GMO foods vs. GM medicine: What’s the difference in public acceptance? – Genetic Literacy Project

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This analysis sought to quantify US residents acceptance of [genetic modification (GM)] across five potential uses (grain production, fruit or vegetable production, livestock production, human medicine, and human health, i.e. disease vector control).

The two categories with the highest levels of acceptance for GM use were human medicine (62% acceptance) and human health (68% acceptance).

Acceptance of GM in food uses revealed 44% of the sample accepted the use of GM in livestock production while grain production and fruit and vegetable production showed similar levels of agreement with 49% and 48% of responses, respectively.

[R]espondents who reported being male were more likely (than those who reported female) to agree with all five of the uses of GM studied.

The results of this study align with past studies that suggest people are more willing to accept the use of GM technology for human medicine and human health reasons (62% and 68% respectively) than for livestock production, grain production, or fruit and vegetable production (44%, 49% and 48% respectively.) Notably, the proportion of survey respondent acceptance of food production uses (grain, fruit and vegetable, and livestock production) differed significantly from the proportion which accepted GM for both human health reasons and human medicine.

Being male, younger, of higher income, and college educated generally contributed to higher willingness to accept GM technology, which could be related to the access of information.

Summary of sample acceptance of GMOs across five categories/uses

The GLP aggregated and excerpted this blog/article to reflect the diversity of news, opinion, and analysis. Read full, original post:When is genetic modification socially acceptable? When used to advance human health through avenues other than food

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GMO foods vs. GM medicine: What's the difference in public acceptance? - Genetic Literacy Project

Get social data in EHRs to bring precision medicine to population health – Healthcare IT News

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BOSTON -- Personalized care depends on a lot more than a person's molecular makeup. In fact, it more often stems from larger external forces that exert a profound and often unnoticed impact on wellness: air and water quality, financial stability, the ability to get healthy groceriesand even broadband internet access.

"Precision medicine is about more than the genetics and the drugs," said Vikram Bakhru, MD, is chief operating officer at ConsejoSano, a Spanish-language health services and patient engagement platform.

At the HIMSS Precision Medicine Summit Tuesday, he explained how lifestyle, economic and environmental factors have huge effects on population health and how electronic health records need to do a better job incorporating data about social determinant data.

"We are focused on the genetic components of disease, and that's important," said Bakhru. "But we have to start understand all of the other components that really matter."

[Also:A precision medicine fight is brewing between clinicians, public health]

As much as 70 percent of a person's health is determined by social or environmental factors, he said. But despite near-ubiquity of EHRs, that crucial information is still not being logged to help guide care and treatment plans.

"When we talk about the social determinants of health, a lot of it start with the EHR, and making sure that a lot of that information is surveyed by clinicians."

Bakhru cited a study that showed that 50 percent of the information relayed from the patient to the physician during outpatient encounters was not logged in the EHR.

The question, then, is how to harness precision medicine tools that can make social determinants of health a core focus. That won't happen without more robust connectivity especially for those underserved populations that need it most.

"I think the number one issue you're going to see in the next 10 years is access to bandwidth," he said. "This is going to be our major challenge."

But there's reason for optimism, said Bakhru, who sees office visits increasingly supplanted by telemedicine, which has new momentum: recent policy shifts to bring down barriers to access to telehealth "are miraculous," he said, "the changes to state laws are incredible."

[Also:Why legal challenges could slow down precision medicine]

From there, he sees evolution toward a "new class of care" which will harness all aspects of precision medicine, genetic and social, making the most of mobile apps, connected health tools, patient engagement strategies and more.

Along the way, it's key to keep an open mind, he said.

"As we think about precision medicine, we're trying to find what works for each individual patient," said Bakhru. And as providers and tech developers work to learn what social determinants are most applicable to each of those patients how to learn from them and how to better incorporate them into care plans a spirit of experimentation is essential.

"If we all do things the same way we may never actually get there," he said. "You can't establish best practices if you haven't tried 1,000 different ways."

Twitter:@MikeMiliardHITN Email the writer: mike.miliard@himssmedia.com

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Genetic engineering lobbyist’s Trumpian methods – Caribbean Life

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Jomo Kwame Sundaram, a former economics professor and United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought in 2007.

KUALA LUMPUR, June 13 2017 (IPS) - To her credit, Dr. Mahaletchumy has pioneered and promoted science journalism in Malaysia. This is indeed commendable in the face of the recent resurgence of obscurantism of various types, both traditional and modern.

But she has done herself, journalism and science a great disservice by using her position of influence to lobby for her faith in genetic engineering, promoting another obscurantism in the guise of science. In her blatantly polemical GE advocacy, she uses caricature and rhetoric to misrepresent and defame those she disagrees with.

She accuses us of spreading flawed arguments and inaccurate information, demonising private industry, and making a number of sweeping statements with inaccuracies about lower yield gains with genetically engineered crops, higher usage of herbicides, decline in crop and (sic) biodiversity, rising pest resistance, carcinogenicity of glyphosate, and increase in corporate power.

To be sure, our article was never intended for a scientific journal, but rather for IPS readers to appreciate the implications of recent research. It nevertheless provided links to relevant research for those interested, which she chose to ignore while accusing us of lying (false news) in Trumpian fashion.

Most importantly, she does not directly refute any of our arguments or the evidence that the increased output from non-GE crops has exceeded the productivity growth of GE crops due to, among others, the rise of pesticide resistance our main argument. Nor does she bother to refute the mounting evidence of greater farmer reliance on commercial agrochemicals, especially herbicides.

GE advocates cannot have it both ways. One cannot insist that only GE can increase output and productivity as well as improve farmers net incomes and the environment without offering or citing systematic evidence, and simply reject inconvenient evidence to the contrary.

Dr. Mahaletchumy fails to actually quote anything we actually wrote or to show how the sources we use are wrong. Her effort to discredit us resorts to innuendo and insinuation. While accusing us of selective citation, she has little hesitation to do what she condemns, citing only one person, Graham Brookes, not once, but twice, to make her case.

Instead of creating false news, as she claims we did, inter alia, we relied on and provided links to the US National Academy of Sciences report on Genetically Engineered Crops. The report provides an authoritative review of the now very considerable and diverse research on related issues. While the encyclopaedic volume admittedly includes a bland summary, the report itself offers a richly textured survey of evidence from many peer-reviewed studies.

She also refuses to recognize that most people go hungry in the world because they cannot afford access to the food they need and not because there is not enough food grown in the world.

Meanwhile, government and philanthropic funding of public research and development has declined while private corporate interests have been promoting GE, not exactly for charitable reasons.

We draw conclusions which other science journalists have also drawn, but instead of critically addressing our arguments, she lumps us together with GE critics, and invokes the same arguments and sources of the heavily corporate funded GE lobby.

Let me be very clear. We are keen supporters of technological progress, including biotechnology. And as we made clear, genetic modification is as old as nature itself. Unlike GE opponents, we remain open-minded about it.

Dr. Mahaletchumy is correct that there continues to be some debate over whether glyphosates are carcinogenic. This is partly why we insist on adherence to long established scientific ethics, including the precautionary principle.

But one cannot go authority shopping by dismissing the World Health Organization when it is inconvenient, and citing any body saying otherwise, especially when its authority is not relevant as she does.

We have previously shown how misleading research findings funded by the US Sugar Foundation had damaging consequences for world health for half a century.

We are also concerned about the unintended consequences of scientific progress. For example, the excessive use of cheap antibiotics for both humans and animals has generated antibiotic-resistant bacteria for every class of antibiotics, with annual mortality rates due to antibiotic resistant diseases expected to rise exponentially to ten million by mid-century.

One wonders why a journalist resorts to fraudulent misrepresentation in the cause of any advocacy, or in this case, to deceptively insist that her faith that GE is the only way forward is irrefutable science.

Updated 12:10 pm, June 14, 2017

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Former Wichitan engineers color-happy ‘disco bacteria’ – Times Record News

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Lana Sweeten-Shults , Times Record News 3:09 p.m. CT June 14, 2017

Researchers at MIT found a way to control bacteria using colored light. They projected images of such things as fruit onto culture plates using red, green and blue light, and the bacteria responded by producing the same colored pigment. The result is a kind of bacteria photocopy. One of the researchers who co-authored a paper about the technology is Felix Moser, a 2003 graduate of Wichita Falls High School.(Photo: Courtesy of Felix Moser)

Those pesky E. coli bacteria.

Engineered bacteria with multicolor vision formed this image of Mario from Super Mario Bros. Researchers at MIT projected images on culture plates using red, green and blue lights that bacteria emulated. One of the researchers who co-authored a paper about the technology is Felix Moser, a 2003 graduate of Wichita Falls High School.(Photo: Courtesy of Felix Moser)

Theyre the vexing microorganisms behind intestinal infections.

The troublesome, minuscule entities behind urinary tract infections.

When you hear about food poisoning outbreaks, some form of E.coli is often the culprit.

But, as it is, most types of E.coli are harmless.

And, if you ask biological engineer Felix Moser, a 2003 graduate of Wichita Falls High School who is now a scientist at start-up biotech company Synlife, theyre also pretty fascinating.

Moser is one of the co-authors, with fellow former Massachusetts Institute of Technology postdocs Jesus Fernandez-Rodriguez and Miryoung Song along withMIT professor Chris Voigt, of a paper that describes how researchers were able to create what Voigt has described as disco bacteria, though others might call them microbial Monets or Petri dish Ansel Adamses.

It was 12 years ago that these researchers started engineering bacteria to replicate black-and-white images bacterial photocopies, if you will by getting them to mirror the patterns of light projected onto a culture dish.

Now the researchers, whose groundbreaking work has been featured in MIT News, Nature Chemical Biology, The Economist and New Scientist, to name a few, have upped their game and introduced color to the mix.

Engineering cells to respond to light is not new, according to a May 25 article about these multicolor bacteriain The Economist. Other scientists have used optogeneticsto control nerve cells.

But former Wichitan Moser and his fellow researchers have engineered multicolor vision, not in nerve cells, butin E. coli, which are naturally blind, since they live in the very un-disco-like reaches of the intestine.

The researchers took these organisms and programmed them with a protein- and enzyme-based system, essentially, like they would a computer. They added 18 genes to the E.coli the black-and-white versions required adding only three extra genes with more than 46,000 base pairs of DNA. With these genes, the bacteria were ableto build three kinds of light sensors and can see red, green and blue.

While other scientists have controlled living cells using chemicals, Moser and his fellow scientists were able to tell the bacteria to create images of fruit and even Mario of Super Mario Bros. by shining colored light through a stencil onto a bacteria-coated plate. The E. coli, after all this human tinkering, produced enzymes that turn the bacteria into the same color of the light being shined on them.

So making pictures of bacteria its a nice example of how you would engineer them, said Moser in a phone interview about his teams disco bacteria. ... The genes tell the bacteria not only to respond to color but to turn on other genes. When the bacteria sees red light, it turns on a gene to make the red coloring.

The research shows how scientists can control cells and tell them what to do: We are engineering bacteria to respond in ways they would not normally respond.

Of course, this project, which was four years in the making, hasnt just been a fun time with bacteria.

The idea is that genetically altered bacteria could be made to produce drugs, artificial sweeteners or even perfumes.

Theres a company making perfume components, Moser said.

Instead of growing thousands upon thousands of roses to make perfume, cells could be engineered to reproduce those aromas.

The advantage would be that a lot of biological mass would be saved, sinceperfume companies wouldnt need to harvest all those roses. Also, chemicals could be made at much higher quantities.

Theres a team working on engineering salmonella to invade tumor cells and kill the tumor cells but thats really complex behavior, he said.

Moser, who was an Eagle Scout with Troop 138 growing up, ended up in Wichita Falls with his parents, who were both German citizens. His father was a T-37 instructor pilot at Sheppard Air Force Base.

He first became interested in science when he was a student at Wichita Falls High School.

Old High had a really great biology teacher, Dan Patrick. He did a fantastic job communicating his passions for science and biology, he said, and he might not have gone into the field without Mr. Patrick, he added, who would take students on summer trips to such places as Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama, Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands. Moser went on a couple of trips to South America with Patrick.

Moser did his undergraduate work at Cornell University. He wanted to join a research lab and ended up working with Cornell biochemist Dr. David Wilson.

I got really interested in using biotechnology to solve problems learning how to manipulate DNA to get organisms to do what we need them to do.

Moser got into graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley, then followed his academic adviser, Chris Voigt, to MIT, where Voigt started a new lab. Its where he finished his doctoral degree and stayed to do postdoctoral work in synthetic biology, which is a newer term for genetic engineering.

Besides controlling bacteria using colored light, Moser has written DNA to get microorganisms to do other things.

Instead of engineering bacteria to respond to light, he has engineered them to respond to environmental stresses in big tanks, such as recognizing oxygen conditions and changing which genes turn on and off so they become more robust.

Its trying to engineer them to be smarter about how they grow.

He also has expanded on the color bacteria project.

Instead of turning on the genes that produce color, we're trying to get them to produce materials.

Moser said he has used light to prompt bacteria to produce biofilm, the slimy layer you might see hanging around on the surface of water.

Some biofilm is really important in medicine, he said of his appreciation for even slimy biofilm almost as much as his appreciation for those pesky, disco E. coli.

Follow Times Record News senior editor/reporter Lana Sweeten-Shults on Twitter @LanaSweetenShul.

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French Biotech Reports Sight Restoration thanks to Gene Therapy – Labiotech.eu (blog)

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GenSight has announced Phase I/II data revealing that its gene therapy technology can restore sight in patients suffering from a rare mitochondrial disease.

GenSight Biologics develops gene therapies targeting degenerative diseases that cause blindness. The French biotech has now announced very promising results from its lead candidate, GS010, after 2 years of following patients treated with the gene therapy in an ongoing Phase I/II trial. Thetreatment targets Leber hereditaryoptic neuropathy (LHON), a rare genetic disease for which there is no curative treatment.

Patients sight was evaluated using the ETDRS test, the one consisting on recognizing increasingly smaller letters that most of us have done at some point in our life. Those patients treated with GS010 showed a statistically significant improvement in the number of letters they were able to recognize over time, especially in those that were treated within two years after their diagnosis. Detailed results after 96 weeks of follow-upare now pending publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

TE: treated eye; UTE: untreated eye

According to GenSight, 95% of LHON cases are caused by mutations in the genes that encodes the NADH dehydrogenase complex, which is involved in ATP metabolism within mitochondria. Since it affects amitochondrial gene, the disease is maternally inherited. GenSight is particularly focusing on patients with a mutation in the ND4 gene, which accounts for 70% of LHON cases in Europe and North America and up to 85% in Asia.

GenSight is already running two Phase III studies in Europe and the US evaluating GS010 in patients with the ND4 mutation that have been affected by LHON for a year or less.We are now less than a year away from Phase III efficacy data, and more than ever committed to find a cure for patients and their families affected by this devastating condition, said Bernard Gilly, CEO and co-founder of Gensight, in a statement. Philip recently interviewed him regarding his impressive track in biotech as both a serial entrepreneur and a partner at the VC firm Sofinnova.

So far, GenSight seems to be the only biotech developing a gene therapy for this disease. Ocular disorders are often rare,which leads most companies in the field to focus on age-related macular degeneration instead, which has a significantly higher prevalence. The French biotechs pipeline also includes GS011, a gene therapy to treat the ND1 mutation in LHON, still in the early research stage. The company is also working in GS030, an optogenetic gene therapyto introduce a protein that can respond to light with the aim of restoring sight in patients with retinitis pigmentosa, currently undergoing preclinical investigation.

Images via HQuality / Shutterstock; GenSight

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Futurist Graeme Codrington on leading in a changing world – Bizcommunity.com

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Futurist, strategist, best-selling author and academic, Graeme Codrington, addressed the Western Cape Chapter of the South African Council of Shopping Centres (SACSC) on Leading in a Changing World'. Attended by a host of Cape-based industry professionals, the Primedia Unlimited Malls-sponsored event offered insights into the not-too-distant-future. The future is near, Codrington proclaimed, and individuals, brands and corporates need to constantly evolve to keep up with change.

Graeme Codrington

Autonomous vehicles reduce road risks by up to 90%, which means that insurance companies will be impacted because if there are less accidents on our roads, how will they make profits? Shopping and retail will change because this takes online shopping to a completely new level. Autonomous vehicles will be used for instant deliveries - people order online and then an autonomous car will be dispatched with orders.

"Furthermore, autonomous cars will not need to park in the traditional sense, so shopping centres can reclaim parking bays that make up to 15% of the property. Now retail can expand or use the space for entertainment. We need to be more proactive and less reactive. The world is changing and we need to be ahead of it.

1. Switch on your radar Read, research and keep yourself informed about what aspects of the world are changing. Be informed about new technology, new forms of energy and new ways of streamlining ways of doing things. Also, change your sources of information and surround yourself with forward thinkers. Stay away from fake news.

2. Be curious Ask better questions and do not be afraid to ask these questions.

3. Experiment more If you are in a position to make key decisions then experiment a little. Try new ways of attracting new business through trial and error. You have nothing to lose.

4. Embrace difference The world is changing. Do not be afraid to change, it forms part of our evolution.

5. Confront your limiting orthodoxies Do not limit yourself. Confront your inhibitions.

"On the other hand, consumers too, need to switch on their radars'. They need to be careful not to be taken for a ride. Do not run for every new toy that comes up. The latest gadget, the latest version of your phones and you stand in line for three days to make sure you get it, I see it as a trap there. Consumers need to become more purposeful and more deliberate in how we live our lives, he concluded.

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What Next? Nige and John mind the economic gap | Stuff.co.nz – Stuff.co.nz

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JAMES CROOT

Last updated07:57, June 14 2017

PHIL WALTER/GETTY IMAGES

Futurist Derek Handley finally lost patience with the gloomy discussions on Tuesday night's episode of What Next?

REVIEW: "Idon't know about this whole episode.I'mnot able to get to grips with thisstuff. That makes me feel like we're not dealing with it in the right way...We're getting a little bit bespoke withthis stuff."

It's What Next? night three and frustrations with the show's format have finally boiled over.

Surprisingly it was one of the tight-five "Futurists" who broke ranks, but the monk-like Derek Handley seemed to be channelling the mood of home viewers and those interacting on Facebook with his mild-mannered rant. It moved even Nigel Latta to crack a gagthat shouting at the tele won't do you any good.

Breakfast

The broadcasting dream team hasn't quite lived up to expectations .

Tuesday night's topic was jobs and money, which saw hosts Latta, John Campbell and their Eggheads (seriously, squashed around that table the Futurists look like an all-conquering pub quiz team) attempt to tackle issues like poverty and inequality.

READ MORE: *What Next: Campbell and Latta show us a depressing future *What Next? Bugs are NZ's farming future Nigel Latta and John Campbell declare

PHIL WALTER/GETTY IMAGES

Squashed around their table, the Futurists look like an elite pub quiz team.

That meant covering a little of the same ground as Sunday (automation, the need for retraining), as well as introducing ideas like democratic workplaces and the Universal Basic Incomes (UBI). Accountants were once again singled out for having dire future prospects, while those playing the Shay Wright-mentions-his-far-north-background or the boys'-plug-the-University-of-Auckland's-longitudinal-attitudes-study drinking game would have finished the hour happy.

But while the show's twin bedevilments of an ill-conceived set (Latta and Campbell really should be issued with sneakers) and bizarre graphics (are they a pie graph or a speedometer) continued, at least there was some passion on display this time around.

Handley urged everyone on the show "to be a bit more upbeat and positive" and came up with the quote of the night when he said that "the only place that poverty belongs is in Te Papa". He also lashed out at the idea of democratic workplaces, suggesting "we need to get more people to vote once every three years" before we could even consider that.

PHIL WALTER/GETTY IMAGES

When the TV cameras aren't on them, it looks like the Futurists are having way more fun.

Even Latta finally showed his true colours when he near-goaded Campbell for not believing that Kiwis would be in favour of trialling a UBI. "It's true, I poo-poohed it," aslightly ashen-faced Campbell intoned, perhaps relieved that they were coming up to a break.

It was an episode that Campbell described as "segueing wildly" around the topic, but while it seemed like a positive step forward for the series, we're more than halfway through and still not sure about it's actual purpose.

Yes, it's important to discuss these big picture ideas, but What Next? feels like a telethon crossed with an election night and party political broadcast. Slight squabbles aside, the Futurists are seemingly of one mind, while the journalistic dream team of Campbell and Latta have been disappointing because they are simply too similar to each other.

PHIL WALTER/GETTY IMAGES

Either John Campbell or Nigel Latta needs to go rogue for What Next? to make for compelling viewing.

We desperately need one of them to play "bad cop", or get some disruptors into the mix like a Gareth Morgan, Winston Peters, Sir Bob Jones, Richard Prebble or even Bill Ralstonwho could challenge the Futurists.

In the end, it all feels like the Christchurch City Council's "Share An Idea" campaign after the 2010-2011 earthquakes. It's a great way to get community engagement (and TVNZ more "subscribers"), but you can guarantee the politicians won't have a bar of much of the discussion that has taken place.

-Stuff

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General Motors Just Became the First Car Manufacturer to Mass Produce Autonomous Cars – Futurism

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In Brief Industry veteran General Motors announced this week that it has finished mass-producing Chevrolet Bolt EV test vehicles. These autonomous cars can potentially catapult GM into the forefront of the growing self-driving car market. GM Joins the Race

Theres a potential new major player in the autonomous vehicle industry, and its a seasoned player in the automotive market. Veteran car maker General Motors (GM) announced Tuesday that its completed 10 self-driving test vehicles of its Chevrolet Bolt electric vehicle (EV). Thecars were manufactured at the companysplant in Lake Orion, Michigan. GM believes the achievementcould position the company at the head of the autonomous car race.

The autonomous vehicles you see here today are purpose-built, self-driving test vehicles, GMs chairman and CEO Mary Barra told her employees Tuesday morning, USA Today reported. GM has the platform and the technology to back up its claim: itsthe first car manufacturer to mass produce self-driving vehicles.

The level of integration in these vehicles is on par with any of our production vehicles, and that is a great advantage. In fact, no other company today has the unique and necessary combination of technology, engineering and manufacturing ability to build autonomous vehicles at scale, Barra added.

GM, however, didnt rush to mass production when it came to the development oftest versions of the Chevy Bolt EV. In addition to the efficiency inherent to electric vehicles, the carsare also designed to be more affordable than other EVs on the market. To achieve what we want from self-driving cars, we must deploy them at scale, Cruise Automation CEO Kyle Vogt said in a press release. By developing the next-generation self-driving platform in San Francisco and manufacturing these cars in Michigan, we are creating the safest and most consistent conditions to bring our cars to the most challenging urban roads that we can find.

Currently, autonomous vehicles are still part of a rather niche market, though a number of studies seem to indicate that soon may change.One predicts that by 2024, the demand for self-driving vehicles will have grown to 138,089 units a huge jump from the current demands. Not only that, a previous study, published in 2014,concluded that the autonomous vehicle market would grow to $87 billion by 2030.

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NASA is Making Glowing Rainbow Clouds Tonight Here’s How to Watch – Futurism

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In Brief NASA will artificially create colorful clouds that move in the Earth's upper atmosphere, similar to how auroras do. The purpose of the experiment is to track how particles, particularly ions, behave in that portion of the planet's atmosphere.

Seven is, in many cultures, a lucky number and NASA is hoping it could prove to be the same for them. Tonight, June 13, between 9:04 and 9:19 pm EDT, the space agency will attempt for the seventh time to launch a sounding rocket from its Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.

Five minutes into the rockets takeoff, it will jettison 10 canisters, each about thesize of a soft drink can, which will spray minute amounts of barium, strontium, and cupric oxide into the atmosphere. This cloud-seeding process will create red and blue-green artificial clouds.

Whats it for? Well for one, tocreate colorful clouds to adorn to night sky but also as a way to study how particles move around the ionosphere. Located about 74 km (46 miles) above the surface and extending into space nearly 1,000 km (621 miles), the ionosphere is the part of the Earths upper atmosphere where charged particles from thesun turn atoms into ions.

After releasing this material in space, researchers then visually observe the subsequent movement of the vapor as it traces the motions of background environment, NASA wrote in a poston their official website. This technique is analogous to that of injecting a small, harmless dye into a river or stream, to study its currents, eddies, and other motions.

If you want to observe this perfectly harmless experiment,it will belive-streamed via the link below.

Offline, in real life,it may actually be visible along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. from New York to North Carolina, and as far inland as to Charlottesville, Virginia assuming there are clear skies. Otherwise NASA might just have cancel if lucky number seven doesnt prove lucky after all.

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Ray Kurzweil Says He Wouldn’t Put His Money in Bitcoin but Doesn’t Dismiss Blockchain – Futurism

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In Brief Renowned author, futurist, inventor and Google's head of engineering, Ray Kurzweil, spoke on his reticence to embrace bitcoin. He is not the only expert to have their qualms about the burgeoning digital currency. Perceived Instability

Ray Kurzweil, a leading futurist, author, inventor, and the head of Googles engineering lab, has made some impressively accuratepredictions about the future. However, this may not be the best news for the burgeoning cryptocurrency, Bitcoin. Kurzweil spoke at the Exponential Finance Summit in New York City late last week and he had some less than flattering things to say about the currency. While he may see the value in the decentralizationof currency, he doesntfeel like Bitcoin is the way forward.

He explained:

Currencies like the dollar have provided reasonable stability. Bitcoin has not. And its not clear to me that the whole mining paradigm can provide that type of stability Weve seen tremendous instability with bitcoin, so I wouldnt put my money into it. I certainly do think there could be alternatives to national currencies emerging in the future. Algorithmic ones are a possibility, I just dont think weve arrived at the right algorithm yet.

Kurzweil is not the only high-profileBitcoin skeptic or opponent. Billionaire investor Mark Cubanspoke out about Bitcoin last week, denouncing it as a currency and discussing it as a bubble. Kurzweils comments echo these sentiments, especially with his view of the cryptocurrencys instability. However, Daniel Roberts from Yahoo! Financesees Kurzweils view of that instability as an oversimplification. When looked at in the long term, Bitcoin is showing steady gains.

Bitcoin has enjoyed a meteoric rise in recent weeks as prices have surpassed $3,000 (albeit briefly). In the first moments of 2017, Bitcoin could barely reach the $1,000 mark. As of today, the cryptocurrency stands at more than $2,550.

Bitcoin is powered by blockchain technology. A blockchain is a decentralized ledger that allows for complete anonymity, security, and transparencyfor all transactions taking place on the ledger. Kurzweil is more optimistic about blockchain, saying, I think once we can demonstrate confidence, then yes, a blockchain currency makes sense, and being able to document transactions securely, but theres a lot to work out.

In an effort to work out those kinks, many companies and even some countries are adopting blockchain technology. Some countries are even exploring switching their national currencies over to cryptocurrencies. We are in the early stages of its development, but this could go down as one of the few predictions Kurzweil gets wrong.

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It’s Official. Tesla’s Model X Is the Safest SUV on the Market With 5 Stars in Every Category – Futurism

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In Brief Tesla's electric SUV, the Model X, is now officially the safest SUV on the market, scoring 5-star ratings in every crash safety test administered by the NHTSA. The vehicle also had the lowest probability of injury of any SUV tested by the administation.

Tesla has done it again. Just like the Model S before it, the all-electric Model X has scored a 5-star rating in all categories following a crash test conducted by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).

Tesla proudly shared news of the achievement in a blog post: We engineered Model X to be the safest SUV ever, and today, the [NHTSA] announced that after conducting independent testing, it has awarded Model X a 5-star safety rating in every category and sub-category, making it the first SUV ever to earn the 5-star rating across the board.

In addition toreceiving the highest safety rating, the Model X also set a new standard for injury risk. More than just resulting in a 5-star rating, the data from NHTSAs testing shows that Model X has the lowest probability of injury of any SUV it has ever tested, according to Teslas blog post. In fact, of all the cars NHTSA has ever tested, Model Xs overall probability of injury was second only to Model S.

Not only can the Model X survive crashes, it can avoid them before they even occur thanks to Teslas self-driving system. The NHTSA itself previously reported that Teslas autonomous system lowered its crash rates to 40 percent. Self-driving cars are expected to save up to 40,000 lives every year in the U.S. by removing the major cause of car crashes, which is human error, so it seems the only car safer than a Tesla is a Tesla thats driving itself.

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It's Official. Tesla's Model X Is the Safest SUV on the Market With 5 Stars in Every Category - Futurism

Scientists Discover That Our Brains Can Process the World in 11 … – Futurism

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Seeing Like Never Before

Neuroscientists have used a classic branch of maths in a totally new way to peer into the structure of our brains. What theyve discovered is that the brain is full of multi-dimensional geometrical structures operating in as many as 11 dimensions.

This latest brain model was produced by a team of researchers from the Blue Brain Project, a Swiss research initiative devoted to building a supercomputer-powered reconstruction of the human brain.

The team used algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics used to describe the properties of objects and spaces regardless of how they change shape. They found that groups of neurons connect into cliques, and that the number of neurons in a clique would lead to its size as a high-dimensional geometric object.

We found a world that we had never imagined, says lead researcher, neuroscientist Henry Markram from the EPFL institute in Switzerland. There are tens of millions of these objects even in a small speck of the brain, up through seven dimensions. In some networks, we even found structures with up to 11 dimensions.

Human brains are estimated to have a staggering 86 billion neurons, with multiple connections from each cell webbing in every possible direction, forming the vast cellular network that somehow makes us capable of thought and consciousness.

With such a huge number of connections to work with, its no wonder we still dont have a thorough understanding of how the brains neural network operates. But the new mathematical framework built by the team takes us one step closer to one day having a digital brain model.

To perform the mathematical tests, the team used a detailed model of the neocortexthe Blue Brain Project team published back in 2015. The neocortex is thought to be the most recently evolved part of our brains, and the one involved in some of our higher-order functions like cognition and sensory perception.

After developing their mathematical framework and testing it on some virtual stimuli, the team also confirmed their results on real brain tissue in rats.

According to the researchers, algebraic topology provides mathematical tools for discerning details of the neural network both in a close-up view at the level of individual neurons, and a grander scale of the brain structure as a whole.

By connecting these two levels, the researchers could discern high-dimensional geometric structures in the brain, formed by collections of tightly connected neurons (cliques) and the empty spaces (cavities) between them.

We found a remarkably high number and variety of high-dimensional directed cliques and cavities, which had not been seen before in neural networks, either biological or artificial, the team writes in the study.

Algebraic topology is like a telescope and microscope at the same time, says one of the team, mathematician Kathryn Hess from EPFL.

It can zoom into networks to find hidden structures, the trees in the forest, and see the empty spaces, the clearings, all at the same time.

Those clearings or cavities seem to be critically important for brain function. When researchers gave their virtual brain tissue a stimulus, they saw that neurons were reacting to it in a highly organised manner.

It is as if the brain reacts to a stimulus by building [and] then razing a tower of multi-dimensional blocks, starting with rods (1D), then planks (2D), then cubes (3D), and then more complex geometries with 4D, 5D, etc, says one of the team, mathematician Ran Levi from Aberdeen University in Scotland.

The progression of activity through the brain resembles a multi-dimensional sandcastle that materialises out of the sand and then disintegrates.

These findings provide a tantalising new picture of how the brain processes information, but the researchers point out that its not yet clear what makes the cliques and cavities form in their highly specific ways.

And more work will be needed to determine how the complexity of these multi-dimensional geometric shapes formed by our neurons correlates with the complexity of various cognitive tasks.

But this is definitely not the last well be hearing of insights that algebraic topology can give us on this most mysterious of human organs the brain.

The study was published in Frontiers of Computational Neuroscience.

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Scientists Discover That Our Brains Can Process the World in 11 ... - Futurism

Tesla’s Original Designer Created a New Car and It Charges in Just 9 Minutes – Futurism

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In Brief Fisker Inc. has released details concerning their first electric car, the EMotion. The EV is set to be a game changer in the electric car market due to its impressive milage, high top speed, and fast charging time.

If competition drives innovation, a crowded electric vehicle (EV) marketmay be the bestway to save the environment. One of the latest competitors to enter, Henrik Fisker, just announced a new electric car that may instigate an innovation war that leads to the next wave of cool, high-performing and most importantly climate friendly EVs.

The EMotion the luxurious sibling to the as-yet-unannounced mass market design ostensibly has a range of 643 kilometers (400 miles), a not insignificant improvement on the 563 kilometer (350 mile) range of Teslas Model S. With a top speed of 259 km/h (161 mph) and a nine-minute charging time, the EV lays down a serious benchmark for Tesla.

Fisker is best known for designing some of the most iconic luxury car models in history, including onesthat were used in James Bond films. The EMotion is the first car to be produced by his EV company,Fisker Inc.

Although details concerning the vehicles price, launch date, and autonomous capabilities have not yet been revealed, the EMotions announcement is a welcome update for the people who have been waiting with baited breath to see what the car would look like and how it would compare to Musks designs.

Electric cars are a pivotal part of the global fight against climate change, and the efforts of several car manufacturers including Toyota and Porscheto make them faster, sleeker, and more luxurious are helping EVs break into the supercar sector of the automotive market. Once there is an EV to meet the taste and desires of every driver, we can start to really phase out the vehicles gas-guzzling counterparts.

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Tesla's Original Designer Created a New Car and It Charges in Just 9 Minutes - Futurism

Meadows: Freedom Caucus eyeing $1.5 trillion debt ceiling increase – Politico

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Mark Meadows said thats smaller than the $2.5 trillion he believes the White House wants. | AP Photo

Some House Freedom Caucus conservatives want to raise the debt ceiling by a smaller amount than the Trump administration would like just long enough to clear the 2018 mid-term elections, the groups leader said Tuesday.

The Freedom Caucus has not taken an official position on a specific number. But Chairman Mark Meadows emerged from a group meeting Tuesday night saying some of his conservative colleagues are looking at a $1.5 trillion lift in the nations borrowing cap.

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The North Carolina Republican said thats smaller than the $2.5 trillion he believes the White House wants.

The White House wants $2.5 trillion, is what I heard. Were more in the $1.5 trillion range, Meadows said. Its not an official position, but some members of the Freedom Caucus have been discussing $1.5 trillion as a specific amount in a debt ceiling increase.

Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin has asked Congress to raise the debt ceiling before the August recess, leaving Republicans just a few weeks to cobble together a plan. Freedom Caucus members want to address the matter before the recess, but theyre asking for spending reforms and debt-payment prioritization to accompany any lift in the nations borrowing limit.

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GOP leaders, however, have all but thrown out that idea and are signaling that theyre more likely to work with Democrats since the debt ceiling has to pass the Senate, meaning it will need eight Democratic votes.

While few have discussed numbers, let alone settled on a plan, Meadows suggested the $1.5 trillion would push the deadline for addressing the contentious issue again past the mid-term elections.

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Meadows: Freedom Caucus eyeing $1.5 trillion debt ceiling increase - Politico

Freedom of Expression and the Digital Access Industry: Five Key Takeaways – Just Security

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The Internet, a historically unparalleled source of information and expression, has also become a playground for censorship, punishment and propaganda. Not a day goes by where an individual is not arrested, prosecuted or threatened for the content of a tweet or a post. States are ordering internet shutdowns in times of public protest, elections, and even school exams. Governments enjoy surveillance capabilities that drill deep into the lives of journalists, activists, political opposition, and regular citizens.

These threats, and many others, are typically driven by states, in violation of their obligations to respect everyones right to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, as both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provide. While states are undoubtedly obliged to protect human rights online, what are the roles and responsibilities of the companies that comprise the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector a multi-trillion-dollar industry that has become an essential pillar of democratic life today?

Last year marked the beginning of an attempt to flesh out the UN Human Rights Councils important recognition that human rights apply online as well as offline. David, the councils special rapporteur for freedom of expression, conducted an initial survey of chokepoints to free expression on the Internet that identified several areas where clarification of State obligations and private sector responsibilities is most needed. This years report follows up by exploring how global free expression is both supported and undermined on the networks that enable us to connect to the Internet the most basic level of the digital infrastructure. The report not only analyzes the role of States, but also the companies that build and operate these networks everything from telecommunications and Internet service providers, to Internet exchange points and content delivery networks, which ensure faster and more efficient exchange of Internet traffic, to network equipment vendors, which build and configure networks.

This week, states and NGOs got a first chance to react to the reports findings and recommendations when David presented them to the council in Geneva the culmination of more than a years worth of study and consultations. Here are five takeaways that we hope States and others address:

Read the full report, which also discusses the erosion of net neutrality, and the human rights impact of standards developing organizations like the Internet Engineering Task Force, and its supplementary materials, here. We are already turning to the next phase of this effort to explore freedom of expression in the digital age, which will focus on content regulation and Internet platforms. A prospectus and call for submissions will be circulated this summer, and we encourage everyone whos interested to engage.

Image: Getty/Omar Havana

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Freedom of Expression and the Digital Access Industry: Five Key Takeaways - Just Security

Stanley the catfish swims to freedom – Tribune-Review

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Stanley the catfish swims to freedom - Tribune-Review

Does President Trump Support Unrestrained Freedom? – Cato Institute (blog)

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The Republican National Committee, in the person of Chairwoman Ronna Romney McDaniel, informs me that I have been selected to represent the Commonwealth of Virginia as a member of The Presidents Club. I know that this is an important responsibility because it comes with a Priority Mail BRE and a request for $750. Theres a lot of boilerplate in the letter about fake news and the Democrats and their radical left-leaning allies. (Really, if theyre radical, surely theyre more than left-leaning. Why not just come out and say it theyre left-wingers!)

But Im particularly struck by this line:

I believe you share President Trumps objectives of smaller government, fiscal discipline, lower taxes, secure borders, conservative judges, a stronger military and unrestrained freedom.

Seriously President Trumps objective is unrestrained freedom?

Some of those objectives I can see. Fiscal discipline is a presumptuous claimwhen youve promised not to touch the biggest spending programs. Some of the administrations programs might make government smaller, but others clearly would not. But seriously, unrestrained freedom?

For nearly two years now Donald Trumps main policy themes have been to close our borders, to deport millions of our neighbors and co-workers, and to stop Americans from buying products made overseas. He has bullied, subsidized, and threatened businesses into making uneconomic decisions. He has also talked at length about his desire to limit freedom of speech, frustrated as he is thatour press is allowed to say whatever they want.While Republicans and Democrats in Congress and the states work on criminal justice reform Attorney General Jeff Sessionssteps up the drug war. Trumps acceptance speech at the Republican National Convention was described in Reason as easily the most overt display of authoritarian fear-mongering I can remember seeing in American politics.

The idea that President Trumps objectives include unrestrained freedom is ludicrous even in the context of political fundraising letters.

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Does President Trump Support Unrestrained Freedom? - Cato Institute (blog)

Japan accused of eroding press freedom by UN special rapporteur … – The Guardian

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The government of Shinzo Abe has been vocal about unfair reporting. Photograph: Yoshitaka Sugawara/AP

The UNs special rapporteur on freedom of expression has accused Japan of eroding media freedoms and stifling public debate of issues such as the Fukushima nuclear meltdown and the countrys actions during the second world war.

In a report submitted to the UN human rights council, David Kaye said he had identified significant worrying signals about Japans record on freedom of expression.

His investigation the first into freedom of the press in Japan was prompted by concern over mounting government pressure on the countrys media.

Critics have cited the domestic medias delay in reporting that the March 2011 accident at Fukushima had caused a nuclear meltdown a decision believed to reflect official attempts to play down the severity of the disaster.

In 2014, the Asahi Shimbun, under pressure from the administration of the prime minister, Shinzo Abe, retracted an article claiming 650 workers had fled the Fukushima Daiichi plant soon after the disaster, defying an order by its then manager, Masao Yoshida, to stay and make a last-ditch effort to regain control of the reactors.

The paper later admitted its account, based on the newspapers interpretation of leaked testimony by Yoshida, was mistaken. Significantly, however, the reports retraction led to the breakup of an Asahi investigative team that had produced several scoops critical of the governments handling of the crisis.

While Kaye did not refer to specific reports on the Fukushima meltdown, he did voice concern over the removal from school textbooks of references to Japans wartime use of sex slaves.

Kaye noted the gradual disappearance of references to comfort women tens of thousands of women, mostly from the Korean peninsula, who were forced to work in Japanese military brothels before and during the war.

In 1997, all seven history textbooks approved for use in junior high schools addressed wartime sexual slavery, yet none referred to the issue between 2012-15, and only one mentioned it last year.

Kaye said the lack of public debate over Japans wartime role, restrictions on access to information, and government pressure that has led the media to practise self-censorship require attention lest they undermine Japans democratic foundations.

Japan responded angrily to claims that media freedoms were at risk under Abe.

Its ambassador to the UN, Junichi Ihara, accused Kaye of peddling inaccuracies about the governments commitment to a free press. In a statement to the UN human rights council on Monday, he said: It is regrettable that some parts of [Kayes] report are written without accurate understanding of the governments explanation and its positions.

Ihara rebutted Kayes claim that a law permitting the government to suspend broadcast licences for TV and radio networks for unfair reporting was being used to pressure senior editors into underplaying or ignoring sensitive political stories.

Last year, the internal affairs minister, Sanae Takaichi, prompted an outcry after saying that broadcasters that repeatedly failed to show fairness in their political coverage, despite official warnings, could be taken off the air.

Soon after, three veteran news anchors all with a reputation for grilling government politicians left their jobs almost simultaneously, sparking allegations that they had been pressured to quit after Abe and his colleagues complained about them during private dinners with media executives.

Ihara noted that no minister had ever suspended a broadcasting licence, adding that the law does not give rise to any pressure on the media.

Kayes report was similarly critical of the 2014 state secrets law, under which journalists can be imprisoned for up to five years for reporting classified information passed on by whistleblowers. He said the law was overly broad and risked being applied arbitrarily, adding that the government should not be in the position of determining what is fair.

Ihara countered: Information designed as specially designated secrets is limited under strict conditions, adding that information-gathering activities performed by journalists are not punishable under the act.

The rift between Japan and the UN widened after Joseph Cannataci, special rapporteur on the right to privacy, said an anti-conspiracy bill being debated in parliament could lead to undue restrictions to the rights to privacy and to freedom of expression.

The government insists the new law is necessary for Japan to fulfil its international obligation to deter acts of terrorism. Abe denounced Cannatacis assessment as extremely unbalanced and said his conduct was hardly that of an objective expert.

Confrontations between Japanese and UN representatives have grown more heated in recent years. In 2015, Tokyo suspended payments to Unesco after it included disputed Chinese documents about the Nanjing massacre in its World Memory List.

Yoshihiko Noda, the secretary general of Japans biggest opposition party, accused Abes government of slamming the door in the faces of UN special rapporteurs, according to the Mainichi Shimbun.

Earlier this year, Reporters Without Borders ranked Japan 72nd in its global press freedom index the lowest among the G7. The country has slid down the rankings since 2010, when it was placed 11th.

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Those who fought for freedom honored at Fall River Flag Day ceremony – Fall River Herald News

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Sarah Sousa Correspondent

FALL RIVER A Flag Day ceremony held outside of Government Center honored individuals who currently serve, have served and those who have lost their lives fighting for the nations freedom.

City Councilor Raymond Mitchell invited the community and students from Doran school to commemorate the countrys 240th Flag Day.

Mitchell said the American flag is more than just a flag. The flag represents freedom all of us have.

The flag raised was flown over the United States Capitol, according to Mitchell.

Mitchell emphasized that the people and students standing before him would not be able to have been present if it werent for the dedication and commitment of the individuals who fought for freedom.

Carlene Barret and Sue Galloway were invited to the podium by Mitchell to receive an American flag honoring Barretts son and Galloways grandson, Sgt. Robert Barrett, who was killed in Afghanistan in 2010.

Traffic Officer Rachel Rapoza sang The Star Spangled Banner accompanied by first grade students, Nevaeh Dumont, Melissa PegaJesus, Jayden Williams and Tate Reth from the Doran school, who led the crowd in the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance.

City Council Vice President Linda Pereira emphasized the importance of remembering when looking at the American flag.

Pereira, directing her speech toward the Doran students, said she wants them stopping to pay tribute to the nations flag whenever they come upon the flag.

Doran students should be proudly waving the flags they received at the ceremony, according to Pereira.

She emphasized how important it is to remember and understand exactly what the flag stands for every single time it is looked at.

I hope you remember all the love you have in your heart for the United States of America, said Pereira.

She listed what quality of the United States of America each color on the flag represents.

White represents freedom. Blue represents loyalty of the military and first responders. Red represents bravery.

Seventh-grade students from the Doran school, Mackenzie Brito, Cassandra Franca and Isaac Paiva recited facts pertaining to the American flag such as its origins and the general uses of flags throughout history.

According to the students, the flag represents strength and freedom.

To conclude the ceremony, Rapoza sang America the Beautiful before students from Doran school released doves and pigeons into the air.

The doves released represent peace according to Mitchell.

During this event, State Rep. Alan Silvia was also hosting a Flag Day event at Battleship Cove. Flags were distributed to veterans and constituents of the 7th Bristol District.

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Those who fought for freedom honored at Fall River Flag Day ceremony - Fall River Herald News

Notebook: Healthy Laquon Treadwell Practicing with ‘A Mental Freedom’ – Vikings.com

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EDEN PRAIRIE, Minn. Laquon Treadwell listened to the question and looked skyward.

Up there, the second-year receiver said in response to a question about his confidence level.

The sun began peeking through a blanket of clouds on a dripping muggy morning at Winter Park Tuesday when the Vikings opened their mandatory minicamp.

Treadwell had an impressive catch over the middle during the session, made several other plays and ran well. There was also a near miss on a nice deep route against Xavier Rhodes.

On his final day as a 21-year-old, the 2016 first-round pick described playing with a mental freedom that comes with being healthy and another year removed from a significant leg injury in 2014 as a sophomore at Mississippi.

This year, hes stayed healthy in the offseason program and has taken substantial reps with the first team when the Vikings use a three receiver set.

It helps you relax mentally when you know youre all the way healthy and able to take some of those hits on your legs, Treadwell said. That was a big thing for me even in college. I got hits on my legs and was able to bounce back. Its a mental freedom.

Its just playing ball now and making plays, Treadwell added.

Treadwells rookie season wasnt quite what he expected. He appeared in nine games and finished with one catch for 15 yards after catching two or more passes in every college game he played.

Vikings Head Coach Mike Zimmer said earlier this offseason that last seasons results didnt stem from a lack of work by Treadwell. Zimmer said maybe he works too hard.

Vikings.coms Eric Smith tracked the work that Treadwell was doing after training camp practices last season, counting 277 post-practice catches of passes launched at him by a machine.

Zimmer also said that Treadwell has looked much different than he did a year ago.

Yeah, I think he looks good, Zimmer said. Hes stopping and starting. Some of the routes that hes been running as far as when he has to plant and comeback, I thought hes done pretty well. Hes run some good routes to accelerate over the middle. So, I think he just feels so much more comfortable now.

Vikings Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur said hes seen progress in the receiver who led the SEC with 11 touchdown receptions and 1,153 yards in 2015.

He came back, and he was really on point with what hes supposed to be doing mentally, Shurmur said. Hes been out here competing and doing a nice job running routes and catching the ball. Understanding where he fits in the running game and who to block. To this point, weve been really pleased with his progress based on a year ago.

The Vikings have two more days of minicamp before wrapping their offseason program. The team will then break before reporting to training camp next month.

Its safe to say that Treadwell wont be looking too far ahead of the break.

Weve got to come out here and get to work, Treadwell said. Ive just got to continue to do it and find my role in this offense and help the team win some ball games.

Encouraged by Bridgewater

As mentioned, Treadwell suffered a fractured tibia and dislocated left ankle in a game on Nov. 1, 2014, so hes no stranger to bouncing back from a major injury.

The recovery efforts of another teammate, quarterback Teddy Bridgewater, have impressed Treadwell and others.

Bridgewater suffered a dislocated knee during a practice last August and has been doing rehab work since. Part of Bridgewaters rehab work includes dropping back and throwing the football, but he has not been cleared to practice with the team.

He looks great, really great, like he was never hurt, Treadwell said. Thats God-given talent, and hes a worker. Hes a fighter. Hes shown us a lot off the small time that weve seen him, and for him to bounce back so fast, thats been a blessing.

With anybody who takes an injury like that, it will take a couple of hits to overcome it, Treadwell added. Hes strong-minded and hes just ready to overcome that obstacle.

Valuable time

Injuries ravaged the Vikings offensive line last season, causing Minnesota to use eight different combinations of starters and five different players at left tackle.

The Vikings brought in tackles Riley Reiff and Mike Remmers early in free agency. Reiff has been at left tackle since arriving, and Remmers has been the other bookend. In between, the brunt of first-team reps have gone to Alex Boone at left guard, Nick Easton at center and Joe Berger at right guard.

Remmers said the offensive linemen have appreciated the opportunity to work together and build cohesion during the offseason program so that they will be better prepared for camp and the preseason.

This time of year is absolutely critical, Remmers said. Youre getting little things down, communication, technique, footwork and everything. This time is critical so when we go into August were all in a groove together and continue to grow from there.

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Notebook: Healthy Laquon Treadwell Practicing with 'A Mental Freedom' - Vikings.com