Maryland’s Will Likely, unable to run at combine, pleased with progress of injured knee – Baltimore Sun

Former Maryland cornerback Will Likely looks around at some of the other participants at the NFL scouting combine and sees guys he played against in college or faced while growing up in Florida.

He admits it stings that he won't be competing with them Monday at Lucas Oil Stadium when the defensive backs get put through their on-field workouts, and that he can't show his speed and athleticism by running the 40-yard dash or doing the other testing.

However, given how far he already has come since his productive Terrapins career ended when he tore the ACL in his right knee while returning a punt Oct.15 against Minnesota, Likely isn't having too much trouble remaining patient.

"You have to run your own race, take it one day at a time and eventually you're going to be able to show what you can do," Likely said Sunday. "I'm way ahead of schedule. Just for me to get invited and just to be here, that's a blessing in itself. I don't take anything for granted."

Likely, the only Terp invited to the combine, will only do the bench press Monday as he continues his recovery from knee surgery. He expects to graduate to position drills on March 29 at Maryland's pro day. However, the past couple days have given Likely the opportunity to meet with teams and show them how much physical progress he has already made.

"I'm going to be back healthy, and whoever picks me will know what they're getting out of me," Likely said. " The coaches have been liking what they've heard and they like my film. That speaks for itself, but just getting to know those guys, just building a relationship with them, it's been pretty good."

Likely played 43 games at Maryland over parts of four seasons, registering 229 tackles, two sacks, seven interceptions and five forced fumbles. He established himself as a home-run threat with the ball in his hands, and one of the most dangerous return men in the country. He returned two interceptions, two kickoffs and four punts for touchdowns in his career and his 2,233 career kickoff return yards are the second most in Terps history.

At 5-foot-8, Likely understands he'll face skepticism in a league that covets big and long cornerbacks. However, he believes he has proven that he's a "competitor and a true playmaker." He also thinks his special teams prowess should help his draft status.

Likely said he has blocked out any talk about where he might be drafted, preferring to keep his focus on rehabbing his knee. He has been working in Phoenix with Brett Fischer, who runs a physical therapy and performance facility. About five months out from surgery, Likely is already running and doing other defensive back drills.

With his pro day 3 weeks away and the draft about eight weeks away, Likely is thrilled that he's in the position he's in.

"I'm a firm believer that everything happens for a reason," he said. "It's just a blessing that it happened at this point. Now, I know what it's like [to deal] with adversity. Once it's time to get ready to play on Sunday, I'll be past that and have a strong mindset. It will be full speed ahead."

Following Young's lead: Temple cornerback Nate Hairston hasn't needed to look very far to get motivation or advice as he goes through the scouting combine. Last year, his former teammate and close friend, Tavon Young, represented the Owls at the combine before he was drafted by the Ravens in the fourth round.

"Any time I needed something or had a question, that's like my best friend, that's like a brother to me," Hairston said Sunday. "I'm hitting him up [like] 'Hey, what about this or what about that?' And he'd always shoot me some advice all the time. That's like family to me. Him going through this process last year was a big help to me this year."

Hairston is a Frederick native who played high school football at Thomas Johnson High. Temple gave him his only scholarship offer and he transitioned from a wide receiver to a defensive back in time for his redshirt junior season. Now, like Young, he's on the cusp of making the NFL.

"Any time you see someone that you're that close to have that success, it's like, 'I can do it, too. I want to do it, too,'" Hairston said. "It definitely pushed us and made us chase the same dream."

End zone: Michigan pass rusher Taco Charlton said he would welcome going from one Harbaugh brother to the other. "I loved playing for Jim Harbaugh. I would love to play for John Harbaugh, just because I know how the other Coach Harbaugh was for us and he has that same passion for football." Texas A&M pass rusher Myles Garrett, the presumed first overall pick to the Cleveland Browns, ran a 4.64 40-yard dash Saturday. That was the fastest time among defensive linemen in the first on-field testing session. The majority of Ravens officials are expected to return to Baltimore late Monday following the conclusion of the defensive backs' workouts. The two-day free agent negotiation window, which precedes the market officially opening Thursday afternoon, begins Tuesday.

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Maryland's Will Likely, unable to run at combine, pleased with progress of injured knee - Baltimore Sun

Orioles notes: Castillo comfortable with progress he has made with new pitching staff – Baltimore Sun

Earlier this spring, new Orioles catcher Welington Castillo expressed how torn he was about leaving his team early to participate in the World Baseball Classic. He made a commitment to play for the Dominican Republic before he was unexpectedly non-tendered and became a free agent, so he didn't anticipate a spring training of having to get accustomed to a new team and pitching staff. Faced with a difficult decision, Castillo honored his word and committed to play in the WBC.

The result has been a crash course in catching and learning his staff. But as Castillo played in his final Grapefruit League game before joining the Dominican team, he said he believed he's seen as much pitching as he could in the six games he caught.

"Yeah, I got enough work with the pitchers, so I have a really good idea about what those guys have," Castillo said. "It would be better if I stayed here and spent more times with them, but I feel like I'm in good shape with them."

Castillo hit an RBI double in the Orioles 3-2 win over the Philadelphia Phillies on Sunday at Ed Smith Stadium and is 5-for-15 (a .333 batting average) with three doubles this spring. But he realizes his emphasis must be on progressing defensively.

"It's a little sad to leave the camp with a new team and a new pitching staff, but I'm excited to go there and represent my country and play for the Dominican," Castillo said. "I'm going to do my best to do my work and get better. Everything I've learned here and what J.R. [catching coach John Russell] has been teaching me and telling me about my catching skills I'm going to continue to do well there, and just go out there and compete and have a good experience.

Showalter gets look at Smith up top: For the second time this spring, manager Buck Showalter used right fielder Seth Smith in the leadoff spot, and despite remaining hitless in Grapefruit League play, Smith showed his ability to get on base.

Smith isn't a prototypical leadoff man and he's only done it in the past when there has been no other clear option but his career .344 on-base percentage was one of the main reasons the Orioles acquired him in an offseason trade with the Seattle Mariners for right-hander Yovani Gallardo.

On Sunday, Smith went 0-for-2 with two walks and a strikeout. He is currently 0-for-9 in Grapefruit League play but has drawn three walks to go with three strikeouts.

"I don't care where he takes them those are good at-bats,"Showalter said. "Patient. Seth, I think he'll be a little later in the spring, just from looking at some of the background and watching him, I think he's a little bit more of a later-in-the-spring guy. But he's always going to be patient at the plate, regardless of where he hits in the order."

When Smith batted leadoff last Monday, he also reached base, drawing a walk in two plate apperances.

Left fielder Hyun Soo Kim has batted leadoff in most spring training games, with outfielder Joey Rickard also seeing time atop the order in Grapefruit League play.

Familiar looks: Orioles third baseman Manny Machado, who played in his last game before leaving the club for the WBC on Sunday, will be back at Ed Smith Stadium on Tuesday, although it will be in an opposing uniform.

The Dominican WBC team will play an exhibition game against the Orioles on Tuesday, so for the first time, Machado will be an Orioles opponent.

Machado will face Orioles right-hander Kevin Gausman on Tuesday, and Machado joked that he didn't know much about Gausman.

"I'm going to have to look at the scouting reports to see what he throws," Machado said. "It's a little different when you're behind him. It will be fun, fun to come out here and play in front of the crowd in a different jersey across the way, as a visiting team instead of putting on the home uniform. It will be pretty interesting and fun."

Around the horn: LHP Zach Britton [side muscle stiffness] is scheduled to throw off a half mound Monday and then likely move to a full mound Wednesday before getting into Grapefruit League games. SS J.J. Hardy has resumed baseball activities, Showalter said. RHP Chris Tillman's bullpen session on Sunday went well, and he will likely next throw one more before throwing a live batting practice session. RHP Mychal Givens will likely make his final appearance before the WBC he is pitching for Team USA on Monday on the road against the Detroit Tigers in Lakeland. The Orioles' minor league deal with RHP Steve Johnson, a St. Paul's product, became official. He will report to minor league camp at Twin Lakes Park.

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Sun staff writer Jon Meoli contributed this report.

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Orioles notes: Castillo comfortable with progress he has made with new pitching staff - Baltimore Sun

Tribe encouraged by Brantley’s progress – MLB.com

Indians manager Terry Francona provides an update on the health of Michael Brantley, who missed most of last season due to a shoulder injury

"He's handling everything remarkably well. That's probably the best way we can say it," Francona said. "You can see he's in great shape. He's worked so hard that he's cut. He's worked so hard. We've just kind of got to let it play itself out and not try to rush it. Just give him the best chance to, like I say, when he gets back, to stay back. That's probably the biggest thing."

Brantley, who was limited to only 11 games last season due to right shoulder and biceps issues, will need to hit in a series of live BP rounds before he is cleared to play in Cactus League games, according to Francona. There is not, however, a firm date planned for the simulated sessions or Brantley's spring debut. The Indians do not want to place target dates on Brantley's return.

"That's by design," Francona said. "That's just not fair to him to ever do that. When the medical people feel like he's ready, we'll find a sim game for him, believe me."

Jackson nearing spring debut

Francona noted that outfielder Austin Jackson might be cleared to make his Cactus League debut for the Indians as early as Wednesday. The center fielder has spent the past few weeks going through a rehab program, following arthroscopic surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his left knee on June 15 of last season.

"We're looking forward to it," Francona said. "I think he's worked so hard and the timetable is maybe a little better than what was throught at the beginning, which is good, because then we can get a longer look. It'll let him get his feet under him, too, because it's been a while since he's played.

"I wouldn't be surprised if it's a hard evaluation, just because he hasn't played, it's Spring Training, he's coming off an injury. There's a lot of things to think about."

The Indians signed the 30-year-old Jackson to a Minor League contract with a spring invite on Jan. 25, adding him to the spring outfield competition. Due to the knee injury, Jackson was limited to only 54 games last year after serving as the Opening Day center fielder for the White Sox.

Jordan Bastian has covered the Indians for MLB.com since 2011, and previously covered the Blue Jays from 2006-10. Read his blog, Major League Bastian, follow him on Twitter @MLBastian and listen to his podcast. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.

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Jay Gruden pleased with Josh Doctson’s progress – Washington Times

INDIANAPOLIS - While Redskins coaches and talent evaluators comb through this years draft prospects, theyve also received good reports that their top pick from last year, wide receiver Josh Doctson, is making strides in his recovery from injuries to both of his Achilles tendons.

Doctson, who was able to play in only two games last season, has been running drills on the field at Redskins Park as part of his workout routine for two weeks. Redskins coach Jay Gruden, who was frustrated about Doctons recovery throughout last season, said earlier this week at the NFL Draft Combine in Indianapolis that hes confident Doctson has been making good progress toward recovery. Doctson was placed on injured reserve in Week 7 of last season.

Ill tell you what, Josh is really working hard man and thats half the battle. And we fully anticipate him being healthy, Gruden said. And thats obviously out of our control but he is going to have a major impact on this offense once he gets healthy. And thats the biggest thing for him, is can you be taking the strides necessary to get healthy, not overworking it but continuing to push himself, which I see him in the weight room all the time working hard.

With Doctson having been cleared by trainers to run on the field, Gruden said he was happy with how the second-year players rehab timeline seems to be going. Receivers DeSean Jackson and Pierre Garcon are both about to enter free agency, so Doctson could become one of the teams top receiving options next season.

Yeah I think the progress is being made that we wanted to see, really. But obviously theres still a long way to go, Gruden said. You know, but I just wanted to make sure that hes not in a boot in February still.

While providing the update, Gruden also worked in a quip about Doctsons social media presence.

I think now were seeing him do some things on Snapchat. Heck, I follow him! No. I dont even know what that is, Gruden said. But its good to see him out there running football drills.

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New Drone Footage Shows Off Progress at Apple Park in March … – Digital Trends

Why it matters to you

Apple Park opens in about a month, and the latest footage shows new progress being made.

Were still a ways away from seeing the Apple Park campus unveiled in its full glory (a month, to be exact), but the secretive tech empire is beginning to give us some serious sneak peeks. The latest comes in the form of drone footage that is as straightforward as it gets. Its an unadulterated look at the campus from the skies, and it goes through just about every angle there may be.

As per the video, theres work yet to be done on the highly-anticipated campus. The middle of the spaceship campus isnt quite completed, though other parts of the sprawling community seem to be coming together nicely. Theres a shot of the Steve Jobs Theatre, a look at the underground parking lot (which is still being built), as well as the solar panel roof and the greenery of the campus. Workers can be seen moving about, along with construction vehicles.

More:Apple Spaceship is now Apple Park, employees set to move in April

The video is simply shot, featuring no on-screen text commentary (unlike its last drone footage update in February) rather, the drone footage is a succinct birds eye view of Apple Park in extremely high quality. Its probably the closest that many of us will get to the campus for quite some time, so revel in its beauty, friends.

Apple has slowly revealed more and more details about its flagship campus, though some of those details have proven frustrating, as we reported last month. But hey, perfection takes time, and apparently, a lot of patience.

Steve was exhilarated, and inspired, by the California landscape, by its light and its expansiveness. It was his favorite setting for thought. Apple Park captures his spirit uncannily well, said Laurene Powell Jobs, the late CEOs widow, in a statement in February.He would have flourished, as the people of Apple surely will, on this luminously designed campus.

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New Drone Footage Shows Off Progress at Apple Park in March ... - Digital Trends

Extropianism | Transhumanism Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia

Extropianism, also referred to as extropism or extropy, is an evolving framework of values and standards for continuously improving the human condition. Extropians believe that advances in science and technology will some day let people live indefinitely and that humans alive today have a good chance of seeing that day. An extropian may wish to contribute to this goal, e.g. by doing research and development or volunteering to test new technology.

Extropianism describes a pragmatic consilience of transhumanist thought guided by a proactionary approach to human evolution and progress.

Originated by a set of principles developed by Dr. Max More, The Principles of Extropy,[1] extropian thinking places strong emphasis on rational thinking and practical optimism. According to More, these principles "do not specify particular beliefs, technologies, or policies". Extropians share an optimistic view of the future, expecting considerable advances in computational power, life extension, nanotechnology and the like. Many extropians foresee the eventual realization of unlimited maximum life spans, and the recovery, thanks to future advances in biomedical technology, of those whose bodies/brains have been preserved by means of cryonics.

Extropy, coined by Tom Bell (T. O. Morrow) in January 1988, is defined as the extent of a living or organizational system's intelligence, functional order, vitality, energy, life, experience, and capacity and drive for improvement and growth. Extropy expresses a metaphor, rather than serving as a technical term, and so is not simply the hypothetical opposite of Information entropy.

In 1987, Max More moved to Los Angeles from Oxford University in England, where he had helped to establish (along with Michael Price, Garret Smyth and Luigi Warren) the first European cryonics organization, known as Mizar Limited (later Alcor UK), to work on his Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of Southern California.

In 1988, "Extropy: The Journal of Transhumanist Thought" was first published. This brought together thinkers with interests in artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, genetic engineering, life extension, mind uploading, idea futures, robotics, space exploration, memetics, and the politics and economics of transhumanism. Alternative media organizations soon began reviewing the magazine, and it attracted interest from likeminded thinkers. Later, More and Bell co-founded the Extropy Institute, a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational organization. "ExI" was formed as a transhumanist networking and information center to use current scientific understanding along with critical and creative thinking to define a small set of principles or values that could help make sense of new capabilities opening up to humanity.

The Extropy Institute's email list was launched in 1991, and in 1992 the institute began producing the first conferences on transhumanism. Affiliate members throughout the world began organizing their own transhumanist groups. Extro Conferences, meetings, parties, on-line debates, and documentaries continue to spread transhumanism to the public.

The Internet soon became the most fertile breeding ground for people interested in exploring transhumanist ideas, with the availability of websites for such organizations that have joined the Extropy Institute in developing and advocating transhumanist (and related) ideas. These include Humanity Plus, the Alcor Life Extension Foundation, the Life Extension Foundation, Foresight Institute, Transhumanist Arts & Culture, the Immortality Institute, Betterhumans, Aleph in Sweden, the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, and the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies.

In 2006 the board of directors of the Extropy Institute made a decision to close the organisation, stating that its mission was "essentially completed."[1]

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How a mythical ‘hermit’ criminal hid in the woods for decades – New York Post

For 27 years, the North Pond Hermit was to rural Maine what the Loch Ness Monster is to Scotland: lore, myth, legend, a perverse point of local pride. Those convinced of his existence regarded him with admiration and fear, the latter more common among his victims.

The hermit, also known as the Mountain Man and the Hungry Man, was believed responsible for decades-long break-ins in North Pond cabins. These crimes had a pattern, spiking before Memorial Day and after Labor Day, and the items stolen ranged from batteries to packaged food to skillets to paperback novels. The hermit loved back issues of National Geographic and Playboy and preferred Bud to Bud Light, peanut butter over tuna. He rarely stole anything of real value, save for the couple who returned for the summer to find a mattress stolen from a bunk bed the passports theyd stashed under it left, in view, in a closet.

He was considerate that way. If the hermit had to remove a door from its hinges to get in, hed reattach it before leaving. Hed never break a window to gain entry, never rifle through belongings, always leave a cabin as clean as he found it. When the local police made their reports, they filed the suspects name as Hermit Hermit. One noted a crime scenes unusual neatness, and even law enforcement had to give him credit.

The level of discipline he showed while he broke into houses is beyond what any of us can remotely imagine, said Sgt. Terry Hughes. The legwork, the reconnaissance, the talent with locks, his ability to get in and out without being detected.

As the years passed, residents installed alarm systems and surveillance cameras. In 2013, the Pine Tree summer camp added motion sensors and floodlights a plan devised by an increasingly frustrated Hughes, who obtained new technologies developed by Homeland Security and had the camps alarm signal silently routed to his home.

On an early April morning in 2011, Hughes was finally woken by that alarm and raced to the camp. He prepared himself to encounter a military veteran or a hardened criminal and was surprised to find himself face-to-face with a pale, bespectacled man, clean-shaven and well-dressed in a Columbia jacket, new jeans and quality work boots, 6-feet tall and well-fed.

He said nothing, but Hughes knew: Here, finally, was the elusive North Pond Hermit.

In The Stranger in the Woods: The Extraordinary Story of the Last True Hermit, author Michael Finkel investigates the ways Christopher Knight, who disappeared in 1986 at age 20, was able to survive on his own in the forest physically, emotionally and psychologically. By his own account, Knight went 27 years without ever talking to another human being. Upon his arrest, Knight became a national media story.

Capturing Knight, Finkel writes, was the human equivalent of netting a giant squid. Fascinated, Finkel began a jailhouse correspondence with Knight and eventually surprised him with an unannounced visit. Knight agreed to talk as long as the two were separated by a plastic partition; hed always been averse to physical contact and was struggling with his shared cell. He may have been the only prisoner in North America to beg for solitary.

Some people want me to be this warm and fuzzy person, Knight said. All filled with friendly hermit wisdom. He told Finkel he was afraid the media would depict him as a freak show, and so told his story as best he could.

Knight grew up in the tiny village of Albion, Maine, where cows outnumber people by half. He was the youngest of five in a family of brainiacs who lived off the land; their father studied thermodynamics and built a greenhouse that fed the family through all seasons. His parents werent affectionate with the children, and Knight said his family was obsessed with privacy. His father taught him to hunt; he took a course in survivalism. Knight did fine in high school, though he felt invisible, and shortly after graduating took what little money he had and drove his 1985 Subaru Brat all the way up to Moosehead Lake, one of the most remote places in Maine. Once there, it was like the decision had been made for him. He knew what he was going to do but told no one, not even his mother. His family never filed a missing persons report; they just assumed Knight went off on an adventure. When his father died 15 years after Knight vanished, he was listed as a survivor.

As to why he chose to live on his own, alone, Knight says he still doesnt know. Its a mystery, he told Finkel. I just did it.

He wasnt trying to hide anything, Finkel writes, to cover a wrongdoing, to evade confusion about his sexuality.

Knight found a clearing in the woods, set up a tent and devoted himself to the Greek philosophy of Stoicism. His pre- and post-holiday crime sprees, Knight said, were about harvest time. A very ancient instinct. He would plump himself up for Maines incipient brutal winters by gorging on booze and sugar-filled junk food. He stole barbecue tanks to melt snow for drinking water. He hunkered down in his lair for about six months, October through April, to avoid leaving so much as a footprint in the snow.

He said he slept 6 / hours in winter, from 7:30 p.m. to 2 a.m., wrapped in multiple sleeping bags. Knight slept no more than that, fearing that his own sweat would turn to condensation and hed freeze to death.

If you try and sleep through that kind of cold, Knight said, you might never wake up. He had a two-burner camp stove, a gas line, a wash area, a bathroom consisting of two logs and a hole in the ground, and a bed (that stolen mattress!) with a fitted sheet and Tommy Hilfiger pillowcases. He painted his coolers and garbage cans in camouflage. He spent his days eating, cleaning and thinking, and his nights breaking and entering.

He wasnt proud of the latter, and agreed that he deserved arrest and trial. Every time, I was conscious that I was doing wrong, he told Finkel. I took no pleasure in it, none at all.

Knight saw himself as a hermit in the grand literary tradition of Emerson, Dickinson and fellow Mainer Edna St. Vincent Millay. He quoted one of her most famous lines to Finkel: My candle burns at both ends; It will not last the night, then said, I tried candles in my camp for a number of years. Not worth it to steal them.

Finkel also spoke to many of Knights victims some amused, others traumatized. David and Louise Proulxs home had been broken into at least 50 times over many years, and they initially believed one of their own children was the culprit before wondering if they themselves were going crazy. Debbie Bakers small children were terrified that the hermit would come for them.

Garry Hollands filled a bag of food and slung it over his doorknob as an offering for the hermit, whom he thought of as harmless. (Other residents followed Hollands lead, but Knight never took any food left for him; he feared it was poisoned.)

Neal Patterson stayed up all night for two weeks straight, sitting in the dark, gun at the ready, hoping hed be the one to capture the hermit.

Knight claims little knowledge of how deeply he terrorized the town. He never wanted to steal, but hunger, he says, forced him. It took a while to overcome my scruples, he told Finkel. First he filched from outdoor gardens, then graduated to breaking into homes. He once spent a restless night in an empty cabin. The stress of that, the sleepless worry about getting caught, programmed me to never do that again.

Knight makes the semi-convincing argument that it is mainstream society in need of help, not him. He was confounded by the idea that passing the prime of your life in a cubicle, spending hours a day at a computer in exchange for money was considered acceptable, but relaxing in a tent in the woods was disturbed, Finkel writes.

He spent most of his time in the woods reading, and told Finkel he considered Henry David Thoreau, who took to a cabin in the woods for two years and emerged with Walden, to be a dilettante. Unlike Thoreau, Knight never threw a dinner party, never wrote, never painted a picture or took a photo. His back was fully turned to the world, Finkel writes. Knight loved two works best: Very Special People, an anthology of unusual figures such as the Elephant Man and Siamese twins Chang and Eng, and Dostoyevskys Notes from Underground.

I recognize myself in the main character, he told Finkel.

Knight emerged from the woods with no grand epiphany, no guiding philosophy. He longed solely for all the quiet I can take, consume, eat, dine upon, savor, relish, feast.

Knight spent seven months in jail, paid $1,500 in restitution, yet his greatest punishment is ongoing: re-entering society and adhering to its mores. He moved back in with his mother, and his brother gave him a job at his scrap-metal recycling plant. He knows to return to the woods would be to return to crime, but his longing is visceral and spiritual: Youre just there, he says. You are.

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How a mythical 'hermit' criminal hid in the woods for decades - New York Post

Reinhold Niebuhr and our common good – Bowling Green Daily News

God grant me the serenity

To accept the things I cannot change;

The courage to change the things I can;

And the wisdom to know the difference.

Individuals may see the moral light and voluntarily give up their unjust posture; but as Reinhold Niebuhr has reminded us, groups are more immoral than individuals.

Martin Luther King Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail

Many years ago in the kitchen of my grandparents home, I read on a wall-mounted plaque the words of wisdom written by Reinhold Niebuhr in the above quotation. I would learn many years later that Niebuhr was a great theologian and social philosopher of the 20th century. Niebuhr often described himself as a Christian realist and even his well-known prayer quoted above reveals something of the core and wisdom of his Christian realism. That is, Niebuhr would consistently argue for reform to promote social justice, but within the limits and constraints of human nature and its contingencies. Social justice would provide provisional and not ultimate solutions. His thought represented a reaction against nave and utopian reform efforts in late 19th- and early 20th-century America.

His ideas have influenced millions conservatives and liberals alike. Presidents Jimmy Carter and Barack Obama have specifically identified Niebuhr as an important intellectual influence. Similarly, and perhaps even more significantly, Martin Luther King Jr. studied Niebuhrs thought while at Crozer Theological Seminary and Boston University. And, yet, Niebuhrs thought cannot be categorized simplistically as liberal or conservative. There is no ideological category for his thought as a whole, though some elements could be called liberal and other elements could be called conservative.

The King quotation reflects further evidence of Niebuhrs realism in approaching questions of the common good. Derived from Niebuhrs Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932), King was invoking Niebuhrs teaching that in every group there is less reason to guide and check impulse, less capacity for self-transcendence, less ability to comprehend the needs of others, and therefore more unrestrained egoism than the individuals who compose the group reveal in their personal relationships. Writing from jail, King was arguing from his own experience that Niebuhrs teaching was accurate and true that groups supporting racial segregation were much more difficult to persuade otherwise than persuading individuals alone of this injustice.

Niebuhr linked empirically observable group dynamics to his Christian realism and argued that generally group egoism and pride is more difficult and virulent than individual egoism and pride. Group loyalties can become so strong that conformity to group norms defines individual virtue. In contrast, the individual standing alone has a greater capacity to check egoism, appeal to an ethical standard and render a more impartial and ethical judgment.

Niebuhrs argument continues to have relevance. Although groups of all stripes are important to America, Niebuhr reminds us from a theological perspective emphasizing pride and egoism that there are potential group dynamics and pressures running contrary to the common good. When class, sectarian, ethnic, gender or any other basis for group identity demands increasing levels of commitment and loyalty, the pressures to belong to the group may well override the individuals responsibility for independent, critical thought. This is a formula for pluralistic divisiveness rather than the promotion of the common good and national unity. And so, yes, we celebrate the pluralistic diversity of groups in America, but we remember Niebuhrs caution that selfish and divisive egoism is not confined to the individual, but actually even more accentuated with groups.

As we personally reflect on our own group associations, may we have the wisdom to know the difference between those group actions that are egoistic, selfish and self-serving and those group actions which we all applaud in contributing to our common good.

Ed Yager is a professor of political science at Western Kentucky University.

Ed Yager is a professor of political science at Western Kentucky University.

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Reinhold Niebuhr and our common good - Bowling Green Daily News

Modern Satanism | Prometheism.net – Part 2

Before Anton LaVey compiled the philosophy of Satanism and founded the Church of Satan in 1966, who upheld its values? It is always debated whether or not these people were or were not Satanists and what they would have thought of Satanism if it existed during their lives. In The Satanic Bible, Book of Lucifer 12, it name-drops many of these groups and mentions many specific people, times and dates. I do not want to quote it all here, so if youre interested in more of the specifics buy the damned book from Amazon, already. These are the unwitting potential predecessors of Satanism.

The Satanic Bible opens with a few references to groups that are associated with historical Satanism.

In eighteenth-century England a Hell-Fire Club, with connections to the American colonies through Benjamin Franklin, gained some brief notoriety. During the early part of the twentieth century, the press publicized Aleister Crowley as the wickedest man in the world. And there were hints in the 1920s and 30s of a black order in Germany.

To this seemingly old story LaVey and his organization of contemporary Faustians offered two strikingly new chapters. First, they blasphemously represented themselves as a church, a term previously confined to the branches of Christianity, instead of the traditional coven of Satanism and witchcraft lore. Second, they practiced their black magic openly instead of underground. []

[Anton LaVey] had accumulated a library of works that described the Black Mass and other infamous ceremonies conducted by groups such as the Knights Templar in fourteenth-century France, the Hell-Fire club and the Golden Dawn in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England.

Burton Wolfes introduction to The Satanic Bible by Anton LaVey (1969)

This page looks at some groups, some individuals, but is nowhere near a comprehensive look at the subject, just a small window into which you might see some of the rich, convoluted history of the dark, murky development of the philosophies that support Satanism.

There is a saying that history is written by the winners. The victors of a war are the ones who get to write the school books: they write that the defeated are always the enemy of mankind, the evil ones, the monsters. The victors are always fighting desperately for just causes. This trend is historically important in Satanism. As one religion takes over the ground and the demographics of a losing religion, the loser has its gods demonized and its holy places reclaimed. For example the Vatican was housed on an old Mithraist temple, and Gaelic spirits became monsters as Christianity brutalized Europe with its religious propaganda.

There are groups, therefore, that were wiped out by the Christians. The Spanish Inquisition forced, in duress and torture, many confessions out of its victims, confessions of every kind of devil worship. Likewise its larger wars against Muslims, science, freethought, etc, were all done under the guise of fighting against the devil. In cases where their victims left no records of their own we will never know what their true beliefs were. So the legacy of Christian violence has left us with many associations between various people and Devil Worship, and we know that most of these accounts are wrong, barbaric and the truth is grotesquely forced in them.

We know now that most the Christian Churches previous campaigns were unjustified. Various groups and individuals through have become called Satanists. Such claims are nearly always a result of rumours, mass paranoia and slanderous libel. The dark age victims of this kind of Christian paranoia were largely not actually Satanists, but merely those who didnt believe what the orthodox Church wanted them to believe. Thus, history can be misleading especially when you rely on the religious views of one group, who are clearly biased against competing beliefs!

The Knights Templar were founded in 1118 in the growing shadow of the Dark Ages. They were the most powerful military religious order of the Middle Ages. They built Europes most impressive ancient Cathedrals and were the bankers for practically every throne in Europe1. Some historians trace the history of all globalised multinationals to the banking practices of the Knights Templar2. They had strong presence in multiple countries; Portugal, England, Spain, Scotland, Africa (i.e. Ethiopia) and France. They were rich and powerful, with members in royal families and the highest places including Kings. King John II of Portugal was once Grand Master of the Order. They explored the oceans, built roads and trade routes and policed them, created the first banking system, sanctioned castles, built glorious buildings, and had adequate forces to protect their prized holy places and objects. Their fleet was world-faring, and their masterly knightly battle skills were invaluable to any who could befriend them or afford their mercenary services.

The Knights Templar fell into disrepute with the powerful Catholic Church and the French kingdom, and the Catholics ran a long campaign against them, accusing them of devil worship, of immorality, subversion, and accused them of practicing magic and every kind of occult art. The organisation was finally destroyed and its members burned from 1310. Nowadays, although the accusations are thoroughly discredited, they are still equated with the Occult and sometimes with Satanism, sometimes even by practitioners of those arts themselves.

The Knights Templar: 1. The Rise of the Knights Templar by Vexen Crabtree (2004)

The Satanism-for-fun-and-games fad next appeared in England in the middle 18th Century in the form of Sir Francis Dashwoods Order of the Medmanham Fanciscans, popularly called The Hell-Fire Club. While eliminating the blood, gore, and baby-fat candles of the previous centurys masses, Sir Francis managed to conduct rituals replete with good dirty fun, and certainly provided a colorful and harmless form of psychodrama for many of the leading lights of the period. An interesting sideline of Sir Francis, which lends a clue to the climate of the Hell-Fire Club, was a group called the Dilettanti Club, of which he was the founder.

The Satanic Bible by Anton LaVey (1969)

The Hell-Fire Clubs conjure up images of aristocratic rakes outraging respectability at every turn, cutting a swath through the village maidens and celebrating Black Masses. While all this is true, it is not the whole story. The author of this volume has assembled an account of the Clubs and of their antecedents and descendants. At the centre of the book is the principal brotherhood, known by the Hell-Fire name Sir Francis Dashwoods notorious Monks of Medmenham, with their strange rituals and initiation rites, library of erotica and nun companions recruited from the brothels of London. From this maverick group flow such notable literary libertines as Horace Walpole and Lord Byron. Pre-dating Medmenham are the figures of Rabelais and John Dee, both expounding philosophies of do what you will or anything goes. Geoffrey Ashe traces the influence of libertarian philosophies on the world of the Enlightenment, showing how they met the need for a secular morality at a time when Christianity faced the onslaught of rationalism and empiricism. He follows the libertarian tradition through de Sade and into the 20th century, with discussions of Aleister Crowley, Charles Manson and Timothy Leary, delving below the scandals to reveal the social and political impact of doing your own thing which has roots far deeper than the post-war permissive society.

Amazon Review of The Hell-fire Clubs: A History of Anti-morality by Geoffrey Ashe

An informal network of Hellfire Clubs thrived in Britain during the eighteenth century, dedicated to debauchery and blasphemy. With members drawn from the cream of the political, artistic and literary establishments, they became sufficiently scandalous to inspire a number of Acts of Parliament aimed at their suppression. Historians have been inclined to dismiss the Hellfire Clubs as nothing more than riotous drinking societies, but the significance of many of the nations most powerful and brilliant men dedicating themselves to Satan is difficult to ignore. That they did so with laughter on their lips, and a drink in their hands, does not diminish the gesture so much as place them more firmly in the Satanic tradition.

The inspiration for the Hellfire Clubs [also] drew heavily from profane literature such as Gargantua, an unusual work combining folklore, satire, coarse humour and light-hearted philosophy written in the sixteenth century by a renegade monk named Francois Rabelais. One section of the book concerned a monk who [] has an abbey built that he names Thelema [which is] dedicated to the pleasures of the flesh. Only the brightest, most beautiful and best are permitted within its walls, and its motto is Fait Ce Que Vouldras (Do What You Will).

Lucifer Rising by Gavin Baddeley (1999)3

Gavin Baddeleys book opens with a long, fascinating and awe-inspiring chapter on histories Satanic traditions, following such trends through enlightenment, the decadents, through art, aristocracy and nobility, before concentrating the rest of the book on modern rock and roll devilry. It is a highly recommended book!

The magical and occult elements of Satanism have parallels with previous groups and teachings. Frequent references and commentary are made on certain sources. None of those listed here were Satanists except possibly Crowley:

The Knights Templar (11th-14th Centuries; France, Portugal, Europe) have contributed some symbolism and methodology but not much in the way of teachings.

Chaos Magic has contributed magical theory and psychological techniques to magical practices.

Quantum Physics has contributed high-brow theory on such areas as how consciousness may be able manipulate events.

The New Age (1900s+) has contributed some of the less respectable pop-magic aspects to Satanism such as Tarot, Divination, etc. Although Satanism was in part a reaction against the new age, some aspects of it have been generally adopted.

John Dee and Kelly (17th Century) created the Enochian system of speech used for emoting (sonic tarot) and pronounciation in any way the user sees fit. LaVey adopted the Enochian Keys for rituals and includes his translation of them in The Satanic Bible.

Aleister Crowley (1875-1947, England) was an infamous occultist and magician, and has lent a large portion of his techniques and general character to magical practice and psychology, as well as chunks of philosophy and teachings on magic and life in general.

The Kabballah, as the mother-text of nearly all the occult arts, has indirectly influenced Satanism, lending all kinds of esoteric thoughts, geometry, procedures, general ideas and some specifics to all occult practices.

See:

Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844 Oct 15 1900 Aug 25, was a German philosopher who challenged the foundations of morality and promoted life affirmation and individualism. He was one of the first existentialist philosophers. Some of Nietzsches philosophies have surfaced as those upheld by Satanists.

Life: 1875 1947. Scotland, United Kingdom.

Infamous occultist and hedonist and influential on modern Satanism. Some hate him and think him a contentless, drug-addled, meaningless diabolicist with little depth except obscurantism. Others consider him an eye-opening Satanic mystic who changed the course of history. His general attitude is one found frequently amongst Satanists and his experimental, extreme, party-animal life is either stupidly self-destructive or a model of candle-burning perfection, depending on what type of Satanist you ask.

Some Satanists are quite well-read of Crowley and his groups. His magical theories, techniques and style have definitely influenced the way many Satanists think about ritual and magic.

As far as Satanism is concerned, the closest outward signs of this were the neo-Pagan rites conducted by MacGregor Mathers Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and Aleister Crowleys later Order of the Silver Star (A A Argentinum Astrum) and Order of Oriental Templars (O.T.O.), which paranoiacally denied any association with Satanism, despite Crowleys self-imposed image of the beast of revelation. Aside from some rather charming poetry and a smattering of magical bric-a-brac, when not climbing mountains Crowley spent most of his time as a poseur par excellence and worked overtime to be wicked. Like his contemporary, Rev.(?) Mantague Summers, Crowley obviously spent a large part of his life with his tongue jammed firmly into his cheek, but his followers, today, are somehow able to read esoteric meaning into his every word.

Book of Air 12 The Satanic Bible by Anton LaVey (1969)

Links to other sites:

Europe has had a history of powerful indulgent groups espounding Satanic philosophies; with the occassional rich group emerging from the underground to terrorize traditionalist, stifling morals of their respective times, these groups have led progressive changes in society in the West. Satanists to this day employ shock tactics, public horror and outrage in order to blitzkreig their progressive freethought messages behind the barriers of traditionalist mental prisons.

When such movements surfaced in the USA in the guise of the Church of Satan, it was a little more commercialist than others. Previous European groups have also been successful businesses, the Knights Templar and resultant Masons, etc, being profound examples of the occassional success of left hand path commerce. The modern-day Church of Satan is a little more subdued as society has moved in a more acceptable, accepting, direction since the Hellfire Clubs. As science rules in the West, and occultism is public, there is no place for secretive initiatory Knights Templar or gnostic movements; the Church of Satan is a stable and quiet beacon rather than a reactionary explosion of decadence.

It is the first permanent non-European (but still Western) Satanic-ethos group to openly publish its pro-self doctrines, reflecting the general trends of society towards honesty and dissatisfaction with anti-science and anti-truth white light religions.

Popular press and popular opinion are the worst sources of information. This holds especially true with the case of Satanism. Especially given that the exterior of Satanism projects imagery that is almost intentionally confusing to anyone unintiated. From time to time public paranoia arises, especially in the USA, claiming some company, person or event is Satanic. The public are nearly always wrong and nearly always acting out of irrational fear, sheepish ignorance and gullibility. Public outcries are nearly always erroneous when they claim that a particular group, historical or present, are Satanic.

Similar to this is the relatively large Christian genre of writing that deals with everything unChristian. The likes of Dennis Wheatley, Eliphas Levi, etc, churn out countless books all based on the assumption that anything non-Christian is Satanic, and describe many religious practices as such. These books would be misleading if they had any plausibility, but thankfully all readers except their already-deluded Christian extremist audience cannot take them seriously. Nevertheless occasionally they contribute to public paranoia about Satanism.

In the press and sociology, the phenomenon of public paranoia about criminal activities of assumed Satanic groups is called Satanic Ritual Abuse (SRA) Panic. SRA claims are equal to UFO, abduction, faeries and monsters in both the character profile of the manics involved and the lack of all evidence (despite extensive searching!) to actually uncover such groups.

More:

Historical Satanism dpjs.co.uk/historical.html

See the rest here:

Modern Satanism | Prometheism.net - Part 2

Witchcraft is the new feminism – NME.com (blog)

Leonie Cooper on witches, beehives and Lana Del Rey.

Its hard out here for a witch. Well, at least it was 400-odd years ago when women were regularly hanged, drowned and burned to death after being accused of sorcery, Satanism and doing suspicious things with herbs. This fear of witchcraft was, in essence, a fear of womens power, sexuality and general awesomeness.

Thankfully, women are no longer persecuted when crops fail and odd things happen in the village theyre persecuted for their weight, their clothes and their work instead but witches seem to be firmly back in the public eye and this time theyre not going to be dragged off to the stake. Theyre going to put on a s**t-tonne of black eyeliner and sort out everything thats rubbish in the world.

This isnt simply about the fact that loads of new bands, from moody electronica trio MUNA to Manchester indie-poppers Pale Waves, look like theyve stepped out of 1996 teen witch movie The Craft. A-listers are also getting in on the sweet occult action and taking their witchy business straight to the top. Last week Lana Del Rey attempted to organise her coven of fans into using magic to get rid of Donald Trump. The high priestess of noir-pop tweeted the days of the next waning crescent moons and instructions to find a spell online, to be performed at midnight on the proposed dates. All you need to join in is an unflattering photo of Trump not difficult, to be fair a tower tarot card, an orange candle, a bowl of water and some salt. See you down the homeware aisle of Tesco, then.

But the best bit of modern magic comes in the shape of a new film called The Love Witch, which goes on general release in the UK on March 10. Directed by LA-based auteur Anna Biller, it uses the Technicolor gloss and retro style of cult and camp thriller movies like Vertigo, Rosemarys Baby, The Wicker Man and Suspiria to take a sledgehammer to the patriarchy. The film tells the story of Elaine, a woman who uses sex magic to make men fall in love with her while wearing some fabulous vintage-styled frocks also made by the multitalented Biller.

Yet beyond the beehives, it cleverly deconstructs the idea of women as marriage-obsessed hysterics with style, sass and an excellent tampon joke. Witchcraft in 2017 is about women coming together, not about being torn apart. Whether its Lana Del Rey getting her goth on or thousands coming together for the Womens March in January, the witches are rising excuse me while I go and fetch my broomstick.

View original post here:

Witchcraft is the new feminism - NME.com (blog)

Philharmonic program celebrates passion, youth – Albuquerque Journal

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Cellist Edvard Pogossian will join the New Mexico Philharmonic as the featured guest.

Cellist Edvard Pogossian of the Juilliard School will join the musicians on Josef Haydns Cello Concerto in C Major on Sunday at the National Hispanic Cultural Center.

Musicologists knew Haydn had written a second cello concerto, but the score remained undiscovered until 1961, guest conductor Oriol Sans said. The composer had written the beginning of the principal theme of the first movement in his draft catalog in 1765.

The music was discovered in a library in Prague, Sans said.

Oriol Sans will be guest conductor for Sundays concert.

Whats funny is it has become more famous than the other one, he said. Its one of the first great cello concertos.

The concert will open with Piazzollas Meloda en La menor (Melody in A minor). Piazzolla is considered one of the masters of tango.

The composer penned the piece during a love affair that dissolved, Sans said. He had originally called the piece October Sky.

He had to change it because he was upset with her, Sans said. It has a beautiful melody with very typical Piazzola rhythms that remind us of tango.

Haydns Symphony No. 49, La passione, was written in 1768 during his Sturm und Drang (Storm and Stress) period. The movement encouraged extremes of emotion in response to the confines of rationalism.

We are not sure why it has this name, Sans said. Some people think it comes from this piece being used at Easter celebrations.

The concert will end with Mendelssohns Sinfonia No. 7 in D minor, written when the composer was just 12.

Mendelssohn was one of the most amazing prodigies in the history of music, Sans said.

His wealthy parents provided him with his own orchestra.

They had money, Sans said. Besides that, he had talent.

Its kind of like an exercise, but he has that incredibly beautiful music. Its packed with ideas like a young composer was practicing what hes learned.

More:

Philharmonic program celebrates passion, youth - Albuquerque Journal

Making Humanism Happen in Nigeria: A labour of Love – Conatus News

Last year, 2016, marked twenty years since the Nigerian Humanist Movement (NHM) was founded. I was instrumental in this historic exercise and have played a prominent role in the growth and development of the movement. In this piece, I reflect on what led me to start the organisation and what the last twenty years have meant for me personally and for humanism in Nigeria.

Founding a non-religious non-theistic organisation is not something one would expect a child who was born in a rural community, who did most of his education in catholic seminaries (and even taught in one of them) to do. That was not just beyond anybodys imagination because nobody in my training or upbringing had prepared me to be a humanist organiser or an outspoken atheist. As a person who had trained to be a priest, the least thing people expected from me after leaving seminary was to continue to live my religious life quietly. But, apparently, I did not. Yes, I disappointed many who claimed that I moved from one extreme to another. Humanism is an extremist viewpoint, right? Well, that is history now. More importantly, that history has been filled with struggles because it required a lot of effort to make a Nigerian humanist movement happen.

Looking back today, I would say that the circumstances of my birth and upbringing actually prepared me for the task of working and organising to provide Nigerians an alternative to religion. I was born and brought up in a remote village in Southeastern Nigeria. That was shortly after the Nigerian civil war. My parents were born into a traditional religious setting but converted to Catholicism as they grew up. My father told me that embracing Catholicism was the easiest way of getting a formal education because schools were managed by Catholic missions. Though most people in my community professed a belief in Christianity at least publicly, they still held onto traditional religious notions and other superstitious beliefs such as ancestor-worship, the potency of charms, ritual sacrifice of human body parts and, of course, belief in witchcraft. Most people were privately traditional religionists but publicly Christian. In fact, people were trado-Christian believers. So while growing up there was a mix of traditional and Christian religious beliefs and practices. But formal education was helpful in getting me on the path of intellectual emancipation.

I started my primary education at a local state school that started as a Christian mission school but was taken over by the state in the 70s. Even as a state property, the school retained its catholic tradition. The school day started and ended with prayers and the catholic priest in the nearby church occasionally visited to preach to the pupils. While in primary school I became an altar boy and started assisting the priest at the local church. After my primary education, I went to study at a minor seminary and then studied philosophy at a major seminary and did a few months of theology. It was while studying philosophy that I learned about humanism for the first time. That was in our history of philosophy course program.

However, humanism was presented in a bad light as a spiritually corrupting outlook during the renaissance. But when I looked it up in the dictionary, I did not see anything debasing about humanism. In fact, I found humanism to be the most human of all human philosophies because upholding human dignity was central to this outlook. What I understood then was that humanism was just a philosophical perspective like other philosophical thoughts such as existentialism, idealism and empiricism. It was much later that I discovered humanism as a life stance for the non-religious, as an alternative to religion. I learned about one humanist organisation in the United States that was led by Prof Paul Kurtz. The organisation sent magazines to humanist groups and activists in Africa. The name of the organisation was Council for Democratic and Secular Humanism (CODESH) which was later named Council for Secular Humanism.

After flipping through the pages of their magazine, Free Inquiry, I learned why the priest who taught us the history of philosophy opined that humanism had a corrupting influence. I noticed that humanist articles were critical of religion, and rightfully so. Articles in the magazine challenged religious privilege, questioned its orthodoxies and dogmas, and supported the separation of church/mosque and state, the rights of minorities and the human rights of non-theistic and non-religious folks.

I left the seminary in 1994 and for years I embarked on a journey of self-discovery. I tried to figure out what I wanted in life. I thought about starting a free-thought organisation that would provide a sense of community to non-religious people and provide a platform to combat superstition and promote critical thinking. Nigeria was and still is a religious country where superstitious beliefs are rampant. There was so much poverty, fear and despair. Religion played an important role in peoples lives. Apart from spreading irrational beliefs, the various religions provided education and health; and thus forming the basis for family and social support and solidarity.

Providing an alternative to religion would be a Herculean task because an effective alternative to religion must take into consideration the critical services that religion provides, particularly in a poverty-stricken region. But for me, these good deeds which religions accomplished paled in comparison to the harmful and destructive effects of their dogmas and superstitions and the havoc faith-based abuses wreaked in peoples lives.

So it was a gradual start for NHM. The early years were quite challenging because the resources were limited. Most members were non-financial. They were either students, unemployed or under-employed who were fascinated by non-religious ideas and viewpoints.

There were many issues such as caste discrimination, ritual killing, and witchcraft accusations that beckoned for humanist focus, perspective and attention. Nigerians needed an active critical voice that could awaken them, persuade them and prick their consciences. Simply put, Nigeria needed an alternative to religion.

However, such an organisation needed some funding program that could sustain it until it reached a critical mass of financial members capable of sustaining it. So the major challenge was how to get the resources to fund the movement and its activities. I continuously worried about where I could get resources to grow the organisation and guarantee some future for it. Meetings and events were limited to Ibadan and the nearby cities, communications with other contacts were mainly by post and the newsletter was published occasionally. With these events, NHM was able to register some presence in Ibadan, partner with other like-minded organisations and provide a much-needed humanist voice, and successfully organise international conferences. Some of those initial individual contacts have today grown to become chapters and affiliate groups. They are working and campaigning to promote humanist ideas and values in various capacities. The Internet has been helpful in connecting humanists and in facilitating humanist solidarity. So the humanist momentum is growing across the country and beyond. Though there are still daunting challenges, the prospects of a rational alternative to religion are bright and promising. Humanism is really set to become an effective alternative to religion in Nigeria and the Nigerian Humanist Movement is positioned to midwife this critical process. So, for me, founding the Nigerian Humanist Movement has really been a worthwhile undertaking. Yes it has been a labour of love.

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Making Humanism Happen in Nigeria: A labour of Love - Conatus News

Censorship in India – Wikipedia

In general, censorship in India, which involves the suppression of speech or other public communication, raises issues of freedom of speech, which is protected by the Indian constitution.

The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of expression but places certain restrictions on content, with a view towards maintaining communal and religious harmony, given the history of communal tension in the nation.[1] According to the Information Technology Rules 2011, objectionable content includes anything that threatens the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India, friendly relations with foreign states or public order".[2]

In 2017, the Freedom in the World report by Freedom House gave India a freedom rating of 2.5, a civil liberties rating of 3, and a political rights rating of 2, earning it the designation of free. The rating scale runs from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free).[3] Analysts from Reporters Without Borders rank India 133rd in the world in their 2016 Press Freedom Index,[4] In 2016, the report Freedom of the Press by Freedom House gave India a press freedom rating of "Partly Free", with a Press Freedom Score of 41 (0-100 scale, lower is better).[5]

Watching or possessing pornographic materials is apparently legal, however distribution of such materials is strictly banned.[6] The Central Board of Film Certification allows release of certain films with sexual content (labelled A-rated), which are to be shown only in restricted spaces and to be viewed only by people of age 18 and above.[7] India's public television broadcaster, Doordarshan, has aired these films at late-night timeslots.[8]Films, television shows and music videos are prone to scene cuts or even bans, however if any literature is banned, it is not usually for pornographic reasons. Pornographic magazines are technically illegal, but many softcore Indian publications are available through many news vendors, who often stock them at the bottom of a stack of non-pornographic magazines, and make them available on request. Most non-Indian publications (including Playboy) are usually harder to find, whether softcore or hardcore. Mailing pornographic magazines to India from a country where they are legal is also illegal in India. In practice, the magazines are almost always confiscated by Customs and entered as evidence of law-breaking, which then undergoes detailed scrutiny.

The Official Secrets Act 1923 is used for the protection of official information, mainly related to national security.[9]

The Indian Press currently enjoys extensive freedom. The Freedom Of Speech, mandated by the constitution guarantees and safeguards the freedom of press. However, the freedom of press was not always as robust as today.[citation needed] In 1975, the Indira Gandhi government imposed censorship of press during The Emergency. It was removed at the end of emergency rule in March 1977.[10] On 26 June 1975, the day after the emergency was imposed, the Bombay edition of The Times of India in its obituary column carried an entry that read, "D.E.M O'Cracy beloved husband of T.Ruth, father of L.I.Bertie, brother of Faith, Hope and Justica expired on 26 June".[11] In 1988 defamation bill introduced by Rajiv Gandhi but it was later withdrawn due to strong opposition to it .[12]

On 2 October 2016 (see: 2016 Kashmir unrest) the Srinagar-based Kashmiri newspaper, Kashmir Reader was asked to stop production by the Jammu and Kashmir government. The ban order, issued by the Deputy Commissioner of Srinagar Farooq Ahmad Lone cited that the reason for this was that the newspaper contains material and content which tends to incite acts of violence and disturb public peace and tranquility[13] The ban came after weeks of unrest in the Kashmir valley, following the killing of the militant Burhan Wani. Journalists have decried this as a clampdown on freedom of expression and democracy in Kashmir, as a part of the massive media censorship of the unrest undertaken by the central government. Working journalists protested the ban by marching to the Directorate of Information and Public Relations while the Kashmir Editors Guild(KEG) held an emergency meeting in Srinagar, thereafter asking the government to revoke the ban immediately, and asking for the intervention of the Press Council of India.[13] The move has been criticised by a variety of individuals, academic and civil groups in Kashmir and international rights groups, such as Jammu and Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society(JKCCS), Kashmir Economic Alliance(KEA), the Kashmir Center for Social and Developmental Studies(KCSDS) and Amnesty International, among others. Most of the major Kashmiri dailies have also rallied behind the KR, while claiming that the move represented a political vendetta against the newspaper for reporting events in the unrest as they happened on the ground. Hurriyat leaders, known to champion the cause of Kashmiri independence, also recorded their protests against the banning of the newspaper. Amnesty International released a statement saying that "the government has a duty to respect the freedom of the press, and the right of people to receive information,"[14] while criticising the government for shutting down a newspaper for opposing it. The journalists associated with the paper allege that, contrary to the claims of the J&K government, they had not been issued a notice or warning, and had been asked to stop production suddenly, which was only one manifestation of the wider media gag on Kashmir. Previously, the state government had banned newspapers for a few days in July, calling the move a temporary measure to address an extra-ordinary situation,[13] only to deflect the blame onto the police upon facing tremendous backlash, and thereafter asking the presses to resume publication. As of October 5, 2016, the ban has not been revoked and local journalists continue to protest against what they see as a breach of the freedom of the press and freedom of speech in Kashmir, with no official meeting forthcoming with government functionaries.

The Supreme Court while delivering judgement in Sportsworld case in 2014 held that "A picture of a nude/semi-nude woman... cannot per se be called obscene".[12]

The Central Board of Film Certification, the regulatory film body of India, regularly orders directors to remove anything it deems offensive, including sex, nudity, violence or subjects considered politically subversive.[15]

According to the Supreme Court of India:[16]

In 2002, the film War and Peace, depicting scenes of nuclear testing and the September 11, 2001 attacks, created by Anand Patwardhan, was asked to make 21 cuts before it was allowed to have the certificate for release.[17][18] Patwardhan objected, saying "The cuts that they asked for are so ridiculous that they won't hold up in court" and "But if these cuts do make it, it will be the end of freedom of expression in the Indian media." The court decreed the cuts unconstitutional and the film was shown uncut.

In 2002, the Indian filmmaker and former chief of the country's film censor board, Vijay Anand, kicked up a controversy with a proposal to legalise the exhibition of X-rated films in selected cinemas across the country, saying "Porn is shown everywhere in India clandestinely ... and the best way to fight this onslaught of blue movies is to show them openly in theatres with legally authorised licences".[15] He resigned within a year after taking charge of the censor board after facing widespread criticism of his moves.[19]

In 2003, the Indian Censor Board banned the film Gulabi Aaina (The Pink Mirror), a film on Indian transsexuals produced and directed by Sridhar Rangayan. The censor board cited that the film was "vulgar and offensive". The filmmaker appealed twice again unsuccessfully. The film still remains banned in India, but has screened at numerous festivals all over the world and won awards. The critics have applauded it for its "sensitive and touching portrayal of marginalised community".[20][21][22]

In 2004, the documentary Final Solution, which looks at religious rioting between Hindus and Muslims, was banned.[23][24] The film follows 2002 clashes in the western state of Gujarat, which left more than 1,000 people dead. The censor board justified the ban, saying it was "highly provocative and may trigger off unrest and communal violence". The ban was lifted in October 2004 after a sustained campaign.[25]

In 2006, seven states (Nagaland, Punjab, Goa, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh) have banned the release or exhibition of the Hollywood movie The Da Vinci Code (and also the book),[26] although India's Central Board of Film Certification cleared the film for adult viewing throughout India.[27] However, the respective high courts lifted the ban and the movie was shown in the two states.

In 2013, Kamal Haasan's "Vishwaroopam" was banned from the screening for a period of two weeks in Tamil Nadu.[12]

The Central Board of Film Certification demanded five cuts from the 2011 American film The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo because of some scenes containing rape and nudity. The producers and the director David Fincher finally decided not to release the film in India.[28]

In 2015, the Central Board of Film Certification demanded four cuts (three visual and one audio) from the art-house Malayalam feature film Chaayam Poosiya Veedu (The Painted House) directed by brothers Santosh Babusenan and Satish Babusenan because the film contained scenes where the female lead was shown in the nude. The directors refused to make any changes whatsoever to the film and hence the film was denied a certificate.[29][30][31][32][33]

In 2016, the film Udta Punjab, produced by Anurag Kashyap and Ekta Kapoor among others, ran into trouble with the Central Board of Film Certification, resulting in a very public re-examination of the ethics of film censorship in India. The film, which depicted a structural drug problem in the state of Punjab, used a lot of expletives and showed scenes of drug use. The CBFC, on 9 June 2016, released a list of 94 cuts and 13 pointers, including the deletion of names of cities in Punjab. On 13 June 2016, Udta Punjab was cleared by the Bombay High Court with one cut and disclaimers. The court ruled that, contrary to the claims of the CBFC, the film was not out to "malign" the state of Punjab, and that it wants to save people[34] Thereafter, the film was faced with further controversy when a print of it was leaked online on a torrent site. The quality of the copy, along with the fact that there was supposedly a watermark that said "censor" on top of the screen, raised suspicions that the board itself had leaked the copy to spite the filmmakers. It also contained the only scene that had been cut according to the High Court order. While the censor board claimed innocence,[35] the lingering suspicions resulted in a tense release, with the filmmakers and countless freedom of expression advocates taking to social media to appeal to the public to watch the film in theatres, as a conscious challenge against excessive censorship on art in India. Kashyap himself asked viewers to wait till the film released before they downloaded it for free, stating that he didn't have a problem with illegal downloads,[36] an unusual thing for a film producer to say. The film eventually released and grossed over $13 million[37] finishing as a commercial success.

Heavy metal band Slayer's 2006 album Christ Illusion was banned in India after Catholic churches in the country took offense to the artwork of the album and a few song titles and launched a protest against it. The album was taken off shelves and the remaining catalog was burnt by EMI Music India.[38]

In 1999, Maharashtra government banned the Marathi play Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy or I, Nathuram Godse, Am Speaking[39] The Notification was challenged before the Bombay High Court, and the High Court Bench consisting of B. P. Singh (Chief Justice), S. Radhakrishnan, and Dr. D. Y. Chandrachud allowed the writ petition and declared the notification to be ultra vires and illegal, thus rescinding the ban.

In 2004, Eve Ensler's The Vagina Monologues was banned in Chennai. The play however, has played successfully in many other parts of the country since 2003. A Hindi version of the play has been performing since 2007.

In 1961, it was criminalised in India to question the territorial integrity of frontiers of India in a manner which is, or is likely to be, prejudicial to the interests of the safety or security of India.[40]

Freedom House's Freedom on the Net 2015 report gives India a Freedom on the Net Status of "Partly Free" with a rating of 40 (scale from 0 to 100, lower is better). Its Obstacles to Access was rated 12 (0-25 scale), Limits on Content was rated 10 (0-35 scale) and Violations of User Rights was rated 18 (0-40 scale).[56] India was ranked 29th out of the 65 countries included in the 2015 report.[57]

The India country report that is included in the Freedom on the Net 2012 report, says:[58]

India is classified as engaged in "selective" Internet filtering in the conflict/security and Internet tools areas and as showing "no evidence" of filtering in the political and social areas by the OpenNet Initiative in May 2007.[59] ONI states that:

As a stable democracy with strong protections for press freedom, Indias experiments with Internet filtering have been brought into the fold of public discourse. The selective censorship of Web sites and blogs since 2003, made even more disjointed by the non-uniform responses of Internet service providers (ISPs), has inspired a clamour of opposition. Clearly government regulation and implementation of filtering are still evolving. Amidst widespread speculation in the media and blogosphere about the state of filtering in India, the sites actually blocked indicate that while the filtering system in place yields inconsistent results, it nevertheless continues to be aligned with and driven by government efforts. Government attempts at filtering have not been entirely effective, as blocked content has quickly migrated to other Web sites and users have found ways to circumvent filtering. The government has also been criticised for a poor understanding of the technical feasibility of censorship and for haphazardly choosing which Web sites to block. The amended IT Act, absolving intermediaries from being responsible for third-party created content, could signal stronger government monitoring in the future.[59]

A "Transparency Report" from Google indicates that the Government of India initiated 67 content removal requests between July and December 2010.[60]

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Censorship in India - Wikipedia

Officials say it’s time for the Great Firewall of China to ease up on censorship – BetaNews

The Great Firewall of China is famed for the restrictions it places on what Chinese citizens can access online. If a site provides access to news from the west, conflicts with state propaganda, or criticizes China or its ruling Communist party in any way, it is blocked. But some officials are now suggesting that it's time things changed.

The impetus is not a sudden softening of the political agenda, but a suggestion from the leading advisory body the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference that censorship is damaging China's progress in terms of the economy and science.

Vice-chairman of the body, Luo Fuhe, has taken the unusual -- and potentially dangerous -- step of speaking out against the internet restrictions put in place by the Chinese government. With the government not only blocking access to key websites (including making it near-impossible to circumvent restrictions), but also actively monitoring what citizens are posting online and engaging in barely-concealed state propaganda, Luo says that researchers in China have a difficult time accessing the sites they need.

As reported by the Guardian, as well as censoring sites completely, the Great Firewall of China also makes using the internet prohibitively slow:

From within China, attempting to visit to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization or a lot of foreign university website is very slow. Opening each page takes at least 10-20 seconds and some foreign university sites need more than half an hour to open.

Although China has taken steps to block the use of VPNs that could be used to get around restrictions, Luo says: "Some researches rely on software to climb over the firewall to complete their own research tasks. This is not normal."

Proponents of free speech might laud Luo's stand against the government, but there are issues. Firstly has not proposed that anything other than scientific websites be allowed to make their way through the Great Firewall. Secondly, he is doing nothing to question what the Chinese government is doing controlling general internet usage so powerfully.

Image credit: BeeBright / Shutterstock

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Officials say it's time for the Great Firewall of China to ease up on censorship - BetaNews

Could Twitter’s New Abuse Crackdown Lead to Censorship? – Voice of America

Twitter introduced new safety measures this week meant to crack down on online harassment and protect people from viewing offensive material, but some free-speech advocates are concerned the changes could lead to censorship of unpopular ideas.

The social media company announced Wednesday that it would start hiding potentially menacing tweets, even if the tweets or accounts in question hadn't been reported as abusive.

"We're working to identify accounts as they're engaging in abusive behavior, even if this behavior hasn't been reported to us," the company said in a statement announcing the changes. "Then, we're taking action by limiting certain account functionality for a set amount of time, such as allowing only their followers to see their Tweets."

The so-called stealth bans could be placed on accounts, the company's statement said, if a Twitter user sent unsolicited messages to another user who was not following the sender.

Twitter said it would "act on accounts" only when it was confident abuse had taken place, based on the algorithms it uses to identify illicit posts.

This new automated stealth ban capability became a cause of consternation for Suzanne Nossel, executive director of the free-speech advocacy group PEN America, because she said it could easily become a solution "where there is really no problem that needs to be solved."

FILE - A Twitter app on an iPhone screen is shown.

'Mistaken' moves?

"To take action when there hasn't been a complaint raises the concern of whether there will be mistaken blocking of accounts or suspending of accounts," she said. "That raises a risk."

Twitter has been under pressure to address abusive speech and trolling on its platform in recent months after celebrities and others complained of sustained, coordinated abuse campaigns.

Actress Leslie Jones notably swore off the social media service for a brief time last year after she was targeted by online trolls and harassed with racism and death threats. The incident led to a personal meeting between Jones and Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey, and several months later the company began introducing new tools to address online abuse.

Twitter expanded its "mute" feature to allow users to block specific words or phrases from showing up in their notifications. It expanded users' ability to report hateful conduct. And it retrained its support teams on dealing with online abuse.

These types of changes that allow users to have more control over what content they see and whom they interact with are positive steps, Esha Bhandari, a staff attorney with the American Civil Liberties Union's Speech, Privacy, and Technology Project, told VOA.

FILE - Twitter's Jack Dorsey is interviewed on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange, Nov. 19, 2015. The chief executive apologized Thursday, Nov. 17, 2016, after the service let through an ad promoting a white supremacist group.

Control for users

The ACLU encourages companies to focus less on a top-down approach to censorship and more "on tools that allow users to control their experience on the platform," she said.

"Attempts to put the thumb on the scale on the censorship side are prone to error and prone to human biases," Bhandari said.

Newer tools introduced by Twitter, though, give the company a far greater role in controlling what content gets seen.

In February, Twitter began pre-emptively hiding what it called "potentially abusive or low-quality tweets" from conversations on the website. The tweets will still be visible to users, but only to "those who seek them out."

"Our team has also been working on identifying and collapsing potentially abusive and low-quality replies so the most relevant conversations are brought forward," Twitter said in a February statement.

VOA contacted Twitter multiple times for clarification on guidelines used to identify "low-quality" tweets but received no response.

Twitter also introduced a "safe search" feature in February that automatically removes tweets that contain "potentially sensitive content" from search results. A request for clarification on how this content is identified was not returned.

Being a non-government entity, Twitter has no real obligation to preserve free speech on its website. But Twitter has billed itself as a platform for free expression, and on the Twitter rules page, it says it believes in "speaking truth to power."

FILE - The Twitter symbol appears above a trading post on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange, July 27, 2016. Twitter, long criticized as a hotbed for online harassment, has been expanding ways to curb the amount of abuse users see.

Global town square

This is a role both PEN America and the ACLU take seriously. Both Nossel and Bhandari referred to the website as a sort of global town square, where everyone's voice has equal weight.

"As a practical matter, decisions made by Twitter have a huge impact on the messages that we receive, and I hope that Twitter and other companies take those responsibilities seriously," Bhandari said.

Nossel noted that Twitter has a financial incentive to be cautious on issues involving the balance between allowing free expression and stopping abuse.

"The power and influence of their platform depends on the free flow of ideas, so I think there are commercial reasons why they would not want to limit [free speech]," she said. "And I think for their users, they do have a kind of softer, implicit contract that they are going to be a platform in which you can express things freely."

Bhandari said it's important to find that balance, because if Twitter "allows a heckler's veto to take over," it will have a chilling effect on speech that's similar to pre-emptively hiding content.

"One of the really important parts of that has to be transparency," she said.

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Could Twitter's New Abuse Crackdown Lead to Censorship? - Voice of America

Censorship, in all its forms, is damaging – Tri-Town Transcript – Wicked Local Boxford

Censorship, whether at a broader or more personal scale, ultimately leaves society with more harm done than good.

Everyone would agree that censoring society from potential evils protects and benefits the people in the long run, wouldnt they? Of course, they wouldnt. Censorship, whether at a broader or more personal scale, ultimately leaves society with more harm done than good.

Though I may not be proud of it, I have experienced censorship firsthand. Witnessing an innocent little boy being bullied by my friend in our local library didnt seem to trigger my preteen brain to spring into action. Not realizing the full severity of the situation, I decided to censor my words and actions in order to not lose my friend. Though I grew to learn that my decision was incorrect, I negatively impacted society by letting a bullying situation go untouched. I could have easily stopped this incident, if not for my personal censorship.

American author Charles Bukowski told how censorship is the tool of those who have the need to hide actualities from themselves and from others. Their fear is only their inability to face what is real, and I can't vent any anger against them. I only feel this appalling sadness. Somewhere, in their upbringing, they were shielded against the total facts of our existence (Bukowski, Charles Bukowski on Censorship).

Essentially, hes describing the simple principle of how censoring is only us pushing away reality, and it is unhealthy for us to do so. Chinas censorship of critical health information validates Bukowskis beliefs that censorship is used by those who want to intentionally withhold facts from others. In 2012, the World Health Organization estimated that about 4,000 people died each day in China due to severe air pollution, a devastating7 million each year (Jolley, End the censorship). Chinese citizens reacting to this created Under the Dome, a documentary created to grow awareness of this increasing health issue. However, the film, as well as posts regarding it, were deleted from the public eye. The Chinese government was trying to protect their image by not having society understand this issue, though it truly hurt China as a whole in the long run, considering this problem continued to worsen at the expense of human life. Meanwhile, President Xi announced that he was fully involved in cleaning this polluted air and expected all his people to be as well (Jolley, End the censorship). However, that idea of society helping out is unattainable considering how people arent even allowed to discuss it openly. This unnecessary censorship put not only China but also bordering nations at risk, considering how air doesnt remain within borders.

Another excellent example of censorship harming society revolves around global warming. It's well known in the media how burning fossil fuels and emitting carbon dioxide adds to the gradual worsening of the climate, though its barely known how arctic ice sheets containing tons of methane are melting extremely fast in some locations (Redmond, The Top 10 Stories The Mainstream Media Didnt Want You To Hear About In 2015). As methane enters the atmosphere as ice melts, it damages the environment much more than carbon dioxide would. American Journalist Dahr Jamail stated that a 2013 study, published in Nature, reported that a 50-giganton burp of methane is highly possible at any time, and that would be the equivalent of at least 1,000 gigatons of carbon dioxide...since 1850, humans have released a total of approximately 1,475 gigatons in carbon dioxide (Redmond, The Top 10 Stories The Mainstream Media Didnt Want You To Hear About In 2015). He also spoke about how a massive, sudden change in methane levels could, in turn, lead to temperature increases of four to six degrees Celsius in just one or two decades - a rapid rate of climate change to which human agriculture, and ecosystems more generally, could not readily adapt (Redmond, The Top 10 Stories The Mainstream Media Didnt Want You To Hear About In 2015). Since this isnt talked about in the news, the majority of society is unaware of how terrifying this situation is and that it is happening right now. The media believe that they are helping by keeping the people in the dark about this horrible issue, though it only leaves us without the knowledge to stop it.

Taking away books from the public is another form of censorship that is incredibly hurtful toward society. Judy Blume, an American writer, notes how tragic the idea is that there are some books that will never be read. And all due to the fear of censorship. As always, young readers will be the real losers (Blume, Judy Blume Talks About Censorship) When books are taken away from society, this unexplainable connection we have to books is cut, as well as the possible knowledge that it could provide us.

There are multiple forms of censorship that are damaging to society and individual life. Whether it be a countrys government withholding critical health information, or swallowing your words when witnessing an act of bullying, censorship is detrimental toward people on both sides of the act. Overall, if you ever find yourself in a situation where you feel the need to censor your voice or opinion out of fear that you may harm others, remember that your censorship will only do more damage to both sides in the end.

Katie O'Brien

Tyler Lane

Middleton

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Censorship, in all its forms, is damaging - Tri-Town Transcript - Wicked Local Boxford

A Scuffle and a Professor’s Injury Make Middlebury a Free-Speech Flashpoint – Chronicle of Higher Education (subscription)

Lisa Rathke, AP Images

Protesters turned their backs and shouted as Charles Murray, the controversial political scientist best known for The Bell Curve, tried to speak at Middlebury College on Thursday. The confrontation became violent later as protesters swarmed Mr. Murray and the professor who moderated the event as they tried to leave.

In the wake of protests that disrupted a controversial speakers appearance and left a professor injured, Middlebury College has become the latest flashpoint in a national battle over campus speech and safety.

In a statement to the campus on Friday, Laurie L. Patton, the colleges president, described a violent incident with a lot of pushing and shoving as protesters swarmed Charles Murray, the speaker, and Allison Stanger, a professor who served as moderator, after the event. Ms. Patton apologized to Mr. Murray, Ms. Stanger, who was injured during the encounter, and everyone who came in good faith to participate in a serious discussion.

We believe that many of these protesters were outside agitators, but there are indications that Middlebury College students were involved as well.

Even before it happened, Mr. Murrays appearance had put those values on trial. Now the incident has stoked new debate about whether the protesters were suppressing or exercising free speech, and about who was responsible for escalating the disruption into a fracas that sent Ms. Stanger to the hospital for treatment of an injury to her neck.

At the center of the incident was a familiar figure: Mr. Murray, the polarizing political scientist best known for his 1994 book The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. The book, co-written with the psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein,argues that the gap in academic achievement between black and white students can be at least partially explained by genetics. The book has been widely criticized for both its sociological methods and its racial implications.

A conservative student organization invited Mr. Murray to Middlebury; the colleges political-science department then sponsored the invitation.

On Wednesday, a day before the event, the student newspaper published a letter from a group of nearly 500 alumni and students who condemned Mr. Murrays visit, calling it a decision that directly endangers members of the community and stains Middleburys reputation by jeopardizing the institutions claims to intellectual rigor and compassionate inclusivity.

The following day, The New York Times reported, most of the over 400 students at Mr. Murrays speech turned their backs to the speaker and shouted him down. Middlebury officials moved Mr. Murray to a new room, where Ms. Stanger, a professor of international politics and economics, completed an interview streamed on video despite further disruptions.

In an essay published Sunday, Mr. Murray no stranger to campus protests argued that, due to its length and intensity, the Middlebury disruption "could become an inflection point."

"Until last Thursday, all of the ones involving me have been as carefully scripted as kabuki: The college administration meets with the organizers of the protest and ground rules are agreed upon," he wrote. "If this becomes the new normal, the number of colleges willing to let themselves in for an experience like Middleburys will plunge to near zero."

After the event, as protests continued outside, a group including Mr. Murray and Ms. Stanger left the venue. There, according to Ms. Patton, a violent incident occurred, culminating in an attack on the car in which they were leaving campus.

Bill Burger, a college spokesman who was part of the group escorting Mr. Murray, told the Times that masked protesters accosted Ms. Stanger. Someone grabbed Allisons hair and twisted her neck, he told the newspaper.

Ms. Stanger was treated and fitted with a neck brace at a nearby hospital, according to the Addison Independent.

A group of student protesters published a conflicting account of the incident, arguing that Middlebury officials had exacerbated the incident and that Ms. Stangers hair was not intentionally pulled but was inadvertently caught in the chaos that Public Safety incited.

On Twitter, Mr. Murray applauded both Mr. Burger and Ms. Stanger:

We believe that many of these protesters were outside agitators, wrote Ms. Patton in her note to the campus, but there are indications that Middlebury College students were involved as well.

Whatever the mix of students and outsiders, many commentators from across the political spectrum were quick to portray the incident as an example of students intolerance of uncomfortable speech.

In an editorial assailing The Mob at Middlebury, The Wall Street Journal urged Ms. Patton to follow through with discipline to scare these students straight. And Suzanne Nossel, executive director of PEN America, an association of writers and editors, condemned a lawless and criminal attack that marks a new low in this challenged era for campus speech.

Amid the fiery off-campus response, Middlebury students and faculty took stock. Some expressed dismay at the disruption of Mr. Murrays speech and the chaos that ensued.

It is understandable why some students may find Murrays research findings offensive, wrote Matthew Dickinson, a professor of political science at Middlebury. It is less clear, however, why so many believe that the appropriate response was not to simply skip his talk, but instead to prevent others from hearing him and, in so doing, inadvertently give him the platform and national exposure they purportedly opposed.

But the view that student protesters erred in shouting down Mr. Murray is far from unanimous. I am angry that free speech is conflated with civil discourse, wrote Linus Owens, an associate professor of sociology. Mr. Owens argued that Middlebury legitimized Mr. Murray by giving him a stage and deciding that only then we can ask smart and devastating questions in return.

Thats one model, sure, he wrote, but its not the only one.

In a Facebook post, Ms. Stanger described Thursday as "the saddest day of my life." By turning away from the stage during Mr. Murray's speech, the professor wrote, the protesting students had "effectively dehumanized me." Still, she argued against a common criticism of the disruption as an example of ivory-tower excess.

"To people who wish to spin this story as one about what's wrong with elite colleges and universities, you are wrong," she wrote. "Please instead consider this as a metaphor for what's wrong with our country, and on that, Charles Murray and I would agree."

Update (3/5/2017, 8:47 p.m.): This article has been updated to add statements from Mr. Murray and Ms. Stanger.

Brock Read is assistant managing editor for daily news at The Chronicle. He directs a team of editors and reporters who cover policy, research, labor, and academic trends, among other things. Follow him on Twitter @bhread, or drop him a line at brock.read@chronicle.com.

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A Scuffle and a Professor's Injury Make Middlebury a Free-Speech Flashpoint - Chronicle of Higher Education (subscription)

Few understand free speech on college campuses; even fewer can … – The Daily Progress

Its that season again. Inside Higher Education, a higher ed newspaper, dubbed it Disinvitation Season in response to those commencement speakers who find themselves disinvited. Juan Williams, a somewhat controversial conservative journalist, is the latest to find himself out of synch with a schools faculty. Disinvitations often begin with faculty who disagree with a speaker. Odd, eh?

Recently, Del. Steve Landes introduced legislation to ensure colleges protect speech on Virginia public campuses. How can anybody be against free speech and promoting free speech? he said.

I wonder if legislators understand the nature of speakers on campus. Indeed, some now claim Landes proposed legislation is overly broad, allowing anyone to traipse anywhere on campus at any time setting up the proverbial soap box disrupting normal activities. The right to control time and place (but not speech) is a time-tested legal principle.

Landes, in reference to the violence at Cal Berkeley surrounding an ultra-right speaker, said in this newspaper that schools have the discretion to not invite a speaker who might incite violence. In addition to that sounding like prior restraint, a form of censorship, this implies misunderstanding of how campuses work. One will not find a centralized Office of Approved Speakers on Virginias public campuses. When a student or faculty group invites a speaker to campus, they dont first clear it with the presidents office.

Yet, there is the public perception that holds a university administration responsible for the actions and speech of any individual speaking on campus, as if each speaker were first vetted and cleared by the fictitious OAS.

In the mid-1990s, Virginia Tech raised the ire of Virginias timbermen when a speaker from a self-described eco-terrorist group, Earth Liberation Front (ELF), was invited by students and spoke on campus. How could you let him speak on our campus, we heard. It was incredibly difficult for the spokesperson, this author, to defend the ELF speakers right to speak, particularly when the ELF had claimed credit for high profile property destruction, including a $24 million Vail ski resort. Yet students had every right to invite the speaker.

In the controversys wake, one board of visitors member proposed a policy resolution that would require the presidents approval for all speakers invited to campus. Notwithstanding the impracticality of vetting virtually hundreds of speakers invited by hundreds of campus groups each year, the very notion of administrative approval implies some criteria for disapproval. In doing so, an administration clearly enters a censorship role.

Defending free speech in the abstract is easy. Try it when emotions among key constituencies or the very powerful hit alert status. In 2013, a Virginia Tech professor published a column titled No thanks, Stop saying support the troops. Imagine the outcry among Hokie alums, many of whom served in the military or whose families worked in the nations capital. While the article in its own convoluted writing was essentially about questioning authority and inferred support for the troops, it opened floodgates of commentary. The presidents office was inundated with hundreds of hostile phone calls and emails calling for the professors immediate dismissal. This author caught incoming fire on that one too from those who wanted the prof gone, from those who agreed with him and from those who felt like I shouldnt have defended his right of free speech. While highly uncomfortable for the president, he clearly stood behind the professors rights.

It is ironic to find Virginias legislators introducing legislation codifying campus free speech because I doubt there is a Virginia college president who has not heard from legislators about offensive speech from students or faculty. Delegate Bob Marshall, for one, is well known for his harangues. Marshall once demanded that Techs president stop a student TV production, albeit a rather bawdy one.

Legislators call for free speech on campus, yet seem to want university administrators to govern said speech obviously mutually exclusive concepts.

This is not to say that campuses are pristine. Restrictive speech codes are real and many have been struck down by the courts around the country. The very notion of trigger warnings is troubling, particularly when they purport to protect young people from thoughts or ideas that might be upsetting. Free speech and the First Amendment are not intended to protect someone from discomfort. Bart Hinkle, editorialist for the Richmond Times Dispatch, wrote that the right of free speech implies the right to be offended, too. Without some discomforting introspection, ones own ideas will never be tested or reaffirmed.

Campus speech is complicated. So, think twice when you hear calls to promote free speech, restrict speakers on campus, or hold the administration responsible for all campus speech. Have some sympathy for university presidents, many of whom hear about controversial speakers only when the outcries start. Many times Ive heard this presidential retort, They invited WHO to speak on campus!?

Larry Hincker, is a retired public relations executive living in Blacksburg.

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Few understand free speech on college campuses; even fewer can ... - The Daily Progress

Legislation Proposed in Four States to Protect Free Speech at Public Universities – Breitbart News

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Bills are being introduced in state legislatures around the country in an attempt to curb the increasing restrictions being placed on political speech at state-funded campuses.

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College should be a place where all opinions, popular or not, should be able to be freely expressed, Texas State Representative Briscoe Cain argued. Students have the right to free speech and HB 2527 will help protect the constitutional rights of students and student organizations.

Wisconsin Governor Scott Walkers recent budget proposal includes a $10,000 allocation that would go towards academic freedom initiatives in the University of Wisconsin system.

It is not the proper role of the board or any institution or college campus to attempt to shield individuals from ideas and opinions they find unwelcome, disagreeable, or even deeply offensive, the Wisconsin legislation states. The board and each institution and college campus has a responsibility not only to promote a lively and fearless freedom of debate and deliberationbut also to protect that freedom when others attempt to restrict it.

Several other states have proposed legislation that would protect free speech rights at public universities. Those states include North Carolina, Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

Tom Ciccotta is a libertarian who writes about education and social justice for Breitbart News. You can follow him on Twitter @tciccotta or email him at tciccotta@breitbart.com

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Legislation Proposed in Four States to Protect Free Speech at Public Universities - Breitbart News

Pelham students march to celebrate free speech, dissent – The Journal News | LoHud.com

Pelham Memorial High School's Social and Political Activism Club organized a March for America to celebrate rights and values that the club's members think are under threat. Ernie Garcia/lohud

Tess Darrow, left, and Kate Soifer, students at Pelham Memorial High School, with signs they carried in a march Sunday in support of free expression and civil rights.(Photo: Ernie Garcia/The Journal News)Buy Photo

PELHAM - A few hundred Pelham Memorial High School students, theirfamilies and friends marched through the town Sunday in support of free expression andtolerance.

The March for Americawas organized by the school's Social and Political Activism Club and thegoal was to celebrate rights and values club members believe are under threat by the administration of President Donald Trump. Many of thestudents who participated in the march carried signs expressing different messages.

Tess Darrow, 15, a 10th grader, carried a sign with a flag thatsaid "Thank you."

"This is the thin blue line flag, which represents police and local law enforcement.... So I'm just kind of thanking them for all they do because I feel like they don't get enough recognition in media for all the work that they do," said Darrow. "This is a walk for everybody, not only liberals, necessarily."

PROTEST: Community action in the Age of Trump

STANDING ROCK: Nyack High School student organizes protest

Kate Soifer, 16, an 11th grader, carried a sign that said "Respect existence or expect resistance," which she borrowed from the Black Lives Matter movement.

"I just look at it as a general sign for everybody," said Soifer. "I'm here for women's rights, for immigrants, for LGBTQ. I'm just here for everyone because everybody deserves equal rights."

Soifer said that politics and current national events are often discussed at her school, especially by one of her teachers.

"He always wants to make sure that everybody understands what's going on," she said. "We don't have to be politically active, but at least we know what's going on in the world today because I think that's a really important thing. Ignorance isn't something that should be taken lightly."

After the march, attendees gathered at a park next to the Daronco Town House, where Pelham Mayor Michael J. Volpe reminded attendees that free expressionincludes all viewpoints.

Participants in a march Sunday organized by students at Pelham Memorial High School.(Photo: Ernie Garcia/The Journal News)

"Of course we ask and hope that everyone will express themselves, their thoughts and opinions in a peaceful and respectful manner, listening to alternative viewpoints and being mindful that the way to positively effect change is with respectful dialogue and compromise," said Volpe.

State Sen. Jeff Klein, D-Bronx,urged a tolerance for immigrants. Kleinspoke of his immigrant Hungarian grandparents and compared their journey with today's immigrants.

"When we hear those that say somehow the immigrants of yesteryear are different than the immigrants today, we tell them absolutely not, they're all the same," Klein said.

Twitter: @ErnieJourno

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