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Nanotechnology News – Nanoscience, Nanotechnolgy, Nanotech …

Posted on April 11, 2016 by Danzig

13 hours ago feature

(Phys.org)A new study shows that a swarm of hundreds of thousands of tiny microbots, each smaller than the width of a human hair, can be deployed into industrial wastewater to absorb and remove toxic heavy metals. The ...

13 hours ago

A team of scientists from the University of Exeter have created a new type of device that could be used to develop cost-effective gas sensors.

13 hours ago

In order for touchscreens on smartphones and tablets to function, microscopically fine conductor paths are required on their surfaces. When the users' fingers tip on or wipe over them, electrical circuits open and close, ...

16 hours ago

By using innovative magnetic materials, an international collaborative of researchers has made a breakthrough in the development of microwave detectors devices that can sense weak microwave signals used for mobile communications, ...

Apr 08, 2016

For more than a decade, biomedical researchers have been looking for better ways to deliver cancer-killing medication directly to tumors in the body. Tiny capsules, called nanoparticles, are now being used to transport chemotherapy ...

Apr 08, 2016

Harnessing the power of the sun and creating light-harvesting or light-sensing devices requires a material that both absorbs light efficiently and converts the energy to highly mobile electrical current. Finding the ideal ...

Apr 08, 2016

Our current understanding of how the brain works is very poor. The electrical signals travel around the brain and throughout the body, and the electrical properties of the biological tissues are studied using electrophysiology. ...

Apr 08, 2016

A spy. A teacher. A bodyguard. That, in a nutshell, describes the different functions of a nanoparticle invented at the University at Buffalo that can improve therapies for autoimmune diseases, genetic disorders and other ...

Apr 07, 2016

The transistor is the most fundamental building block of electronics, used to build circuits capable of amplifying electrical signals or switching them between the 0s and 1s at the heart of digital computation. Transistor ...

Apr 07, 2016

Nanoparticles designed to block a cell-surface molecule that plays a key role in inflammation could be a safe treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), according to researchers in the Institute for Biomedical Sciences ...

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Nanotechnology News - Nanoscience, Nanotechnolgy, Nanotech ...

Mind Mapping Software – Create online Mind Maps

Posted on April 11, 2016 by Danzig

Educate tomorrow's thinkers today

To create mind maps, students explore information and decide for themselves what's important and how it connects with what they already know. This is how they develop their critical thinking.

We built several features which will make it very easy for the professor and it's students to use Mindomo in the classroom. Such features are: creating mind map assignments, setting up groups for students, accessing students' maps, etc.

Use mind maps to understand facts, issues and ideas revolving around a central topic. Use concept maps to see how multiple concepts are connected. Use outlines to refine your maps and save them in a linear way.

It's very simple to add and use Mindomo from the school's Google Apps or Office365 account. Also, our LTI integrations provide a single click access to Mindomo from the most popular LMSs: Canvas, Blackboard, Moodle, Desire2Learn, itslearning, Schoology, etc.

From all the mind mapping tools out there, we are the most focused on providing the best solution for teachers and students.

The 'Presenter' feature lets students turn their maps into slide-by-slide presentations. This way they can show others their thought process as they developed the maps.

iPad and Android native apps for mind mapping both online and offline while using a smooth, simplified interface.

Our playback mode lets you keep track of all the changes each student makes on a mind map: added topics, new connections, uploaded images and videos, etc.

Students can make their maps more engaging by searching web images directly from the map and adding them with just one click.

To explain certain topics better, add related videos from the web or audio record your explanation directly in the mind map.

To introduce students to mind mapping, use our predefined mind map templates or create your own. It will be easier for them to get familiar with mind maps.

Collaborative mind map assignments

Google Apps for Education integration

Integrations with the most popular LMSs: Moodle, Canvas, Blackboard, Desire2Learn, itslearning, Schoology

Exporting maps in a great variety of formats: .pdf, .rtf, .ppt, .txt, .opml, .mpx, .html, .zip, .png.

Exporting mind maps into other mind mapping tools

Importing mind maps from other mind mapping tools

Android and iPad native apps

Creating students accounts without email

Turning mind maps into presentations

Text formatting inside topics

Adding hyperlinks and attachments

Nanomedicine Fact Sheet – Genome.gov

Posted on April 10, 2016 by Danzig

Nanomedicine Overview

What if doctors had tiny tools that could search out and destroy the very first cancer cells of a tumor developing in the body? What if a cell's broken part could be removed and replaced with a functioning miniature biological machine? Or what if molecule-sized pumps could be implanted in sick people to deliver life-saving medicines precisely where they are needed? These scenarios may sound unbelievable, but they are the ultimate goals of nanomedicine, a cutting-edge area of biomedical research that seeks to use nanotechnology tools to improve human health.

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A lot of things are small in today's high-tech world of biomedical tools and therapies. But when it comes to nanomedicine, researchers are talking very, very small. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, too small even to be seen with a conventional lab microscope.

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Nanotechnology is the broad scientific field that encompasses nanomedicine. It involves the creation and use of materials and devices at the level of molecules and atoms, which are the parts of matter that combine to make molecules. Non-medical applications of nanotechnology now under development include tiny semiconductor chips made out of strings of single molecules and miniature computers made out of DNA, the material of our genes. Federally supported research in this area, conducted under the rubric of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, is ongoing with coordinated support from several agencies.

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For hundreds of years, microscopes have offered scientists a window inside cells. Researchers have used ever more powerful visualization tools to extensively categorize the parts and sub-parts of cells in vivid detail. Yet, what scientists have not been able to do is to exhaustively inventory cells, cell parts, and molecules within cell parts to answer questions such as, "How many?" "How big?" and "How fast?" Obtaining thorough, reliable measures of quantity is the vital first step of nanomedicine.

As part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Common Fund [nihroadmap.nih.gov], the NIH [nih.gov] has established a handful of nanomedicine centers. These centers are staffed by a highly interdisciplinary scientific crew, including biologists, physicians, mathematicians, engineers and computer scientists. Research conducted over the first few years was spent gathering extensive information about how molecular machines are built.

Once researchers had catalogued the interactions between and within molecules, they turned toward using that information to manipulate those molecular machines to treat specific diseases. For example, one center is trying to return at least limited vision to people who have lost their sight. Others are trying to develop treatments for severe neurological disorders, cancer, and a serious blood disorder.

The availability of innovative, body-friendly nanotools that depend on precise knowledge of how the body's molecular machines work, will help scientists figure out how to build synthetic biological and biochemical devices that can help the cells in our bodies work the way they were meant to, returning the body to a healthier state.

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Last Updated: January 22, 2014

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Nanomedicine Fact Sheet - Genome.gov

Beaches at Titusville, Florida | USA Today

Posted on April 8, 2016 by Danzig

Famed as it is for the NASA complex, Titusville also has some fabulous beaches. (Photo: Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images )

Titusville is a town on the east coast of central Florida. It attracts tourism primarily through its proximity to the NASA space complex and the nearby Canaveral National Seashore. The seashore covers 57,000 acres and stretches for 24 miles; it is the longest contiguous length of undeveloped beach on Florida's east coast. Managed jointly with the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge and owned by the Kennedy Space center, it is one of ten National Seashores protected by the National Park Service in the U.S.

One and a half million people visit the Seashore every year, so it is vital each one respect the environment. To protect the fragile dune structures, use only the boardwalks to pass from the parking areas to the beach. The beaches are on a barrier island separated by the intracoastal waterway -- here Mosquito Lagoon on the Indian River -- from the mainland. The Canaveral National Seashore is 12 miles east of Titusville; take Interstate 95 exit 80 or 84, then State Road 44 to 402, then follow SR 402 to its end. As of 2011, the south beaches are closed to the public three days prior to the launch of a space shuttle, and all day on launch days. Other rocket launches can also affect access. Apollo Beach, near the town of New Smyrna Beach, is part of the North District; Playalinda Beach is part of the South District. Parking Area 1 serves Apollo Beach; Parking Area 2 serves Playalinda Beach. There is a per-person day-use fee, but children under 16 are admitted free.

There are no concessions, showers or running water at the Seashore, and lifeguards are only on duty from May 30 to Sept. 1, from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Only restrooms with chemical toilets are provided; everything else must be shipped in and shipped out again. Take sufficient water, sunscreen, insect repellent and a solution of 50-percent vinegar / 50-percent water in case a Portuguese man-of-war jellyfish is encountered. Leave only your footprints.

Playalinda is Spanish for "pretty beach." Opening hours vary by season; contact the park service for current information. The beach is pristine, and seldom crowded. To ensure privacy, simply pick one of the many small parking lots with few or no cars, then use its dedicated boardwalk to access the beach. High tide leaves only a narrow strand in places, and ants are voracious near the dunes; taking a beach chair rather than a towel is highly recommended for sunbathing at high tide. Mosquitoes are also ubiquitous. Playalinda Beach is within Brevard County's jurisdiction, so behavior is officially constrained by their nudity ordinance. However, the restriction is rarely and erratically enforced. The area of beach accessed from the final parking lot -- "Beach 13" -- is unofficially but universally accepted to be clothing optional.

Apollo Beach is in constant flux; each tide can deposit or remove as much as 10 feet of sand. The park service envisions Apollo Beach as having a much less dense population than Playalinda, even on the season's busiest days; this is reflected in access problems. Parking is at only five coastal lots that, combined, can accommodate a maximum of 201 vehicles. There is one chemical toilet at each lot. The southernmost part of Apollo Beach is traditionally clothing-optional, accessed form parking lot 5 at the end of the road.

Rip currents, flowing seaward away from the beach, can be deadly. Rip currents are often an occurrence at the Seashore, where sandbars develop a short distance offshore causing water to rush outward through breaks in the underwater mounds. Storms are frequent, especially in the summer, and the Park Service advises that "Central Florida is the lightning capital of the world." If lightning is observed, even apparently many miles offshore, take shelter in your car until the storm has passed. The Portuguese man-of-war can severely sting humans in the water and at the water's edge. This huge drifting jellyfish extends feeding tentacles behind it, and these tentacles can be 50 feet long. Further, the body of the Portuguese man-of-war looks to children like a purple balloon, and even dead ones washed up on the sand can cause severe reactions. If stung, carefully remove any parts of the tentacle that remain on the skin, then treat the area with a 50 percent vinegar / 50 percent water mix and contact a park ranger for assistance. The parking lots are seldom monitored; leave valuables at home or locked securely in the safe at your accommodation.

The Seashore is a vital nesting habitat for loggerhead, leatherback and green sea turtles, predominantly between the months of May and August. Up to 4,000 loggerheads nest at the Seashore every year, but less than 300 greens and just a handful of leatherbacks do so. It is imperative not to disturb nesting sea turtles. During the nesting season, park rangers and skilled volunteers are on duty every night to screen new nests from predators. Do not disrupt any turtles that you see on shore, either by touching them or taking flash photographs; camera flashes can disorient their sense of direction as they climb up the beaches.

John Cagney Nash began composing press releases and event reviews for British nightclubs in 1982. His material was first published in the "Eastern Daily Press." Nash's work focuses on American life, travel and the music industry. In 1998 he earned an OxBridge doctorate in philosophy and immediately emigrated to America.

Beaches at Titusville, Florida | USA Today

Playalinda Beach – 57 Photos – Beaches – Titusville, FL …

Posted on April 8, 2016 by Danzig

We came here on a holiday so of course it was packed. Living only a couple of miles from the beach, the only draw to this place was that parking lot 13 supposedly allowed nude sunbathing. Before we even arrived to lot 13 you could see already that the parking lot was going to be full, and all the other lots were already full.

People started parking on the side of the road in between 12 and 13 and security didn't seem to mind since you have to pay $5 to get in and they were making so much money. We walked over through 12 and planned to go down to 13 to be able to partake in no tan lines, but to my surprise everyone was already in the flesh, so needless to say, everyone around was comfortable with it.

The only thing I would suggest is making sure to have at least one other person in your party if you don't want to approached by strangers walking by, but if you have someone with you people tend to leave you alone. I would say it's worth the money and the drive (30 minutes for us to get there and about 15 more once you get past the gate) but it's great if you like quiet (no kids) and hate wearing a bathing suit.

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Playalinda Beach - 57 Photos - Beaches - Titusville, FL ...

Myths of Individualism | Libertarianism.org

Posted on April 6, 2016 by Danzig

September 6, 2011 essays

Palmer takes on the misconceptions of individualism common to communitarian critics of liberty.

It has recently been asserted that libertarians, or classical liberals, actually think that individual agents are fully formed and their value preferences are in place prior to and outside of any society. They ignore robust social scientific evidence about the ill effects of isolation, and, yet more shocking, they actively oppose the notion of shared values or the idea of the common good. I am quoting from the 1995 presidential address of Professor Amitai Etzioni to the American Sociological Association (American Sociological Review, February 1996). As a frequent talk show guest and as editor of the journal The Responsive Community,Etzioni has come to some public prominence as a publicist for a political movement known as communitarianism.

Etzioni is hardly alone in making such charges. They come from both left and right. From the left, Washington Post columnist E. J. Dionne Jr. argued in his book Why Americans Hate Politics that the growing popularity of the libertarian cause suggested that many Americans had even given up on the possibility of a common good, and in a recent essay in the Washington Post Magazine, that the libertarian emphasis on the freewheeling individual seems to assume that individuals come into the world as fully formed adults who should be held responsible for their actions from the moment of birth. From the right, the late Russell Kirk, in a vitriolic article titled Libertarians: The Chirping Sectaries, claimed that the perennial libertarian, like Satan, can bear no authority, temporal or spiritual and that the libertarian does not venerate ancient beliefs and customs, or the natural world, or his country, or the immortal spark in his fellow men.

More politely, Sen. Dan Coats (R-Ind.) and David Brooks of the Weekly Standard have excoriated libertarians for allegedly ignoring the value of community. Defending his proposal for more federal programs to rebuild community, Coats wrote that his bill is self-consciously conservative, not purely libertarian. It recognizes, not only individual rights, but the contribution of groups rebuilding the social and moral infrastructure of their neighborhoods. The implication is that individual rights are somehow incompatible with participation in groups or neighborhoods.

Such charges, which are coming with increasing frequency from those opposed to classical liberal ideals, are never substantiated by quotations from classical liberals; nor is any evidence offered that those who favor individual liberty and limited constitutional government actually think as charged by Etzioni and his echoes. Absurd charges often made and not rebutted can come to be accepted as truths, so it is imperative that Etzioni and other communitarian critics of individual liberty be called to account for their distortions.

Let us examine the straw man of atomistic individualism that Etzioni, Dionne, Kirk, and others have set up. The philosophical roots of the charge have been set forth by communitarian critics of classical liberal individualism, such as the philosopher Charles Taylor and the political scientist Michael Sandel. For example, Taylor claims that, because libertarians believe in individual rights and abstract principles of justice, they believe in the self-sufficiency of man alone, or, if you prefer, of the individual. That is an updated version of an old attack on classical liberal individualism, according to which classical liberals posited abstract individuals as the basis for their views about justice.

Those claims are nonsense. No one believes that there are actually abstract individuals, for all individuals are necessarily concrete. Nor are there any truly self-sufficient individuals, as any reader of The Wealth of Nations would realize. Rather, classical liberals and libertarians argue that the system of justice should abstract from the concrete characteristics of individuals. Thus, when an individual comes before a court, her height, color, wealth, social standing, and religion are normally irrelevant to questions of justice. That is what equality before the law means; it does not mean that no one actually has a particular height, skin color, or religious belief. Abstraction is a mental process we use when trying to discern what is essential or relevant to a problem; it does not require a belief in abstract entities.

It is precisely because neither individuals nor small groups can be fully self-sufficient that cooperation is necessary to human survival and flourishing. And because that cooperation takes place among countless individuals unknown to each other, the rules governing that interaction are abstract in nature. Abstract rules, which establish in advance what we may expect of one another, make cooperation possible on a wide scale.

No reasonable person could possibly believe that individuals are fully formed outside societyin isolation, if you will. That would mean that no one could have had any parents, cousins, friends, personal heroes, or even neighbors. Obviously, all of us have been influenced by those around us. What libertarians assert is simply that differences among normal adults do not imply different fundamental rights.

Libertarianism is not at base a metaphysical theory about the primacy of the individual over the abstract, much less an absurd theory about abstract individuals. Nor is it an anomic rejection of traditions, as Kirk and some conservatives have charged. Rather, it is a political theory that emerged in response to the growth of unlimited state power; libertarianism draws its strength from a powerful fusion of a normative theory about the moral and political sources and limits of obligations and a positive theory explaining the sources of order. Each person has the right to be free, and free persons can produce order spontaneously, without a commanding power over them.

What of Dionnes patently absurd characterization of libertarianism: individuals come into the world as fully formed adults who should be held responsible for their actions from the moment of birth? Libertarians recognize the difference between adults and children, as well as differences between normal adults and adults who are insane or mentally hindered or retarded. Guardians are necessary for children and abnormal adults, because they cannot make responsible choices for themselves. But there is no obvious reason for holding that some normal adults are entitled to make choices for other normal adults, as paternalists of both left and right believe. Libertarians argue that no normal adult has the right to impose choices on other normal adults, except in abnormal circumstances, such as when one person finds another unconscious and administers medical assistance or calls an ambulance.

What distinguishes libertarianism from other views of political morality is principally its theory of enforceable obligations. Some obligations, such as the obligation to write a thank-you note to ones host after a dinner party, are not normally enforceable by force. Others, such as the obligation not to punch a disagreeable critic in the nose or to pay for a pair of shoes before walking out of the store in them, are. Obligations may be universal or particular. Individuals, whoever and wherever they may be (i.e., in abstraction from particular circumstances), have an enforceable obligation to all other persons: not to harm them in their lives, liberties, health, or possessions. In John Lockes terms, Being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. All individuals have the right that others not harm them in their enjoyment of those goods. The rights and the obligations are correlative and, being both universal and negative in character, are capable under normal circumstances of being enjoyed by all simultaneously. It is the universality of the human right not to be killed, injured, or robbed that is at the base of the libertarian view, and one need not posit an abstract individual to assert the universality of that right. It is his veneration, not his contempt, for the immortal spark in his fellow men that leads the libertarian to defend individual rights.

Those obligations are universal, but what about particular obligations? As I write this, I am sitting in a coffee house and have just ordered another coffee. I have freely undertaken the particular obligation to pay for the coffee: I have transferred a property right to a certain amount of my money to the owner of the coffee shop, and she has transferred the property right to the cup of coffee to me. Libertarians typically argue that particular obligations, at least under normal circumstances, must be created by consent; they cannot be unilaterally imposed by others. Equality of rights means that some people cannot simply impose obligations on others, for the moral agency and rights of those others would then be violated. Communitarians, on the other hand, argue that we all are born with many particular obligations, such as to give to this body of personscalled a state or, more nebulously, a nation, community, or folkso much money, so much obedience, or even ones life. And they argue that those particular obligations can be coercively enforced. In fact, according to communitarians such as Taylor and Sandel, I am actually constituted as a person, not only by the facts of my upbringing and my experiences, but by a set of very particular unchosen obligations.

To repeat, communitarians maintain that we are constituted as persons by our particular obligations, and therefore those obligations cannot be a matter of choice. Yet that is a mere assertion and cannot substitute for an argument that one is obligated to others; it is no justification for coercion. One might well ask, If an individual is born with the obligation to obey, who is born with the right to command? If one wants a coherent theory of obligations, there must be someone, whether an individual or a group, with the right to the fulfillment of the obligation. If I am constituted as a person by my obligation to obey, who is constituted as a person by the right to obedience? Such a theory of obligation may have been coherent in an age of God-kings, but it seems rather out of place in the modern world. To sum up, no reasonable person believes in the existence of abstract individuals, and the true dispute between libertarians and communitarians is not about individualism as such but about the source of particular obligations, whether imposed or freely assumed.

A theory of obligation focusing on individuals does not mean that there is no such thing as society or that we cannot speak meaningfully of groups. The fact that there are trees does not mean that we cannot speak of forests, after all. Society is not merely a collection of individuals, nor is it some bigger or better thing separate from them. Just as a building is not a pile of bricks but the bricks and the relationships among them, society is not a person, with his own rights, but many individuals and the complex set of relationships among them.

A moments reflection makes it clear that claims that libertarians reject shared values and the common good are incoherent. If libertarians share the value of liberty (at a minimum), then they cannot actively oppose the notion of shared values, and if libertarians believe that we will all be better off if we enjoy freedom, then they have not given up on the possibility of a common good, for a central part of their efforts is to assert what the common good is! In response to Kirks claim that libertarians reject tradition, let me point out that libertarians defend a tradition of liberty that is the fruit of thousands of years of human history. In addition, pure traditionalism is incoherent, for traditions may clash, and then one has no guide to right action. Generally, the statement that libertarians reject tradition is both tasteless and absurd. Libertarians follow religious traditions, family traditions, ethnic traditions, and social traditions such as courtesy and even respect for others, which is evidently not a tradition Kirk thought it necessary to maintain.

The libertarian case for individual liberty, which has been so distorted by communitarian critics, is simple and reasonable. It is obvious that different individuals require different things to live good, healthy, and virtuous lives. Despite their common nature, people are materially and numerically individuated, and we have needs that differ. So, how far does our common good extend?

Karl Marx, an early and especially brilliant and biting communitarian critic of libertarianism, asserted that civil society is based on a decomposition of man such that mans essence is no longer in community but in difference; under socialism, in contrast, man would realize his nature as a species being. Accordingly, socialists believe that collective provision of everything is appropriate; in a truly socialized state, we would all enjoy the same common good and conflict simply would not occur. Communitarians are typically much more cautious, but despite a lot of talk they rarely tell us much about what our common good might be. The communitarian philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre, for instance, in his influential book After Virtue, insists for 219 pages that there is a good life for man that must be pursued in common and then rather lamely concludes that the good life for man is the life spent in seeking for the good life for man.

A familiar claim is that providing retirement security through the state is an element of the common good, for it brings all of us together. But who is included in all of us? Actuarial data show that African-American males who have paid the same taxes into the Social Security system as have Caucasian males over their working lives stand to get back about half as much. Further, more black than white males will die before they receive a single penny, meaning all of their money has gone to benefit others and none of their investments are available to their families. In other words, they are being robbed for the benefit of nonblack retirees. Are African-American males part of the all of us who are enjoying a common good, or are they victims of the common good of others? (As readers of this magazine should know, all would be better off under a privatized system, which leads libertarians to assert the common good of freedom to choose among retirement systems.) All too often, claims about the common good serve as covers for quite selfish attempts to secure private goods; as the classical liberal Austrian novelist Robert Musil noted in his great work The Man without Qualities, Nowadays only criminals dare to harm others without philosophy.

Libertarians recognize the inevitable pluralism of the modern world and for that reason assert that individual liberty is at least part of the common good. They also understand the absolute necessity of cooperation for the attainment of ones ends; a solitary individual could never actually be self-sufficient, which is precisely why we must have rulesgoverning property and contracts, for exampleto make peaceful cooperation possible and we institute government to enforce those rules. The common good is a system of justice that allows all to live together in harmony and peace; a common good more extensive than that tends to be, not a common good for all of us, but a common good for some of us at the expense of others of us. (There is another sense, understood by every parent, to the term self-sufficiency. Parents normally desire that their children acquire the virtue of pulling their own weight and not subsisting as scroungers, layabouts, moochers, or parasites. That is a necessary condition of self-respect; Taylor and other critics of libertarianism often confuse the virtue of self-sufficiency with the impossible condition of never relying on or cooperating with others.)

The issue of the common good is related to the beliefs of communitarians regarding the personality or the separate existence of groups. Both are part and parcel of a fundamentally unscientific and irrational view of politics that tends to personalize institutions and groups, such as the state or nation or society. Instead of enriching political science and avoiding the alleged naivet of libertarian individualism, as communitarians claim, however, the personification thesis obscures matters and prevents us from asking the interesting questions with which scientific inquiry begins. No one ever put the matter quite as well as the classical liberal historian Parker T. Moon of Columbia University in his study of 19th-century European imperialism, Imperialism and World Politics:

Language often obscures truth. More than is ordinarily realized, our eyes are blinded to the facts of international relations by tricks of the tongue. When one uses the simple monosyllable France one thinks of France as a unit, an entity. When to avoid awkward repetition we use a personal pronoun in referring to a countrywhen for example we say France sent her troops to conquer Tuniswe impute not only unity but personality to the country. The very words conceal the facts and make international relations a glamorous drama in which personalized nations are the actors, and all too easily we forget the flesh-and-blood men and women who are the true actors. How different it would be if we had no such word as France, and had to say insteadthirty-eight million men, women and children of very diversified interests and beliefs, inhabiting 218,000 square miles of territory! Then we should more accurately describe the Tunis expedition in some such way as this: A few of these thirty-eight million persons sent thirty thousand others to conquer Tunis. This way of putting the fact immediately suggests a question, or rather a series of questions. Who are the few? Why did they send the thirty thousand to Tunis? And why did these obey?

Group personification obscures, rather than illuminates, important political questions. Those questions, centering mostly around the explanation of complex political phenomena and moral responsibility, simply cannot be addressed within the confines of group personification, which drapes a cloak of mysticism around the actions of policymakers, thus allowing some to use philosophyand mystical philosophy, at thatto harm others.

Libertarians are separated from communitarians by differences on important issues, notably whether coercion is necessary to maintain community, solidarity, friendship, love, and the other things that make life worth living and that can be enjoyed only in common with others. Those differences cannot be swept away a priori; their resolution is not furthered by shameless distortion, absurd characterizations, or petty name-calling.

Myths of Individualism originally appeared in the September/October 1996 issue of Cato Policy Report.

Tom G. Palmer is a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, director of the Institutes educational division, Cato University, Vice President for International Programs at the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, and General Director of the Atlas Global Initiative for Free Trade, Peace, and Prosperity.

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Myths of Individualism | Libertarianism.org

History of genetic engineering – Wikipedia, the free …

Posted on April 6, 2016 by Danzig

Genetic modification caused by human activity has been occurring since around 12,000 BC, when humans first began to domesticate organisms. Genetic engineering as the direct transfer of DNA from one organism to another was first accomplished by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. The first genetically modified animal was a mouse created in 1973 by Rudolf Jaenisch. In 1983 an antibiotic resistant gene was inserted into tobacco, leading to the first genetically engineered plant. Advances followed that allowed scientists to manipulate and add genes to a variety of different organism and induce a range of different effects.

In 1976 the technology was commercialised, with the advent of genetically modified bacteria that produced somatostatin, followed by insulin in 1978. Plants were first commercialised with virus resistant tobacco released in China in 1992. The first genetically modified food was the Flavr Savr tomato marketed in 1994. By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialized biotech crops. In 2000 a paper published in Science introduced golden rice, the first food developed with increased nutrient value.

Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using certain biotechnology techniques that have only existed since the 1970s.[2] Human directed genetic manipulation was occurring much earlier, beginning with the domestication of plants and animals through artificial selection. The dog is believed to be the first animal domesticated, possibly arising from a common ancestor of the grey wolf,[1] with archeologically evidence dating to about 12,000 BC.[3] Other carnivores domesticated in prehistoric times include the cat, which cohabited with human 9 500 years ago.[4] Archeologically evidence suggests sheep, cattle, pigs and goats were domesticated between 9 000 BC and 8 000 BC in the Fertile Crescent.[5]

The first evidence of plant domestication comes from emmer and einkorn wheat found in pre-Pottery Neolithic A villages in Southwest Asia dated about 10,500 to 10,100 BC. The Fertile Crescent of Western Asia, Egypt, and India were sites of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered in the wild. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas.[7] The eight Neolithic founder crops (emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax) had all appeared by about 7000 BC.[8]Horticulture first appears in the Levant during the Chalcolithic period about 6 800 to 6,300 BC. Due to the soft tissues, archeological evidence for early vegetables is scarce. The earliest vegetable remains have been found in Egyptian caves that date back to the 2nd millennium BC.

Selective breeding of domesticated plants was once the main way early farmers shaped organisms to suit their needs. Charles Darwin described three types of selection: methodical selection, wherein humans deliberately select for particular characteristics; unconscious selection, wherein a characteristic is selected simply because it is desirable; and natural selection, wherein a trait that helps an organism survive better is passed on.[11]:25 Early breeding relied on unconscious and natural selection. The introduction of methodical selection is unknown.[11]:25 Common characteristics that were bred into domesticated plants include grains that did not shatter to allow easier harvesting, uniform ripening, shorter lifespans that translate to faster growing, loss of toxic compounds, and productivity.[11]:2730 Some plants, like the Banana, were able to be propagated by vegetative cloning. Offspring often did not contain seeds, and therefore sterile. However, these offspring were usually juicier and larger. Propagation through cloning allows these mutant varieties to be cultivated despite their lack of seeds.[11]:31

Hybridization was another way that rapid changes in plant's makeup were introduced. It often increased vigor in plants, and combined desirable traits together. Hybridization most likely first occurred when humans first grew similar, yet slightly different plants in close proximity.[11]:32Triticum aestivum, wheat used in baking bread, is an allopolyploid. Its creation is the result of two separate hybridization events.[12]

X-rays were first used to deliberately mutate plants in 1927. Between 1927 and 2007, more than 2,540 genetically mutated plant varieties had been produced using x-rays.[13]

Various genetic discoveries have been essential in the development of genetic engineering. Genetic inheritance was first discovered by Gregor Mendel in 1865 following experiments crossing peas. Although largely ignored for 34 years he provided the first evidence of hereditary segregation and independent assortment.[14] In 1889 Hugo de Vries came up with the name "(pan)gene" after postulating that particles are responsible for inheritance of characteristics[15] and the term "genetics" was coined by William Bateson in 1905.[16] In 1928 Frederick Griffith proved the existence of a "transforming principle" involved in inheritance, which Avery, MacLeod and McCarty later (1944) identified as DNA. Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle developed the central dogma that genes code for proteins in 1941. The double helix structure of DNA was identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.

As well as discovering how DNA works, tools had to be developed that allowed it to be manipulated. In 1970 Hamilton Smiths lab discovered restriction enzymes that allowed DNA to be cut at specific places and separated out on an electrophoresis gel. This enabled scientists to isolate genes from an organism's genome.[17]DNA ligases, that join broken DNA together, had been discovered earlier in 1967[18] and by combining the two enzymes it was possible to "cut and paste" DNA sequences to create recombinant DNA. Plasmids, discovered in 1952,[19] became important tools for transferring information between cells and replicating DNA sequences. Frederick Sanger developed a method for sequencing DNA in 1977, greatly increasing the genetic information available to researchers. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, allowed small sections of DNA to be amplified and aided identification and isolation of genetic material.

As well as manipulating the DNA, techniques had to be developed for its insertion (known as transformation) into an organism's genome. Griffiths experiment had already shown that some bacteria had the ability to naturally uptake and express foreign DNA. Artificial competence was induced in Escherichia coli in 1970 when Morton Mandel and Akiko Higa showed that it could take up bacteriophage after treatment with calcium chloride solution (CaCl2).[20] Two years later, Stanley Cohen showed that CaCl2 treatment was also effective for uptake of plasmid DNA.[21] Transformation using electroporation was developed in the late 1980s, increasing the efficiency and bacterial range.[22] In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid.[23] By removing the genes in the plasmid that caused the tumor and adding in novel genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.[24]

In 1972 Paul Berg utilised restriction enzymes and DNA ligases to create the first recombinant DNA molecules. He combined DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus.[25]Herbert Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen took Berg's work a step further and introduced recombinant DNA into a bacterial cell. Cohen was researching plasmids, while Boyers work involved restriction enzymes. They recognised the complementary nature of their work and teamed up in 1972. Together they found a restriction enzyme that cut the pSC101 plasmid at a single point and were able to insert and ligate a gene that conferred resistance to the kanamycin antibiotic into the gap. Cohen had previously devised a method where bacteria could be induced to take up a plasmid and using this they were able to create a bacteria that survived in the presence of the kanamycin. This represented the first genetically modified organism. They repeated experiments showing that other genes could be expressed in bacteria, including one from the toad Xenopus laevis, the first cross kingdom transformation.[26][27][28]

In 1973 Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo, making it the worlds first transgenic animal.[29] Jaenisch was studying mammalian cells infected with simian virus 40 (SV40) when he happened to read a paper from Beatrice Mintz describing the generation of chimera mice. He took his SV40 samples to Mintz's lab and injected them into early mouse embryos expecting tumours to develop. The mice appeared normal, but after using radioactive probes he discovered that the virus had integrated itself into the mice genome.[30] However the mice did not pass the transgene to their offspring. In 1981 the laboratories of Frank Ruddle, Frank Constantini and Elizabeth Lacy injected purified DNA into a single-cell mouse embryo and showed transmission of the genetic material to subsequent generations.[31][32]

The first genetically engineered plant was tobacco, reported in 1983.[33] It was developed by Michael W. Bevan, Richard B. Flavell and Mary-Dell Chilton by creating a chimeric gene that joined an antibiotic resistant gene to the T1 plasmid from Agrobacterium. The tobacco was infected with Agrobacterium transformed with this plasmid resulting in the chimeric gene being inserted into the plant. Through tissue culture techniques a single tobacco cell was selected that contained the gene and a new plant grown from it.[34]

The development of genetic engineering technology led to concerns in the scientific community about potential risks. The development of a regulatory framework concerning genetic engineering began in 1975, at Asilomar, California. The Asilomar meeting recommended a set of guidelines regarding the cautious use of recombinant technology and any products resulting from that technology.[35] The Asilomar recommendations were voluntary, but in 1976 the US National Institute of Health (NIH) formed a recombinant DNA advisory committee.[36] This was followed by other regulatory offices (the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)), effectively making all recombinant DNA research tightly regulated in the USA.[37]

In 1982 the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) released a report into the potential hazards of releasing genetically modified organisms into the environment as the first transgenic plants were being developed.[38] As the technology improved and genetically organisms moved from model organisms to potential commercial products the USA established a committee at the Office of Science and Technology (OSTP) to develop mechanisms to regulate the developing technology.[37] In 1986 the OSTP assigned regulatory approval of genetically modified plants in the US to the USDA, FDA and EPA.[39] In the late 1980s and early 1990s, guidance on assessing the safety of genetically engineered plants and food emerged from organizations including the FAO and WHO.[40][41][42][43]

The European Union first introduced laws requiring GMO's to be labelled in 1997.[44] In 2013 Connecticut became the first state to enacted a labeling law in the USA, although it would not take effect until other states followed suit.[45]

The ability to insert, alter or remove genes in model organisms allowed scientists to study the genetic elements of human diseases.[46]Genetically modified mice were created in 1984 that carried cloned oncogenes that predisposed them to developing cancer.[47] The technology has also been used to generate mice with genes knocked out. The first recorded knockout mouse was created by Mario R. Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies in 1989. In 1992 oncomice with tumor suppressor genes knocked out were generated.[47] Creating Knockout rats is much harder and only became possible in 2003.[48][49]

After the discovery of microRNA in 1993,[50]RNA interference (RNAi) has been used to silence an organism's genes.[51] By modifying an organism to express mircoRNA targeted to its endogenous genes, researchers have been able to knockout or partially reduce gene function in a range of species. The ability to partially reduce gene function has allowed the study of genes that are lethal when completely knocked out. Other advantages of using RNAi include the availability of inducible and tissue specific knockout.[52] In 2007 microRNA targeted to insect and nematode genes was expressed in plants, leading to suppression when they fed on the transgenic plant, potentially creating a new way to control pests.[53] Targeting endogenous microRNA expression has allowed further fine tuning of gene expression, supplementing the more traditional gene knock out approach.[54]

Genetic engineering has been used to produce proteins derived from humans and other sources in organisms that normally cannot synthesize these proteins. Human insulin-synthesising bacteria were developed in 1979 and were first used as a treatment in 1982.[55] In 1988 the first human antibodies were produced in plants.[56] In 2000 Vitamin A-enriched golden rice, was the first food with increased nutrient value.[57]

As not all plant cells were susceptible to infection by A. tumefaciens other methods were developed, including electroporation, micro-injection[58] and particle bombardment with a gene gun (invented in 1987).[59][60] In the 1980s techniques were developed to introduce isolated chloroplasts back into a plant cell that had its cell wall removed. With the introduction of the gene gun in 1987 it became possible to integrate foreign genes into a chloroplast.[61]

Genetic transformation has become very efficient in some model organism. In 2008 genetically modified seeds were produced in Arabidopsis thaliana by simply dipping the flowers in an Agrobacterium solution.[62] The range of plants that can be transformed has increased as tissue culture techniques have been developed for different species.

The first transgenic livestock were produced in 1985,[63] by micro-injecting foreign DNA into rabbit, sheep and pig eggs.[64] The first animal to synthesise transgenic proteins in their milk were mice,[65] engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator.[66] This technology was applied to sheep, pigs, cows and other livestock.[65]

In 2010 scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute announced that they had created the first synthetic bacterial genome. The researchers added the new genome to bacterial cells and selected for cells that contained the new genome. To do this the cells undergoes a process called resolution, where during bacterial cell division one new cell receives the original DNA genome of the bacteria, whilst the other receives the new synthetic genome. When this cell replicates it uses the synthetic genome as its template. The resulting bacterium the researchers developed, named Synthia, was the world's first synthetic life form.[67][68]

In 2014 a bacteria was developed that replicated a plasmid containing an unnatural base pair. This required altering the bacterium so it could import the unnatural nucleotides and then efficiently replicate them. The plasmid retained the unnatural base pairs when it doubled an estimated 99.4% of the time.[69] This is the first organism engineered to use an expanded genetic alphabet.[70]

In 2015 CRISPR and TALENs was used to modify plant genomes. Chinese labs used it to create a fungus-resistant wheat and boost rice yields, while a U.K. group used it to tweak a barley gene that could help produce drought-resistant varieties. When used to precisely remove material from DNA without adding genes from other species, the result is not subject the lengthy and expensive regulatory process associated with GMOs. While CRISPR may use foreign DNA to aid the editing process, the second generation of edited plants contain none of that DNA. Researchers celebrated the acceleration because it may allow them to "keep up" with rapidly evolving pathogens. The U.S. Department of Agriculture stated that some examples of gene-edited corn, potatoes and soybeans are not subject to existing regulations. As of 2016 other review bodies had yet to make statements.[71]

In 1976 Genentech, the first genetic engineering company was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson and a year later and the company produced a human protein (somatostatin) in E.coli. Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin in 1978.[72] In 1980 the U.S. Supreme Court in the Diamond v. Chakrabarty case ruled that genetically altered life could be patented.[73] The insulin produced by bacteria, branded humulin, was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration in 1982.[74]

In 1983 a biotech company, Advanced Genetic Sciences (AGS) applied for U.S. government authorization to perform field tests with the ice-minus strain of P. syringae to protect crops from frost, but environmental groups and protestors delayed the field tests for four years with legal challenges.[75] In 1987 the ice-minus strain of P. syringae became the first genetically modified organism (GMO) to be released into the environment[76] when a strawberry field and a potato field in California were sprayed with it.[77] Both test fields were attacked by activist groups the night before the tests occurred: "The world's first trial site attracted the world's first field trasher".[76]

The first genetically modified crop plant was produced in 1982, an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant.[78] The first field trials of genetically engineered plants occurred in France and the USA in 1986, tobacco plants were engineered to be resistant to herbicides.[79] In 1987 Plant Genetic Systems, founded by Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell, was the first company to genetically engineer insect-resistant plants by incorporating genes that produced insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into tobacco.[80]

Genetically modified microbial enzymes were the first application of genetically modified organisms in food production and were approved in 1988 by the US Food and Drug Administration.[81] In the early 1990s, recombinant chymosin was approved for use in several countries.[81][82] Cheese had typically been made using the enzyme complex rennet that had been extracted from cows' stomach lining. Scientists modified bacteria to produce chymosin, which was also able to clot milk, resulting in cheese curds.[83] The Peoples Republic of China was the first country to commercialize transgenic plants, introducing a virus-resistant tobacco in 1992.[84] In 1994 Calgene attained approval to commercially release the Flavr Savr tomato, a tomato engineered to have a longer shelf life.[85] Also in 1994, the European Union approved tobacco engineered to be resistant to the herbicide bromoxynil, making it the first genetically engineered crop commercialized in Europe.[86] In 1995 Bt Potato was approved safe by the Environmental Protection Agency, after having been approved by the FDA, making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the USA.[87] In 1996 a total of 35 approvals had been granted to commercially grow 8 transgenic crops and one flower crop (carnation), with 8 different traits in 6 countries plus the EU.[79]

By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialized biotech crops and a further 31 countries had granted regulatory approval for transgenic crops to be imported.[88] In 2013 Robert Fraley (Monsantos executive vice president and chief technology officer), Marc Van Montagu and Mary-Dell Chilton were awarded the World Food Prize for improving the "quality, quantity or availability" of food in the world.[89]

The first genetically modified animal to be commercialised was the GloFish, a Zebra fish with a fluorescent gene added that allows it to glow in the dark under ultraviolet light.[90] The first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.[91] The salmon were transformed with a growth hormone-regulating gene from a Pacific Chinook salmon and a promoter from an ocean pout enabling it to grow year-round instead of only during spring and summer.[92]

Opposition and support for the use of genetic engineering has existed since the technology was developed.[76] After Arpad Pusztai went public with research he was conducting in 1998 the public opposition to genetically modified food increased.[93] Opposition continued following controversial and publicly debated papers published in 1999 and 2013 that claimed negative environmental and health impacts from genetically modified crops.[94][95]

History of genetic engineering - Wikipedia, the free ...

Libertarian Party on the Issues

Posted on April 5, 2016 by Danzig

VoteMatch Responses (Click here for VoteMatch quiz) VoteMatch Question & Answer (Click on question for explanation and background) Based on these stances: (Click on topic for excerpt & citation) Strongly Favors topic 1: Abortion is a woman's unrestricted right (+5 points on Social scale) Government should be kept out of the matter of abortion: Strongly Favors topic 1 Abortion is a womans choice and does not concern the state: Favors topic 1 Opposes topic 2: Legally require hiring women & minorities (+2 points on Economic scale) Support individuals right to choose, even if we disapprove: Strongly Opposes topic 2 Redress the wrongs of the U.S. towards the Indians: Favors topic 2 Hate crimes are used to punish blacks: Neutral on topic 2 Favors topic 3: Comfortable with same-sex marriage (+2 points on Social scale) OK to deny service to gays & OK to boycott those companies: Opposes topic 3 Let consenting adults choose their own sexual relationships: Strongly Favors topic 3 Repeal all laws against homosexuality: Strongly Favors topic 3 Favors topic 4: Keep God in the public sphere (-3 points on Social scale) No welfare & no restrictions on work: Favors topic 4 Church and state should be completely separate: Strongly Opposes topic 4 Non-profits more effective than government at safety net: Strongly Favors topic 4 Strongly Opposes topic 5: Expand ObamaCare (+5 points on Economic scale) Restore and revive a free market health care system: Strongly Opposes topic 5 Government should not be in the health insurance business: Strongly Opposes topic 5 Strongly Favors topic 6: Privatize Social Security (+5 points on Economic scale) Phase out government-sponsored retirement system: Strongly Favors topic 6 Replace the Social Security system with a private system: Strongly Favors topic 6 Privatize Social Security: Strongly Favors topic 6 Strongly Favors topic 7: Vouchers for school choice (+5 points on Economic scale) Let parents control all educational funding: Strongly Favors topic 7 Poor kids end up at worst schools in current system: Favors topic 7 Support a market in education to provide more choices: Strongly Favors topic 7 The state should stay out of education: Favors topic 7 Treat private school funding the same as public schools: Strongly Favors topic 7 Strongly Opposes topic 8: EPA regulations are too restrictive (+5 points on Social scale) Enforce individual rights for land, water, air, and wildlife: Strongly Opposes topic 8 Government is the worst polluter: Opposes topic 8 The parties responsible for pollution should be held liable: Opposes topic 8 Strongly Opposes topic 9: Stricter punishment reduces crime (+5 points on Social scale) Support restitution; and maintain constitutional safeguards: Strongly Opposes topic 9 Three Strikes approach is illusory & dangerous: Strongly Opposes topic 9 Omnibus Crime Bill, including death penalty, has failed: Opposes topic 9 Encourage private efforts to fight crime: Opposes topic 9 Strengthen, not reduce, the rights of the accused: Strongly Opposes topic 9 Strongly Favors topic 10: Absolute right to gun ownership (+5 points on Economic scale) Affirm the right to keep and bear arms: Strongly Favors topic 10 Repeal all gun control laws and regulation of weapons: Strongly Favors topic 10 Strongly Opposes topic 11: Higher taxes on the wealthy (+5 points on Economic scale) Repeal the income tax and abolish the IRS: Strongly Opposes topic 11 No taxation or regulation of private property: Strongly Opposes topic 11 Repeal all income taxes, & the 16th Amendment: Strongly Opposes topic 11 Strongly Favors topic 12: Pathway to citizenship for illegal aliens (+5 points on Social scale) Unrestricted political refugees; but restrict threats: Favors topic 12 Eliminate all restrictions on immigration: Strongly Favors topic 12 Strongly Favors topic 13: Support & expand free trade (+5 points on Economic scale) Remove governmental impediments to free trade: Strongly Favors topic 13 Reduce taxes, spending, and eliminate controls on trade: Favors topic 13 Abolish all trade barriers and agreements: Strongly Favors topic 13 Strongly Favors topic 14: Support American Exceptionalism (+5 points on Economic scale) End all foreign military and economic aid: Strongly Favors topic 14 No U.S. intervention in the affairs of other countries: Strongly Favors topic 14 Strongly Opposes topic 15: Expand the military (+5 points on Social scale) End foreign military operations; shut down foreign bases: Strongly Opposes topic 15 Military should defend against aggression; not world police: Strongly Opposes topic 15 Reduce defense spending by half; just defend the US: Strongly Opposes topic 15 Opposes topic 16: Make voter registration easier (-3 points on Social scale) Oppose gerrymandering and restrictions on ballot access: Favors topic 16 Repeal laws which restrict voluntary financing of campaigns: Strongly Opposes topic 16 Strongly Favors topic 17: Avoid foreign entanglements (+5 points on Social scale) Eliminate intervention by US abroad: Strongly Favors topic 17 Strongly Opposes topic 18: Prioritize green energy (+5 points on Economic scale) Oppose government control of energy pricing and production: Strongly Opposes topic 18 Gale Norton is giant leap for environmental sense: Opposes topic 18 Strongly Opposes topic 19: Marijuana is a gateway drug (+5 points on Social scale) De-fund war on drugs, and end violent drug cartels: Strongly Opposes topic 19 Repeal all drug laws creating crimes without victims: Strongly Opposes topic 19 Allow drugs, alcohol, prostitution, gambling, and suicide: Strongly Opposes topic 19 The war on drugs threatens individual liberties: Strongly Opposes topic 19 Strongly Opposes topic 20: Stimulus better than market-led recovery (+5 points on Economic scale) Market allocates resources efficiently; government does not: Strongly Opposes topic 20 Free-market banking: unrestricted competition & no bailouts: Opposes topic 20

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Libertarian Party on the Issues

Moore’s law – Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Posted on April 4, 2016 by Danzig

Moore's law is that the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles about every two years. The period often quoted as "18 months" is due to Intel executive David House, who predicted that period for a doubling in chip performance (being a combination of the effect of more transistors and their being faster).[1]

The law is named after Intel co-founder Gordon Moore, who described the trend in his 1965 paper.[2][3][4] The paper noted that the number of components in integrated circuits had doubled every year from the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 until 1965 and predicted that the trend would continue "for at least ten years".[2] His prediction has proved very accurate. The law is now used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development.[5]

The capabilities of many digital electronic devices are strongly linked to Moore's law: processing speed, memory capacity, sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras.[6] All of these are improving at (roughly) exponential rates as well.

This exponential improvement has greatly increased the effect of digital electronics in the world economy.[7] Moore's law describes a driving force of technological and social change in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.[8][9]

This trend has continued for more than half a century. Sources in 2005 expected it to continue until at least 2015 or 2020.[2][10] However, the 2010 update has growth slowing at the end of 2013,[11] after which transistor counts and densities are set to double every three years.

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Moore's law - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Moores lag Wikipedia

Posted on April 4, 2016 by Danzig

Moores lag, uppkallad efter en av Intels grundare Gordon E. Moore, betecknar det fenomen att antalet transistorer som fr plats p ett chip vxer exponentiellt. Takten som gller sedan mnga r tillbaka ger en frdubbling var 24:e mnad. Ofta citeras Moores lag som att det vore var 18:e mnad, men det r enligt Moore inte korrekt.[1] Moores lag har visat sig korrekt nda sedan 1965 d den formulerades, dock med en och annan justering av frdubblingstiden.

P 80-talet tolkades lagen som frdubblingen av antalet transistorer per chip, men det har kommit att ndrats med tiden. I brjan av 90-talet menades mer frdubblingen av mikroprocessorkraften och senare under decenniet frdubblingen av berkningskraft per fix kostnad.

Moore beskrev frst lagen som en frdubbling efter endast ett r, vilket han sen reviderade till tv r. Han menade aldrig sjlv att det skulle vara efter 18 mnader. Det r ngot som kommit till i efterhand d det visade sig ligga nrmare verkligheten. Det var heller inte Moore sjlv som kom p idn, utan den var knd sedan tidigare av dem som arbetade inom omrdet. Det tog ocks ungefr ett decennium innan lagen fick sitt namn "Moores lag". Numera kan begreppet anvndas till allt som ndras exponentiellt.

Moores lag har haft stor betydelse fr datorindustrin som i mngt och mycket lever p att fregende rs modeller mste bytas ut nr datorns CPU blivit frldrad enligt Moores lag. Lagen kommer ocks till anvndning nr man utvecklar exempelvis spel, och behver veta hur kraftiga datormaskinerna som finns p marknaden r nr spelet slpps.

Moores lag r enbart applicerbar fr halvledare. En utkning av Moores lag som innefattar all informationsteknisk utveckling freslogs 2001 av Ray Kurzweil. Denna lag r knd som the law of accelerating returns.

2015 meddelade branschfolk att man inom en snar framtid kommer tvingas frng moores lag.

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Moores lag Wikipedia

For Medical School Students – Montefiore Medical Center

Posted on April 4, 2016 by Danzig

The Department of Anesthesiology offers a one month elective clerkship for 4th year Medical Students. During this clerkship, students will become an integral part of the Anesthesiology team at Montefiore Medical Center.

Upon completion of the rotation, students will be able to:

During this rotation students will gain exposure to anesthetic subspecialties, such as Neuro, Regional, Obstetric, and Pediatric Anesthesia and will develop a basic understanding of the unique issues these subspecialties face.

The initial week of our clerkship is spent at the Moses campus, where students work closely with a resident preceptor who will introduce them to our operating rooms and the practice of anesthesiology. After a second week at Moses, the third week is spent at the Weiler Division rotating through our subspecialties that are based there - the ICU, Obstetrics, and our regional anesthesia service. In the final week,students return to Moses and have the opportunity to work more closely with our faculty, and to participate in anesthetics for any procedures of their choice.

Throughout the month, students will be exposed to the basics of anesthesiology, including:

We also offer advanced clerkships in cardiothoracic anesthesiology and pain management.

Questions? Please contact:

Department of Anesthesiology Montefiore Medical Center 111 East 210th Street Bronx, NY 10467 Phone: 718-920-4383 Fax: 718-653-2367Dr. Michael Rufino, Director of Medical Students Email:mrufino@montefiore.org Beverly Mcgonagle, Administrative Email: bmcgonag@montefiore.org

Please contact our Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Registrar Office at 718-430-2102 or emailAECOM-RegistrarOffice (registrar@einstein.yu.edu) for application and processing.

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For Medical School Students - Montefiore Medical Center

Bronx High School for Medical Science – Bronx, New york – NY …

Posted on April 3, 2016 by Danzig

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Last modified December 12, 2014 Bronx High School for Medical Science is a Public school that serves grades 6-12. It has received a GreatSchools rating of 5 out of 10 based on academic quality.

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Beaches Closest to Reading, Pennsylvania | USA Today

Posted on April 3, 2016 by Danzig

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Caitlin Duke, Demand Media

Oceanfront beaches in New Jersey are only a day trip away from Reading. (Photo: Comstock Images/Stockbyte/Getty Images )

Thoughts of Reading, Pennsylvania, are not likely to conjure up images of sunbathing on a windswept beach while the waves lap the sand a few feet away. Though this city of 88,000 is not on the water, a number of lake and river beaches are within the state. If you're looking for something grander, a smattering of large and small beaches are on the coast, just a few hours away.

The beach at Blue Marsh Lake in Leesport, Pennsylvania, may be small, but it is certainly convenient. Just a 20-minute drive northwest of Reading, this man-made lake covers a good deal of ground -- 1,147 acres of water area, to be precise. The lake allows swimming, fishing, boating, water skiing and scuba diving during the summer months, while winter adventurers can enjoy ice boating, ice fishing and ice skating. The park surrounding the lake has over 36 miles of trails, open to pedestrians, equestrians and bicyclists.

Mt. Gretna Lake and Beach, in Pennsylvania, provides a premium beach experience without a lengthy drive. Under an hour due west of Reading, the facility rests on the banks of the stream-fed Lake Conewago. An admission fee is charged to access Mt. Gretna's 300-square-foot beach and groves, but the facilities are well worth it. Mt. Gretna has lifeguards on duty in protected swimming areas, canoe and kayak rentals, two diving boards and a water swing.

Within a two-hour drive to the east and north of Reading, the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in Pennsylvania boasts two grassy beaches open to the public. Both Milford Beach, near the town of Milford, and Smithfield Beach, near Delaware Water Gap, charge entrance fees for cars, bicyclists and pedestrians. Visitors enjoy boat and canoe launches and picnic areas, and access is available to the Joseph M. McDade Recreational Trail for avid hikers.

Seven Presidents Oceanfront Park at Monmouth Beach, New Jersey, is just a couple of hours away, directly to the east of Reading on the New Jersey coast. The 38-acre park is open year-round, with parking and entrance fees during the summer months. Enjoy a round of beach volleyball on the court or venture into open water on a kayak or canoe. Lifeguards are on duty in protected areas of the beach, which is also open to surfers.

A graduate of Oberlin College, Caitlin Duke has written on travel and relationships for Time.com. She has crisscrossed the country several times, and relishes discovering new points on the map. As a credentialed teacher, she also has a strong background in issues facing families today.

Thank you for providing feedback to our Editorial staff on this article. Please fill in the following information so we can alert the Travel Tips editorial team about a factual or typographical error in this story. All Fields are required.

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Beaches Closest to Reading, Pennsylvania | USA Today

7 Amazing Pennsylvania Beaches You Must Visit This Summer

Posted on April 3, 2016 by Danzig

Pennsylvania may be landlocked, but that doesnt mean it isnt home to some awesome beaches. Our many lakes and reservoirs grant us access to the water in a special way, especially the 11 beaches along Lake Erie in Presque Isle State Park. Read on to discover the best sandy getaways in our state for this summer

1. Black Moshannon State Park, Rush Township

The quaint beach at Black Moshannon State Park is located within proximity of the largest bog in Pennsylvania.

2. Bald Eagle State Park, Centre County

The Joseph Foster Sayers Reservoir is a man-made lake located in Bald Eagle State Park. It has a beautiful beach where you can kick back and relax.

3. Presque Isle State Park, Erie

Presque Isle State Park, along Lake Erie, has not one, but 11 beautiful beaches for you to enjoy.

4. Poe Valley State Park, Penn

Poe Lake is a manmade lake that was created during the Great Depression.

5. Harveys Lake, Wilkes-Barre

Harvey's Lake is the largest naturally occurring lake that is contained entirely in the state of Pennsylvania.

6. Beltzville State Park, Carbon County

Not pictured: the beach. I promise it exists, though, all glistening 525 feet of sandy beach, complete with showers and a snack bar.

7. Mt. Gretna Lake & Beach, Lebanon

Mt. Gretna is a gorgeous beach that often hosts events such as birthday parties and day camps. There is an admission fee.

Though these beaches all look fun, it is somewhat difficult to locate more beaches in our state. What other ones do you know of? Tell me about them in the comments below!

Christi is from Allentown and currently lives and goes to school in Pittsburgh.

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7 Amazing Pennsylvania Beaches You Must Visit This Summer

Lake Beaches in Eastern Pennsylvania | USA Today

Posted on April 3, 2016 by Danzig

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Michelle Hornaday, Demand Media

Swim at a designated lake beach in Pennsylvania. (Photo: Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images )

Visit one of 117 state parks or 2.1 million acres of forest land managed by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (dcnr.state.pa.us) for a day of recreation. County and city parks also offer Pennsylvania residents and visitors a place to bike, hike, walk or swim. In the eastern half of the state, several destinations invite visitors to wade in the water from a beach bordering lakes ranging in size from 1.7-acre Fuller Lake to 1,147-acre Blue Marsh Lake.

Located 21 miles south of the New York border and 52 miles north of Williamsport, 407-acre Hills Creek State Park (dcnr.state.pa.us) has a sandy beach bordering 137-acre Hills Creek Lake. A grassy area also welcomes visitors near the lake's shore, and boats may be launched to spend the day fishing for bass, carp or catfish. At 2,158-acre Little Pine State Park, wade in the water from a sand beach with grass turf to swim in the 94-acre Little Pine Lake. Pack a picnic lunch to refuel at one of four designated areas after a day of swimming or explore more than 14 miles of hiking trails through the park.

Located near Leesport, Blue Marsh Lake (nap.usace.army.mil) spans 1,147 acres of water surface and has a designated swimming beach area. Launch a boat or spend time hiking on 36 miles of trails after time spent swimming on the lake. The privately owned Mt. Gretna Lake and Beach (mtgretnalake.com) is 46 miles west of Blue Marsh Lake near Lebanon and features 300 feet of sandy beaches adjacent to a roped swimming area as well as a diving board and water swing. A daily admission fee applies at Mt. Gretna Lake; beach chair rentals, changing areas and picnic tables are available to visitors.

Spend the day on one of 150 lakes in the Pocono Mountains (800poconos.com) region in northeastern Pennsylvania. Access Beltzville Lake from a 525-foot beach at 3,002-acre Beltzville State Park (dcnr.state.pa.us) during the summer months. Located 23 miles south of Scranton, Gouldsboro and Tobyhanna state parks also have sandy beaches open to visitors on 250-acre Gouldsboro Lake and 170-acre Tobyhanna Lake. Head to the beach at Mauch Chunk Lake Park (carboncounty.com) in Carbon County to swim in a designated area under a lifeguard's supervision and near a family picnic area. More than 150,000 visitors annually head the to sandy beaches at Mauch Chunk Lake annually to swim, boat, fish or hike.

At 696-acre Pine Grove Furnace State Park (dcnr.state.pa.us), swim from sandy beaches at both 25-acre Laurel Lake and 1.7-acre Fuller Lake. Snack bars are open during the summer at both beaches; boating is permitted on Laurel Lake. A 3.5-acre lake swimming beach is also available at 273-acre Colonel Deming State Park, located near Landisburg and Newville. Claim a spot on the sandy beaches of 2,338-acre Gifford Pinchot State Park bordering 340-acre Pinchot Lake. Boat rentals, a children's playground and picnic areas are adjacent to the beach. Overnight campsites are available for those planning a multiday stay.

Michelle Hornaday lives in Edmonds, Washington and holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in English from Washington State University and a Master of Education from Northern Arizona University. She is currently a freelance writer for various websites.

Lake Beaches in Eastern Pennsylvania | USA Today

Human Space Flight (HSF) – Space History

Posted on April 2, 2016 by Danzig

Space Flight Mission "NASA is deeply committed to spreading the unique knowledge that flows from its aeronautics and space research..." Launch Programs Project Mercury Initiated in 1958, completed in 1963, Project Mercury was the United States' first man-in-space program.

Project Gemini The second U.S. manned space program was announced in January 1962. Gemini involved 12 flights, including two unmanned flight tests of the equipment.

Apollo-Soyuz The mission started with the Russian Soyuz launch on July 15, 1975, followed by the U.S. Apollo launch on the same day. Docking in space of the two craft occurred on July 17, and joint operations were conducted for two full days. Both spacecraft landed safely and on schedule.

Space Shuttle The Space Shuttle is a viable part of American History. Standing as one of NASA's foremost projects, the shuttle has accomplished many tasks that have enhanced the quality of life on Earth. View archives of every shuttle mission here.

Project Apollo

"I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important in the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish."

John F. Kennedy Special Joint Session of Congress May 25, 1961

Shuttle-Mir Phase 1 was a NASA program encompassing 11 space shuttle flights over a four-year period. It used existing assets - primarily U.S. shuttle orbiters and the Russian Space Station Mir - to build joint space experience and start joint scientific research.

International Space Station The most complex engineering and construction project in the world is taking place in space. 16 countries and over 100,000 people are contributing to this monumental achievement.

NASA Histories On-line On-line versions of more than 100 NASA history publications are available at this Web site.

Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology An online PDF (3.5M) chronicle of EVAs conducted since the dawn of the space age.

Yesterday's Space Facts Search the Human Space Flight Web's archive of Space Facts.

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Human Space Flight (HSF) - Space History

Redhead and Proud – The home of Redheads – Fictional …

Posted on April 2, 2016 by Danzig

Sohryu Asukalangley

One of the main characters of the Japanese animation series Shin Seiki.

Archie Andrews

All American teenager, actually a comic strip character. Archie made his debut in the Pep Comic in 1941. With his chums Veronica, Betty Copper and Jughead Jones, Archie has entertained generations of US comic fans.

Anne of Green Gables

Poor little orphan girl who has been the subject of a number of films and TV series since she was created by Lucy Maud Montgomery. But times have changed, and these days Anne has her own on-line store - see our Links section.

Ariel

The Little Mermaid of Disney fame, with her long Red hair swishing about beneath the waves.

Beaker from the Muppets

Assistant to Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, resident scientist from Jim Hensons Muppet Show. Like all good Redheads, Beaker has a healthy interest in all things chemical. A Muppet Show is not complete without Beaker blowing something (usually himself) up.

Daphne Blake

The Pouting cartoon babe from Scooby-Doo added some much needed glamour and chutzpah to the 1970s kitsch-ridden animated Crimebusters. A Big Screen version is being threatened with Jennifer Love Hewitt being touted as the human Daphne. Grrrrrr, those pesky kids.

Basil Brush

Red brushed comedian and all round variety entertainer who made his name in the 1960s with his showbiz partner 'Mr' Roy North. His distinctive braying laugh and 'Boom, Boom!' cry made him a household name. His career is again on the up, a new TV series is to be screened in 2001.

Elmo (Sesame Street)

Long standing member of The Sesame Street ensemble, Elmo has now gone solo appearing in the US movie Elmo in Grouchland. Inseparable from his well-worn fuzzy blue blanket, Elmo is everything a Redheaded man should aspire to be.

Maude Flanders

Departed wife of The Simpsons' do-gooder next-door-nrighbour Ned. A tireless champion of good causes, including the less than cherubic Springfield Youth, Maude was maybe just to good for this world.

Pebbles Flintstone

Perennial baby daughter Flintstone, inheriting her Redhair from Mum Wilma.

Wilma Flintstone

The long suffering wife of Fred, the self-styled King of Bedrock. The Flintstones was a Hanna Barbera creation, the first primetime cartoon made for TV. First aired on 30th September 1960 and still going strong. Yabba Dabba Dooooooooo!!

Ginger (Biggles)

Close friend and fellow flyer of James Bigglesworth, who you probably know better as 'Biggles'. The creation of Captain W.E. Johns. With Algy close by in the cockpit, these three intrepid aviation enthusiasts did daring deeds both in the air and on the ground.

Ginger (Chicken Run)

Probably one of the greatest chicken actors of all time, Ginger is the star of the Nick Park directed movie hit of 2000, Chicken Run.

Ginger (Just William)

One of William Browns Outlaw gang from the fantastic Richmal Crompton books. Along with Douglas and Henry, Ginger helped William in and out of scrapes and away from Violet Elizabeth Bott.

Little Orphan Annie

Comic strip character created in 1924 by Harold Gray for The Chicago Tribune. The comic strip is still running, but it was the Broadway show Annie , featuring the song The Sun Will Come Up Tomorrow, that rocketed the little girl to mega stardom. Annie is now over 75 years of age and is celebrated on the website: http://www.annie75.com

Little Red Riding Hood

Brave Redheaded girl who was directly involved in the Wolf/Grandmother Incident deep in the Forest. Sent by her mother with a basket of cookies, Ms Hood set off into the Forest only to find a wolf wearing her Grandmothers clothes and her Grandmother hiding in a wardrobe. Ive been to those kind of parties. We believe the relevant authorities are still looking into this incident

Pippi Longstocking

A teller of outlandish stories of life on the sea, a thingfinder and a "master cook", Pippi Longstocking is always at the centre of the action. So it's not JUST her Red hair that catches everyone's attention!

We've classified our Famous Redheads in the following categories. Click below to tour the various galleries

Galleries by classification

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Redhead and Proud - The home of Redheads - Fictional ...

New Jersey Department of State – NJ State Museum

Posted on April 1, 2016 by Danzig

Contact The NJ State Museum

Museum & Auditorium Galleries: 205 West State Street Trenton, NJ

Tel: (609) 292-6464 (recorded message) Email: Feedback@sos.nj.gov

Astronaut Edwin Buzz Aldrin, a native of Montclair, New Jersey, was the second man to stand on the surface of the moon. The visor in his helmet shows a reflection of Astronaut Neil Armstrong (first man on the moon), taking this picture as well as one footpad of the Lunar Module Eagle and the United States flag planted next to it.

The largest planetarium in New Jersey, it seats 150 visitors in specially-designed reclining seats that transport an audience to any astronomical destination.

Now featuring state-of-the-art Full DomeVideo, visitors will feel the sensation of zooming through the Solar System and beyond. The Planetarium offers something for everyone; with both traditional sky and laser programs, it is the only planetarium of its kind in New Jersey.

Made possible by the generous support of the Prudential Foundation.

General Admission: $7 adult; $5 child (twelve & under) Groups of 15 or more: $5 per person. Camps and birthday parties welcome. For more information, call (609) 292-6464.

PLEASE NOTE: Planetarium shows are offered to the public on Weekends only during the school year. Weekday shows are held by reservation for school or community groups. During the summer months, winter break, and spring break there are special weekday shows offered to the public. Please check the current schedule for detailed public showtimes.

Saturday and Sunday - January 9 through April 10, 2016

One World, One Sky: Big Bird's Adventure begins on Sesame Street when Elmo's friend, Hu Hu Zhu, visits from China. Big Bird, Elmo and Hu Hu Zhu take viewers on an exciting discovery of the sun, moon, and stars. Elmo and Hu Hu Zhu then take an imaginary trip to the Moon where they learn that the Moon is a very different place from the Earth.

Recommended for ages 3-6 with adults.

A mysterious M sends the intrepid Jack and Annie on a fun-filled journey to discover the secrets of the Sun, Moon, planets, and more. Aligned with early elementary information skills learning objectives, this beautifully-produced show is a winner with Magic Tree House book series fans of all ages and school audiences.

Suitable for families with young children preschool and up.

Asteroid: Mission Extreme takes audiences on an epic journey to discover how asteroids are both a danger and an opportunity. The danger lies in the possibility of a cataclysmic collision with Earth; the opportunity is the fascinating idea that asteroids could be stepping stones to other worlds. Explore what it would take for astronauts to reach an asteroid and how such an adventure could benefit humankind.

Suitable for general audiences

The latest laser art and music come together in a sensational, eye-popping show that will have your heart thumping and your feet tapping! Our newest show features the music of sizzling stars, both past and present, choreographed in brilliant laser light. Our laser system illuminates the full dome in millions of dazzling colors, floating beams for an immersive audio-visual experience thats fun for the entire family!

Special Weekday Spring Break Presentations: March 29, 30, 31, and April 1, 2016

Shows and times are subject to change.

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New Jersey Department of State - NJ State Museum

University of Miami MAE: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Posted on April 1, 2016 by Danzig

Dr. Weiyong Gu Department Chair

The Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering offers baccalaureate, masters and doctoral degrees in mechanical engineering and a baccalaureate in Aerospace Engineering. At the baccalaureate degree level, a student can study a sequence of courses to provide an option in specialized areas such as aerospace engineering, environmental engineering, automotive engineering, biomedical engineering, energy engineering, and HVAC (heating, ventilation and air-conditioning) systems. The department also offers a five-year B.S./M.S. program leading to both the B.S. degree and the M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering in five years. This program is intended for exceptional students who are admitted to the graduate program in their junior year. Graduate students can specialize in areas related to fluid mechanics, heat transfer, energy engineering, environmental engineering, materials, solid mechanics, internal combustion engines, robotics, controls and design. In addition, a management option is available in the M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering. At the doctoral level, the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and Doctor of Arts (D.A.) in Mechanical Engineering are available.

A mechanical engineer designs and builds machines, engines, devices and systems that produce, transmit and use force, motion and energy. Mechanical engineers work in a variety of industries, consulting practices, universities and research organizations. They are employed in automobile, aerospace, machine building, materials processing, transportation, utility and computer industries and a host of other large and small firms. The mission of the Department of Mechanical Engineering is to provide an excellent undergraduate and graduate education in mechanical engineering that will prepare graduates to meet societys needs and aspirations. Established in 1947, the Mechanical Engineering Department has awarded over eight hundred B.S., one hundred M.S. and one hundred Ph.D./D.A. degrees. Many of our graduates have been successful in academic, industry and government jobs. Currently, the department has 11 faculty, 120 undergraduate students, 21 graduate students, and 4 postdoctoral research scholars. All the faculty are dedicated to teaching, research and service. Many faculty members are internationally recognized scholars in their fields, published textbooks and conduct research at the cutting edge of technology. The faculty adapt to the rapidly changing trends in technology and education in delivering the best possible education to students. The use of latest techniques in terms of computer software, internet and multimedia presentation is emphasized in the classroom.

Undergraduate students have opportunities to participate in faculty research. They can work on on-going research projects along with other graduate and undergraduate students. Such participation often results in the publication of research articles in professional magazines and journals. Undergraduate students of mechanical engineering are exposed to a variety of professional activities such as college-level design competitions, organization of design contests to high school students, tours to industries, including NASA, seminars by industry leaders, and entrepreneurship forums organized by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and other professional societies.

Mission Statement: To provide excellent undergraduate and graduate education in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering that will prepare graduates to meet society's changing needs and aspirations.

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University of Miami MAE: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

University of Miami MAE: Aerospace Engineering

Posted on April 1, 2016 by Danzig

As high as your dreams can take you--thats where youll go with a degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Miami. You may choose research at the finest graduate schools in the world, working with the industrys top design engineers at firms like Lockheed and Raytheon, or helping engineer the next generation of space exploration techniques at NASA. All these exciting opportunities, and more, are there for you during and after your University of Miami education..

What will you study? Some of the topics covered in Aerospace Engineering Program:

Degrees offered include the Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering, the Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering with Aerospace Engineering Concentration, dual major in Mechanical Engineering/Aerospace, and the five-year Bachelors of Science in Aerospace/Masters in Mechanical Engineering.

Your studies will include intensive exposure to theory and practice as well as hands-on laboratory work. We encourage students to gain industry and government experience through internships and co-op work. Our University/Academic partners include Lockheed Martin, United Space Alliance (USA), Embraer, Pratt & Whitney, NASA, the Defense Intelligence Agency and many others.

Here at the University of Miami College of Engineering we believe in giving our students the best academic experience as well as the strongest exposure to industry opportunities and research innovations. Come fly with us-become a Hurricane Aerospace Engineer!

The mission of the Aerospace Engineering program is to provide excellent undergraduate education in Aerospace Engineering that will prepare graduates to meet societys changing needs and aspirations.

The Bachelor of Science Program in Aerospace Engineering is accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABETwww.abet.org.

The objectives of the Aerospace Engineering Program are to prepare graduates who, within the first four to six years after graduation are, either:

Students who qualify for graduation in the aerospace engineering program will have demonstrated the following:

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University of Miami MAE: Aerospace Engineering

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