a large increase in the amount of oxygen unloaded.

As with all proteins, hemoglobin's shape shift is sensitive to a variety of environmental conditions. A drop in pH lowers the attraction of hemoglobin to oxygen, an effect known as the Bohr shift. Because carbon dioxide reacts with water to produce carbonic acid, an active tissue will lower the pH of it's surroundings and encourage hemoglobin to give up extra oxygen, to be used in cellular respiration. Hemoglobin is a notable molecule for it's ability to transport oxygen from regions of supply to regions of demand.

Carbon Dioxide Transport - Out of the carbon dioxide released from respiring cells, 7% dissolves into the plasma, 23% binds to the multiple amino groups of hemoglobin (Caroxyhemoglobin), and 70% is carried as bicarbonate ions. Carbon dioxide created by respiring cells diffuses into the blood plasma and then into the red blood cells, where most of it is converted to bicarbonate ions. It first reacts with water forming carbonic acid, which then breaks down into H+ and CO3-. Most of the hydrogen ions that are produced attach to hemoglobin or other proteins.

Internal Respiration

The body tissues need the oxygen and have to get rid of the carbon dioxide, so the blood carried throughout the body exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the body's tissues. Internal respiration is basically the exchange of gasses between the blood in the capillaries and the body's cells.

The respiratory center is gray matter in the pons and the upper Medulla, which is responsible for rhythmic respiration. This center can be divided into an inspiratory center and an expiratory center in the Medulla, an apneustic center in the lower and midpons and a pneumotaxic center in the rostral-most part of the pons. This respiratory center is very sensitive to the pCO2 in the arteries and to the pH level of the blood.The CO2 can be brought back to the lungs in three different ways; dissolved in plasma, as carboxyhemoglobin, or as carbonic acid. That particular form of acid is almost broken down immediately by carbonic hydrase into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. This process is then reversed in the lungs so that water and carbon dioxide are exhaled. The Medulla Oblongata reacts to both CO2 and pH levels which triggers the breathing process so that more oxygen can enter the body to replace the oxygen that has been utilized. The Medulla Oblongata sends neural impulses down through the spinal chord and into the diaphragm. The impulse contracts down to the floor of the chest cavity, and at the same time there is a message sent to the chest muscles to expand causing a partial vacuum to be formed in the lungs. The partial vacuum will draw air into the lungs.

There are two other ways the Medulla Oblongata can be stimulated. The first type is when there is an oxygen debt (lack of oxygen reaching the muscles), andthis produces lactic acid which lowers the pH level.The Medulla Oblongata is then stimulated. If the pH rises it begins a process known as the Bohr shift. The Bohr shift is affected when there are extremely high oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures present in the human body. This factor causes difficulty for the oxygen and carbon dioxide to attach to hemoglobin. When the body is exposed to higher altitudes the oxygen will not attach to the hemoglobin properly, causing the oxygen level to drop and the person will black out. This theory also applies to divers who go to great depths, and the pressure of the oxygen becomes poisonous. These pressures are known as pO2 and pCO2, or partial pressures. The second type occurswhen the major arteries in the body called theaortic and carotid bodies, sense a lack of oxygen within the blood and they send messages to the Medulla Oblongata.

Various marine mammals have been found to have adapted special abilities which help in their respiratory processes, enabling them to remain down at great depths for long periods of time. The Weddell seal possesses some amazing abilities. It only stores 5% of its oxygen in its lungs, and keeps the remaining 70% of its oxygen circulating throughout the blood stream. Humans are only able to keep a small 51% of their oxygen circulating throughout the blood stream, while 36% of the oxygen is stored in the lungs. The explanation for this is that the Weddell seal has approximately twice the volume of blood per kilogram as humans. As well, the Weddell seal's spleen has the ability to store up to 24L of blood. It is believed that when the seal dives the spleen contracts causing the stored oxygen enriched blood to enter the blood stream. Also, these seals have a higher concentration of a certain protein found within the muscles known as myoglobin, which stores oxygen. The Weddell seal contains 25% of its oxygen in the muscles, while humans only keep about 12% of their oxygen within the muscles.

Not only does the Weddell seal store oxygen for long dives, but they consume it wisely as well. A diving reflex slows the pulse, and an overall reduction in oxygen consumption occurs due to this reduced heart rate. Regulatory mechamisms reroute blood to where it is needed most (brain, spinal cord, eyes, adrenal glands, and in some cases placenta) by constricting blood flow where it is not needed (mainly in the digestive system). Blood flow is restricted to muscles during long dives and they rely on oxygen stored in their myoglobin and make their ATP from fermentation rather then from respiration.

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Mechanics of Breathing - Breathing in Joy

Famous Cartoon Redheads – HubPages

I do admit. I watch a lot of kids' shows. I have a young daughter, and another not-so-young daughter, and they both love cartoons. I get to see a wide range of children's television thanks to them. Some of it by choice, most of it... not so much. One of them is just breaking into the pre-school aged shows, and the other has moved onto other things.

She used to be a huge fan of Playhouse Disney, on the Disney Channel. She was always asking me if she could watch one show or another. She is a big fan of Winnie the Pooh, and there was a new incarnation of that show on The Disney Channel when my oldest was little. With the help of a little girl named, Darby, Pooh and Tigger solve mysteries. Darby is a cute little cartoon redhead, and the show was decent. I just miss the classic Winnie the Pooh that I remember.

Same thing goes for Strawberry Shortcake. She has completely changed from when I was a kid. Her hair isn't even red anymore. For some reason, it's now pink. She wears pink, not red, and she looks nothing like the Strawberry Shortcake from my childhood. It makes me sad in a way, but I guess in time, all things change. LOL!

Rugrats is another show that has been around for a while. My sister used to watch Rugrats when she was younger, and it's still on today, in re-runs, though the kids have grown up some. Chuckie is the scared best friend of Tommy on the show. With his glasses and spiky red hair, he fits the classic mold of redheaded children as goofy, nerdy or strange. Still, he is likeable and sweet.

As my daughter has gotten older, she has moved on to other cartoon shows, aimed at a slightly older audience. Like the crime fighting, Kim Possible, who saves the world, and goes to cheer-leading practice all in the same day. I actually liked Kim Possible; it was kind of cute and funny, and it sends a positive message to kids.

Other shows I have come across, thanks to her, are Dexter's Laboratory, with little, redheaded genius, Dexter, who is constantly at odds with his sister, Dee-Dee, hiding in his lab, creating various strange inventions. Or The Powerpuff Girls, with spunky Blossom, leading the group of super-powered little girls, in an effort to stop the plots of villains of many different sorts.

It seems that I have forgotten more in this category than in any other. Where to start? I could double the size of this section alone!

Let's start with Phineas and Ferb. My daughter loves this show, and I just became aware of it a couple years ago, when she asked to watch it. She now has a Candace doll, and we watch the show together. Not only is Phineas a redhead, so are his sister, Candace, and their mother. The show is sweet and funny, and really sparks the imagination. Even my husband will watch it with me.

Another imaginative show with a redheaded character is Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. The character, Frankie helps out at the home, taking care of all sorts of strange and wonderful imaginary friends that have been abandoned or left behind by their children. Sadly, this show is a lot harder to find than it used to be. The few seasons that they made of the show can be found on Netflix, though.

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Famous Cartoon Redheads - HubPages

Recent Articles | Human Genetics | The Scientist Magazine

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Anti-aging Clinics | MD Longevity | San Francisco and New York

Ann J Peters, M.D.

Diplomat, International Hormone Society

Member, American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine

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Men, Women and Speed. 2 Words: Got Testosterone?

The New York Times- Health

For a variety of intrinsic biological reasons, the best women can never run as fast as the best men. To a large extent, its a matter of testosterone, said Dr. Benjamin Levine, of the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine. The hormone affects everything from muscle size and strength to the size of the heart to the amount of oxygen-carrying blood cells in the body to the percentage of fat on an athletes body. Every one of those effects gives men a performance advantage. Read full post.

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