Hazard Herald | Challenger Center offers virtual reality program … – Hazard Herald

Courtesy photo | The Challenger Learning Center is located on the campus of HCTC in Hazard.

HAZARD The Challenger Learning Center is a busy place this year. As the center works to organize an aerospace industry exhibit in Hazard, it also continues to engage students, both in the facility and at their schools, through STEM and robotics education. In the past week alone, the Challenger Center helped welcome the Executive Director of the Kentucky Aerospace Industry Consortium to town, while also treating students to a new, state of the art, virtual reality program that is almost as intriguing as space travel itself.

With the exhibit, the Challenger Center hopes to draw Southeastern Kentucky students attention to the increasing career possibilities that exist within the aerospace industry.

A lot of people dont realize that Kentucky is one of the top aerospace product producers in the country, said Tom Cravens, Director of the Challenger Learning Center. We want to organize an exhibit of products the companies in Kentucky produce, along with information about the jobs available there, and display it here at the Challenger Center.

One person, who can help rally the necessary forces together for this exhibit, is the representative of Kentuckys aerospace industry through Gov. Bevins office, D. Stewart Ditto II, who is Executive Director of the Kentucky Aerospace Industry Consortium. Ditto visited Hazard last Tuesday for a full day that began with Tom Cravens of the Challenger Center introducing him at the Chamber of Commerce meeting.

When people think of aerospace, perhaps states like Florida, Ohio or North Carolina come to mind. Yet Kentucky sits at number two, behind only Washington, in states leading the countrys aerospace product manufacturing. Executive Director Ditto gave an excellent presentation about Kentuckys aerospace industry and potential ways the financial gains generated by this industry can encompass all communities in the state.

When all was said and done at the Chamber meeting, Director Ditto was on his way to tour the Wendell Ford Airport in Perry County; an airport with plenty of room for growth, according to experts in attendance during Dittos presentation.

The aerospace exhibit, however, is something the Challenger Center hopes to host later down the road. For the time being, there is plenty more at the center for students and local citizens to experience.

Three East Kentucky schools will be working with the Challenger Center, Morehead State University and a company from South Africa, on a legitimate satellite launch into outer space. Willard Elementary from Perry County is one of those three schools.

Students will use a high altitude balloon to gather information the satellite will need to do analysis while it is in orbit. The program begins this month at the Challenger Center. The satellite launch is expected to take place in Oct. or Nov. at an out of state launch facility.

The entire program will consist of three phases, with phase one starting soon. The Challenger Center scheduled a teacher workshop for March 6, with Bob Twiggs from Morehead State University and Twiggs Space Lab on site in addition to the group from South Africa, who is supplying some of the classroom pieces for the program. Teachers from Perry County, Breathitt County and Pike County will take part.

However, visitors do not have to be part of the satellite launch project to receive an out of this world experience at the Challenger Center. Currently, a virtual reality program is available that provides several interactive learning modules, which include games, trips to settings in lands as far-away as the surface of Mars and even a view of the Earth and the Moon from outer space. The Mars simulation was compiled with help from images sent from the Curosity Rover.

This is one of many new technologies the Challenger Center would like to bring to students in East Kentucky, Tom Cravens said.

As always, the Challenger Center offers these programs as learning tools for students and inquiring minds throughout the mountains. For more information on the new virtual reality simulation and other learning opportunities at the Challenger Center, contact them through Facebook or on their website clcky.com.

Sam Neace can be reached at 606-629-3243 or on Twitter @HazardHerald.

Courtesy photo | The Challenger Learning Center is located on the campus of HCTC in Hazard.

http://hazard-herald.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/web1_Challenger_Center_cmyk-1.jpgCourtesy photo | The Challenger Learning Center is located on the campus of HCTC in Hazard.

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500 Saudis to work for aerospace manufacturing and repairing – Arab News

JEDDAH: The Technical and Vocational Training Corp. (TVTC) group on Monday signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with ALSALAM aerospace industry to train 500 young Saudi high school graduates for manufacturing and repairing programs. Ahmed bin Fahd Al-Fuhaid, governor of TVTC, said the MoU is part of the groups desire to strengthen the partnership with various government and private sectors to develop skills for young Saudis in technical and professional fields. He also said the organization will work with ALSALAM to provide specialized training programs in technical fields that needed to run the companys projects. Al-Fuhaid added the trainees will join the programs in around 16 global technical colleges of TVTC for young men to acquire basic technical skills required for aerospace technical work, and to learn English. The training program will continue for one year. He pointed out the jobs at ALSALAM are according to the requirement of the labor market, which needs highly qualified Saudi youths to handle technical problems of aircraft, and through this training youth will qualify in aerospace technical and vocational training and will have suitable jobs in the sector. Yahya bin Hamoud Al-Ghoraibi, president and CEO of ALSALAM, said the company wants to attract qualified young Saudis who take training from the TVTC global training institutes. After they qualify, young workers can contribute in technical and vocational fields of aerospace and support various industries including aircraft maintenance. Fahad Al-Otaibi, spokesmen from TVTC, told Arab News that TVTC opens registration for young people interested in the training programs. He said TVTC is targeting 500 youths so they can fulfill the requirements of 500 jobs in ALSALAM.

JEDDAH: The Technical and Vocational Training Corp. (TVTC) group on Monday signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with ALSALAM aerospace industry to train 500 young Saudi high school graduates for manufacturing and repairing programs. Ahmed bin Fahd Al-Fuhaid, governor of TVTC, said the MoU is part of the groups desire to strengthen the partnership with various government and private sectors to develop skills for young Saudis in technical and professional fields. He also said the organization will work with ALSALAM to provide specialized training programs in technical fields that needed to run the companys projects. Al-Fuhaid added the trainees will join the programs in around 16 global technical colleges of TVTC for young men to acquire basic technical skills required for aerospace technical work, and to learn English. The training program will continue for one year. He pointed out the jobs at ALSALAM are according to the requirement of the labor market, which needs highly qualified Saudi youths to handle technical problems of aircraft, and through this training youth will qualify in aerospace technical and vocational training and will have suitable jobs in the sector. Yahya bin Hamoud Al-Ghoraibi, president and CEO of ALSALAM, said the company wants to attract qualified young Saudis who take training from the TVTC global training institutes. After they qualify, young workers can contribute in technical and vocational fields of aerospace and support various industries including aircraft maintenance. Fahad Al-Otaibi, spokesmen from TVTC, told Arab News that TVTC opens registration for young people interested in the training programs. He said TVTC is targeting 500 youths so they can fulfill the requirements of 500 jobs in ALSALAM.

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Bureau Veritas urges transition to updated aerospace standard … – International Airport Review

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Following the update to the AS9100 Series for Aerospace, Bureau Veritas is urging all organisations to begin transition preparations as soon as possible.

This comes ahead of the 15 June 2017 deadline, which states that all audits completed after this date must be undertaken to the new version of the standard.

In addition to this, all organisations who are certified to the current standard will need to transition to the new version by 15th September 2018.

Widely considered the gold standard in the aerospace industry, the AS9100 is a widely adopted and standardised quality-management system recognised by all major aerospace and defence original equipment manufacturers, and was revised to reflect the changes to ISO 9001, made in 2015. The standard provides a structure for process control, defect prevention, reduction of variation and waste in the supply chain, continual improvement and effectively meeting customer requirements.

A spokesperson from Bureau Veritas, said:

In accordance with SR003, issued by the International Aerospace Quality Group (IAQG), all certified organisations should have now (by 1st March 2017) informed their current Certification Body of their intentions to transition to the new version of the AS9100 series of standards. Any organisations that have not done so should act immediately.

From our experience of helping a large number of our clients comply with AS9100 in the UK, our advice would be to act quickly and take action towards compliance now.

Although the deadline may seem like a while away, it is worthwhile reaching out to your certification company in order to get an update on what you need to know and which changes in the auditing process will impact you. In taking these steps now, you could avoid or curb the potential penalties that may come from late or non-compliance.

The revision of AS9100 is designed to improve the certification by establishing standardised methods for best practices and continual improvement. Changes include:

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Bureau Veritas urges transition to updated aerospace standard ... - International Airport Review

Genetic Engineering to Alter mRNA to Pave a New Way for Cancer Treatment – Mobile Magazine

Stanford University is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Stanford had expanded their research and has now ventured into scientific research about vaccines. They have genetically engineered mice to glow like fireflies. Yes, you heard it right glowing mice. Researchers at Stanford have developed a way to extract firefly proteins and introduce it to the mice specimen. This is envisioned to aid in the treatment and cure of patients with cancer.

According to the co-author of the study, Professor Christopher Contag, this study demonstrated for the first time that we can deliver messenger RNA (mRNA) to cells in a dish, or to cells in organs of living animals. The mRNA is the intermediate between the genome and functional proteins. Prior to this work there has not been an effective way to transfer synthetic mRNA into cells in a way that the cell can turn it into protein. This opens up an entirely new way to have cells express proteins that can treat a myriad of diseases. The research was featured and published in the recent paper journal entitled, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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In the study, protein expression using mRNA has the ability to transform multiple areas for research, including the prevention, detection and treatment of disease. Functional delivery of mRNA to tissues in the body is key to implementing fundamentally new and potentially transformative strategies for vaccination, protein replacement therapy, and genome editing, collectively affecting approaches for the prevention, detection, and treatment of disease. This is, in particular, quite a challenge for the team because the mRNA is negatively charged; the cell membrane is positive so the transmission of the two is incompatible. To override this imbalance, the scientists came up with a way to create a vehicle for the mRNA. To test that, the specimen mice came into the picture.

Professor Paul Wender from Stanfords department of Chemistry and is one of the authors of the research said that, What we did was to use mRNA that codes for an optical readout, meaning one that we could see. In this case that meant light coming out of a cell. Its the fastest way of discovering whether you have succeeded in getting something into a cell, by getting it to shoot photons back at you. The study was a success that no adverse effects on the test subject were observed. The experiment worked for a few hours, and eventually subsided in 24 to 48 hours after. This experiment also showed a possibility of extending that desired effect by manipulating the DNA involved.

The research is still young as it will need more nurturing and sleepless nights to fully develop it into maturity. Being able to manipulate mRNA transmission and its genetic engineering means more possibilities for learning and being able to create new things. Science is a very complex subject but also very rewarding. The little things you focus on will grow out to affect the biggest if done right. We just hope stability of findings would occur soon so that it can be used for the benefit of the general public.

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Isoflavones in Food Associated with Reduced Mortality for Women with Some Breast Cancers – Newswise (press release)

Newswise BOSTON (March 6, 2017)An epidemiological analysis of data from more than 6,000 American and Canadian women with breast cancer finds that post-diagnosis consumption of foods containing isoflavonesestrogen-like compounds primarily found in soy foodis associated with a 21 percent decrease in all-cause mortality. This decrease was seen only in women with hormone-receptor-negative tumors, and in women who were not treated with endocrine therapy such as tamoxifen.

The study, led by nutrition and cancer epidemiologist Fang Fang Zhang, M.D., Ph.D., from the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, was published March 6 in Cancer.

At the population level, we see an association between isoflavone consumption and reduced risk of death in certain groups of women with breast cancer. Our results suggest, in specific circumstances, there may be a potential benefit to eating more soy foods as part of an overall healthy diet and lifestyle, said Zhang, who is also the 2016-2017 Miriam E. Nelson Tisch Faculty Fellow at the Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life and an adjunct scientist in nutritional epidemiology at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts.

Since we only examined naturally occurring dietary isoflavone, we do not know the effect of isoflavone from supplements. We recommend that readers keep in mind that soy foods can potentially have an impact, but only as a component of an overall healthy diet, she adds.

Isoflavones have been shown to slow the growth of breast cancer cells in laboratory studies, and epidemiological analyses in East Asian women with breast cancer found links between higher isoflavone intake and reduced mortality. However, other research has suggested that the estrogen-like effects of isoflavones may reduce the effectiveness of endocrine therapies used to treat breast cancer. Because of this double effect, it remains unknown whether isoflavone consumption should be encouraged or avoided by breast cancer patients.

In the current study, Zhang and her colleagues, including Esther John, Ph.D., senior cancer epidemiologist at the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, analyzed data on 6,235 American and Canadian breast cancer patients from the Breast Cancer Family Registry, a National Cancer Institute-funded program that has collected clinical and questionnaire data on enrolled participants and their families since 1995. Women were sorted into four quartile groups based on the amount of isoflavone they were estimated to have consumed, calculated from self-reported food frequency questionnaires. Mortality was examined after a median follow-up of 9.4 years.

The team found a 21 percent decrease in all-cause mortality among women in the highest quartile of intake, when compared to those in the lowest quartile. The association between isoflavone intake and reduced mortality was strongest in women with tumors that lacked estrogen and progesterone receptors. Women who did not receive endocrine therapy as a treatment for their breast cancer had a weaker, but still significant association. No associations were found for women with hormone-receptor-positive tumors and for women who received endocrine therapy.

While the study categorized women in the highest quartile as those who consumed 1.5 milligrams or more of isoflavone per dayequivalent to a few dried soybeansthe authors caution that individuals tend to underestimate their food intake when filling out questionnaires.

The comparisons between high and low consumption in our study are valid, but our findings should not be interpreted as a prescription, Zhang said. However, based on our results, we do not see a detrimental effect of soy intake among women who were treated with endocrine therapy, which has been hypothesized to be a concern. Especially for women with hormone-receptor-negative breast cancer, soy food products may potentially have a beneficial effect and increase survival.

The large size and diverse racial/ethnic makeup of the Breast Cancer Family Registry allowed the researchers to evaluate mortality risk across different subtypes of breast cancer and subgroups of patients, and adjust for confounding factors. However, the authors note that dietary isoflavone intake was correlated with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors, which may also play a role in lowering mortality. In particular, women who consumed higher levels of dietary isoflavone were more likely to be Asian Americans, young, physically active, more educated, not overweight, never smokers, and drink no alcohol. Although the team controlled for these factors in the analyses, the possibility of a partial confounding effect on the associations identified in the study cannot be ruled out.

Whether lifestyle factors can improve survival after diagnosis is an important question for women diagnosed with hormone-receptor negative breast cancer, a more aggressive type of breast cancer. Our findings suggest that survival may be better in patients with a higher consumption of isoflavones from soy food, John said.

Additional authors on this study are Danielle E. Haslam, nutritional epidemiology doctoral candidate at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Mary Beth Terry, Ph.D., professor of epidemiology at Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, Julia A. Knight, Ph.D., professor of epidemiology at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto and senior investigator at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System in Toronto, Irene L. Andrulis, Ph.D., professor of molecular genetics at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto and senior investigator at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System in Toronto, Mary Daly, M.D., Ph.D., chair and professor in the department of clinical genetics and director of risk assessment program at the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, Saundra S. Buys, M.D., medical director of Huntsman Cancer Institute's high risk breast cancer clinic and a professor in the department of medicine at the University of Utah School of Medicine.

This work was supported by an award from National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health (CA164920).

Zhang, F. F., Haslam, D. E., Terry, M. B., Knight, J.A., Andrulis, I. L., Daly, M., Buys, S.S., and John, E. M. (2017). Dietary isoflavone intake and all-cause mortality in breast cancer survivors: the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Cancer. Published online: March 6, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30615. URL upon publication: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cncr.30615

About the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University

The Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University is the only independent school of nutrition in the United States. The schools eight degree programs which focus on questions relating to nutrition and chronic diseases, molecular nutrition, agriculture and sustainability, food security, humanitarian assistance, public health nutrition, and food policy and economics are renowned for the application of scientific research to national and international policy.

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Has Marijuana Policy Outpaced Science? | Worldhealth.net Anti … – Anti Aging News

Some marijuana advocates believe that marijuana laws are outpacing science, as several states like Massachusetts are legalizing the drug for medical use. Scientists are grappling with the lack of information on the effectiveness of using marijuana as a medicine and its effect on the brain and health in general. Legalization of marijuana is facing a disconnect against both state and federal governments as marijuana is classified as a controlled substance. This article explores medical and recreational marijuana and its effects on health. The MIND Program Marijuana Investigations for Neuroscientific Discovery

What scientists know about marijuana are from studies from chronic recreational users, but very little is known about the effects on casual users. There is a big difference between the medical and recreational use of marijuana, as medical users usually do not want higher levels of the THC drug found in marijuana. Recreational users are more inclined to enjoy high concentrations of the drug and concerns about the youngest users are well founded. However the potential medical effects of cannabis cannot be underestimated, but sound clinical research in this field is scarce. This has given rise to a trial called the MIND program developed at the McLean Hospital.

In the MIND program's first study, a group of patients certified for medical marijuana were put through a trial. For three months patients were tested for how marijuana affected their conditions ranging from chronic pain, PTSD, anxiety, and sleep disorders. Many individuals felt a relief in symptoms, better sleep, and mood levels. The researchers also found that patients performed better cognitively with improved executive functions and a reduced need for painkillers.

Youth at Risk of Serious Cognitive Impairment

In a recent study on medical marijuana, striking differences were found in recreational users, especially in cognitive performance in executive functions of the brain. The biggest differences occur with adolescents who regularly used marijuana before age 16. This can seriously and irreversibly alter the brain structure and functions in youths.

For recreational users of marijuana, the drug THC is responsible for altering individuals state of being. But for medical use, the THC is lower in dose and compounds like CBD are responsible for relief. One possible reason that medical marijuana users don't experience any cognitive impairments is due to the average age of 49, well above the more vulnerable ages from adolescence to 20.

Researchers have hope for some patients who are dependent on opioid drugs. The idea is to supplement their treatment with cannabinoid-based products while reducing or even eliminating opioids. Some people are expressing concern over the ethics of replacing one addiction for another.

More Studies Needed on Medical Marijuana Use

Experts are expressing the need for more studies on medical marijuana. Given the federal government's laws on marijuana as a controlled substance, researchers are finding it difficult to legally conduct trials of cannabinoid substances. Scientists need to understand what effects marijuana has on people's cognitive functions. Not being able to do clinical trial studies limits the researcher's abilities to find out if medical marijuana works for their patients.

As legalization looms in Massachusetts, it's important to inform the public to keep an open dialog with kids and young adults about marijuana use at a young age. Preaching abstinence may make kids more likely to try recreational marijuana the worst thing parents want to happen as young brains are neurodevelopmentally immature to the negative impact of marijuana. Providing the truth on cannabis, and letting the public make informed decisions regardless of medical or recreational use, may be the best approach.

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Historical Materialism Versus Historical Conceptualism – Dissident Voice

With all its emphasis on materiality, physicality and corporeality, as the prime origin of all conceptualities, historical materialism is, first and foremost, a concept, that is, a philosophy. No matter how much it claims otherwise and continuously stresses the importance and objectivity of materiality as:

A priori and prima causa for all ideas, perceptions and consciousness, historical materialism always resorts to language, philosophy and concepts in order to elucidate its principles, its conclusions, and in addition, in order to validate its fundamental premises etc. In actuality, historical materialism is a theory of history that relies principally on a material conception of history, namely that it is the material conditions of a society that shape historical development, whether these developments are political, legal, religious, technological and/or philosophical etc. As Marx states, intellectual production changes its character in proportion as material production is changed.

It is the manner by which a society produces and reproduces human existence that fundamentally determines its organization and its historical development; i.e., its history and its ruling ideas. Subsequently, for historical materialism, it is the unity of the productive material forces and the social relations of production that are organized around these productive material forces that shape, initiate and guide historical developments and ideational developments.

Historical materialism puts forward the notion that the primary causes of all historical developments, ideas and all social changes within civil society are the products of the means by which humans, within this particular society, collectively produce and reproduce the necessities of life. According to Marx, the initial author of historical materialism, all collisions in history have their origins in the contradiction between the productive forces and the form of intercourse [i.e. the social relations of production]. It is from the fundamental conflict of the productive forces and the social relations of production that all social changes emanate, initiate and develop from. In fact, Marx goes so far as to state that it is from the union of productive forces and relations of production and/or the disunion between the productive forces and relations of production that all societal, all ideational and all historical developments and/or breakdowns germinate. As Marx states, describing historical development itself:

In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness. At a certain stage of development, the material productive forces of society come into conflict with the existing relations of production Then begins an era of social revolution[whereupon] the changes in the changes in the economic foundation lead sooner or later to the transformation of the whole immense superstructure.

For Marx, everything is predicated upon material production, all ideas, all philosophies, all religions, consciousness etc., whatever, are all manifestations derived from the manner in which humans enter into specific social relations with each other so as to exploit the forces of production, that is, their productive capacity for producing the necessities of life. For Marx, the superstructure; i.e., the state etc., is exclusively the product of the economic base of society and nothing else, while, on the other hand, consciousness itself must be explained from the contradictions of material life, from the conflict existing between the social forces of production and the relations of production. As a result, for Marx:

Morality, religion, metaphysics, all the rest of ideology and their corresponding forms of consciousnesshave no history, no development [except in that it is] men, developing their material production and their material intercourse [i.e. relations of production, that] alter, along with this their real existence, their thinking and the products of their thinking. [Material] life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by [material] life.

Consciousness, within the historical materialism framework, is the product of material labor, that is, labor engaged in the production and reproduction of the necessities of life, confined to specific social relations, based on this production, which as well produce consciousness. There are no pre-conceived ideas prior to material and/or social labor. It is through developing their material existence, that humans acquire consciousness. Consciousness is a by-product of the shifting contradictions between the forces of production and the relations of production etc.

However, in order to arrive at historical materialism, Marx must project his consciousness, that is, his conscious conceptual idea/philosophy of historical materialism, back onto material life as the initial cause for this conscious conceptual idea/philosophy, even though it is beyond a doubt that it is Marxs own rational thinking apparatus that has manufactured this conceptual idea/philosophy called historical materialism. This incongruity in historical materialism points to an important paradox in historical materialist thinking in the sense that how can one labor without having an initial pre-conceived idea of labor itself, or what constitutes productive material labor, or for that matter what constitutes materiality, namely without the initial thought/consciousness of labor, of materiality, of needs, of nature etc. there can be no material labor whatsoever. One must have a plan and a structure of concepts prior to the execution of any effective material labor. In fact, contradicting his own earlier historical materialist thinking, Marx readily admits in Das Capital (Volume One) that:

What distinguishes the worst architect from the best of bees [in constructing things] is this, that the architect raises his structure in imagination before he erects it in reality. At the end of every labor-process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the labourer at its commencement.

Consequently, contradicting his own earlier writings on historical materialism, thinking and consciousness is prior to the labor-process and not necessarily a product of the labor-process, or more importantly, a set of conflicting contradictions between the forces of production and the relations of production. In this instance, humans clearly have consciousness prior to material production and, in fact, consciousness, ideas, concepts, planning etc. inform material production as much as material production informs consciousness, ideas, concepts, planning etc., it is not a one-sided process as historical materialism would have us believe, but a dialectical process that is brought forth via the rational thinking apparatus.

In fact, to push this glaring contradiction in Marxs writings to its limit, there is no such thing as materialism in the sense that materialism is first and foremost a type of conceptualism; i.e., a type of conceptualism that has an added degree and [conceptual] element of physicality. Meaning that, humans must have a whole set of concepts and linguistic structures systematically organized in their minds, before any productive material labor can transpire, before any determinations on what constitutes labor, productive labor and/or unproductive labor, can transpire. As a result, it is clear that consciousness precedes material and physical productivity, and more importantly, all perceived divisions and contradictions between the forces of production and the relations of production.

Despite Marxs overwhelming emphasis on materiality, specifically material production as the end all and be all of historical development and consciousness itself, Marx invariably relies on conceptualism to make his point. He resorts to an abundance of concepts, ideas and pre-conceived suppositions in order to outline the historical materialist manner of thinking. And he does this, only to absolve himself of its responsibility and its inherent subjectivity by arguing that this intricate abstract philosophy, called historical materialism, is purely derived from a set of unthinking chaotic productive forces in conflict with an arbitrary set of productive social relations, which only he is privy to have discovered. It is evident that Marx does this so as to give historical materialism a sense of scientific objectivity by nullifying and denying historical materialisms roots in subjective philosophical speculation.

For all his bravado, that philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; [and that] the pointis to change it, Marx readily puts forward a philosophical interpretation of his own via historical materialism that can only be fundamentally conceptual, a conceptual idea, devoid of material objective validity. Due to the fact that the tenets of historical materialism are clearly derived from the rational thinking apparatus of Marx rather than any generalized conflict between the forces of production and the relations of production. Whether it is as product of the material contradiction between the forces of production and the relations of production, or a product of material production itself, the historical materialist idea presupposes many philosophical assumptions, which ultimately rely first and foremost on the verity and existence of materiality itself, a materiality which is ultimately unsullied, completely detached from language and human beings, and yet is objective, external and scientifically knowable, devoid of all doubts. Indeed, for Marx:

Language is practical consciousness that exists also for other men, and for that reason alone it really exists for me personally as well; language like consciousness, only arises from the need, the necessity of intercourse [or social relationships] with other men. Consciousness [like language] is from the very beginning a social product.

The presumption made by Marx is that humans are more or less lumps of clay that are incapable of thought prior social productivity and whose thoughts, if these lumps of clay should have any, are merely the product of their social relations in conflict with the forces of production. From the Marxian perspective, language develops from the practical necessity for overcoming the conflict between the forces of production and the relations of production and so does consciousness. In essence, for Marx, humans are social products, they are completely determined by and at the mercy of their social environments, their thinking is completely confined to their social relations of production in conflict with the forces of production and nothing more. Historical materialism, presupposes that material labor precedes consciousness/language, when, in fact, humans cannot labor, materially and/or conceptually, without a certain level of consciousness and conceptual awareness; i.e., a certain set of preconceived, predetermined ideas and capacities, such as the capacity of linguistic expression, prior to any material productivity. Fundamentally, humans must have the consciousness of thinking and being alive, prior to materially laboring to support and magnify consciousness and their rational thinking apparatuses.

Despite claiming that all ideas stem from the material contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, Marxs idea, which denies its origin by placing its origin outside the mind so as to project the illusion of scientific objectivity, is nonetheless ideational and conceptual, first and foremost a product of the mind, regardless of outside influence. Historical materialism is an interesting concept, but a concept nonetheless, produced and grasped by the mind, which must possess a whole host of conceptual and linguistic suppositions in order to understand this materialist theory. However, by over-extending himself, Marx seeks to validate the mental conception of historical materialism by projecting it onto outside socio-economic phenomena, phenomena which is conceptualized, comprehended and perceived initially by the rational thinking apparatus.

Consequently, Marx fails to realize that materialism and/or materiality itself is inescapably a concept, produced by the rational thinking apparatus, which can never grasp materiality itself as an objective finalized fact, but can only conceives the existence of materiality as a type of concept that has a certain physicality. At best, materiality, including historical materialism itself, is a type of concept/theory that has the added characteristic of solidity, despite being completely conceptual, meaning everything is abstract, conceptual to the end; reality, materiality, is but variations in degrees of conceptual-abstraction, meaning that materialism is a form of conceptualism, grasped in the mind as a concept that has corporeality.

What this means is that historical materialism, despite favoring and placing emphasis on the concept of materiality and the conflict between productive forces and relations of production as the catalysts for the creation of consciousness, the intellectual productions of consciousness and history itself, historical materialism is nonetheless fundamentally a concept/theory based on concepts and a whole series of conceptualism, which includes its reliance on the imagined conflict between the forces of production and the relations of production, a perceptual conflict structured as well via concepts in the mind. As Ludwig Wittgenstein states in the Tractatus, the limits of my language mean the limits of my world in the sense that we cannot step outside of language and consciousness, language disguises thought, so much so, that from the outward form of the clothing it is impossible to infer the form of thought beneath it.

Thus all materialist conceptions, no matter how much they are deemed to be based on physicality, objectivity, hard science etc., are nothing but systematic conceptual structures, ideational comprehensive frameworks, through and through, right down to their fundamental armature. Materialism, historical materialism etc., is a conceptual apparatus; i.e., an ideational comprehensive framework, with a set of in-built assumptions, concepts and ideas that manifests an artificial ideational reality, a framework of ready-made automatic ideas, [perceptions], opinions and answers to all socio-economic phenomena. Despite professing materiality, material production and the conflict between the forces of production and the relations of production as the driving force of history, historical materialism cannot escape its own conceptual apparatus; i.e., the fact that it is in the end always an ideational comprehensive framework, a framework that can only manifest a universal sense of scientific validity when all its underlying assumptions/suppositions are presupposed on faith alone, without rigorous critical analysis.

In the end, the critique and collapse of historical materialism leaves many open questions as to what is history or the logical process of history, if it is not materialistic? The answer to these questions is self-evident in the sense that history, the process of history, is more or less the logical progression of conceptualism. History and logical process of history is mental and physical activity combined and in conflict, materialism and immaterialism combined and in conflict, thinking and doing combined and in conflict, all informing one another, underpinned only with the fundamental realization that materiality, like immateriality, is first and foremost a concept, a concept with the added conceptual characteristic of physicality. Notably, materiality is a conceptual idea that humans increasingly define and refine with exactitude the more humans experience the pluralities of sensations that comprise this conceptual idea that has a material quality.

Ultimately, it is clear that the concept of materiality precedes materiality itself, materiality with the added characteristic of physicality. For example, someone afflicted with a mental disease such as Alzheimers, slowly loses consciousness over time, the rational thinking apparatus loses its conceptual linguistic structures, and simultaneously begins to lose all grasps on reality, that is materiality. The disintegration of the conceptual linguistic structures results in the disintegration of materiality itself, not the other way around. As a result, the fundamental importance and hard fact that consciousness and conceptualism precedes materialism. Without any conceptual apparatus; i.e., a complex structure of concepts, prior to materiality, all radical fluctuations and conflicts between the forces of production and the relations of production, that Marx presupposes, will not ignite any new ideas, new thoughts and/or a new consciousness in a rational thinking apparatus afflicted with advance Alzheimer.

Therefore, materiality; i.e., material reality, is the product of consciousness; i.e., the rational thinking apparatus, prior to any and all material productivity. If the opposite was the case, then any rational thinking apparatus afflicted with Alzheimer would still retain a physical sense and the idea of an outside material reality, including the importance of material production, due to the fact that the very concept of materiality and material production would not reside inside the mind but outside the mind in the contradictory material structure between the forces of production and the relations of production. The rational thinking apparatus afflicted with Alzheimer would retain such a sense and such ideas because, according to historical materialist thinking, this sense and these ideas like materiality, including the importance of material production, would not be contained in the mind and/or be the product of the rational thinking apparatus, but, in fact, would be contained in an outside material reality. An outside material reality would be always exerting its dictatorial influence on the sick mind, pressing the concept of materiality upon it and into it, holding the concept of materiality in place, regardless whether the mind was sick or not.

The fact that humans can gradually lose consciousness, lose their linguistic capacities, lose their iron grip on reality is testament to the verity that ideas, concepts, consciousness is not solely based on material production, material labor and the material conflict between the forces of production and the relations of production as Marx stipulates. If the tenets of historical materialism were true, as long as material labor persisted and the contradictions between the forces of production and the relations of production remained and continued their conflict, then, any rational thinking apparatus afflicted degenerative mental diseases would still have ideas and an inkling of materiality, no matter how sick or conceptually fragmented the rational thinking apparatus became.

Subsequently, contrary to Marx, historical conceptualism, and not historical materialism, is the manner by which history evolves, involves and revolves, that is, moves onward. As historical conceptualism acknowledges the productive reciprocal relationship between material physical labor and immaterial mental labor as essential processes by which change, history and consciousness move and develop onwards. It is as Marx suggests, that, for historical conceptualism, revolution is [as well] the driving force of historyof religion, of philosophy and all other types of theory, but revolution, contrary to Marx, can be both corporeal and incorporeal, mental and physical, material and immaterial, meant to establish a new set of governing concepts and ideas over another set, which ultimately organize productive forces and relations of production, both mental and physical, into new social formations and new ways of thinking.

In this regard, historical conceptualism encompasses both the tension between all material relations and all conceptual relations combined and in conflict, in addition to the tension between all material forces and all conceptual forces, all of which, interacting with each other, move history/consciousness onward, whether positively and/or negatively. This historical movement may not necessarily be progressive; it can be regressive, but this all depends on the ideational comprehensive framework which initiates, develops and analyses the specific historical movement. As Thomas Kuhn states in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, nothing makes it a process of evolution toward anything. For historical conceptualism, history is the artificial narrative of [the] will to power, a convergence of mental and physical forces pitted against one another in a multiplicity of fluctuating antagonistic and/or mutual-aid relationships vying for supremacy. History is the aftermath [of] this fiery molten crucible. As Kuhn suggests, it is a process that [moves] steadily from primitive beginnings but toward no goal. Hence, for historical conceptualism, history, consciousness etc., is not guided, like Marx argues, by material conditions, per se, although material conditions can be a factor. Instead, for historical conceptualism, history is guided by a multiplicity of material and immaterial factors combined and divided that are both predictable and unpredictable, foreseeable and unforeseeable, which finally achieve a crescendo, whereupon everything is torn asunder in order to make way for new formations out of the old. Historical conceptualism agrees with Marx that a ruling mental and physical formation, like capitalism, produces, above all, is its own grave-diggers in the sense that the same formation prepares the ground for its own disintegration, itself. As Marx states, in reference to capitalism, this is the abolition of the capitalist mode of production within the capitalist mode of production itself, a self-abolishing contradiction, which presents itself prima facie as a mere point of transition to a new form of production.

Nevertheless, history and consciousness is not like Marx theorized, a matter of a shifts and conflicts within the contradiction between the forces of production and the relations of production. For historical conceptualism, history and consciousness is the product of the tensions between material relations, conceptual relations, forces of production, forces of consumption, forces of distribution etc., including the tensions between relations of production, relations of consumption and relations of distribution and other unnamed material and immaterial factors as well etc. The point is that material conditions are informed by conceptual conditions and vice versa, universality is informed by particularities and vice versa. And ultimately there is not a singular factor or cause that stimulates radical social change; i.e., revolution, whether mental or physical. Instead, it is a multiplicity of factors, material and/or immaterial, colliding and/or synergizing, held in tension and/or in disintegration, which finally result in radical change, a revolution. A revolution, whether mental and/or physical, is usually an amalgamation of predictable and unpredictable factors, atop of serious antagonistic socio-economic conflict of various types and kinds, spread-out across the stratums of everyday life, the social superstructure, the economic base and in consciousness itself.

All the same, historical conceptualism is a theory of sudden movement, where fluctuating antagonistic and mutual-aid relationships, both mental and/or physical, positive and/or negative, suddenly move history and consciousness onwards, up and down, side to side, in and out, both as an expression of total nothingness and as an expression of a new concept/theory, filled with a new set of material and immaterial facts and fictions. To paraphrase Kuhn, historical conceptualism is the logical yet anarchic process by which a logical paradigm becomes a universal all-encompassing paradigm while another is forced into dead obsolescence because:

Competing paradigms[manifest] different worlds. [Each is] looking at the world, and what they look at has not changed. But they see different things, and they see them in different relations one to the other. Before they can hope to communicate fully, oneor the othermust experience a paradigm shift. It is a transition between incommensurables [and] the transition between competing paradigms cannot be made a step at a time, forced by logic. Like the gestalt switch, it must occur all at once (though not necessarily in an instant) or not at allThe transfer of allegiance from paradigm to paradigm is conversion experience that cannot be forced. Conversion will occur a few at a time until, after the last holdouts have died, the whole [society]will again beunder a single, but now a different, [mental and/or physical] paradigm. [Such is the process of historical conceptualism].

Bibliography:

Michel Luc Bellemare is the author of The Structural-Anarchism Manifesto: (The Logic of Structural-Anarchism Versus The Logic of Capitalism) Read other articles by Michel Luc.

This article was posted on Saturday, March 4th, 2017 at 7:58pm and is filed under Communism/Marxism/Maoism.

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Historical Materialism Versus Historical Conceptualism - Dissident Voice

Focusing on religious oppression in China misses the big picture – CNN

But I've also seen how religion is tightly proscribed.

Only five religious groups are allowed to exist in China: Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, Protestantism and Catholicism. The government controls the appointment of major religious figures, and decides where places of worship can be built. It tries to influence theology and limits contacts overseas. And it bans groups it doesn't like, especially the spiritual practice Falun Gong, or groups it calls cults, like the charismatic Christian splinter sect Almighty God.

But overall, the message is glum. Almost all groups are said to face serious restrictions, with three groups --Uyghurs who practice Islam, Protestant Christians, and followers of the banned spiritual practice Falun Gong --facing "high" or "very high" levels of government interference.

While most of the facts in the study are correct, the context feels more negative than the religious world I've experienced. Of course it is in the nature of such reports to be critical --this is what watchdogs like Freedom House are for-- but it feeds into an overall assumption in western countries that the Chinese government is a major persecutor of religion.

On the face of it, this is horrific -- so many churches shorn of the very symbol of their faith. What better example of a heavy-handed atheistic state persecuting belief?

And yet I think this is not typical of Protestantism in China. I've made several trips to the area where the crosses were removed and feel I know the region well.

I'd say that the most important point is that virtually none of these churches have been closed. All continue to have worshipers and services just like before. In addition, the campaign never spread beyond the one province. Some pessimists see it as a precursor for a campaign that might spread nationally, but so far that hasn't happened and there is no indication it will.

What seems to have happened is a fairly special case. That region is at most 10% Protestant -- above the national average of about 5%, but still a minority. But local Christians decided to put huge red crosses on the roofs of buildings and churches, so they dominated the skyline of every city, town, and village across the province. That gave the impression that Christianity was the dominant local religion and irked many non-Christians.

Self-critical Christians told me that their big red crosses were meant well. They were enthused by their faith and wanted to proclaim it. But they also sheepishly said it might also have been a sign of vanity; rather than putting their money into mission work or social engagement, they wanted to boast about their wealth and faith. I felt they were a bit hard on themselves -- in a normal, healthy society an open expression of one's faith should be normal -- but it is true that it was also a potential provocation for a state that does not give religion much public space.

This mirrors what I've seen as well. Protestantism is booming and Chinese cities are full of unregistered (also called "underground" or "house") churches. These are known to the government but still allowed to function. They attract some of the best-educated and successful people in China. And they are socially engaged, with outreach programs to the homeless, orphanages, and even families of political prisoners. To me, this is an amazing story and far outweighs the cross-removal campaign, which basically ended and seems to have had no lasting consequences.

Now, it's true that all this could change. Last autumn, the government issued new regulations on religion. The most important point of the rules was to reemphasize a ban on religious groups' ties to foreign groups -- for example, sending people abroad to seminaries, or inviting foreigners to teach or train in China. This is clearly part of a broader trend in China that we see in other areas. Non-governmental organizations are also under pressure, and the surest way to get unwanted government attention is to have links abroad.

Given the predilections of the Xi administration, these new religious regulations could be harshly enforced. We could see unregistered churches forced to join government churches. And we could see outreach programs closed down.

If this happens, then I would say that Protestantism would be suffering from a "high" degree of persecution. And if it happens we'll need hard-hitting reports condemning it in no uncertain terms. But until this crackdown really occurs, we might be missing the forest for the trees.

Ian Johnson is a Pulitzer Prize-winning correspondent based in Beijing. His new book, "The Souls of China: The Return of Religion After Mao," will be published in April. The views expressed above are solely his own.

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Focusing on religious oppression in China misses the big picture - CNN

The Readers’ Forum: Monday letters – Winston-Salem Journal

KENNETH D. VANHOY, Kernersville

Ignorance showed up on the front page of the Journal on Feb. 15 (Protesters urge Burr to save health-care act). They want Sen. Richard Burr to hold a town meeting. For one purpose only. They want to show their true colors by throwing slurs and ignorant remarks at him, just like the idiots did in Washington on Jan. 21. This kind of rhetoric comes from immoral, uneducated, illiterate people.

This newspaper has printed all of the insults that have been thought of by writers to The Readers Forum against President Trump and the Republicans. I hope that you will have the decency to print a few remarks from the other side.

By the way, we have a governor, Roy Cooper, and a few other immoral people, such as popular basketball coaches, who fit the requirements to enter Satans hot house. They oppose HB2.

Our young people have been filled with inherited ignorance from high school to college and from their homes, where it all begins. The Democratic Party and the ACLU are the main supporters of this corruption. As long as we hold onto this way of life we will never have a country to be proud of.

MARY MARTHA SMOAK, Winston-Salem

I thought for a long time about Scott Sextons Feb. 26 column, Toddlers shooting is more than just an accident. Thats a fair summary of the absolute neglect of parents to safely store a handgun.

I know the parents are experiencing great sorrow over the pain and suffering of their 2-year-old son. I am not hard-hearted. I am a parent to two grown children and the grandmother of a toddler and preschooler. I am sure the parents of the victim in question never intended for the 2-year-old to shoot himself.

But what else might one expect when leaving a loaded gun in plain view of a toddler in an unattended vehicle for even two minutes?

The class-one misdemeanor is at best a weak law when a child is harmed.

Sextons column outlines statistics collected by many others who are concerned with the harm and death resulting from guns owned by adults in this country who apparently are not competent of gun ownership for self-protection or hunting wildlife.

The National Rifle Association and a Congress that is willing to be manipulated by the almighty dollar seem to be a Goliath that cant be taken down. When all the useless deaths and accidental and/or mass shootings of children and adults in America do not lead to justifiable change in ownership of fire arms, what are we to do? Writing letters and making calls to our representatives seems to have little if any effect in reducing the pain and suffering of the innocent.

TRACY STOTTLER, Kernersville

The writer of the Feb. 28 letter A simple admonition says the protest against the billboard, Real men provide. Real women appreciate it. is just another sign of intolerant political correctness. I always find it curious that people in this country, which was founded by a group resisting government oppression, want to mock and devalue the importance of protests.

The Civil War was a protest. Women were given the right to vote through protesting. Desegregation happened because of protest. I think many people have become so complacent and accepting of things that they forget the value of protesting. Or maybe some people are more focused on their own interests or just dont care. Everyone has that choice, but they should not judge and disparage the people who feel otherwise.

The women (and men) who were at this event see an issue with patriarchy that needs to change. No one really knows the intent of the billboard because it is anonymous. But to many, it sends a message of subjugation to women. Yes, women can vote, women can drive, women can work. However, if women were truly equal, our government and C-suites would be more fully represented. Women would be paid the same. And women wouldnt be subjected to domestic violence, rape, prostitution, human trafficking or other grotesque offenses.

So rather than simply dismiss a large group of peaceful protesters as a band of loud, liberal complainers, perhaps look deeper and ask, Tell me more and How can I help?

The Journal encourages readers comments. To participate in The Readers Forum, please submit letters online to Letters@wsjournal.com. Please write The Readers Forum in the subject line and include your full name, address and a daytime telephone number. Or you may mail letters to: The Readers Forum, P.O. Box 3159, Winston-Salem, NC 27102. Letters are subject to editing and may be published on journalnow.com. Letters are limited to 250 words. Letter writers are allowed one letter every 30 days.

If you would like a photo of yourself included with your letter, send it to us as a .jpg file.

The Journal welcomes original submissions for guest columns on local, regional and statewide topics. Essay length should not exceed 750 words. The writer should have some authority for writing about his or her subject. Our email address is: Letters@wsjournal.com. Essays may also be mailed to: The Readers Forum, P.O. Box 3159, Winston-Salem, NC 27102. Please include your name and address and a daytime telephone number.

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The Readers' Forum: Monday letters - Winston-Salem Journal

Shahbaz Bhatti’s legacy six years on – DAWN.com

The late Shahbaz Bhatti

LAHORE: March 2 marks the sixth year since Shahbaz Bhatti, the slain minister of minorities affairs, was shot dead in front of his mothers house in Islamabad.

The organisation he founded, the All Pakistan Minorities Alliance (APMA) held memorial services across the country, the largest of which was held in his ancestral village Khushpur, Chak 451-GB. Bishop John Arshad of the Faisalabad diocese led the prayers attended by almost a thousand people and zonal coordinators of APMA paid tribute to their slain leader, Shaheed Quaid Shahbaz Bhatti.

Born on Sept 9, 1968, in the tiny village of Khushpur, Chak 451-GB of Faisalabad, Bhatti had attended St Thomas High School and later the Government College Faisalabad where he began the Christian Liberation Front in 1985. The situation for Christians in small towns surrounding the village was marked by abject poverty and naked discrimination.

We couldnt even eat from the same utensils as Muslims and were denied jobs because of our faith, Mr Gill explains.

On a mission to end this discrimination, Bhatti had taken it on himself to fight for equal rights of minorities in Pakistan and had travelled across the country to rally members of his community to fight for the cause.

Pastor Sadiq from Multan lent Bhatti the premises of St Saviours High School in 1993 where he held a corner meeting to raise the issue of three illiterate Christians from Gujranwala accused of writing defamatory remarks against Islam on a wall. He recalls Bhatti as a tireless campaigner.

Since the Zia-era, Bhatti was almost always in trouble with the administrations and those in power because he was a fearless leader who would not shy away from criticising the army and the government in power... he truly inspired people with his speeches and words and urged them to take charge of their destiny, Mr Sadiq says.

From organising annual workers conventions in Lahore and minorities conventions in the Convention Centre Islamabad, to leading demonstrations against oppression in front of press clubs even when he was in government, Bhatti had worked hard to mainstream minority groups into the countrys political scene.

He formed the APMA in 2002 to broaden the scope of his work to all religious minorities in Pakistan. That election year, slain PPP chairperson Benazir Bhutto authorised him to award three party tickets to people of his choice and instead of appointing himself, he nominated three other APMA members, who later became MNAs on the PPP ticket on the reserved seats for the minorities.

Bhatti had always tried to promote others instead of himself, says Mrs Najmi Saleem, who was appointed an MPA through APMA in 2008. He inspired a generation of minority activists to fight for equal rights...and together we achieved a lot.

In his tenure as minister for minorities affairs, Bhatti had helped secure five per cent quota for religious minorities in government jobs, four seats in the Senate and a national day to commemorate minorities in the country.

In 2009, while he was minister, eight Christians were killed in riots over accusations of desecration of the Quran in Gojra. Bhatti led the protests against the government for not doing enough to protect minorities and condemned the inaction of the police which had led to a loss of lives.

Gill laments that Bhattis death had left a vacuum in the leadership that would take on the cause with the same urgency and ferocity as Bhatti had.

Published in Dawn, March 6th, 2017

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Shahbaz Bhatti's legacy six years on - DAWN.com

PNP relaunches war on drugs, vows ‘less bloody’ campaign – Rappler

PNP chief Ronald dela Rosa says the police will avoid past mistakes

Published 12:26 PM, March 06, 2017

Updated 12:26 PM, March 06, 2017

AT THE HELM. PNP chief Ronald dela Rosa introduces Senior Superintendent Graciano Mjiares as head of the newly formed PNP Drug Enforcement Group on Monday, March 6, 2017. Photo by Darren Langit/Rappler

MANILA, Philippines The Philippine National Police (PNP) on Monday, March 6, 2017, relaunched its war on drugs, vowing to make it less bloody, if not bloodless.

In a speech announcing the revived campaign, PNP chief Director General Ronald dela Rosa said that the new anti-drug task force will be composed of policemen committed to defeating illegal drugs but who know that at stake is the future of the PNP.

The PNP Drug Enforcement Group (PNP-DEG) replaces the PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs Group (AIDG), which was dissolved by President Rodrigo Duterte on January 30 in the aftermath of the brutal murder inside Camp Crame of a South Korean businessman.

The revival of the drug war comes a month after its suspension by the President. (READ: #AnimatED: Ang pagbabalik)

More than 7,000 suspected drug dealers and users have been killed since the government launched its war on drugs in July 2016. The campaign has come under fire here and abroad, and has been the subject of various investigations by international human rights organizations. (READ: PNP behind extrajudicial killings - Human Rights Watch)

The President himself said the PNP had to rid itself of scalawags to make sure it will be effective in its campaign against illegal drugs.

We cant afford to fail in this campaign, Dela Rosa said. Ayusin na natin for our children,grandchildren [so they can] live without the problem of illegal drug.

The new group is headed by Senior Superintendent Graciano Mijares, who was introduced to the public on Monday by Dela Rosa.

Dela Rosa later told reporters that he will make sure that the group will not repeat past mistakes. Rappler.com

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PNP relaunches war on drugs, vows 'less bloody' campaign - Rappler

‘Ghost Recon Wildlands’ Goes to Battle in the War on Drugs – Huffington Post

Over the past couple decades video games have emerged as powerful propaganda tools in service of the military-industrial complex. Ghost Recon Wildlands developed by Frances Ubisoft is the latest and greatest propaganda piece in service of the interminable War on Drugs, now in its fifth decade since President Nixon declared it in 1971. Set in a Bolivia turned into a narco-state by a fictional Mexican drug gang called the Santa Blanca (Holy White) Cartel, gamers assume the role of the U.S. Army special forces as they parachute into the mountains and jungles of the South American nation to liquidate the cartel. The cartels capo, awkwardly named El Sueno (Dream), is a devotee of Santa Muerte who serves as the spiritual patroness of cocaine traffickers.

While the games chief developers have bent over backwards in recent interviews to claim Bolivia was chosen for its beautiful topography and that Santa Muerte is much more than just a narcosaint, it couldnt be more obvious that Ghost Recon Wildlands is but a slightly fictionalized version of the U.S.-led drug war in Mexico designed to win over the hearts and minds of a new generation of gamers who are either ignorant of the never-ending narco-battles in Mexico and other parts of Latin America or who havent been convinced of the need to carry it on to the half-century mark.

Ubisoft developers opted to set the game in Bolivia not primarily because of topography but because of the countrys exit from the War on Drugs. Since 2008, leftist president Evo Morales has refused to cooperate with the DEA, so in the eyes of Drug War strategists in Washington, reflected in the offices of Ubisoft in Paris, Bolivia is a rogue state ripe for the taking by Mexican drug cartels. The Bolivian government has lodged an official complaint with France over its depiction in the game, which of course will only boost its sales since there is no such thing as bad publicity, especially in the gaming world.

Beyond Bolivia, Ghost Recon Wildlands takes the image of Mexican folk saint, Santa Muerte to new heights as a narcosaint. The top Santa Muerte leader in the game is a character called El Cardenal (the cardinal), a defrocked Catholic priest, who is obviously based on the real-life figure of David Romo, the self-proclaimed archbishop of Santa Muerte devotion. Romo, who appears prominently in my book Devoted to Death, founded the first legally recognized Santa Muerte church in 2003 in Mexico City, which had its legal status annulled after less than two years of operation under pressure from the Catholic Church. A harsh critic of both the Church and its political ally, the conservative PAN (National Action Party), Romo was arrested and convicted in 2011 for being part of a kidnapping ring in Mexico City that targeted elderly victims. Hes currently serving a 66-year sentence while his wife runs the struggling house of worship.

Another prominent character connected to Saint Death whose notorious nickname Ubisoft didnt even bother to change is El Pozolero (the stewmaker) who also appears in my book. Santiago Meza Lopez was a Tijuana-based cartel hitman who claim to have dissolved some 300 of his bosss males enemies in vats of acid. A warped sense of chivalry spared female victims from the deadly liquid as Meza Lopez preferred to kill women in more humane ways.

As the leading expert on Santa Muerte, the fastest growing new religious movement in the Western Hemisphere, Im the first to recognize the role she plays as real-life narco-saint to some Mexican cartel members. However, the real Santa Muerte also has a robust following among all levels of Mexican law enforcement, especially municipal police officers who are on the front lines of the drug war. So in reality Santa Muerte is patroness of the Mexican Drug War in its totality, providing spiritual protection to both the cartel sicario and the local cop. This reality, of course, is obscured in Ghost Recon Wildlands where the saint of death is an evil malefactress who only protects members of the Santa Blanca Cartel. In short, by vilifying both Bolivia and Santa Muerte while turning gamers into members of U.S. Army special forces, Ghost Recon Wildlands proves a powerful medium for perpetuating the interminable War on Drugs.

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'Ghost Recon Wildlands' Goes to Battle in the War on Drugs - Huffington Post

Trump Vows to Win War on Drugs, But Doesn’t Mention Marijuana – The Daily Chronic

Phillip Smith | March 1, 2017

In his inaugural address to Congress Tuesday night, President Trump echoed the ghosts of Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagannot to mention Miguel Cervantesas he vowed to defeat drugs.

If there is a silver lining, his ire appears directed at heroin and other hard drugs. The word marijuana did not appear once in his speech.

Our terrible drug epidemic will slow down and ultimately, stop, he promised as part of a litany of MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN accomplishments to come (Dying industries will come roaring back to life. Heroic veterans will get the care they so desperately need.).

And, having forgottenor more likely, never learnedthe lessons of the past half century of American drug prohibition, hes going to defeat drugs the old-fashioned way: with more war on drugs.

To protect our citizens, I have directed the Department of Justice to form a Task Force on Reducing Violent Crime, Trump said. I have further ordered the Departments of Homeland Security and Justice, along with the Department of State and the Director of National Intelligence, to coordinate an aggressive strategy to dismantle the criminal cartels that have spread across our Nation.

But talk is cheap. Drug law enforcement costs money. The DEA and other federal agencies are already waging a multi-billion dollar a year war on drugs; if Trumps budget proposals match his rhetoric, he will have to be prepared to spend billions more. Just when he wants to cut just about all federal spending but defense, too.

Trump can ratchet up the drug war in some ways without relying on congressional appropriations through his control of the executive branch. For instance, his Justice Department could direct federal prosecutors to seek mandatory minimum prison sentences in most or all drug cases, a practice eschewed by the Obama Justice Department. That, too, has budgetary consequences, but until some time down the road.

Trump did at least pay lip service to addressing drug use as a public health issue, saying he would expand treatment for those who have become so badly addicted, but that doesnt gibe with his call to repeal the Affordable Care Act. If Obamacare is repealed, nearly three million Americans with addiction disorders with lose access to some or all of their health coverage, including nearly a quarter million receiving opioid addiction treatment.

Trumps Tuesday night crime and drug talk was interwoven with talk about the border, comingling immigration, drugs, and his border wall in a hot mess of overheated, but politically useful, rhetoric.

Weve defended the borders of other nations, while leaving our own borders wide open, for anyone to cross and for drugs to pour in at a now unprecedented rate, he said, ignoring the quadrupling in size of the Border Patrol in the past 20 years and the billions pumped into border security since 2001. We will stop the drugs from pouring into our country and poisoning our youth.

Trump also said that he was already making America safer with his immigration enforcement actions.

As we speak, we are removing gang members, drug dealers and criminals that threaten our communities and prey on our citizens. Bad ones are going out as I speak tonight and as I have promised, he said.

Its too early to see who is actually being deported in the opening days of the Trump administration, but if the past is any indicator, its not gang members, drug dealers, and criminals, but, in rank order, people whose most serious crime was crossing the border without papers, alcohol-impaired drivers, other traffic violators, and pot smokers. Those were the four leading charges for criminal immigration deportations in one recent year, according to Secure Communities and ICE Deportations: A Failed Program?

Trumps drug war rhetoric is triumphalist and militaristic, but so far its largely just talk. The proof will be in budget proposals and Justice Department memoranda, but in terms of progressive drug policy, hes striking a very ominous tone.

This does not bode well.

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionlicensefromStopTheDrugWar.organd was first published here.

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Trump Vows to Win War on Drugs, But Doesn't Mention Marijuana - The Daily Chronic

Decision time in Florida: Sun, fun and nonstop gambling? – The Denver Post

By Gary Fineout, The Associated Press

TALLAHASSEE, Fla. For years, politicians in the Sunshine State have struggled over whether they want to let glitzy Las-Vegas style casinos sprout beside Floridas sugar-white beaches.

The Republican-controlled Legislature, split among factions including those worried that more gambling would harm Floridas family-friendly brand, has never reached consensus. But this year GOP leaders insist they may achieve a breakthrough prompted by ongoing court battles and fatigue with a seemingly never-ending gambling debate.

Inaction is not a choice, said Sen. Bill Galvano, a powerful Bradenton Republican who is sponsoring a major gambling bill this year.

The promise of a breakthrough to end years of impasse, however, would require major compromises in the 60-day session opening next week.

Galvano and his fellow senators are advancing a proposal that would expand gambling far beyond its current locations, while House Republicans are backing a plan to freeze gambling as it now exists in the state.

Gambling is supposed to be illegal in Florida, but really isnt. Theres plenty of it around the state, often tucked away from theme parks and beaches in locations known mostly to locals and retirees who flock to Florida each winter.

While the state lacks high-end casinos like Las Vegas, the Seminole Tribe operates several casinos, including Hard Rock hotels and casinos in Tampa and Hollywood. Dog and horse tracks are scattered statewide, but only those in south Florida have been permitted to install slot machines, while only the tribe is authorized to offer blackjack.

Any attempt to change the states byzantine gambling laws will face a gauntlet of competing interests. They range from animal rights activists who want dog tracks to drop greyhound racing to the owners of existing tracks fearful that the Seminole Tribe and out-of-state corporations will squeeze them out of business unless they are granted concessions similar to those given the tribe.

There are long-term gaming operators in this state in the need of a fair modern business model in order to compete and grow, said Dan Adkins, vice president of Mardi Gras Casino in Hallandale Beach.

Then there are state business groups worried that expanding gambling will harm Disney World and other family friendly theme parks in a state that welcomes more than 100 million visitors annually. And others are opposed to expanding gambling on moral and ethical grounds.

David Tarbert, a Tallahassee attorney who notes he was addicted to gambling for 36 years, said lawmakers should again this year reject any proposals to make gambling more widespread. He said politicians interested in expanding gambling want to raise more money without raising taxes.

I think it is essentially getting government revenue on the backs of peoples addiction, said Tarbert, who helped establish a Gamblers Anonymous chapter in the state capital two years ago. I think its morally reprehensible.

Theres no question that Floridas government takes in money due to gambling. The current deal with the Seminole Tribe has resulted in nearly $2 billion since 2010.

But the push this year isnt just about money. Part of it is due to court battles that could alter Floridas gambling landscape unless legislators act.

In one pending case, the Florida Supreme Court could allow dog and horse tracks in eight counties to add slot machines.

Another legal battle pits the Seminoles against the state. Seven years ago the state reached an exclusive deal to let the tribe offer blackjack at many of its Florida casinos, but that provision expired in 2015.

Republican leaders say they want to resolve the court battles and constant turmoil with some sort of comprehensive overhaul. But the Senate and House have to reconcile their major differences.

The Senate bill would allow slot machines at tracks in several counties outside of South Florida. It also would allow the Seminole Tribe to add craps and roulette at its casinos and let track owners keep their gambling operations even if they drop live racing.

But the House proposal would block any additional gambling and instead just let the Seminoles keep blackjack and slot machines at its casinos for 20 years. While saying the House is open to negotiations, the sponsor of that legislation declared that the Senate proposal was a non-starter in the House.

This is a long term deal, said Rep. Mike La Rosa, a St. Cloud Republican. So we cant be afraid to step away from the table if we ultimately have to.

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Decision time in Florida: Sun, fun and nonstop gambling? - The Denver Post

Online gambling | Miami Herald – Miami Herald


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Online gambling | Miami Herald
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Online gambling | Miami Herald - Miami Herald

State plans study on the prevalence of problem gambling among … – The Boston Globe

Bruce Kinsman says he caught the bug playing poker in Vietnam.

Before he was confronted by his anguished wife, Bruce Kinsman was losing about $1,000 a week on the state lottery in frenetic pursuit of a jackpot. Realizing his gambling had spiraled out of control, he quit completely a decade ago and began attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings.

Today, Kinsman, 67, traces his compulsive gambling, an addiction that ravaged his life for decades, to his military service in Vietnam, when he said he caught the bug playing high-stakes poker to help relieve the stress and boredom of war.

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All those years, I was either gambling or planning to gamble, Kinsman recalled. I needed help. I just didnt know where to turn.

Its a struggle shared by many veterans, specialists say, and the problem is drawing attention, nationally and in Massachusetts. A new report by the General Accounting Office recommends that the military begin screening service members for potential gambling problems, and the states Gaming Commission and Department of Public Health are planning an in-depth study on the prevalence of problem gambling among Massachusetts veterans.

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Problem gambling counselors say veterans, particularly those who served in combat, develop gambling disorders at a substantially higher rate than the general public.

Were trying to figure out a way to look at this and decide what can be done for a population we are very concerned about, said Stephen Crosby, chairman of the Gaming Commission.

Lori Rugle, a psychologist and program director at the University of Maryland Medical Schools Center of Excellence on Problem Gambling who has spent more than 30 years focusing on problem gambling among active duty military personnel and veterans, including 18 years with the Veterans Health Administration, said some veterans feel emotionally numb from trauma theyve experienced in war zones. Gambling becomes a coping mechanism, she said.

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For some veterans, taking risks by gambling makes them feel alive again, she said.

In 2015, University of Massachusetts researchers conducted a statewide survey on gambling and found that respondents in military service since Sept. 11, 2001, reported a particularly high rate of problem gambling.

Although the survey received nearly 10,000 responses, it was not considered extensive enough to establish a direct correlation between veterans and problem gambling. But officials said it raised enough concerns to warrant a more comprehensive study that will be financed by profits from the states nascent casino industry.

Its a problem that definitely needs attention, said Marlene Warner, executive director of the Massachusetts Council on Compulsive Gambling.

The states first casino, Plainridge Park, opened in 2015, and resort casinos are being built in Springfield and Everett.

Keith Whyte, executive director of the National Council on Problem Gambling, said studies suggest that military veterans are twice as likely to experience problem gambling in their lifetime.

Risk factors for gambling addiction include individuals who are male, young, prone to risk-taking, use and abuse alcohol and drugs, and experience stress, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder all factors known to be more likely among military personnel, he said.

Lane Turner/Globe Staff

Vietnam veteran Bruce Kinsman, who lost about $1,000 a week, stopped gambling in 2006. He attends Gamblers Anonymous meetings to maintain his recovery and encourage others.

In a 2016 government survey of more than 700 veterans, about 4 percent reported problem gambling, twice the generally accepted prevalence among the general population, Whyte said.

The GAO report, released in January, found that only a few hundred active-duty and reserve service members were diagnosed with a gambling disorder or counseled for problem gambling between 2011 and 2015, a tiny fraction of all personnel. Yet the report found that the military isnt doing enough to identify gambling problems and recommended that it incorporate gambling disorder questions in a systematic screening process.

Without proactively asking gambling disorder questions, the military misses the opportunity to identify problem gamblers and provide them with counseling, the report concluded.

The Department of Defense, however, rejected the recommendation due to the disorders low prevalence, according to the report.

A spokeswoman for the Department of Defense said the military can often identify behaviors early through other mental health assessments and provides support to those with gambling addictions.

The Department of Defense operates more than 3,000 slot machines around the world, but not on domestic bases, according to the GAO report. About one-third of the slot machines are in Japan, with hundreds more in Germany and Korea. Profits from the machines almost $100 million a year finance recreational activities, the GAO said.

The machines on military installations and posts overseas provide a controlled alternative to unmonitored online or host-nation gambling venues, and offer a higher payment percentage, thus making them more entertainment-oriented than those found at typical casinos, a spokesman for the Department of Defense said.

Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts, who in 2015 introduced an amendment to a defense spending bill that called for the study, said the report marked an important step to helping members of the military get the right kind of prevention, treatment, and financial counseling for gambling disorders.

With thousands of slot machines on overseas bases generating millions of dollars in revenue, the military needs to tackle problem gambling head-on the men and women who serve our country deserve nothing less, Warren said in a statement.

Rugle said she has lobbied for decades for more extensive screening in the military, with little success.

The military says, We dont hear people talking about it, therefore it cant be too bad, Rugle said. But what questions are they asking?

Kinsman, who lives in Ashland, can name the date in 2006 when he bought his last lottery ticket, his final gambling loss. He said he still attends Gamblers Anonymous meetings to maintain his recovery and encourage others.

Younger veterans dont usually show up, but he knows many are out there, battling the same addiction he did.

They need help, he said.

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State plans study on the prevalence of problem gambling among ... - The Boston Globe

Anti-Gambling Group Speaks Against Advertising – WHBL Sheboygan

Monday, March 06, 2017 12:01 a.m. CST

Powerball ticket printed from machine. (Photo from: FOX 11/YouTube).

APPLETON, WI (WSAU-WXPR) -- This week, Governor Scott Walker proposed spending more money to advertise the Wisconsin Lottery, which has drawn a sharp reaction from a group opposed to more gambling.

The state lottery's proceeds go to property tax relief. Walker has proposed a 40 percent jump in advertising to $10.5 million dollars to encourage more play.

Lorri Pickens from the group Citizens Against Expanded Gambling says the spending more for people to gamble more is a questionable action.

Pickens says, "People in the poorest zip codes are playing the lottery and that is where the majority of advertising dollars are spent. All for a property tax credit on average of $107 per property owner who actually applies for the tax credit. When you look at the cost of gambling to Wisconsin families, it's a pretty big trade off for a small return."

Pickens says gambling is a zero sum game that creates no new wealth, rather a redistribution system.

"It's a conflict of interest for government to engage in state-sponsored gambling.It's duty is to protect the citizens, not be involved in entertainment," said Pickens.

The lottery has had record ticket sales in each of the last five years -- but the tax relief given to Wisconsin homeowners only netted nine percent more since 2007. A similar ad push one decade ago caused lower ticket sales as the Great Recession hit, and lawmakers of both parties have expressed doubts that the new plan would work.

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Anti-Gambling Group Speaks Against Advertising - WHBL Sheboygan

Man injured in shooting following gambling argument | KATV – KATV

LITTLE ROCK (KATV)

Little Rock officers say a man was critically injured in a shooting that apparently stemmed from a gambling disagreement.

Officers responded to the 3300 block of South Polk Street around 8:25 p.m. Saturday for a shooting just occurred.

Police say no one was at the scene but they did find a glass door of the home shattered, empty shell casings inside and a hand gun.

Officers were then notified that a victim was taken to UAMS for his injuries.

Witnesses at the hospital told police they were inside the home gambling when the suspect lost, got mad and shot at the victim.

The suspect ran from the house in an unknown direction. Authorities are not sure if he was also injured.

According to the police report, investigating officers also found another crime scene in a nearby parking lot in the 5300 block of Asher Avenue.

At this time, it is not clear whether the two cases are related.

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Man injured in shooting following gambling argument | KATV - KATV

UK Gambling Now Reaches Almost 50 Percent of the Population – CardsChat.com

Gambling in the UK is now enjoyed by almost half of the population according to a study published on February 28 by the UK Gambling Commission (UKGC).

UKGC statistics show that almost of half of the UK now gamble and more females than ever are anteing up. (Image: brashgames.co.uk)

Continuing its mission to review, refine and regulate the betting industry, the UKGCs study took into account all forms of gambling a found 48 percent of respondents had gambled in the past four weeks. In addition to being a 3 percent increase on 2015s total, the report identified an upswing in the number of people betting via their mobile devices.

In line with the mobile gaming industry as a whole topping more than $36.9 billion in revenue last year according to Newzoo, iGaming participation increased from 33 percent to 43 percent.

Additionally, people who gamble online are now likely to have an average of three accounts, which suggests players are willing to take advantage of increased betting options.

As well as collecting data regarding players betting habits, the UKGC study also looked at the publics perception of gambling and gamblers.

Although 78 percent of respondents felt that there are too many gambling opportunities, 67 percent believe that people should have the right to gamble whenever they want.

Commenting on the result, the UKGC said that access to this data was a vital part of its quest to improve the gambling economy in the UK and, moreover, make its services an example for the industry at large.

Effective protections come from strong evidence. Our research puts us in a powerful position to better understand the needs of gambling consumers, said UKGC program director James Green in an official press release.

Perhaps one of the most interesting findings from the report is that more females are now placing bets. Although participation statistics across the board drops when the National Lottery is removed from the analysis (overall figure drops to 33 percent), 44 percent of women gambled within the last 12 months.

In poker, there has been a study increase in female players over the last decade and this seems to be translating into betting activity as a whole. Female pros such as Liv Boeree and 2017 American Poker Awards Female Player of the Year Award Cate Hall have helped inspire more women to ante-up.

Extending this idea to the gambling industry as a whole, the influence of women in poker could be helping raise participation in other forms of betting.

As operators like PokerStars continue to merge poker with casino and sports betting, many of their marketing efforts are now aimed as casual consumers.

Seeing women playing poker and then seeing the games links to other forms of gambling could be a reason why were now seeing more women in the UK anteing up.

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UK Gambling Now Reaches Almost 50 Percent of the Population - CardsChat.com

How many people are ending their lives using legal euthanasia? – BusinessTech

The Victorian Parliament will consider a bill to legalise euthanasia in the second half of 2017. That follows the South Australian Parliaments decision to knock back a voluntary euthanasia bill late last year, and the issue has also cropped up in the run-up to the March 11 Western Australian election.

With the issue back in the headlines, federal Labors justice spokesperson, Clare ONeil, told Q&A that in countries where the practice is legal, very, very small numbers of people use the laws.

Whether or not you agree with ONeils statement depends largely on your interpretation of the subjective term very, very small, but there is a growing body of data available on how many people are using euthanasia or assisted dying laws in places such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Colombia, Canada and some US states.

Many people use the terms assisted dying, assisted suicide and euthanasia interchangeably. But, technically, these phrases can have different meanings.

Assisted dying (sometimes also assisted death) is where the patient himself or herself ultimately takes the medication. Euthanasia, by contrast, is usually where the doctor administers the medication to the patient.

Assisted suicide includes people who are not terminally ill, but who are being helped to commit suicide, whereas assisted dying refers to people who are already dying. Some reports do not, however, distinguish between assisted dying and assisted suicide, and I will not distinguish them here.

In some jurisdictions, the word euthanasia is used to refer to both assisted dying/suicide (where the patient himself or herself takes the medication) and to euthanasia (where the doctor administers the medication to the patient). So euthanasia can sometimes be used as a broad term to cover a range of actions.

According to a peer-reviewed paper published last year in the respected journal JAMA:

Between 0.3% to 4.6% of all deaths are reported as euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide in jurisdictions where they are legal. The frequency of these deaths increased after legalization Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are increasingly being legalized, remain relatively rare, and primarily involve patients with cancer. Existing data do not indicate widespread abuse of these practices.

The authors of that paper said that 35,598 people died in Oregon in 2015. Of these deaths, 132, or 0.39%, were reported as physician-assisted suicides. The same paper said that in Washington in 2015 there were 166 reported cases of physician-assisted suicide (equating to 0.32% of all deaths in Washington in that year).

Interestingly, the same paper noted that US data show that:

pain is not the main motivation for PAS (physician-assisted suicide) The dominant motives are loss of autonomy and dignity and being less able to enjoy lifes activities.

The authors said that in officially reported Belgian cases, pain was the reason for euthanasia in about half of cases. Loss of dignity is mentioned as a reason for 61% of cases in the Netherlands and 52% in Belgium.

A 2016 Victorian parliamentary report has quoted from the UK Commission on Assisted Dying, which in turn referenced the work of John Griffiths, Heleen Weyers and Maurice Adams in their book Euthanasia and Law in Europe. The commission said:

There are no official data in Switzerland on the numbers of assisted suicides that take place each year, as the rate of assisted suicide is not collected centrally. Griffiths et al observe that there are approximately 62,000 deaths in Switzerland each year and academic studies suggest that between 0.3% and 0.4% of these are assisted suicides. This figure increases to 0.5% of all deaths if suicide tourism is included (assisted suicides that involve nonSwiss nationals).

Around 3.7% of deaths in the Netherlands in 2015 were due to euthanasia. The Netherlands regional euthanasia review committees reported that there were 5,516 deaths due to euthanasia in 2015. That is out of a total of around 147,000 148,000 deaths in the Netherlands that year.

This figure represents an increase of 4% of deaths due to euthanasia compared to 2014.

A 2012 paper published in The Lancet reported on the results of nationwide surveys on euthanasia in the Netherlands in 1995, 2001, 2005 and 2010. The researchers said:

In 2002, the euthanasia act came into effect in the Netherlands, which was followed by a slight decrease in the euthanasia frequency In 2010, of all deaths in the Netherlands, 2.8% were the result of euthanasia. This rate is higher than the 1.7% in 2005, but comparable with those in 2001 and 1995.

Another Netherlands-based study published in the journal JAMA Internal Medicine reported in 2015 that:

Certainly, not all requests are granted; studies conducted between 1990 and 2011 report rates of granting requests between 32% and 45%.

A 2015 paper in the New England Journal of Medicine about euthanasia rates in the Flanders region of Belgium (the northern half of the country) noted:

The rate of euthanasia increased significantly between 2007 and 2013, from 1.9% to 4.6% of deaths.

It can be hard to put these rates in context, but what is clear is that euthanasia is by no means a leading cause of death in countries where it is legal. For example, Statistics Belgium said that for the year 2012, cardiovascular disease was the most common cause of death (28.8%), and cancer was the second most common cause of death (26%).

And in the Netherlands where 5,516 of deaths were due to euthanasia in 2015 more than 12,000 Dutch people died from the effects of dementia in 2014, approximately 10,000 Dutch people died from lung cancer and nearly 9,000 died from a heart attack. In 2013, 30% (about 42,000) of Dutch deaths were from cancer and 27% (about 38,000) of Dutch deaths were from cardiovascular disease.

Read: Copper is great at killing superbugs so why dont hospitals use it?

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How many people are ending their lives using legal euthanasia? - BusinessTech