‘Moss’ uses virtual reality to bring a mouse to life on PS4 – The Mercury News

Because virtual reality is such a new field, developers are still experimenting with the medium. While many studios go with immersive shooters, Polyarc is working on a platformer with an unusual twist.

Players take control of Quill, a female mouse, who is looking for a family member. They can move her around with the DualShock 4s analog stick. They use the X button to jump and square to slash with her sword.

But Moss gets interesting when players realize they also control a second character The Reader. When they look down at themselves in a pond, players see that theyre spirit of some sort that only Quill can see. Staring down at their in-game reflection, The Reader look like No-Face from Spirited Away. Because the world is built to the scale of Quill, players is the size of a giant and they can interact with the environment.

As the spirit-like Reader, players can move statues and manipulate enemies. During Quills fight, players can use the L2 and R2 buttons to hold an enemy in place so that they can maneuver the mouse and stab them without getting her hurt. If she does take damage, players can heal Quill by holding her. Its supposed to build a symbiotic relationship between the player and mouse.

This is a clever project where the gameplay and story both support each other. You start as strangers and end as best friends, design director Danny Bulla said. We want to develop that relationship.

A core element to that is the puzzle solving. As Quill and The Reader explore the world through static set-piece scenes, they come across obstacles that both have to figure out. It starts off with a simple problem. Quill falls into a pit with crablike enemies attacking her. After beating them, players have to figure out how to get the mouse out. By touching the environment, they discover they can lift out a spiral staircase and players can move Quill around it and jump across.

The second puzzle is more complicated. It involves players grabbing an enemy and using it as a block to activate a pressure plate. That opens doors on a wedding cake-looking structure. It took me a while to figure out that I could shift the wedding cake around. After moving the enemy from one pressure plate to another, I could activate different doors and reach a platform on the far side of the room. Being able to lean over and see parts of the room in VR helped with the solving the puzzle as well.

The whole process reminded me of The Last Guardian. Two characters are inventively helping each other to overcome obstacles. If players are lost and cant figure out the puzzle, Quill acts as a hint system gesturing to different areas of the puzzle to help players along.

Despite the combat, Bulla describes the game more as a puzzle title. The battles and platforming are just ways to break up the exploration and other elements of the campaign.

The character design, animation and the presence players feel in VR all serve to make Quill come alive. The immersion amplifies the feeling that the mouse is real. The younger set will find Quill adorable, and yes, even older folks will fall in love with her as well.

I see a lot of my dog in Quill, said art director Chris Alderson. Theres something about connecting to the character and seeing it in the eyes and feeling like its there. It transport you into the world of Moss.'

The developers at Polyarc say Quill wont have a voice, but there will most likely be a narrator talking players through the adventure. Bulla also said Quill and The Reader will also meet other characters.

Moss has a charm that few VR games have. Players can expect to play it on PlayStation VR this holiday season.

Continued here:

'Moss' uses virtual reality to bring a mouse to life on PS4 - The Mercury News

Why is virtual reality taking so long to take off? – Stuff.co.nz

HAYLEY TSUKAYAMA

Last updated08:53, June 19 2017

Tomohiro Ohsumi

TOKYO, JAPAN - MAY 12: A visitor wearing an HTC Corp. Vive VR headset plays the Salomon's Carpet VR virtual reality video game at the VR Park Tokyo on May 12, 2017 in Tokyo, Japan. The VR Park Tokyo, a theme park with 7 VR arcade games was opened last year in the Shibuya area of Tokyo, in part, as a response to the growing market for global virtual reality gaming. (Photo by Tomohiro Ohsumi/Getty Images)

At the Electronic Entertainment Expo, all seemed right for virtual reality. Players were waiting in snaking lines - some for up to seven hours - for a chance to step into fantasy worlds.

Crowds watched as players wearing VR headsets over their eyes reached out to pick up objects or shoot enemies that only they could see.

More than 125 VR exhibitors were at E3 this year, up 130 percent from last year. Yet adoption of VR among consumers hasn't really taken off in the three years since it captured buzz in the wider world. An estimated 6.3 million headsets have sold worldwide - indicating that, even among the world's 2.6 billion gamers, few have picked one up.

Experts point to several reasons behind the slow adoption - the technology can cause motion sickness and it is costly. It's also been hard getting people to try it, developers said. And showing virtual reality experiences on flat screens doesn't give people a good enough taste of how different the experience really is.

READ MORE: *Virtual reality sex is coming soon *Samsung Gear virtual reality headset ismindblowing *Review: Oculus Rift virtual reality headset *Hands-on: HTC's virtual reality headset

"How do you advertise a colour TV on black-and-white televisions? It requires people walking down to main street and seeing it for themselves," said Steve Bowler, president and co-founder at VR game developer CloudGate Studio.

What virtual reality needs, experts say, is a killer app.

And firms are pushing to find it, building up their own platforms and funding developers to bring games to their own headsets exclusively.

Reuters

Showing virtual reality experiences on flat screens doesn't give people a good enough taste of how different the experience really is.

But this kind of fragmentation has resulted in a confusing market and fewer games for players, thus giving them fewer reasons to spend their dollars on this young trend.

Mike Fischer, chairman and co-founder of CloudGate Studio, told a panel last year that platform fragmentation "keeps me up at night" after so many new companies jumped into the VR market - although he says that things have improved a little since then.

Devoting extra resources to creating games for different devices can be particularly difficult for smaller studios, whose creativity drives much of the virtual reality market.

In fact some developers, such as Jeff Pobst from Hidden Path Entertainment, say they rely on funding from platforms such as Oculus to get their games made at all.

These exclusive deals between developers and VR companies make it hard for consumers to know which expensive headset will get the game that they want to play - leading them to put off their decision, analysts said.

A monopoly, while simple for consumers, wouldn't be perfect either, experts said.

Competition is important, and different headsets' characteristics inspire different types of games. HTC's technology is designed for larger, room-sized experiences that often require gamers to stand. Sony's experiences are largely seated. Oculus provides a mix of the two.

Even big players in the virtual reality market acknowledge that locking any game to a single device could be problematic.

"We actually think that content in the VR space makes a lot of space for developers and publishers to look at the market from a platform agnostic standpoint," said Joel Breton, vice president of Global VR Content for HTC. While HTC helps developers create games for its own platform, Breton said it doesn't hold them to any sort of exclusivity deal.

More companies are also beginning to work on cross-platform solutions.

Developer tools such as Unity and Unreal are streamlining the process for developers who want to port their games between headsets.

Ubisoft, one of the world's largest game publishers, has committed to releasing virtual reality games that work the major three high-end headsets, allowing people who own different headsets to play with each other.

Sony spokeswoman Jennifer Hallett said the PlayStation VR has several titles that also work on other platforms, including Ubisoft's Star Trek: Bridge Crewand Eve: Valkyrie- which started as an Oculus-exclusive title.

The VR companies are also trying to do more to work together. Jason Rubin, vice president of content at Oculus, said that he doesn't think that there is harmful fragmentation in the market for consumers or developers. But his firm tries to work with competitors to push the whole industry forward, he added.

But other major publishers seem to be waiting to see how the market plays out before revealing their plans for virtual reality.

"We believe VR will be a major opportunity, but widespread adoption will take time," said Electronic Arts in a statement.

For consumers eager to try virtual reality, however, that may mean waiting at least another development cycle to let the market fill out.

"The more content out there across different platforms and price points, the more likely consumers are to try VR, and the more likely they are to become true believers in the medium," Rubin said.

-The Washington Post

More:

Why is virtual reality taking so long to take off? - Stuff.co.nz

Nvidia keeps the faith for virtual reality on the PC – VentureBeat

Microsoft backed away from virtual reality on the Xbox One X at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) last week. But it said that VR on the Windows PC is a good fit, and graphics chip maker Nvidia is all in favor of that idea.

VR has moved into its gap of disappointment, but there are plenty of believers who still say it will become a huge market over time. The market could reach$17.8 billion in VR hardware sales alone by 2020, according to SuperData Research.

E3 2017 had plenty of VR backers, from Bethesdas Doom and Fallout VR games to Sonys plentiful PlayStation VR titles, like Moss.More than 126 VR companies displayed products at E3 2017, compared to 54 a year earlier.

I spoke with Jason Paul, general manager for virtual reality product strategy at Nvidia, about VR at E3. He is one of the VR believers.Here is an edited transcript of our interview.

Above: Jason Paul of Nvidia

Image Credit: Dean Takahashi

GamesBeat: Whats your task here at the show?

Jason Paul: Honestly, its mostly meetings with partners and developers this year. We have a couple of VR demos were showing at our booth. We have Arctic One from 4A Games, the guys who make Metro. Its a beautiful VR first-person shooter. The other one is Star Trek Bridge Crew, which released a couple of weeks ago, but theyre coming out with a patch here pretty soon that brings IBM Watson voice recognition to the game. Its a neat example of how AI and VR are coming together, using AI to recognize what people say and translating that into voice commands for the game.

GamesBeat: Microsoft explained why they didnt talk about VR at their E3 press conference. They said that theyre going to let the Windows side focus on VR. Theyre not emphasizing on Xbox at the moment. I asked if that carries over into the future, and they said yes. It sounds like theyre going to do that much with VR with Scorpio, at least in this generation, which is an interesting shift.

Paul: Were definitely excited to see the next generation of headsets come to the Windows platform. We have a lot of partners working on holographic. Were excited to see those headsets come out and bring some new features, like inside out tracking and higher resolution displays.

GamesBeat: It seems like with the platform changing, its more suitable for the PC.

Paul: The PC has always been the leading edge platform for new technologies. Thats true with VR as well. Being able to have a very high-performance computing platform that can drive the displays, as well as the openness of the platform for content innovation and different types of headsets and input devices. Its natural that VR would start on the PC.

Above: The Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 Ti .

Image Credit: Nvidia

GamesBeat: Does it seem like theres still as much excitement for VR right now, despite all this talk about being in a trough?

Paul: At Nvidia were very excited. Any major computing transition takes time. When we look at GPU computing and AI, weve been investing in that for 10 years. Self-driving cars, weve been investing in that for 10 years. Nvidia makes long-term investments. We dont expect major technology transitions to happen overnight. But were excited for all the momentum behind VR this year. If you look at the top publishers in the world, 10 of the top 10 have announced that theyre working on VR projects. You have great headsets already hitting the market and more headsets coming from LG and Microsofts partners. A lot is happening over the next 12 months in VR.

Our big focus at GTX was expanding our VRWorks SDK. We released a 360 video SDK, and also demod a live 360 4K stereo video stream, running on two Nvidia GPUs. We also released the VRWorks audio SDK.

GamesBeat: I think they said there are twice as many VR companies here at E3 compared to last year. 120 versus 54, something like that.

Paul: Over the last day or two weve seen some big titles for VR. Fallout 4 VR, all the Bethesda announcements. Some great high-end content coming to VR.

GamesBeat: What about the PC itself? It seems to be in a prime period right now.

Paul: You have a combination of factors. You have 4K monitors, HDR, VR, esports, and a ton of great triple-A games. All of those are converging to make the PC a great gaming platform right now.

Above: Nvidia GeForce GTX with Max-Q design.

Image Credit: Nvidia

GamesBeat: On the GeForce side you guys have more efficient laptops.

Paul: Right. At Computex we announced our Max-Q notebooks. The challenge with gaming notebooks has always been, you want the best performance, but you want it in a portable form factor. Our engineers obviously spent a lot of years examining this and finding out how to reach something optimal. With Max-Q we have some new approaches as far as how to design for that optimal point of performance in a thin, lightweight, quiet notebook. Weve introduced a number of those with our partners at Computex, and were showing them here as well MSI, Clevo, and Asus notebooks. If you compare the dimensionswe have a great slide that shows the size and weight of the prior generation compared to these. Its one-third the thickness and half the weight.

GamesBeat: It seems like that could be very appealing for the esports crowd. The performance meets their needs, and they tend to want something more portable.

Paul: Its compelling for esports. Its compelling for VR. You want to take VR around and show your friends. Its compelling for the development community. They want to be able to show off their content without lugging around big systems. Weve gotten a lot of great feedback so far.

Above: LawBreakers in action.

Image Credit: Boss Key Productions

GamesBeat: We saw some interesting announcements out of the PC gaming show yesterday. They talked about Age of Empires: Definitive Edition. LawBreakers has a launch date.

Paul: Weve been working with the LawBreakers guys on a feature we call ShadowPlay highlights. Basically, it gives the developers ways to tell GeForce Experience and ShadowPlay when to record video. If you get a kill streak or an amazing play in a game, the game will automatically record that for you, and after your sessions finished, itll show you your highlights. Thats one thing were looking forward to from those guys.

GamesBeat: How do you distinguish ShadowPlay in the market among all the different ways people can record and stream?

Paul: It comes down to GPU acceleration and quality. Because we have a built-in hardware encoder, we can capture and encode that video very quickly with very minimal performance impact on a game, and we can do it at very high quality, up to 4K at 60 frames per second. The other thing is that its just easy to use. Its built right into GeForce Experience, which many people already have on their PC. You hit alt-Z, pull up the interface, and capture.

Above: E3 2017

Image Credit: Dean Takahashi

GamesBeat: Streaming and influencers is exploding. Its an interesting way for everybody to get the word out and receive information now.

Paul: One of the other things we use ShadowPlay for, were using it to do live streaming as well as video capture. You can use the exact same technology to live stream out to Twitch or YouTube. Earlier this year we announced streaming to Facebook Live as well. Its an interesting phenomenon. All sorts of game content sharing is happening now. Games are obviously an art form, but capturing content in games is becoming an art form too. Thats why were investing a lot in Ansel, which youre probably familiar with.

GamesBeat: Thats the picture capture technology?

Paul: Right, our in-game photography mode. Its been doing really well. We announced another couple of game integrations here at the show. Theres about 13 titles now with Ansel support. Were getting a lot of positive feedback from the gaming community. They can capture their favorite characters and environments in new and interesting ways.

GamesBeat: Any other subjects that are on your mind right now?

Paul: Were showing some of the G-Sync 4K HDR monitors at our booth here. You may have seen those before, but were showing off more with a few partners. And the rest of the booth this year is some of the top upcoming PC games. The core of our presence is 40 Destiny 2 PCs, showing it off in 4K on GeForce GTX. We also announced a bundle this morning with Destiny 2 and our GTX 1080 and 1080 Ti. Thats coming at the end of the month.

Read more here:

Nvidia keeps the faith for virtual reality on the PC - VentureBeat

The German national team will use VR to train, and it could change soccer – The Daily Dot

The NFL has become a proponent of training in virtual realityeverybody from the Dallas Cowboys, who began using the technology in 2015, to Arizona Cardinals quarterback Carson Palmer has embraced the idea of practicing in this 3D space. So have the NBAs Washington Wizards, the NHLs Chicago Blackhawks, and, most recently, Walmartassociates.

Now STRIVRthe self-proclaimed world leader in training athletes by using virtual realityis expanding to European soccer, and the German Football Association (DFB) is the first to take a giant step into this brave new world.

Considering Germany is the defending World Cup champion, and has a reputation for forward thinkingwhen it comes to using technology to better the national team, it seems like the perfect match.

Were new to virtual reality. Its still a white space when it comes to soccer, but we want to be the first mover, Nicolas Jungkind, the head of technology lab with DFB, told the Daily Dot. On the academy side, our biggest focus for 2017 and going into 2018 is cognition. Virtual reality hits the sweet spot of what were trying to achieve.

The DFB is beginning with a specific purpose. As Jungkind said, the DFB wants to start small and think big. He understands there will be plenty of trial and error, because when it comes to using VR technology, American football is vastly different than soccer.

Thats because each play on the football field starts from a stop. One team sets up on one side of the line of scrimmage. The opponent lines up on the other. Then, the ball is snapped, and the play begins. That kind of static starting and stopping makes it easier to train a quarterback on VR, because theres a clear beginning and end point.

But soccer is continuously moving, making it a completely different experience and one thats potentially harder to capture with VR.

Its very fluid, said Derek Belch, the CEO and co-founder of STRIVR. Theres a lot of space between people. There are a lot of challenges associated with that. Its about reaction time. Its about cognition. Right now, they know there are eight different things a center midfielder can see over a year. How do we put that into VR? How do we make that second nature?

For now, the DFB is using VR to think about how goalkeepers can improve their play, particularly when it comes to set pieces. Think of it this way: A goalie can use VR to analyze how an opponent will take a penalty kick. How many steps does the player take from his starting point to when he actually strikes the ball? How fluid is his approach? Does he start and stop, or does he make his attempt in one motion? Does he open his body before he makes contact? Does he show a tell before kicking the ball in one direction or the other?

Its also about visualization and repetition. A player whos taking a free kick can watch himself in VR shoot the ball around the defensive wall and under the crossbar for an amazing goal time after time. He can bend it like Beckham perfectly on every single attempt. To the German national team, theres real value in that.

What are those isolated decision-making moments? Belch said. It comes down to a fraction of a second. What are the things we can put into VR at various points to help a player make the best decision when it shows up in the game so that they just react and so that theres no thinking involved?

But not unlike some of the barriers STRIVR ran into when it was pitching NFL teams on why they should use VR, there is a bit of an old-school mentality that surrounds soccer that might sour on this kind of new technology.

We have those old-school coaches in soccer, no question, Jungkind said. But now that were experiencing a lot of younger coaches making their way to the highest level, were already seeing a shift toward being open to technology and doing things differently. We want to be that first mover in these kinds of strategic areas. That is our ambition.

Not just with the German national team that competes in international tournaments and will look to defend its World Cup title next yearin Russia. The DFB also wants to continuously improve the club teams in the Bundesliga, the German pro league thats one of the best circuits in the world.

For now, though, the DFB isnt focused so much on the senior national team or the top squads in Bundesliga. Instead, its starting with the national youth teams, and the DFB recently introduced the idea of VR training when the under-21 national team and the senior national team met up in Frankfurt.

[The players] loved it; they absolutely did, Jungkind said. There are so many positive things. All they want to do is become better. If they realize we make an effort to make them betterthat were thinking outside the boxtheyll appreciate that. Twenty years ago, youd be sitting in a room for two hours and watching 2D film.

Compare that passive experience to what Jungkind and Belch are striving for in soccera fully immersive, 360-degree VRexperience that allows you to see an opponents tendencies from every angle possible while envisioning yourself succeeding at the highest level.

We are completely disrupting the way organizations go about training, Belch said, Its just really exciting.

See more here:

The German national team will use VR to train, and it could change soccer - The Daily Dot

Students create game to help acrophobes confront their fear of heights in virtual reality – GeekWire

Muhammad Hussain plays a virtual reality rock-climbing game in the Virtual Reality Lab, part of the iSchool at the University of Washington (Photo courtesy Vriti Wadhwa).

For people afraid of heights, leaning over a wall when rock climbing could cause feelings of terror and nausea. Being attached to ropes when climbing is not always reassuring for an acrophobe.

But perhaps experiencing similar conditions in virtual reality with two feet on the ground could help people overcome those fears.

Thats the theory of six University of Washington students, who have developed a virtual reality (VR) rock climbing game to study how users experience the fear of heights. The game has the potential to help researchers analyze how virtual reality can possibly find solutions for patients with other phobias.

This game was part of our final project for our immersive environments class at UW, said lead storyteller and designer Sanjana Galgalikar. We wanted to create something that was a challenge but also feasible as a project within the three-week span that we had to work on it.

To create the game, the team used a game-making software called Unity. Unity is a game-making application that allows for the creation of different plug-ins and functions such as graphics, sounds, and animations. Unlike other game creators, Unity makes it easy to write codes for characters, object behavior, and environment without complicated and multi-layered processes. The application is considered more progressive as it allows for games to be published on multiple platforms, whether for consoles, desktops, or mobile.

The team went through a step-by-step process to create a user flow outline and storyline for the rock climbing game, plan out the different game levels, and then apply it to the Unity software. They then self-coded the logistics of the game through C#, a multi-purpose programming language, to bring in the different elements altogether.

The element of virtual reality technology allows for a computer-generated environment that consists of 3D images, sound experiences, and sensory stimuli for users.

Most of the participants said it was really immersive, in the sense that they were actually feeling like they were climbing a mountain, said project developer and video producer Jeewon Ha.

The game incorporates three levels of rock climbing, increasing in difficulty. The first level is a simple procedure of climbing from one block to another without being stuck in one place. The second level includes different elevations and mountains to climb through, making it easier for the user to fall down. The third level involves challenging swinging techniques needed to reach to the top of the climbing wall.

The gap between level two and three was so big that barely anyone passed through level three, said Ha.

The general control system of the game was an important element needed to create a realistic setting. The interaction between the controllers and content on the screen needed to be well-coordinated.

I created the general controls in the game, said game designer Muhammad Hussain. The trigger on the handle allows you to pick up an object, or hold yourself onto the rocks of the wall.

The game even includes a teleportation feature, which allows the user to fly to different rock climbing walls in the area, simply by moving the arms in a swinging-like momentum. Once a user is no longer able to grab onto the rocks, they feel the sensation of falling down, which ends the game.

Testing out features with users has allowed the team to analyze reactions to the intense environment they created. Several participants felt frightened when they looked down from a high elevation or reacted audibly when falling down.

In our user testing, we tried to reduce as many negative user experiences as possible, Galgalikar said. We added a layer of vignette (darkening the corners of a visual element) to ease the side effects of falling down.

The team experimented with a virtual element called six degrees of freedom, which refers to stimulated capability given to the body to move in different directions. This makes the experience more realistic for users.

Virtual reality has been used in phobia-related research before. Dr. Hunter Hoffman, Director of the Virtual Reality Research Center at the Human Photonics Lab at the University of Washington has done extensive research on how virtual reality can treat pain and phobia.

Most people avoid the thing theyre afraid of, Hoffman said. The nice thing about virtual reality is that people are more willing to go closer to their fears.

In his research, Hoffman used virtual reality to study people with arachnophobia, fear of spiders. His work allowed him to see how the virtual world could help people confront their fears.

The ability to customize the experience for each individual patient is what makes the process a lot more effective, Hoffman said. In theory, virtual reality makes it a lot easier to change the program accordingly.

Hoffman isnt the only scientist studying VR as a treatment for phobias. Virtually Better is a company that sells virtual reality-related research to psychologists for further analysis or use in studies.

Therapists use experiences like this to help with phobia of heights, water, and other exposure therapies, Hussain said. When you think of immersive experiences, you think of virtual reality. It kind of speaks for itself.

The team of students has already presented their work at the AT&T VR Hackathon in Bellevue,Wash. and now hopes to take their game to even more competitions and hackathons down the line.

Read more from the original source:

Students create game to help acrophobes confront their fear of heights in virtual reality - GeekWire

Berlin blog: We need action to encourage startups to establish and stay in NL – CBC.ca

Today I grabbed Berlin's S-Bahn to the coolest stop yet; I took the U2 from Zoo Station. If that sounds familiar, you might be a U2 fan like me. It was an indication of the cool things to come later in the day.

We heard from Barr Solomon Dalung, the minister of youth and sports for Nigeria. While Nigeria is not a member of the G20, they sent a delegation of observers to this summit. This shows the courage and tenacity of the Nigerian people, and their recognition of the importance of the digital economy for the future of Africa.

At the same time as Dalung's inspiring speech, the communiqu process was underway upstairs on the third floor of Haus der Deutschen Wirtschaft. The communiqu includes all the recommendations made by the G20's young entrepreneurs to help focus for policy development.

The three main priorities for 2017-2018 are(drumroll, please):

What do these priorities mean for Newfoundland ?

Newfoundland has a strong culture of passion and perseverance. The three G20 priorities can and should be promoted in our own province. We have immense talent amongour youth but we lack the infrastructure to support it. We need to realize the pace at which others are moving and accelerate our efforts.

I'd like to see the government of Newfoundland and Labrador use these recommendations to become tech leaders in Canada as opposed to laggards. We don't do enough to support the young minds and talent we have here, especially those who migrate here for education.

The founders of Hey Orca, a successful, St. John's-based startup, almost faced deportation because they worked for themselves and not for a business. They now employ 25 full-time NLers and are growing.

MUN's Genesis Centre has just been recognized as a qualified innovation hub for the Start Up VISA Program. Now we need the resources to administer and promote the program. We have the power to recruit talent, and a partnership with local legal firms could help this initiative succeed. Let's mobilize government, education, industry, and our young minds like the Nigerians are doing.

Taxes, taxes, taxes Let's just say Newfoundland and Labrador is not the most hospitable for startup businesses right now.

The Canadian delegation to the G20 summit in Berlin. Dana Parsons is in the middle row, second from left. (Submitted)

Everything from insurance taxation to high Canada Revenue Agency penalties impedes local start ups. I'm convinced that local government can make small incentives to assist those working in the province and lessen the desire to move to other provinces with better weather and a more hospitable tax environment.

Education this is near and dear to my heart as the chapter lead for Canada Learning Code. We are way behind. My organization is run 100 per centon a volunteer basis. We need government supports to reach rural students and business owners; to bring them into the age of technology. Every year that passes that we fail to do this we fall back five years in the global economy. Our resource-based economy has been managed poorly;let's not do the same with our knowledge potential.

Newfoundland and Labrador can become a Canadian leader.With our immense pride and resilience we have the ingredients for success, but action needs to happen immediately. There were four participants from Atlantic Canada in the 32-person Canadian delegation. I was the only one from Newfoundland and Labrador and I had to pay the entire cost of the summit to the tune of over $5,000. It was certainly worth it, but government supports could be put in place.

To apply for the next G20 in Argentina, contactScott Andrews, manager of Futurepreneur NL. Among other great programs, Futurepreneur recognizes and supports the efforts of young entrepreneurs across Canada and leads the G20YEA efforts in Canada. For more information check out futurepreneur.com.To learn more about the G20YEA watch this video.

Dana Parsons is venture lead at Memorial University's Genesis Centre and vice-president of the startup Brownie Points. She also leads Ladies Learning Code in Newfoundland and Labrador. This year, Dana was also invited to join 21inc's top 50 Innovators under 40 as a delegate from NL; she now remains active in the 21inc Alumni Network. She is also active in the Women In Technology peer group in the St. John's region. She has previously held positions as a director for TEDxStJohns, Happy City St. John's, andPMI NL Chapter.

Continued here:

Berlin blog: We need action to encourage startups to establish and stay in NL - CBC.ca

The Rise of the Machines Why Automation is Different …

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GM’s Cruise Automation Wades Into HD Mapping to Aid Autonomous-Car Efforts – Wall Street Journal (subscription)

GM's Cruise Automation Wades Into HD Mapping to Aid Autonomous-Car Efforts
Wall Street Journal (subscription)
A small autonomous-cars company owned by General Motors Co. is getting into the high-definition mapping business, a move that could help the Detroit auto giant compete with Google and others in the race to develop self-driving vehicles.

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GM's Cruise Automation Wades Into HD Mapping to Aid Autonomous-Car Efforts - Wall Street Journal (subscription)

Amazon: Whole Foods Plan Hints at Price Cuts, Automation – Fortune

When Amazon completes its acquisition of the grocery chain Whole Foods, announced on Friday, the e-commerce giant plans to cut prices at the premium grocer while maintaining its reputation for high-quality boutique foods. The push for lower prices could be fueled by automation, staff reductions, and inventory changes.

The plans were first reported by Bloomberg and attributed to a source familiar with them. According to that person, Amazon also plans to add automated checkout systems at Whole Foods, which may include the technology under evaluation at the AmazonGo convenience store in Seattle.

That would mean fewer workers running checkout lanes. An Amazon representative quoted in the report denied that any layoffs or automation initiatives were planned for Whole Foods.

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How will Amazon reduce Whole Foods' legendary "Whole Paycheck" reputation? Its plans could also include inventory changes that would eliminate the most expensive items from shelves and introduce more private-label goods.

Whole Foods' reputation has become a major pain point for the grocer, which has steadily lost sales to lower-priced competitionincluding Amazon. In February, after six straight quarters of falling sales, Whole Foods closed nine stores . It has already been lowering prices and experimenting with a lower-priced store format with fewer employees, 365 by Whole Foods.

True or not, the rumor of job cuts and automation points to a potential sticking point in the pending acquisition. Whole Foods has been recognized as one of Fortunes 100 Best Companies to Work For every year since the list was created in 1998. It's described by employees as a workplace offering fair pay and a welcoming environment.

Amazon, on the other hand, has been described as having an intense workplace culture marked by infighting and high turnover among staffers. Work conditions in its warehouse-like fulfillment centers have been described as demanding and even dangerous . Those divergent approaches to labor could well clash when the acquisition closes.

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Amazon: Whole Foods Plan Hints at Price Cuts, Automation - Fortune

Free Slavery Essays and Papers

Title Length Color Rating Slavery and the Anti-slavery Movement - Anytime we hear the word slavery, we tend to think of the Southern United States during the Pre-Civil War era. What many people dont know, is that this horrible act has occurred worldwide. The term slavery has many different definitions, and has occurred all throughout our world history. It wasnt until the early 18th century that the thought of anti-slavery came about. Many economic, social, and technological forces have played a part in the decline of slavery around the globe. The first definition that comes to mind when we hear this term, is the act of being a slave or a person who does not own their own labor.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 11 Works Cited 1030 words (2.9 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Analysis of Arguments for the Slavery Institution - Analysis of Arguments for the Slavery Institution The foundation of this paper will highlight the following questions: How might southern apologists for slavery have used the northern wage slave discussed in the last chapter to justify slavery. To what extent do you agree with this argument. How did slaves use religious belief and kinship to temper their plight. Did this strategy play into the hands of slaveholders. How were non-slaveholding whites and free people of color affected by the institution of slavery.... [tags: Slavery] 513 words (1.5 pages) Good Essays [preview] Enormity of Slavery - In the 1800s, many slave owners thought it fair for Africans to work without pay, because they believed that this particular group of people were made by God for this sort of work, and that slave owners were ever caring and conscientious of their slaves anyway, making slavery an easy life; truthfully, however, as both Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs experienced in being slaves most of their lives, and then showed in their narratives, this cruel and unusual practice was the epitome of iniquity- notwithstanding the fact that they were created equal to their malefactors.... [tags: Slavery] 1612 words (4.6 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] 18th Centry Slavery In North America - People crying for freedom and liberty from tyranny built a nation out of greed and unethical acts. The rapacious desires of a nation to gain wealth and possessions lead to the emotional and psychological trauma of West Africans and African Americans. In spite of being taken from Africa, the sweat and blood of these Africans contributed to the birth of the beautiful nation that would eventually recognize their descendants as equals. The Exploration Age commenced in the fifteenth century when European nations decided to expand their power for technological, demographic, and economic reasons.... [tags: Slavery] :: 5 Works Cited 917 words (2.6 pages) Good Essays [preview] An End To Slavery - The society that became known as the United States had its beginnings when the first English settlers set foot on North American soil. Whether that settler landed in Massachusetts or Virginia, their beginnings on this continent were all influenced by the society that they had left behind. These included many aspects of England's society, culture, economy, and politics. Those societal, cultural, economic and political beginnings can be traced throughout our history in the mindset that both the North and South represented.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1394 words (4 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] The Origins of Chattel Slavery in Colonial North America - The Origins of Chattel Slavery in Colonial North America There have been many illuminating studies in the field of the origins of chattel slavery in Colonial North America. Alpert, 1970; Edmondson, 1976; Jordan, 1962: Ruchames, 1967; Starr, 1973, wrote seminal studies that did much to bring insight to the subject. Goetz, 2009; Mason, 2006; Smaje, 2002; Neeganagwedgin, 2012, presented evidence that have either reexamined old questions or used new methods and approaches to ask news questions to add insight to this topic.... [tags: Slavery] :: 13 Works Cited 1586 words (4.5 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] The Consequences of Slavery - Abstract Slavery, like many ill-fated and evil inventions reached epidemic levels in early Europe and the American colonies. The history of slavery is documented most acutely during the period when slaves first arrived to the new land and when the colonies had first developed into the fledging United States of America. This would lead us to believe that slavery had not existed before this period or that the consequences and relevance of it had little historical, social, or economical importance.... [tags: Slavery, history, informative] :: 6 Works Cited 2031 words (5.8 pages) Better Essays [preview] Slavery and Abolition - The term slave is defined as a person held in servitude as the chattel of another, or one that is completely passive to a dominating influence. The most well known cases of slavery occurred during the settling of the United States of America. From 1619 until July 1st 1928 slavery was allowed within our country. Slavery abolitionists attempted to end slavery, which at some point; they were successful at doing so. This paper will take the reader a lot of different directions, it will look at slavery in a legal aspect along the lines of the constitution and the thirteenth amendment, and it will also discuss how abolitionists tried to end slavery.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 4 Works Cited 1581 words (4.5 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Colors of Slavery - When Americans think about slavery, they tend to think about "Africans" being brought to the New World against their will. Which upon their arrival were sold, the same as livestock, as permanent property to the white landowners. They may visualize in their minds a person of color shackled, chained, beaten, and forced to labor under the control of their white master. Their picture is that of chattel slavery; black and white. Americans have come to the assumption that slavery was imposed on people of one color or race.... [tags: History Slavery] :: 3 Works Cited 1795 words (5.1 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Evolution of Slavery - A person who is the property of and wholly subject to another; this is the definition of a slave. Over a span of 400 years 12 million Africans were captured, brought to the New World by approximately 40,000 ships and then enslaved. Thats 80 or more slaves per day. The perspective of white Southerners, Northerners and persons of color has evolved and are different. The slave trade into the United States began in 1620 with the sale of nineteen Africans to a colony called Virginia. These slaves were brought to America on a Dutch ship and were sold as indentured slaves.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 4 Works Cited 1044 words (3 pages) Strong Essays [preview] The History of Slavery in the United States - Following the success of Christopher Columbus voyage to the Americas in the early16th century, the Spaniards, French and Europeans alike made it their number one priority to sail the open seas of the Atlantic with hopes of catching a glimpse of the new territory. Once there, they immediately fell in love the land, the Americas would be the one place in the world where a poor man would be able to come and create a wealthy living for himself despite his upbringing. Its rich grounds were perfect for farming popular crops such as tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 3 Works Cited 1435 words (4.1 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Slavery in the American South - Slavery is a form of forced free labor in which one human being is the property of another. Close to two million slaves were brought to the American South from African and the West Indies during the Atlantic slave trade. The American South accounted for over 20% African Americans. As late as 1900, 9 out of every 10 African Americans lived in the South. Slavery supported the economic structure for the planter aristocracy. In 1850 only 1,773 families owned more than 100 slaves each, and this group provided the political and social leadership of the section and nation.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 612 words (1.7 pages) Better Essays [preview] The Cotton Gin and Slavery - ... There were many arguments both for and against but this paragraph will focus only on the pro slavery arguments. Many people used the Bible and religion as support; they would cite passages where 'the good servant obeyed his master'. And even though most priests were initially against slavery many of them, especially in the south, changed after they saw how much wealth could be made with cotton; slavery actually benefited slaves because ' it made them part of a prosperous Christian empire'. Others simply stated that blacks were a lesser race and needed to be ruled over as they were not capable of ruling themselves.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1160 words (3.3 pages) Good Essays [preview] Slavery in the English Colonies - Although, Slavery had existed for centuries as a lowest social status in different parts of the world like Africa, Roman Empire, Middle East and etc., in English colonies slavery gained an importance, because of increasing demand for labor force and becoming relationship legitimated by law. Therefore, Englishmen were the reason of slavery in the colonies and its consequences. In the beginning of 17 century a group of merchants established first permanent English colonies in North America at Jamestown, Virginia.... [tags: slavery, USA, ] 829 words (2.4 pages) Better Essays [preview] History of Slavery in America - Working long hours, whipped to death, starved, and broken spirits all describe a slave. Its not something you hear every day. Its not something anyone ever wants to hear. Just because we dont hear it every day doesnt mean it doesnt exist. I decided to do Slave Rights to remind people that there is still slavery in the world today. If people are educated about the past then they may not make the same mistakes in the future. It has been postulated that ancient civilizations would not have developed had it not been for slavery.... [tags: American Slavery] :: 15 Works Cited 1738 words (5 pages) Better Essays [preview] Slavery in the American Colonies - 1. In the American colonies, Virginians switched from indentured servants to slaves for their labor needs for many reasons. A major reason was the shift in the relative supply of indentured servants and slaves. While the colonial demand for labor was increasing, a sharp decrease occurred in the number of English migrants arriving in America under indenture. Slaves were permanent property and female slaves passed their status on to their children. Slaves also seemed to be a better investment than indentured servants.... 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However, it was not homogenous as it divided America into two distinct groups: those who supported it and those who did not. Traditionally, the states in the north had been anti-slavery while the states in the south had been pro-slavery. Southern life and economy depended on slavery and therefore staunchly supported the continued legal status of slavery. The northern states on the other hand recognized the inhumane nature of slavery and campaigned to establish equality for all citizens.... [tags: anti-slavery, pro-slavery, theology, equality] :: 1 Works Cited 1362 words (3.9 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Political Debate of Slavery - During the Antebellum period, the issue of slavery affected many religious and political debates. This was seen in the Lincoln Douglass debates, legislation, and the evolution of political parties. The political debates that fueled the slavery controversy were derived from legislation. The first legislation passed was the three-fifths compromise. Naturally, southern states wanted slaves to be counted as a whole person because the slave population in the south was larger. The northern states opposed this.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 2 Works Cited 1195 words (3.4 pages) Better Essays [preview] Thomas Jefferson and Slavery - Thomas Jefferson is a man who really needs no introduction. He was recognized as a luminous writer who was appointed to draft the Declaration of Independence. Congress formally approved the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Jefferson owned many slaves that worked for him. He would often even sell his slaves to buy others. Why then would he write in the Declaration of Independence, all men are created equal. Is it possible that Thomas Jefferson was a hypocrite and only wrote what the population wanted to see.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 4 Works Cited 991 words (2.8 pages) Strong Essays [preview] The Abolition of Slavery and the American Constitution - In 1688 the first American movement was the one to abolish slavery when the German and Quakers decent in Pennsylvania. The Quakers establishment had no immediate action for the Quaker Petition against slavery. The first American abolition society was the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully by the Quakers that had strong religious objections of slavery. In 1756 John Woolman gave up his business to campaign against slavery along with other Quakers. Thomas Paine was the first to write an article about the United States abolition of slavery and it was titled African Slavery in America.... 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Traffickers use force, fraud or coercion, including techniques such as containment, beatings, rape, confiscation of documents, debt bondage, false owners of employment, and threats of harm in order to maintain control over their slaves (Potocky, 2010). Sex trade is a global problem presently and will increase throughout the world if nothing is done to prevent and eliminate it. Sex slavery is a type of prostitution in which the traffickers make an increased profit through the solicitation of slaves.... [tags: legal issues, slavery, prostitution] :: 8 Works Cited 1384 words (4 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Comparing Slavery of the South and North - ... In addition, the Africans had vast knowledge about farming having worked in farms in their native lands. By the 1700s, slavery was widely practiced in the Americas. Similarity of South and North towards Slavery Agricultural production in the United States depended on slaves. They were made to toil and moil in farms for long hours with overseers employed to watch over and direct the work of slaves. Slaves who were unable to execute their full share of work were whipped by the overseers. There were a few plantations owners who felt responsible for the welfare of their works and treated their slaves with respect.... [tags: slavery, african slaves] 1600 words (4.6 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Slavery: The Dividing of a Country - ... In Americas letter to the British the founding fathers mentioned inalienable rights, that all men were free; allowing slavery to continue in America made its citizens hypocrites. You boast of your love of liberty, your superior civilization, and your pure Christianity, while the whole political power of the nation (as embodied in the two great political parties), is solemnly pledged to support and perpetuate the enslavement of three millions of your countrymen. You hurl your anathemas at the crowned headed tyrants of Russia and Austria, and pride yourselves on your Democratic institutions, while you yourselves consent to be the mere tools and body-guards of the tyrants of Virginia and C... [tags: abolitionists, pro-slavery, society] :: 3 Works Cited 528 words (1.5 pages) Good Essays [preview] The Evolution of Slavery in Colonial America - ... They also corralled the Africans behavior and past from them every conceivable advantage of labor and creativity, often through unimaginable mental and physical cruelty. Slaveholding attracted the European colonists but target on realizing the dreams that brought them to America even when it subjected others to a fearful moment. Many indians remained free and resisted slavery but they escaped too easily into a countryside but they knew intimately in striking a difference to capture Africans, who found the countryside even more unfamiliar than the Europeans in America.... 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The Bible holds very specific opinions on things such as slavery, who humans should treat each other, and ultimately social justice. It has been one of the most important foundations for allowing social reform to occur in modern day history as well as the history of the whole world. However, it is forgotten in history class how prominent the ancient texts have changed the people.... [tags: Religion, History, Slavery] :: 3 Works Cited 1787 words (5.1 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] If Slavery were Considered Moral - Describe the differences of this time period if slavery was considered "right". ISSUES TO UNDERSTAND CH. 14 1) The Compromise of 1850 was a dispute on whether or not Mexico (gained by US) would become a slave or free state. The northerners didn't want the 36'30' line to be moved to the Pacific and the southerners didn't want "free soilism" which would make Mexico a free state. Northerners gained from the Compromise California as a free state, New Mexico and Utah as likely future slave states, a favorable settlement of the New Mexico-Texas boundary, and the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Colombia.... [tags: Slavery] 1110 words (3.2 pages) Strong Essays [preview] The Real Heroes of Slavery in the United States - As a child in elementary and high school, I was taught that President Abraham Lincoln was the reason that African slaves were freed from slavery. My teachers did not provide much more information than that. For an African American student, I should have received further historical information than that about my ancestors. Unfortunately, I did not have the opportunity or desire to research slavery on my own until college. And with my eagerness and thirst for more answers concerning my African American history, I set out to console my spirit, knowledge, and self-awareness of my ancestors history.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1983 words (5.7 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] The U.S. Constitution and Slavery - The US constitution was written with great vision to create strong nation. The bill of right were written, it provide all humans with rights. The writers of the constitution we hypocrites, they didnt abide by what they preached. Thomas Jefferson wrote himself all men are created equal but he owned slaves. The founding father didnt look or even think about slavery when they wrote the constitution. They were pre-occupied in getting the southern state to join the union and sign the new constitution.... [tags: USA, constitution, slavery, history, ] 408 words (1.2 pages) Strong Essays [preview] From Slavery to Presidential Power - When people look at a persons appearance, no two people will ever look alike. When people look at a persons character, no two people will ever look alike. Color, being the only thing that was similar, caused people of white race to see themselves as superior to those of African-American race. Slavery, which first arrived in Virginia in 1619, was followed by a number of events; many laws and amendments were passed, like the Fugitive Slave Law. Slavery resulted in Civil War, later gaining rights for African-Americans.... [tags: Slavery / Civil Rights] :: 6 Works Cited 1274 words (3.6 pages) Strong Essays [preview] History of Slavery in America - Slavery in the United States Slavery in general term consist in the state of a person being a property of another person. It has appeared for thousands of years. From the old Roman emperor to nineteenth century. Regardless, it increased by the development of societies to make profit by cheap human labor. Slavery appeared in the United States in late of seventeen centuries as a result of the trade market. These slaves came from Africa to work in large plantations for free labor in America. Historians believe that the first ship of slaves to arrive in America was Dutch to the Virginia colony of Jamestown in 1619 with around 20 slaves.... [tags: American History, Africans, Slavery] :: 8 Works Cited 909 words (2.6 pages) Better Essays [preview] George Washington's Feelings About Slavery - An abundance of scholars and general public regard George Washington as a prime example of leadership, citizenship, and overall individual achievement, and with good reason. When first learning of about George Washington in grade school, I was only told of his great accomplishments. The following composition will challenge the readers perception of our Nations first President as well enlighten the reader to debatable evidence of a more selfish racist. Thus forth, the following will show several of his accomplishments and how they not only overshadow his more deplorable actions but place his character and honesty into question.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 5 Works Cited 1319 words (3.8 pages) Strong Essays [preview] American Slavery Vs. Russian Serfdom - ... Slaveholders would exercise full dominance over their slaves. The British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies all used the raw materials they exported to monopolize the trading that occurred in their empires. All colonies used supply and demand principles to determine where they would make the most money from their materials and products. Between 1450 and 1750 two developments and shifts in thought in Europe were the Renaissance and the Reformation. The Renaissance and the Reformation were partially caused by the questioning of the church after the Black Plague.... [tags: Serfs, Slavery] 1876 words (5.4 pages) Better Essays [preview] Colonial American Slavery - The study of slavery in the development of early America is an extremely complex, yet vitally important part of American History. There are hundreds of thousands of documents, debates, and historical studies available today. According to Ms. Goetz, the assistant professor of history at Rice University, who states, in The Southern Journal of History, that in addition to geographic and chronological diversity in the Americas, assessment of experiences of colonial slaves is extremely complex, especially in the context of three European colonial powers, vigorous Indian groups, and free and enslaved blacks(Goetz, 599).... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 13 Works Cited 1467 words (4.2 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Slavery is in the Past - Imagine being out in the fields hunting with your father. It has been a long day and a spitted warthog hangs between you. All of a sudden you are ambushed. An enemy tribe attacks you and your father. You fight using your makeshift spear but are overwhelmed by the number of tribesmen. You are hit in the head with a rock and fall unconscious. When you wake you are being loaded into a great wooden monster. You cringe in fear as you and your fellow captives are herded into this great wooden beast. You scream in protest at the white men who have chained you but they just beat you on the head with their rifles.... [tags: Slavery Argumentative] 1953 words (5.6 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Historical Contridictions in Slavery - ... Also Zinn states that the growth of American capitalism, before and after the Civil War, whites as well as blacks were in some sense becoming slaves thus, Zinn believes that capitalism makes people slaves, whether citizens are entitled to a bill of rights or not (Zinn 193). Under a capitalistic system, with a bill of rights, this is a far leap to take, even for Howard Zinn to say that U.S citizens were living like slaves. Although the U.S government would eventually get rid of slavery Zinn is not satisfied with how this was achieved, apparently a national government would never accept an end to slavery by rebellion.... [tags: History of American Slavery, african americans] :: 3 Works Cited 1506 words (4.3 pages) Research Papers [preview] The Abolishment of Slavery - The Abolishment of Slavery Slavery was a disgraceful and disturbing phenomenon. It was abolished, as people gradually became aware of the conditions of the lives of the slaves. There were many courageous men and women who helped put an end to slavery, both black and white, and the large number of people in Britain in Britain and all over the world that opposed slavery were very important abolishment of slavery. Middle class whites had an important role in the abolishment of slavery.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 366 words (1 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery in the South - Slavery in the South A large majority of whites in the South supported slavery even though fewer of a quarter of them owned slaves because they felt that it was a necessary evil and that it was an important Southern institution. In 1800 the population of the United States included 893,602 slaves, of which only 36,505 were in the northern states. Vermont, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey provided for the emancipation of their slaves before 1804, most of them by gradual measures.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 683 words (2 pages) Good Essays [preview] The Cases Against Slavery - The two addresses by Abraham Lincoln Address at the Dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery and Second Inaugural address reflect the issues with slavery. The story, as framed by Abraham Lincoln, tells how colored soldiers and non colored soldiers have come together to fight the civil war to abolish slavery and preserve their rights their fore fathers have set up for them and how slavery goes against being a Christian. While the story line follows that of Harriet Beecher Stowe in her book Uncle Toms Cabin, where through a series of sketches she tells the stories of the human cruelty of slavery and enlightens the reader on how being a Christian and being for slavery is wrong.... [tags: Abraham Lincoln, slavery, Civil War] 1110 words (3.2 pages) Better Essays [preview] What is Wrong with Slavery?: Utilitarian Thought - In Philosophical Ethics, Utilitarianism is the doctrine that our actions are right if the outcome of our actions generate the greatest happiness amongst the majority. However, in What is Wrong with Slavery? some objectors of utilitarianism have tried to dismiss this moral reasoning as to having any importance by blaming the awful actions of slave traders and slave owners on utilitarianism. They attack this doctrine by saying that utilitarianism is a belief system that can either praise or condemn slavery, and utilitarianism easily commend slavery if a majority of the people visualize a slave-owning society as the most beneficial and generate greatest happiness.... [tags: utilitarianism, slavery, slave trade] 733 words (2.1 pages) Better Essays [preview] The Effect of the Industrial Revolution on Slavery - Slavery has always been a part of human history. Therefore on cannot talk about when slavery began in North America. Soon after the American colonies were established in North America, slaves were brought in to meet the growing labor need on plantations. Although the importation of slaves continued to grow as new plantations were developed, it was the industrial revolution that would have the most profound impact on the slave industry. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the effect of slavery in the 13 colonies due to the industrial revolution.... [tags: Slavery, North America, Industrial Revolution, his] 1161 words (3.3 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery in the South - Slavery in the South Slavery of the Black man in America was the cruelest ever known to man. Europeans transported slaves from Africa as early as 1505. The African Slaves were first exploited on an island named Hispaniola, in the Caribbean by the Europeans to do labor work, before they were sent to the Americas. The women usually worked the interior cooking and cleaning while the men were sent out into the plantation fields to farm. These Africans were stripped of their homes, cultures, and languages.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 865 words (2.5 pages) Good Essays [preview] Slavery in the Caribbean - Slavery in the Caribbean Caribbean Slavery gave planters and elite in the Caribbean the right to abuse a human by requiring ridiculously long hours of work on the fields and not providing enough nutrition. The article by Kiple and Kiple reviews the state of malnutrition among the slaves and the findings are atrocious. Slaves were lacking basic nutrients such as calcium, fats, and various vitamins. Kiple and Kiple, regardless of these facts, state that according to 18 and 19th century standards, these diets were not poor.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 870 words (2.5 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery in the United States - A historian once wrote that the rise of liberty and equality in America was accompanied by slavery. There is truth in that statement to great effect. The rise of America in general was accompanied by slavery and the settlers learned early on that slavery would be an effective way to build a country and create free labor. There was a definite accompaniment of slavery with the rising of liberty and equality in America. In 1787, in Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention, the structure of government wasnt the only thing being discussed.... [tags: Slavery, racial issues, equal rights, civil rights] :: 3 Works Cited 1042 words (3 pages) Better Essays [preview] The South and Slavery - The South and Slavery The Societies of the North and South were very different. They were two regions of the country that depended very heavily on each other but yet seemed so far apart. Disagreeing on almost every aspect of how to reside and especially on very specific issues like slavery and emancipation. The North was an industrious, moneymaking, region. They respected blacks and gave them more rights than in the South where they had none. They still were not given the same rights as whites.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 527 words (1.5 pages) Strong Essays [preview] The Longstanding Institution of Slavery in the United States - Slavery, as an institution, has existed since the dawn of civilization. However, by the fifteenth century, slavery in Northern Europe was almost nonexistent. Nevertheless, with the discovery of the New World, the English experienced a shortage of laborers to work the lands they claimed. The English tried to enslave the natives, but they resisted and were usually successful in escaping. Furthermore, with the decline of indentured servants, the Europeans looked elsewhere for laborers. It is then, within the British colonies, do the colonists turn to the enslavement of Africans.... [tags: USA, slavery, history] 658 words (1.9 pages) Better Essays [preview] Slavery and the Caribbean - Slavery and the Caribbean Europeans came into contact with the Caribbean after Columbus's momentous journeys in 1492, 1496 and 1498. The desire for expansion and trade led to the settlement of the colonies. The indigenous peoples, according to our sources mostly peaceful Tainos and warlike Caribs, proved to be unsuitable for slave labour in the newly formed plantations, and they were quickly and brutally decimated. The descendants of this once thriving community can now only be found in Guiana and Trinidad.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 767 words (2.2 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Chapter 19 Outline: Perceptions on Slavery - ... Yet again the citizens would vote to make Kansas either pro or free slave state. The Lecompton Constitution is made to control free-soilers and appeal to the pro-slavery southerners. The constitution caused problems because obviously northerners didnt agree with it. In the end the constitution was thrown off by free-soil voters. Kansas never becomes a state until southern states seceded from the Union. IV. Bully Brooks and His Bludgeon: a. Charles Sumner Senator of Massachusetts gives a speech and is afterward beaten by Preston Brook.... [tags: kansas, slavery, debate, union] 1219 words (3.5 pages) Strong Essays [preview] African American Issues: Slavery and Continuing Racism - There are many issues that African Americans face in todays society, many of which I had not realized until after taking Africana Studies. Some issues dwell on the horrific past of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, which not only is history, but also is part of African American heritage (Karenga, 2010). African Americans frequently experience many perilous problems, such as dire economic situations and feelings of hostility from the cultural mainstream in America (Kaufman, 1971). The cultural collision between African Americans and whites continues to create several problems in society.... [tags: Race, Slavery] :: 9 Works Cited 894 words (2.6 pages) Better Essays [preview] The Hypocrisy of American Slavery, Through the Eyes of Frederick Douglass - The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself is a powerful book in many respects. Douglass invites you to vicariously witness the monstrous atrocities he experienced during the antebellum period; a time when said atrocities were not only encouraged, but looked highly upon. Throughout his narrative, Douglass expresses his exponentially growing anger and fortitude. When the reader arrives at The Appendix, it soon becomes that much more apparent that the vice of slavery that is most troublesome to him, is the curtain of pseudo-Christianity surrounding it.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 3 Works Cited 1599 words (4.6 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] slavery and the plantation - slavery and the plantation During the era of slavery in the United States, not all blacks were slaves. There were a many number of free blacks, consisting of those had been freed or those in fact that were never slave. Nor did all slave work on plantations. There were nearly five hundred thousand that worked in the cities as domestic, skilled artisans and factory hands (Green, 13). But they were exceptions to the general rule. Most blacks in America were slaves on plantation-sized units in the seven states of the South.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 6 Works Cited 2101 words (6 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Slavery in the Bible - Slavery in the Bible The first mention of slavery in the Bible is found in Noah's declaration, "Cursed be Canaan. The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers" (Gen. 9:25). He said this after waking up from a naked, drunken stupor and learning that his son Ham had mocked him. Although Ham was the guilty party, Noah's statement was directed at Ham's youngest son Canaan. If he was involved with his father in this act of disrespect, the statement can be taken as the pronouncement of a curse, "Cursed be Canaan." It is possible, however, that Canaan did not join his father in making fun of Noah.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 780 words (2.2 pages) Good Essays [preview] Slavery Around the World - Throughout this course we have learned about slavery in many parts of the world. I have learned some new things about slavery that I had never been taught before. Slavery has been a major stab wound to the heart of the world ever since it first existed. Slavery has caused years of turmoil and depression to large ethnic groups of people who have done nothing to deserve what came to them. The sad part about the whole slavery situation is that, it was never completely abolished from the world. Maybe on paper slavery may have been abolished, but there are still forms of slavery that exists in the world today.... [tags: Slave, Mende Nazer, child slavery, Sudan] :: 3 Works Cited 1588 words (4.5 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] The abolition of slavery in Africa and the Middle East - ... The Western civilizatory mission can not accept slave work in a world in which the progress and the 'humanity' it was characterized by freedom and wage labor.9 Actually, the end of slavery in Africa was one of the 'motivations' of the 'scramble of Africa'. Colonialism was a way to overcome the savagery and bring natives to progress and civilization through wage labor and production for the market.10 Once the colonial rule was established and slavery legally abolished, images of 'benign' slavery were a way to keep good relations with the local rulers.... [tags: British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society] 1001 words (2.9 pages) Better Essays [preview] Slavery, A World History - ... The author points out the plain fact of life, of which slavery was universally practiced. There were many slaves held in bondage through warfare, piracy, kidnapping and shipwreck. The idea that natural slavery was obviously absurd. Bondage was, therefore, not identified by color. Slavery at that time was seen to rest on nothing but preferred force. As a result, a significant aspect of slavery in ancient times was the absence of a color line. Even though most of the slaves were foreigners, there was no slave race or social class.... [tags: labor systems, laws don't abolish slavery ] :: 2 Works Cited 1098 words (3.1 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Racial Slavery and the Development of Our Nation - ... Confrontation between the Native Americans and settlers in western Virginia spearheaded an uprising that demanded Governor Berkeley to provide more land to the poor whites. Berkeley stood by his decision to maintain peaceful relations with the local Native American population, which sparked a series of uprisings and massacres that grew into full rebellion against Berkeley and his men. Berkeley fled when Nathaniel Bacon and his ranks burned Jamestown to the ground, which led to Bacons rule over Virginia for a short while until England sent warships to regain control.... [tags: united states, freedom, liberty, slavery] :: 1 Works Cited 1436 words (4.1 pages) Better Essays [preview] Interpretations of Slavery - Interpretations of Slavery INTRODUCTION Slavery is known to have existed as early as the 18th century B.C. during the Shang Dynasty of China. Slavery was widely practiced in many other countries, including, Korea, India, Greece, Mexico and Africa. (Britannica 288-89). When most people consider slavery, however, they think of Western slavery in North America because it is well documented and it was such a horrible institution. Even though there is no one definition of slavery, the people who study it (historians, anthropologists and sociologists) agree that certain characteristics are present in all forms of slavery.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 8 Works Cited 3740 words (10.7 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Slavery in America - Slavery in America By 1850, ninety-two percent of all American blacks were concentrated in the South, and about 95 percent were slaves. Pre-civil war slaves in America went through a great deal of turmoil and discontent in the South. Slavery has had a huge effect on our country. Many slaves were beaten to death and some did not survive the ruff life of slavery. Slavery then went on to cause the War between the North and the South known as the Civil War. In 1916, a Dutch ship brought twenty enslaved Africans to a Virginia Colony at Jamestown.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 2 Works Cited 410 words (1.2 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery In 19c - Slavery in 19th Century A justified institution as the 19th century emerged; the infamous institution of slavery grew rapidly and produced some surprising controversy and rash justification. Proslavery, Southern whites used social, political, and economical justification in their arguments defining the institution as a source of positive good, a legal definition, and as an economic stabilizer. The proslavery supporters often used moral and biblical rationalization through a religious foundation in Christianity and supported philosophic ideals in Manifest Destiny to vindicated slavery as a profitable investment.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1159 words (3.3 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery In America - Slavery in America Introduction There has been much debate on the topic of slavery in the early times, although most of the countries considered slavery as a criminal activity. Some countries such as Myanmar and Sudan do not abolish it. They even expedite the slavery system. It is no doubt that slavery violent the human rights. However, it was commonly spread in the early times from 17th to 19th century. In this research, I will talk about the origin of the slavery, the reasons for people to becoming slave and the life of the slave.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1493 words (4.3 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery In Illinois - Slavery in Illinois This essay talks about the dated events that happened in Illinois, focusing on slavery, from the time it begun, whether it should be implemented or not, its abolishment, and up to the time it ended. The paper also contains a well-opinionated reaction about slavery, how it is different from today. The Civil War Period has always been the primary hub of teaching in any American History classes. The era between the American Revolution and the Civil War was of a great importance since it has been the best and worst part of the western civilization during those times.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 4 Works Cited 1565 words (4.5 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery in Literature - Slavery in Literature Frederick Douglass was born into the lifelong, evil, bondage of slavery. His autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, depicts his accomplishments. The narrative, however, is not only the story of his success. It is not simply a tale of his miraculous escape from slavery. Frederick Douglass' narrative is, in fact, an account of his tremendous strides through literacy. He exemplifies a literate man who is able to use the psychological tools of thought to escape the intense bonds of slavery.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1499 words (4.3 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery and Reparations - Slavery, colonialism and neo-colonialism have caused inestimable damage to billions of people throughout the world. They have also formed the basis for the accumulation of immense wealth in the hands of a small elite The slave trade involved the brutal relocation of tens of millions of people in which families, communities and societies were destroyed and in which millions lost their lives in the most inhumane conditions. At the same time, slavery was a fundamental element of the strengthening of mercantile trade and the rapid accumulation of capital that formed the basis for the emergence of the capitalist system as we know it today.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 4382 words (12.5 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Defense Of Slavery - Throughout history many things have happened that were by many thought to be unconscionable. Yet, the people who were putting their mark of unacceptance upon those committing these thought to be deplorable acts, were unaware of the actual situations, and in many cases, committing the same acts themselves. This was true during the Holy Wars, the Crusades and similar events. People who were not involved, often thought these acts of inhumanity to be reprehensible, but the parties involved, in their minds, had just cause for what they were doing.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1105 words (3.2 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery In America - Slavery in America stems well back to when the new world was first discovered and was led by the country to start the African Slave Trade-Portugal. The African Slave Trade was first exploited for plantations in the Caribbean, and eventually reached the southern coasts of America. The African natives were of all ages and sexes. Women usually worked in the homes cooking and cleaning, while men were sent out into the plantations to farm. Young girls would usually help in the house also and young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1011 words (2.9 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Racism and Slavery - Did race prejudice cause slavery. Or was it the other way round. Winthrop D. Jordan, in his monumental study of white American attitudes to black people from 1550 to 1812, argues that prejudice and slavery may well have been equally cause and effect, 'dynamically joining hands to hustle the Negro down the road to complete degradation. But we must go deeper than that, if we are to understand the rise of English racism as an ideology, the various roles it has played in the past, and the role it is playing today.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1802 words (5.1 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Lydia Maria Child's Propositions Defining Slavery and Emancipation - There has been many debates about the righteousness of slavery in the United States. There were many supporters of slavery as well as people who opposed slavery. Slavery has concentrated on African slaves In the United States. Law and public opinion regarding slavery differed from state to state and from person to person. Slavery has brought about a lot of controversy and stirred emotions even in today's society which has left a big impact on the people. In the documents, Ads for Runaway Servants and Slaves (1733-72), Lydia Maria Child's Propositions Defining Slavery and Emancipation (1833) and Lydia Maria Child's Prejudices against people of color (1836), describes the life of slaves alon... [tags: slavery, african-american, servants] :: 9 Works Cited 1425 words (4.1 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Slavery in Jamaica - Jamaica has been a land exploited and oppressed by white nations for much of its history. First colonized by the Spanish and then the British, it seems hard to imagine a time when it was just the native people living in peace and harmony with the land. Many years after the white man first jammed himself onto the beaches of Jamaica, reggae music was born. A continuing tradition, this easy-to-groove-to music style originated as a voice against this oppression; it was the peaceful islanders way of finally communicating their plighted history to all who would listen, or all who could appreciate a good beat.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 6 Works Cited 4438 words (12.7 pages) Strong Essays [preview] slavery in brasil - Because certain forms of slavery had existed for centuries on the continent of Africa, Brazilian historians used to say that blacks imported from across the Atlantic were docile and ready to accept their new status as slaves. This assertion is based on the unwarranted assumption that was true of a limited area of Africa was typical of the continent as a whole. All slavery in brazil was essentially the same depending on the task or the labor the slave had to preform. In many cases the slaves was there to perform labor that was deplorable to the nobility.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 743 words (2.1 pages) Good Essays [preview] Views On Slavery - There are many perceptions as to how people view slavery. When people talk about slavery, the first thing that comes to their mind will be African American Slaves in the United States. They will also think of how they were brought to the United States against their own will and unequally exploited. However, according to Stephen F. Austin, during the eighteen-twentys and thirtys Mexicans also had slaves. He compares American Slaves and Cruz Arocha as a Mexican Slave. Although there are many differences between Cruz Arocha and the American slaves, especially in the ways they are treated.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 761 words (2.2 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Women and Slavery - SLAVERY AND THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD The simple fact is that everybody has heard of the Underground Railroad, but not everyone knows just what it was. First of all, it wasn=t underground, and it wasn=t even a railroad. The term AUnderground Railroad,@ actually refers to a path along which escaping slaves were passed from farmhouse to storage sheds, from cellars to barns, until they reached safety in the North. One of the most widely known abolitionists in history is a slave by the name of Harriet Tubman.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 2 Works Cited 1466 words (4.2 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Slavery in America - For this assignment we were asked to read the book Modern Medea written Steven Weisenburger, which deals with slavery in the mid-nineteenth century. In my paper I will discuss how the book portrays the daily life as a slave, the issue of freedom, and the racial realities during this time. This particular book tells the story of a slave by the name of Margaret Garner, who one day escaped from her plantation in Covington, KY, and took along with her Robert which was her husband, her four children, and Robert's parents.... [tags: Slavery Essays] 1843 words (5.3 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Support of Slavery by the Christian Church - Support of Slavery by the Christian Church The belief in some higher presence, other than our own, has existed since man can recollect. Religion was established from this belief, and it can survive and flourish because of this belief. Christianity, one of several forms of religion that exist today, began sometime during the middle of the first century. Christians believe in a higher presence that they call "God." This belief in God is based on faith, not fact; faith is "unquestioning belief that does not require proof or evidence." (Webster's New World College Dictionary, 1996, p.... [tags: Slavery Essays] :: 6 Works Cited 2850 words (8.1 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] The Contrasting Views of Pro-Slavery vs. Abolitionist - ... Samuel Cartwright was a physician and pro-slavery advocate during the 1800s and is well known for his diagnosis of drapetomania, a supposed disease that made slaves runaway. He concluded that the reason African slaves sought to escape was because they were treated inadequately by their masters. Delving deeper in his writings it is discovered he too, like George Fitzhugh, approved of enslavement. Both men advocated the issue and have similar analyzes on how slaves are or should be treated. Cartwright expresses to his audience that slaves will most likely run (drapetomania) if they are treated poorly by their master; according to my experience, the "genu flexit"--the awe and reverence, m... [tags: positions, goals, party, slavery] 1248 words (3.6 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Slavery in the Nineteenth Century: Viewpoint of the Antislavery and Abolotionist Movements - ... They were very well envisioned, however their efforts were only effective for so long due to the vast amounts of funding necessary for compensation of slave owners and shipment of freed slaves to their new settlements. There were far too many slaves and it was certain that the plan would never reach economic sufficiency to follow through with their project, as well as the fact that the growing cotton industry in the South called for much labor work and slaves were the easiest access of productive laborers.... [tags: homelands, slavery, influence, war] 751 words (2.1 pages) Better Essays [preview] A Study of the Healing Process from Slavery and Racism - A battle lost or won is easily described, understood, and appreciated, but the moral growth of a great nation requires reflection, as well as observation, to appreciate it.-Frederick Douglass When you think of slavery, you may want to consider the effects of an earthquake because thats how powerful it was. Like many earthquakes, slavery produced various damaging ramifications to everything around it. This included devastation to family structures and in worst cases the loss of human life; and without doubt slavery claimed the lives of many just as Harriet Jacobs expressed I once saw a slave girl dying after the birth of a child nearly white.... [tags: Racial Relations, Slavery, Racism] 2560 words (7.3 pages) Powerful Essays [preview] Looking Poitively at the Effects of Slavery in the USA: Personal Narrative - A Blessing in Disguise Slavery and capitalism have an interesting relationship. Slavery has existed nearly everywhere in the world, under almost every political and economic system, and was in no way a stranger to capitalism or the United States. America experienced endless economic benefits from slavery, but it was simultaneously a despicable violation of human rights. Natives of Africa were not only captured, but transported to what is now the United States and forced to do work. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, European colonies heavily depended on the labor of the Africans for their economic survival.... [tags: economic systems, capitalism, slavery] :: 5 Works Cited 1012 words (2.9 pages) Strong Essays [preview] Wendell Phillips: A Leading Reformer for the Abolishment of Slavery - ... For the most part Phillips was a peaceful reformer but in the 1850s he became radical. During the 1840s, he regularly attended conventions such as the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London that advocated the freedom of slaves. In years foreshadowing the Civil War, he became more aggressive, with events like Harpers Ferry Raid that subsidized his presence as a radical leader. However, after the war, he returned to being a more passive reformer by serving as a lecturer and public speaker. He heavily advocated for the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments which obliterated slavery and finally gave the right for African Americans to be citizens and permitted them to vote.... [tags: anti-slavery leaders] 727 words (2.1 pages) Better Essays [preview]

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Free Slavery Essays and Papers

Undocumented, domestic helps mired in low wages, exploitation – The Kathmandu Post

Jun 18, 2017-

Domestic workers, the most vulnerable unregistered workers of the labour community, who often work without clear terms of employment, are facing identity crisis and inferiority complex, stakeholders have said.

Domestic workers say their work is not considered decent and since they are undocumented, they face hassles on everyday basis.

We are often frownedupon and there is no way to address our woes, said Rama Pandey, 36, who has been working for several families in the metropolis for the last 15 years.

The Civil Code Amendment Bill and Labour Act Amendment Bill have incorporated some provisions to ensure the rights of domestic workers, but both are yet to be passed by Parliament.

The Labour Act-1992 does not define informal workers as labourers.

The Labour Act Amendment Bill, however, has a provision of one employer and one worker policy and seeks to bring domestic workers under formal working group.

But Clause 88 (3) allows the employer to deduct money from the total wage if the employer provides food and accommodation, forcing domestic helps into some sort of slavery.

On top of that, wages for domestic help are determined on the basis of mutual understanding between the employer and the employee, and in most of the cases, the former has the upper hand.

Keshav Duwadi, secretary at the General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions (GEFONT), said the organisation imparts special training to domestic workers on their wages and rights.

For eight hours of work, the minimum wage for domestic workers should be Rs9,700 per month.

There are approximately67 million domestic workers worldwide and 41 million of them are employed in Asian countries.

Nepal has around 200,000 domestic workers, according to GEFONT.

Nepal has ratified Domestic Workers Convention 189 of the International Labour Organization concerning decent work for the labourers.

A report published by the ILO in January 2016 about its programme entitled Decent Work Country Programme (2013-2017) says that in April 2015, the government had endorsed and implemented new guidelines on recruitment process of domestic workers in foreign employment.

Some employers even make us work for extended hours, but would not pay us accordingly, said Ganga Subedi, 24.

We have nowhere to go.

Unless a new law is introduced to protect the rightsof domestic workers, theywill be forced to wallow in self-pity, she said.

Published: 18-06-2017 07:59

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Undocumented, domestic helps mired in low wages, exploitation - The Kathmandu Post

Here are all the panels from TechCrunch Sessions: Justice – TechCrunch

The conversation around diversity in tech persists. One effect of this has been the creation of executive positions designed to oversee a companys approach to inclusion. Thats great.

TechCrunch Sessions: Justice brought together activists, union organizers, advocates and tech leaders to for lively conversations examining the intersection of justice and tech. Leslie Mac, DeRay Mckesson, Maxine Williams, Tony Prophet, Malkia Cyril, Matt Mitchell and Nicole Sanchez joined folks from the ACLU, the Last Mile, Measures for Justice and the Hidden Genius Project to examine criminal justice reform, diversity and inclusion, tech and the so-called pipeline problem that hiring managers like to bandy about. You should have been there.

If you werent among the lucky ones to have the privilege of attending, we have you covered. Below is every single panel that made up TechCrunch Sessions: Justice. Watch them, share them and continue the conversation.

Why did Elon Musk wait until it was about the climate to pull out of Trumps councils? Why shouldnt a tech CEO run for governor? Federal policies affect local constituencies and people in tech have an opportunity to fight for change at the local level. Erica Baker, soon-to-be director of engineering at Kickstarter, and Catherine Bracy, co-founder and executive director of TechEquity Collaborative, discussed the interest the tech industry has taken in social justice issues.

When youre a first-time founder of color trying to get funding, what do you have to do? According to Michael Seibel of Y Combinator, you have to be 20 percent better at everything. Monique Woodard of 500 Startups and Laura Gmez, CEO and founder of Atipica, debate whether an aspiring founder needs to be in Silicon Valley and offer practical advice to getting that first meeting. And the second.

You might not know that you need a big crypto hug, but Matt Mitchell of Crypto Harlem has one for you. But why for the black community in particular?

Surveillance is a tool of oppression, and black folks have been surveilled since before the slave ships. You look at a manifest of a slave ship and people were numbers and cataloged. You look at an overseers diary and its basically a CCTV camera but written out in handwriting. All the way up to COINTELPRO where a whos who of civil rights and racial justice leaders from the 60s and 70s [were surveilled]. Its part of a program, especially in this country, to dismantle those organizationsbecause theyre disruptive.

Thats why.

Its no secret that Silicon Valley has a diversity problem. But who doesnt? The legacy of this country we were founded on slavery and stolen land and genocide, says Nicole Sanchez, vice president of social impact at GitHub. Silicon Valley alone isnt going to be able to upend that. This question is impossible to answer unless those who are asking it are willing to go far deeper than the numbers from a diversity report.

Wayne Sutton of Change Catalyst, Rachel Williams, head of diversity at Yelp, and LaFawn Davis, global head of culture and inclusion at Twilio, talkedabout what it takes for tech companies to get at the root of their diversity problems.

Cognitive diversity + programming: That is the yes-and equation that Maxine Williams, head of diversity at Facebook, employs at the company in its pursuit of a more diverse workforce. When you have cognitive diversity, a foundation where people think differently, that is where you achieve diversity of thought. At that point, Williams says, is when the and part of the equation emerges. When I say its yes-and, we lay the foundation with cognitive diversity as a principle, and then we talk about the programming, and the programming does in fact go heavy on things like gender, race, ethnicity.

She also touches upon hiring practices in tech. You know when you tell the people you know about the jobs open in your company? Williams isnt a fan of that. Im not in the people you know thing; Im into skills you have.

Many of us will never serve time in prison, and many of us will never serve time in the military. Yet, those who have will sometimes find themselves suddenly thrust back into society, forced to make livings that they might not be prepared to make.

Kenyatta Leal, having served 19 years in prison, was released from San Quentin and immediately began working for RocketSpace. Donald Coolidge, a veteran of the Marine Corps., is the co-founder and CEO of Elemental Path. Organizations like Chris Redlitzs The Last Mile and Katherine Websters VetsinTech help bridge the gap for those who want to break into the tech industry as a returning citizen. The panelists have stories that Im sure not many of you can relate to.

Living in the Central Valley of California and commute two hours each way to Cisco taxes your time, energy and bank account. Do this as a low-wage worker and your life is dramatically impacted in ways most people will never understand. Jennifer Morales, who works in a cafeteria at Cisco, kicked this panel off by talking about her job before and after she and her colleagues organized a union.

Derecka Mehrens of Working Partnerships for her part is trying to challenge the narrative that Silicon Valley is working for everyone. Because as she says, it isnt. Silicon Valley Rising came out of this idea that we had to not only push to create middle wage jobs we had to upgrade the conditions of low-wage work especially in profitable industries. Guess what industry is profitable? And Y-Vonne Hutchinson of Project Include flipped the conversation to the 1099 workers whose roles arent all that great, either. Oh, and Morales is just getting started.

You cannot inject technologies into a condition or situation of white supremacy and expect anything but white supremacy to be the result, Malkia Cyril of the Center for Media Justice says about the role that technology plays in the quest for racial and economic justice.Its a grim reality; when body cameras focus their gaze on black and brown bodies and social media platforms readily police the words of black activists, the pursuit for justice becomes harder.

Cyril says we need to shift the power dynamic and demonstrate more directly what communities of color want. Silencing voices and limiting action is not the way to achieve that goal.

Hiring reps at tech companies will tell you the reason their companies demographics lean heavily toward the white, cis and male is because there is a pipeline problem. Karla Monterosso from Code 2040, Michael Essien of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Academic Middle School, and Brandon Nicholson of The Hidden Genius Project will tell you differently. Its about access and its about opportunity.

Were in a time of resistance. If you havent felt it, social activist DeRay Mckesson of Campaign Zero and Pod Save the People broke it down for you. He talked Twitters role in activism and what its like to walk the resistance road in 2017 and beyond: I try not to let the fear get to me too much, because I know that people want to see me too afraid to do the work.

Salesforce Chief Equality Officer Tony Prophet told the Justice audience members to think about self ID before they watched a video clip he brought. What does it mean at your workplace to say Im ____? How many of you have thought about having to do that? Prophet is working to ensure that Salesforce employees can show up every day and feel comfortablebringing their entire self to work. Its never too early to think about company culture, inclusion, how diverse your workforce is, and how inclusive your advisers and boards of directors are. Whats the essence of the endeavor that youre embarking on? he asks founders and people in the early stages of starting a company. Sound advice.

Data is playing a significant role in identifying the racial disparities in our criminal justice system. Ana Zamora of the ACLU says that at all levels from the police, to prosecutors, sheriffs, corrections system, probation/parole, etc. we need to see who is doing what in order to reform the criminal justice system.Its in the data.

As Amy Bach of Measures for Justice says, no data, no change. The voters want it, too, Zamora says. Through data, narrative and social media and technology, we can bring these issues to the voters so they can understand what the issues are and who is in charge. Dont boo. Vote.

Diversity reports break down the racial, ethnic, gender and sexual orientation demographics of those companies that choose to release them. However, often overlooked are the number of people with disabilities who work at these companies.

In this panel are Matt King, who works on the accessible engineering team at Facebook, and KR Liu, director of advocacy and accessibility at Doppler Labs. They discuss the importance of engineers to adhere to the needs of people with disabilities so that tech is available to all.

Requisite sentence about Ubers rough year. On the day the company fired 20 people, Bernard Coleman, the companys newish head of diversity, talked about diversity, inclusion and whether he regrets taking the job. (He says he doesnt.) Among his ideas for making Uber less Uber-like are developing an inclusion index to understand what inclusion looks like across all groups. And workshops. Lots of workshops. Coleman said he went to Uber for the challenge. He got one.

White supremacy is insidious. One of the most insidiouspieces of it is that its meant to be obscured by those who benefit from it most. Leslie Mac, an activist, writer and entrepreneur, telling the sad, plain truth.

The Safety Pin Box co-founder and activist, who was banned by Facebook in December, spoke with me about the role that white privilege plays in the persistence of our racist society and how white folks can be true allies (without calling themselves allies) in the fight for racial justice. She even had jokes: Two white allies walk into a bar because it was set so low. Zing.

Our criminal justice system is horribly broken, began Shaka Senghor, a former prisoner, best-selling author and founder of just-launched Mind Blown Media, in this panel. Its not designed to ensure men and women come home healthy and whole. Its designed to ensure men and women cycle in and out of prison.

Senghor wants to not only tell his own stories but he also wants to give voice to incarcerated individuals who are among the over-incarcerated. The personal is political and everyone has a story to tell.

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Here are all the panels from TechCrunch Sessions: Justice - TechCrunch

Abolition Of Work | Prometheism.net – Part 25

No one should ever work.

Work is the source of nearly all the misery in the world. Almost any evil youd care to name comes from working or from living in a world designed for work. In order to stop suffering, we have to stop working.

That doesnt mean we have to stop doing things. It does mean creating a new way of life based on play; in other words, a ludic revolution. By play I mean also festivity, creativity, conviviality, commensality, and maybe even art. There is more to play than childs play, as worthy as that is. I call for a collective adventure in generalized joy and freely interdependent exuberance. Play isnt passive. Doubtless we all need a lot more time for sheer sloth and slack than we ever enjoy now, regardless of income or occupation, but once recovered from employment-induced exhaustion nearly all of us want to act.

The ludic life is totally incompatible with existing reality. So much the worse for reality, the gravity hole that sucks the vitality from the little in life that still distinguishes it from mere survival. Curiously or maybe not all the old ideologies are conservative because they believe in work. Some of them, like Marxism and most brands of anarchism, believe in work all the more fiercely because they believe in so little else.

Liberals say we should end employment discrimination. I say we should end employment. Conservatives support right-to-work laws. Following Karl Marxs wayward son-in-law Paul Lafargue I support the right to be lazy. Leftists favor full employment. Like the surrealists except that Im not kidding I favor full unemployment. Trotskyists agitate for permanent revolution. I agitate for permanent revelry. But if all the ideologues (as they do) advocate work and not only because they plan to make other people do theirs they are strangely reluctant to say so. They will carry on endlessly about wages, hours, working conditions, exploitation, productivity, profitability. Theyll gladly talk about anything but work itself. These experts who offer to do our thinking for us rarely share their conclusions about work, for all its saliency in the lives of all of us. Among themselves they quibble over the details. Unions and management agree that we ought to sell the time of our lives in exchange for survival, although they haggle over the price. Marxists think we should be bossed by bureaucrats. Libertarians think we should be bossed by businessmen. Feminists dont care which form bossing takes so long as the bosses are women. Clearly these ideology-mongers have serious differences over how to divvy up the spoils of power. Just as clearly, none of them have any objection to power as such and all of them want to keep us working.

You may be wondering if Im joking or serious. Im joking and serious. To be ludic is not to be ludicrous. Play doesnt have to be frivolous, although frivolity isnt triviality; very often we ought to take frivolity seriously. Id like life to be a game but a game with high stakes. I want to play for keeps.

The alternative to work isnt just idleness. To be ludic is not to be quaaludic. As much as I treasure the pleasure of torpor, its never more rewarding than when it punctuates other pleasures and pastimes. Nor am I promoting the managed time-disciplined safety-valve called leisure; far from it. Leisure is nonwork for the sake of work. Leisure is time spent recovering from work and in the frenzied but hopeless attempt to forget about work. Many people return from vacations so beat that they look forward to returning to work so they can rest up. The main difference between work and leisure is that at work at least you get paid for your alienation and enervation.

I am not playing definitional games with anybody. When I say I want to abolish work, I mean just what I say, but I want to say what I mean by defining my terms in non-idiosyncratic ways. My minimum definition of work is forced labor, that is, compulsory production. Both elements are essential. Work is production enforced by economic or political means, by the carrot or the stick. (The carrot is just the stick by other means.) But not all creation is work. Work is never done for its own sake, its done on account of some product or output that the worker (or, more often, somebody else) gets out of it. This is what work necessarily is. To define it is to despise it. But work is usually even worse than its definition decrees. The dynamic of domination intrinsic to work tends over time toward elaboration. In advanced work-riddled societies, including all industrial societies whether capitalist or communist, work invariably acquires other attributes which accentuate its obnoxiousness.

Usually and this is even more true in communist than capitalist countries, where the state is almost the only employer and everyone is an employee work is employment, i.e., wage-labor, which means selling yourself on the installment plan. Thus 95% of Americans who work, work for somebody (or something) else. In Cuba or China or any other alternative model which might be adduced, the corresponding figure approaches 100%. Only the embattled Third World peasant bastions Mexico, India, Brazil, Turkey temporarily shelter significant concentrations of agriculturists who perpetuate the traditional arrangement of most laborers in the last several millennia, the payment of taxes (= ransom) to the state or rent to parasitic landlords in return for being otherwise left alone. Even this raw deal is beginning to look good. All industrial (and office) workers are employees and under the sort of surveillance which ensures servility.

But modern work has worse implications. People dont just work, they have jobs. One person does one productive task all the time on an or-else basis. Even if the task has a quantum of intrinsic interest (as increasingly many jobs dont) the monotony of its obligatory exclusivity drains its ludic potential. A job that might engage the energies of some people, for a reasonably limited time, for the fun of it, is just a burden on those who have to do it for forty hours a week with no say in how it should be done, for the profit of owners who contribute nothing to the project, and with no opportunity for sharing tasks or spreading the work among those who actually have to do it. This is the real world of work: a world of bureaucratic blundering, of sexual harassment and discrimination, of bonehead bosses exploiting and scapegoating their subordinates who by any rational-technical criteria should be calling the shots. But capitalism in the real world subordinates the rational maximization of productivity and profit to the exigencies of organizational control.

The degradation which most workers experience on the job is the sum of assorted indignities which can be denominated as discipline. Foucault has complexified this phenomenon but it is simple enough. Discipline consists of the totality of totalitarian controls at the workplacesurveillance, rotework, imposed work tempos, production quotas, punching-in and out, etc. Discipline is what the factory and the office and the store share with the prison and the school and the mental hospital. It is something historically original and horrible. It was beyond the capacities of such demonic dictators of yore as Nero and Genghis Khan and Ivan the Terrible. For all their bad intentions they just didnt have the machinery to control their subjects as thoroughly as modern despots do. Discipline is the distinctively diabolical modern mode of control, it is an innovative intrusion which must be interdicted at the earliest opportunity.

Such is work. Play is just the opposite. Play is always voluntary. What might otherwise be play is work if its forced. This is axiomatic. Bernie de Koven has defined play as the suspension of consequences. This is unacceptable if it implies that play is inconsequential. The point is not that play is without consequences. This is to demean play. The point is that the consequences, if any, are gratuitous. Playing and giving are closely related, they are the behavioral and transactional facets of the same impulse, the play-instinct. They share an aristocratic disdain for results. The player gets something out of playing; thats why he plays. But the core reward is the experience of the activity itself (whatever it is). Some otherwise attentive students of play, like Johan Huizinga (Homo Ludens), define it as gameplaying or following rules. I respect Huizingas erudition but emphatically reject his constraints. There are many good games (chess, baseball, Monopoly, bridge) which are rule-governed but there is much more to play than game-playing. Conversation, sex, dancing, travelthese practices arent rule-governed but they are surely play if anything is. And rules can be played with at least as readily as anything else.

Work makes a mockery of freedom. The official line is that we all have rights and live in a democracy. Other unfortunates who arent free like we are have to live in police states. These victims obey orders or-else, no matter how arbitrary. The authorities keep them under regular surveillance. State bureaucrats control even the smaller details of everyday life. The officials who push them around are answerable only to higher-ups, public or private. Either way, dissent and disobedience are punished. Informers report regularly to the authorities. All this is supposed to be a very bad thing.

And so it is, although it is nothing but a description of the modern workplace. The liberals and conservatives and libertarians who lament totalitarianism are phonies and hypocrites. There is more freedom in any moderately de-Stalinized dictatorship than there is in the ordinary American workplace. You find the same sort of hierarchy and discipline in an office or factory as you do in a prison or a monastery. In fact, as Foucault and others have shown, prisons and factories came in at about the same time, and their operators consciously borrowed from each others control techniques. A worker is a part-time slave. The boss says when to show up, when to leave, and what to do in the meantime. He tells you how much work to do and how fast. He is free to carry his control to humiliating extremes, regulating, if he feels like it, the clothes you wear or how often you go to the bathroom. With a few exceptions he can fire you for any reason, or no reason. He has you spied on by snitches and supervisors, he amasses a dossier on every employee. Talking back is called insubordination, just as if a worker is a naughty child, and it not only gets you fired, it disqualifies you for unemployment compensation. Without necessarily endorsing it for them either, it is noteworthy that children at home and in school receive much the same treatment, justified in their case by their supposed immaturity. What does this say about their parents and teachers who work?

The demeaning system of domination Ive described rules over half the waking hours of a majority of women and the vast majority of men for decades, for most of their lifespans. For certain purposes its not too misleading to call our system democracy or capitalism or better stil l industrialism, but its real names are factory fascism and office oligarchy. Anybody who says these people are free is lying or stupid. You are what you do. If you do boring, stupid, monotonous work, chances are youll end up boring, stupid, and monotonous. Work is a much better explanation for the creeping cretinization all around us than even such significant moronizing mechanisms as television and education. People who are regimented all their lives, handed to work from school and bracketed by the family in the beginning and the nursing home in the end, are habituated to hierarchy and psychologically enslaved. Their aptitude for autonomy is so atrophied that their fear of freedom is among their few rationally grounded phobias. Their obedience training at work carries over into the families they start, thus reproducing the system in more ways than one, and into politics, culture and everything else. Once you drain the vitality from people at work, theyll likely submit to hierarchy and expertise in everything. Theyre used to it.

We are so close to the world of work that we cant see what it does to us. We have to rely on outside observers from other times or other cultures to appreciate the extremity and the pathology of our present position. There was a time in our own past when the work ethic would have been incomprehensible, and perhaps Weber was on to something when he tied its appearance to a religion, Calvinism, which if it emerged today instead of four centuries ago would immediately and appropriately be labeled a cult. Be that as it may, we have only to draw upon the wisdom of antiquity to put work in perspective. The ancients saw work for what it is, and their view prevailed, the Calvinist cranks notwithstanding, until overthrown by industrialism but not before receiving the endorsement of its prophets.

Lets pretend for a moment that work doesnt turn people into stultified submissives. Lets pretend, in defiance of any plausible psychology and the ideology of its boosters, that it has no effect on the formation of character. And lets pretend that work isnt as boring and tiring and humiliating as we all know it really is. Even then, work would still make a mockery of all humanistic and democratic aspirations, just because it usurps so much of our time. Socrates said that manual laborers make bad friends and bad citizens because they have no time to fulfill the responsibilities of friendship and citizenship. He was right. Because of work, no matter what we do, we keep looking at our watches. The only thing free about so-called free time is that it doesnt cost the boss anything. Free time is mostly devoted to getting ready for work, going to work, returning from work, and recovering from work. Free time is a euphemism for the peculiar way labor, as a factor of production, not only transports itself at its own expense to and from the workplace, but assumes primary responsibility for its own maintenance and repair. Coal and steel dont do that. Lathes and typewriters dont do that. No wonder Edward G. Robinson in one of his gangster movies exclaimed, Work is for saps!

Both Plato and Xenophon attribute to Socrates and obviously share with him an awareness of the destructive effects of work on the worker as a citizen and as a human being. Herodotus identified contempt for work as an attribute of the classical Greeks at the zenith of their culture. To take only one Roman example, Cicero said that whoever gives his labor for money sells himself and puts himself in the rank of slaves. His candor is now rare, but contemporary primitive societies which we are wont to look down upon have provided spokesmen who have enlightened Western anthropologists. The Kapauku of West Irian, according to Posposil, have a conception of balance in life and accordingly work only every other day, the day of rest designed to regain the lost power and health. Our ancestors, even as late as the eighteenth century when they were far along the path to our present predicament, at least were aware of what we have forgotten, the underside of industrialization. Their religious devotion to St. Monday thus establishing a de facto five-day week 150-200 years before its legal consecration was the despair of the earliest factory owners. They took a long time in submitting to the tyranny of the bell, predecessor of the time clock. In fact it was necessary for a generation or two to replace adult males with women accustomed to obedience and children who could be molded to fit industrial needs. Even the exploited peasants of the ancien rgime wrested substantial time back from their landlords work. According to Lafargue, a fourth of the French peasants calendar was devoted to Sundays and holidays, and Chayanovs figures from villages in Czarist Russia hardly a progressive society likewise show a fourth or fifth of peasants days devoted to repose. Controlling for productivity, we are obviously far behind these backward societies. The exploited muzhiks would wonder why any of us are working at all. So should we.

To grasp the full enormity of our deterioration, however, consider the earliest condition of humanity, without government or property, when we wandered as hunter-gatherers. Hobbes surmised that life was then nasty, brutish and short. Others assume that life was a desperate unremitting struggle for subsistence, a war waged against a harsh Nature with death and disaster awaiting the unlucky or anyone who was unequal to the challenge of the struggle for existence. Actually, that was all a projection of fears for the collapse of government authority over communities unaccustomed to doing without it, like the England of Hobbes during the Civil War. Hobbes compatriots had already encountered alternative forms of society which illustrated other ways of lifein North America, particularlybut already these were too remote from their experience to be understandable. (The lower orders, closer to the condition of the Indians, understood it better and often found it attractive. Throughout the seventeenth century, English settlers defected to Indian tribes or, captured in war, refused to return to the colonies. But the Indians no more defected to white settlements than West Germans climbed the Berlin Wall from the west.) The survival of the fittest version the Thomas Huxley version of Darwinism was a better account of economic conditions in Victorian England than it was of natural selection, as the anarchist Kropotkin showed in his book Mutual Aid, A Factor in Evolution. (Kropotkin was a scientist a geographer whod had ample involuntary opportunity for fieldwork whilst exiled in Siberia: he knew what he was talking about.) Like most social and political theory, the story Hobbes and his successors told was really unacknowledged autobiography.

The anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, surveying the data on contemporary hunter-gatherers, exploded the Hobbesian myth in an article entitled The Original Affluent Society. They work a lot less than we do, and their work is hard to distinguish from what we regard as play. Sahlins concluded that hunters and gatherers work less than we do; and, rather than a continuous travail, the food quest is intermittent, leisure abundant, and there is a greater amount of sleep in the daytime per capita per year than in any other condition of society. They worked an average of four hours a day, assuming they were working at all. Their labor, as it appears to us, was skilled labor which exercised their physical and intellectual capacities; unskilled labor on any large scale, as Sahlins says, is impossible except under industrialism. Thus it satisfied Friedrich Schillers definition of play, the only occasion on which man realizes his complete humanity by giving full play to both sides of his twofold nature, thinking and feeling. As he put it: The animal works when deprivation is the mainspring of its activity, and it plays when the fullness of its strength is this mainspring, when superabundant life is its own stimulus to activity. (A modern version dubiously developmental is Abraham Maslows counterposition of deficiency and growth motivation.) Play and freedom are, as regards production, coextensive. Even Marx, who belongs (for all his good intentions) in the productivist pantheon, observed that the realm of freedom does not commence until the point is passed where labor under the compulsion of necessity and external utility is required. He never could quite bring himself to identify this happy circumstance as what it is, the abolition of workits rather anomalous, after all, to be pro-worker and anti-workbut we can.

The aspiration to go backwards or forwards to a life without work is evident in every serious social or cultural history of pre-industrial Europe, among them M. Dorothy Georges England in Transition and Peter Burkes Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe. Also pertinent is Daniel Bells essay Work and Its Discontents, the first text, I believe, to refer to the revolt against work in so many words and, had it been understood, an important correction to the complacency ordinarily associated with the volume in which it was collected, The End of Ideology. Neither critics nor celebrants have noticed that Bells end-of-ideology thesis signaled not the end of social unrest but the beginning of a new, uncharted phase unconstrained and uninformed by ideology. It was Seymour Lipset (in Political Man), not Bell, who announced at the same time that the fundamental problems of the Industrial Revolution have been solved, only a few years before the post- or meta-industrial discontents of college students drove Lipset from UC Berkeley to the relative (and temporary) tranquillity of Harvard.

As Bell notes, Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations, for all his enthusiasm for the market and the division of labor, was more alert to (and more honest about) the seamy side of work than Ayn Rand or the Chicago economists or any of Smiths modern epigones. As Smith observed: The understandings of the greater part of men are necessarily formed by their ordinary employments. The man whose life is spent in performing a few simple operations has no occasion to exert his understanding He generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become. Here, in a few blunt words, is my critique of work. Bell, writing in 1956, the Golden Age of Eisenhower imbecility and American self-satisfaction, identified the unorganized, unorganizable malaise of the 1970s and since, the one no political tendency is able to harness, the one identified in HEWs report Work in America, the one which cannot be exploited and so is ignored. That problem is the revolt against work. It does not figure in any text by any laissez-faire economist Milton Friedman, Murray Rothbard, Richard Posner because, in their terms, as they used to say on Lost in Space, it does not compute.

If these objections, informed by the love of liberty, fail to persuade humanists of a utilitarian or even paternalist turn, there are others which they cannot disregard. Work is hazardous to your health, to borrow a book title. In fact, work is mass murder or genocide. Directly or indirectly, work will kill most of the people who read these words. Between 14,000 and 25,000 workers are killed annually in this country on the job. Over two million are disabled. Twenty to twenty-five million are injured every year. And these figures are based on a very conservative estimation of what constitutes a work-related injury. Thus they dont count the half-million cases of occupational disease every year. I looked at one medical textbook on occupational diseases which was 1,200 pages long. Even this barely scratches the surface. The available statistics count the obvious cases like the 100,000 miners who have black lung disease, of whom 4,000 die every year. What the statistics dont show is that tens of millions of people have their lifespans shortened by work which is all that homicide means, after all. Consider the doctors who work themselves to death in their late 50s. Consider all the other workaholics.

Even if you arent killed or crippled while actually working, you very well might be while going to work, coming from work, looking for work, or trying to forget about work. The vast majority of victims of the automobile are either doing one of these work-obligatory activities or else fall afoul of those who do them. To this augmented body-count must be added the victims of auto-industrial pollution and work-induced alcoholism and drug addiction. Both cancer and heart disease are modern afflictions normally traceable, directly or indirectly, to work.

Work, then, institutionalizes homicide as a way of life. People think the Cambodians were crazy for exterminating themselves, but are we any different? The Pol Pot regime at least had a vision, however blurred, of an egalitarian society. We kill people in the six-figure range (at least) in order to sell Big Macs and Cadillacs to the survivors. Our forty or fifty thousand annual highway fatalities are victims, not martyrs. They died for nothing or rather, they died for work. But work is nothing to die for.

State control of the economy is no solution. Work is, if anything, more dangerous in the state-socialist countries than it is here. Thousands of Russian workers were killed or injured building the Moscow subway. Chernobyl and other Soviet nuclear disasters covered up until recently make Times Beach and Three Mile Islandbut not Bhopallook like elementary-school air-raid drills. On the other hand, deregulation, currently fashionable, wont help and will probably hurt. From a health and safety standpoint, among others, work was at its worst in the days when the economy most closely approximated laissez-faire. Historians like Eugene Genovese have argued persuasively thatas antebellum slavery apologists insistedfactory wage-workers in the Northern American states and in Europe were worse off than Southern plantation slaves. No rearrangement of relations among bureaucrats and businessmen seems to make much difference at the point of production. Serious implementation of even the rather vague standards enforceable in theory by OSHA would probably bring the economy to a standstill. The enforcers apparently appreciate this, since they dont even try to crack down on most malefactors.

What Ive said so far ought not to be controversial. Many workers are fed up with work. There are high and rising rates of absenteeism, turnover, employee theft and sabotage, wildcat strikes, and overall goldbricking on the job. There may be some movement toward a conscious and not just visceral rejection of work. And yet the prevalent feeling, universal among bosses and their agents and also widespread among workers themselves, is that work itself is inevitable and necessary.

I disagree. It is now possible to abolish work and replace it, insofar as it serves useful purposes, with a multitude of new kinds of free activities. To abolish work requires going at it from two directions, quantitative and qualitative. On the one hand, on the quantitative side, we have to cut down massively on the amount of work being done. At present most work is useless or worse and we should simply get rid of it. On the other hand and I think this the crux of the matter and the revolutionary new departure we have to take what useful work remains and transform it into a pleasing variety of game-like and craft-like pastimes, indistinguishable from other pleasurable pastimes except that they happen to yield useful end-products. Surely that shouldnt make them less enticing to do. Then all the artificial barriers of power and property could come down. Creation could become recreation. And we could all stop being afraid of each other.

I dont suggest that most work is salvageable in this way. But then most work isnt worth trying to save. Only a small and diminishing fraction of work serves any useful purpose independent of the defense and reproduction of the work-system and its political and legal appendages. Thirty years ago, Paul and Percival Goodman estimated that just five percent of the work then being done presumably the figure, if accurate, is lower now would satisfy our minimal needs for food, clothing and shelter. Theirs was only an educated guess but the main point is quite clear: directly or indirectly, most work serves the unproductive purposes of commerce or social control. Right off the bat we can liberate tens of millions of salesmen, soldiers, managers, cops, stockbrokers, clergymen, bankers, lawyers, teachers, landlords, security guards, ad-men and everyone who works for them. There is a snowball effect since every time you idle some bigshot you liberate his flunkies and underlings also. Thus the economy implodes.

Forty percent of the workforce are white-collar workers, most of whom have some of the most tedious and idiotic jobs ever concocted. Entire industries, insurance and banking and real estate for instance, consist of nothing but useless paper-shuffling. It is no accident that the tertiary sector, the service sector, is growing while the secondary sector (industry) stagnates and the primary sector (agriculture) nearly disappears. Because work is unnecessary except to those whose power it secures, workers are shifted from relatively useful to relatively useless occupations as a measure to ensure public order. Anything is better than nothing. Thats why you cant go home just because you finish early. They want your time, enough of it to make you theirs, even if they have no use for most of it. Otherwise why hasnt the average work week gone down by more than a few minutes in the last sixty years?

Next we can take a meat-cleaver to production work itself. No more war production, nuclear power, junk food, feminine hygiene deodorant and above all, no more auto industry to speak of. An occasional Stanley Steamer or Model T might be all right, but the auto-eroticism on which such pest-holes as Detroit and Los Angeles depend is out of the question. Already, without even trying, weve virtually solved the energy crisis, the environmental crisis and assorted other insoluble social problems.

Finally, we must do away with far and away the largest occupation, the one with the longest hours, the lowest pay and some of the most tedious tasks around. I refer to housewives doing housework and child-rearing. By abolishing wage-labor and achieving full unemployment we undermine the sexual division of labor. The nuclear family as we know it is an inevitable adaptation to the division of labor imposed by modern wage-work. Like it or not, as things have been for the last century or two it is economically rational for the man to bring home the bacon, for the woman to do the shitwork and provide him with a haven in a heartless world, and for the children to be marched off to youth concentration camps called schools, primarily to keep them out of Moms hair but still under control, but incidentally to acquire the habits of obedience and punctuality so necessary for workers. If you would be rid of patriarchy, get rid of the nuclear family whose unpaid shadow work, as Ivan Illich says, makes possible the work-system that makes it necessary. Bound up with this no-nukes strategy is the abolition of childhood and the closing of the schools. There are more full-time students than full-time workers in this country. We need children as teachers, not students. They have a lot to contribute to the ludic revolution because theyre better at playing than grown-ups are. Adults and children are not identical but they will become equal through interdependence. Only play can bridge the generation gap.

I havent as yet even mentioned the possibility of cutting way down on the little work that remains by automating and cybernizing it. All the scientists and engineers and technicians freed from bothering with war research and planned obsolescence should have a good time devising means to eliminate fatigue and tedium and danger from activities like mining. Undoubtedly theyll find other projects to amuse themselves with. Perhaps theyll set up world-wide all-inclusive multi-media communications systems or found space colonies. Perhaps. I myself am no gadget freak. I wouldnt care to live in a pushbutton paradise. I dont want robot slaves to do everything; I want to do things myself. There is, I think, a place for labor-saving technology, but a modest place. The historical and pre-historical record is not encouraging. When productive technology went from hunting-gathering to agriculture and on to industry, work increased while skills and self-determination diminished. The further evolution of industrialism has accentuated what Harry Braverman called the degradation of work. Intelligent observers have always been aware of this. John Stuart Mill wrote that all the labor-saving inventions ever devised havent saved a moments labor. Karl Marx wrote that it would be possible to write a history of the inventions, made since 1830, for the sole purpose of supplying capital with weapons against the revolts of the working class. The enthusiastic technophiles Saint-Simon, Comte, Lenin, B.F. Skinner have always been unabashed authoritarians also; which is to say, technocrats. We should be more than skeptical about the promises of the computer mystics. They work like dogs; chances are, if they have their way, so will the rest of us. But if they have any particularized contributions more readily subordinated to human purposes than the run of high tech, lets give them a hearing.

What I really want to see is work turned into play. A first step is to discard the notions of a job and an occupation. Even activities that already have some ludic content lose most of it by being reduced to jobs which certain people, and only those people, are forced to do to the exclusion of all else. Is it not odd that farm workers toil painfully in the fields while their air-conditioned masters go home every weekend and putter about in their gardens? Under a system of permanent revelry, we will witness the Golden Age of the dilettante which will put the Renaissance to shame. There wont be any more jobs, just things to do and people to do them.

The secret of turning work into play, as Charles Fourier demonstrated, is to arrange useful activities to take advantage of whatever it is that various people at various times in fact enjoy doing. To make it possible for some people to do the things they could enjoy, it will be enough just to eradicate the irrationalities and distortions which afflict these activities when they are reduced to work. I, for instance, would enjoy doing some (not too much) teaching, but I dont want coerced students and I dont care to suck up to pathetic pedants for tenure.

Second, there are some things that people like to do from time to time, but not for too long, and certainly not all the time. You might enjoy baby-sitting for a few hours in order to share the company of kids, but not as much as their parents do. The parents meanwhile profoundly appreciate the time to themselves that you free up for them, although theyd get fretful if parted from their progeny for too long. These differences among individuals are what make a life of free play possible. The same principle applies to many other areas of activity, especially the primal ones. Thus many people enjoy cooking when they can practice it seriously at their leisure, but not when theyre just fueling up human bodies for work.

Third other things being equal some things that are unsatisfying if done by yourself or in unpleasant surroundings or at the orders of an overlord are enjoyable, at least for a while, if these circumstances are changed. This is probably true, to some extent, of all work. People deploy their otherwise wasted ingenuity to make a game of the least inviting drudge-jobs as best they can. Activities that appeal to some people dont always appeal to all others, but everyone at least potentially has a variety of interests and an interest in variety. As the saying goes, anything once. Fourier was the master at speculating about how aberrant and perverse penchants could be put to use in post-civilized society, what he called Harmony. He thought the Emperor Nero would have turned out all right if as a child he could have indulged his taste for bloodshed by working in a slaughterhouse. Small children who notoriously relish wallowing in filth could be organized in Little Hordes to clean toilets and empty the garbage, with medals awarded to the outstanding. I am not arguing for these precise examples but for the underlying principle, which I think makes perfect sense as one dimension of an overall revolutionary transformation. Bear in mind that we dont have to take todays work just as we find it and match it up with the proper people, some of whom would have to be perverse indeed.

If technology has a role in all this, it is less to automate work out of existence than to open up new realms for re/creation. To some extent we may want to return to handicrafts, which William Morris considered a probable and desirable upshot of communist revolution. Art would be taken back from the snobs and collectors, abolished as a specialized department catering to an elite audience, and its qualities of beauty and creation restored to integral life from which they were stolen by work. Its a sobering thought that the Grecian urns we write odes about and showcase in museums were used in their own time to store olive oil. I doubt our everyday artifacts will fare as well in the future, if there is one. The point is that theres no such thing as progress in the world of work; if anything, its just the opposite. We shouldnt hesitate to pilfer the past for what it has to offer, the ancients lose nothing yet we are enriched.

The reinvention of daily life means marching off the edge of our maps. There is, it is true, more suggestive speculation than most people suspect. Besides Fourier and Morrisand even a hint, here and there, in Marx there are the writings of Kropotkin, the syndicalists Pataud and Pouget, anarcho-communists old (Berkman) and new (Bookchin). The Goodman brothers Communitas is exemplary for illustrating what forms follow from given functions (purposes), and there is something to be gleaned form the often hazy heralds of alternative/appropriate/intermediate/convivial technology, like Schumacher and especially Illich, once you disconnect their fog machines. The situationists as represented by Vaneigems Revolution of Everyday Life and in the Situationist International Anthology are so ruthlessly lucid as to be exhilarating, even if they never did quite square the endorsement of the rule of the workers councils with the abolition of work. Better their incongruity, though, than any extant version of leftism, whose devotees look to be the last champions of work, for if there were no work there would be no workers, and without workers, whom would the left have to organize?

So the abolitionists will be largely on their own. No one can say what would result from unleashing the creative power stultified by work. Anything can happen. The tiresome debaters problem of freedom vs. necessity, with its theological overtones, resolves itself practically once the production of use-values is coextensive with the consumption of delightful play-activity.

Life will become a game, or rather many games, but not as it is nowa zero/sum game. An optimal sexual encounter is the paradigm of productive play. The participants potentiate each others pleasures, nobody keeps score, and everybody wins. The more you give, the more you get. In the ludic life, the best of sex will diffuse into the better part of daily life. Generalized play leads to the libidinization of life. Sex, in turn, can become less urgent and desperate, more playful. If we play our cards right, we can all get more out of life than we put into it; but only if we play for keeps.

Workers of the world relax!

This essay originated as a speech in 1980. A revised and enlarged version was published as a pamphlet in 1985, and in the first edition of The Abolition of Work and Other Essays (Loompanics Unlimited, 1986). It has also appeared in many periodicals and anthologies, including translations into French, German, Italian, Dutch and Slovene. Revised by the author for the Inspiracy Press edition.

Part I: The Abolition of Work

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The Abolition of Work by Bob Black Inspiracy

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Abolition Of Work | Prometheism.net - Part 25

Rep kicks against abolition of tenure policy for perm secs, directors – NIGERIAN TRIBUNE (press release) (blog)

A member of the House of Representatives , Hon Kehinde Agboola representing Ekiti North 1 (Oye -Ikole) Federal Constituency of Ekiti state at the Weekend kicked against the suspension of tenure policy for Permanent Secretaries and Directors in Federal Civil Service of the Federation, saying that the action if not reversed would be counterproductive.

This came just as the lawmaker is canvassing for the immediate reversal of the existing 60 years retirement limit policy for Permanent Secretaries and Directors in the federal civil service, except for those whose tenure would extend to the retirement age.

Speaking with News men in Abuja on the motion he presented on the floor of the House to that effect last Thursday at the Plenary, Hon Agboola argued that if their occupation of offices are not tenured, the workers in these categories may spend upwards of 10 years or more in office, their depriving workers down the line from succeeding them before their own retirement ages.

The motion titled, Need to reinstate the abolished civil service tenure policy, by Hon Kehinde Agboola, was unanimously adopted through the vice vote

The members while debating the motion were of the opinion that if the positions were not tenured, as it used to be the practice, promotions and upgrading would hardly be achieved.

President Muhammadu Buhari had a year ago ordered the suspension of the tenure policy in the federal civil service.

Introduced by former Head of the Civil Service of the Federation, Steve Oronsaye, under the administration of late President Umaru YarAdua, the plan had prescribed two terms of four years each for permanent secretaries of ministries, while directors were entitled to an eight-year tenure.

With the new directive, civil servants could now stay in service until they are 35 years in service or they turn 60.

Leading the debate on the motion, Agboola urged the House to direct the government to reinstate the abolished policy as it would further intrinsically result in politicizing the system and scaling up systemic corruption contrary to the dictates of a government that has anticorruption precept as one of its cardinal objectives.

The lawmaker argued that one of the ways the non-tenured workers corruptly enrich themselves while in office is deploring the biometrics tools to alter and falsify their work records.

Agboola also appealed to the House to mandate its Committee on Public Service Matters to ensure compliance and report back in four weeks.

According to him. Its sad that when a permanent secretary and directors are allowed to stay in office more than necessary, in the name of working to attain the 35 years work period or 60 years retirement age limit, they keep altering their records, especially their ages through the biometrics option

This does not create opportunity for workers down the line to move up. Let their offices be based on tenure as it used to be so that as they complete the required years, they can go and rest.

They can leave and begin to mentor others. Some of them can even join politics. We need them here, but if they remain they until it gets to the point they cannot do anything again, it will not be good for the system,

Ekiti to hand schools over to missionary owners if Fayose

Calabar boils again as cultist embark on killing spree

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Rep kicks against abolition of tenure policy for perm secs, directors - NIGERIAN TRIBUNE (press release) (blog)

Labour’s populism for the middle classes – New Statesman

This essay is based upon the One People Oration I delivered at Westminster Abbey in October 2014. I have made hundreds of speeches in the House of Commons as a Member of Parliament for 25 years, but this was the only one I had given in Westminster Abbey. In its early days, in the early1300s, Parliament actually sat there, in the Chapter House and then in the Refectory of the Abbey. So as an MP I felt very at home, but there were important differences.

The Commons is a scene of noisy disagreement, while in the Abbey we were surrounded by a thousand years of reflection and calm. In the Commons I would be cut off mid-flow if I went a minute over my allotted time, but in the Abbey I spoke for as long as I needed to and had some hope the audience might actually have been listening. When I spoke in the House of Commons I was just yards from where my hero William Pitt the Younger (Hague 2005) debated with Fox and Burke and Sheridan, but he was actually buried in the Abbey, with his father, in what I believe is the only grave in our country to contain two prime ministers.

People often comment that politicians are becoming younger, but Pitt was prime minister at the age of 24. There has never been a younger occupant of Number 10 before or since, and I doubt there will ever be one again or one as peculiarly gifted as a parliamentary orator. Pitt was prime minister for 18 years and 11 months, and for half that time Britain was at war with France and frequently at risk of invasion.

Another hero of mine, WilliamWilberforce(Hague 2008), is also buried in the Abbey, thanks to his family and friends countermanding his wish to be buried elsewhere. His house, Number 4 Palace Yard, stood just over the wall and was by every account a veritable pandemonium of books, pets, visitors and hapless servants he never had the heart to let go. From amid that ferment of ideas and activity he spent 20 years converting the people and entire political establishment of Britain to the cause of abolition. Year after year he moved motions in the House of Commons that were defeated. But in 1807, two decades after he began, he finally succeeded in turning our country from a slave-trading nation into one that bullied, harassed and bribed other countries into giving up their own detestable traffic in humans. And he did this without ever holding any office in any government.

Although I am not an intensely religious person, in writing my book onWilberforceI came to admire the unquenchable determination to succeed in a cause that religion in his case evangelical Christianity inspired in him. Because he believed he was accounting to God for how he spent his time, he actually recorded what he did with it. His papers include tables detailing each quarter hour of the day. One typical entry describes seven and a half hours of Commons business, eight and a quarter hours in bed, five and a half hours of requisite company &c visits &c, threequarters of an hour of serious reading and meditation, 15 minutes unaccounted for or dressing and one hour described as squandered.

While few in his age had his gift with words and his obsessive drive,Wilberforcewas not alone in being inspired by his faith. He was part of theClaphamsect, a small group of politicians, lawyers, merchants, churchmen and bankers based aroundClaphamCommon, who were responsible for one of the greatest varieties and volumes of charitable activity ever launched by any group of people in any age.

Their primary goal was the abolition of the slave trade and the founding of Sierra Leone, but on top of this they set up a staggering array of charitable causes: the London Missionary Society; the Society for Bettering the Condition and Increasing the Comforts of the Poor; the Church Missionary Society; the Religious Tract Society; the Society for Promoting the Religious Instruction of Youth; the Society for the Relief of the Industrious Poor; the British National Endeavour for the Orphans of Soldiers and Sailors; the Institution for the Protection of Young Girls; the Society for the Suppression of Vice; the Sunday School Union; the Society forSupercedingthe Necessity for Climbing Boys in Cleansing Chimneys; the British and Foreign Bible Society; and two with particularly wonderful names: The Asylum House of Refuge for the Reception of Orphaned Girls the Settlements of whose Parents Cannot be Found and, finally, the Friendly Female Society, for the Relief of Poor, Infirm, Aged Widows, and Single Women of Good Character, Who Have Seen Better Days. And we thinkwelive in an age of activism.

***

I know that for many people today religious faith of all kinds remains a great inspiration and channel for charity and altruism. And whatever faith or creed we live by, inherent in our democracy is the idea that our freedoms and rights are universal. Oppression or conflict or poverty or injustice anywhere in the world has stirred our consciences, as individuals and collectively, throughout our history. I want to argue that maintaining and building on that national tradition is absolutely vital in the twenty-first century, both as a moral obligation and in order to prevent wars at a time of growing international instability.

The year 2014, when I delivered my lecture in Westminster Abbey, saw us marking 100 years since the First World War, in which so many of our countrymen perished because conflict was not averted. Remembering that dreadful conflict should inspire us to maintain our restless conscience as a nation and be determined to do whatever we can to improve the condition of humanity. We should have faith in the broadest sense in our ideas and our ideals as a country, and in our ability to have a positive impact on the development of other nations and the future of our world.

One of the most moving sights I have seen in some time was the sea of poppies encircling the Tower of London, commemorating each and every British and Commonwealth military fatality in the First World War. It was a silent exhortation to remember, to be grateful for what we have and to learn the lessons of those times when peace had to be restored at so great a price to humanity. So too is the revered Grave of the Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey, buried among Kings, as his gravestone says, as one of the many who gave the most that man can give, life itself, for God, for King and Country, for Loved Ones and Empire, for the Sacred Cause of Justice and the Freedom of the World. The remains of 15 British soldiers from the War were reburied in Belgium in October 2014, 100 years after they were killed in battle, reminding us that we are still counting the cost of that terrible conflagration.

As Foreign Secretary, for four years I occupied the office used by Sir Edward Grey, with its windows overlookingHorseguardsand St Jamess Park. Standing at those windows, as he contemplated the catastrophe about to engulf the world, he famously said, the lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime. The failure of diplomacy on the eve of the War ushered in greater suffering than Grey and his contemporaries could ever have imagined: war on an industrial scale, the butchery of the unknown by the unseen, in the words of one war correspondent, in which 10 million soldiers died on all sides, 20 million were severely wounded and eight million were permanently disabled; in which appalling massacres, rapes and other atrocities were committed against thousands of civilians and millions of refugees were created; and which was all to be followed by the Second World War, the massacres in Poland, the gas chambers and extermination camps of the Holocaust, pogroms in the Soviet Union and the slaughter of war and revolution in China.

It is tempting to look back on the horrors and evils of the past and to think that these things could not happen again. It would be comforting to imagine that we have reached such a level of education and enlightenment that ideologies like Nazism, Fascism and Communism that led to mass slaughter, and the nationalism that leads states to attack theirneighboursor groups within states to massacre their fellow citizens, have all seen an end. Sadly, I believe this is an illusion.

There is an additional illusion that sometimes takes hold, as it did before the First World War, that a permanent peace has arrived. Then, Europe had enjoyed 99 years without widespread war. The Great Powers had found a way back from the brink of conflict several times, and Grey and his colleagues can be forgiven for thinking that crises would always be resolved by diplomacy, when in fact they were on the edge of the two greatest cataclysms in history.

History shows that while circumstances change, human nature is immutable. However educated, advanced or technologically skilled we become, we are still highly prone to errors ofjudgement, to greed and thus to conflict. There is no irreversible progress towards democracy, human rights and greater freedoms just as there is unlikely to be any such thing as a state of permanent peace. Unless each generation acts to preserve the gains it inherits and to build upon them for the future, then peace, democracy and freedom can easily be eroded, and conflict can readily break out.

***

It is true that there is more education, welfare, charitableendeavourand kindness in our world than ever before, that we have reached extraordinary diplomatic milestones like the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and that we have a United Nations (UN) system carrying out responsibilities from peacekeeping to the protection of our environment. We should never lose faith in the positive side of human nature and always retain our optimism and belief in our ability to shape our destiny. But my argument is that it is also true that the capacity of human beings to inflict unspeakable violence upon others, of ideologies that are pure evil to rise up or for states that are badly led to wade into new forms of conflict are all as present as ever.

We often read about massacres as if such barbaric things are only to be found in the pages of history. But the short span of our own lifetimes tells a different story, from Europe to the Middle East, to Africa and Asia. Only in 1995, in Europe, 8000 men and boys were massacred inSrebrenicain a single week. Over five million people have been killed in the Congo in the two decades up to 2014.

In April 2014, when I attended the20thanniversary of the Rwandan massacres, I and the other international representatives were standing where nearly a third of a million people are buried in a single grave, a third of the million women, men and children slain in cold blood within 100 days. Also in 2014, two of Pol Pots henchmen, part of the Khmer Rouge regime that killed more than a million people, were convicted and given life sentences. In Iraq and Syria, in a perversion of religion,ISIL(Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) is currently terrorizing communities with beheadings and crucifixions. And think of the barrel bombs that have rained down on schools in Syria from theAssadregime and the pitiless desperation to hold on to power needed to produce such utter inhumanity.

Aggressive ideology, despotism and fanaticism live on, despite all our other advances and achievements. This is the human condition. Our optimism and faith in human nature will always have to contend with this harsh truth, at the same time as being essential to overcoming such evils. That is why it is so important for us to have a strong sense of history so that we never lose sight of how fragile peace and security can be. And so we understand that diplomacy and the peaceful resolution of conflicts is not an abstract concept but our greatest responsibility.

In our information-rich, media-saturated world, history can be caricatured as a luxury, not least for those who have their hands full running the country. But I could not imagine having been Foreign Secretary without drawing on the advice of the Foreign Office historians, who were able to offer historical precedents for every conceivable revolution, insurgency, treaty or crisis, and who produced maps and papers that shed light on the most intractable of modern problems. It is as important to consult the lessons of history in foreign policy as it is to seek the advice of our embassies, our intelligence agencies, our military and our allies. History is not set in stone and is open to endless reinterpretation. But the habit of deep and searching thought rooted in history must be cultivated: not toparalyseus or make us excessively pessimistic, but to help us make sound decisions and guide our actions.

It remains as true today as it was when Edmund Burke first expressed it that the only thing necessary for evil to triumph is for good men and women to do nothing. We cannot in our generation coast along or think it is not our responsibility or that it is too difficult to tackle conflict and injustice that bring misery to millions. However pressing the crises of the day, we have to address the fundamental conditions that lead to armed conflict and reduce the human suffering it causes. This means not only maintaining Britains global role living up to our responsibilities, protecting our interests internationally and being able to project military power where necessary but also consciously encouraging and developing the ideas, concepts and strategies needed to address poverty, conflict and injustice.

All our advances start with an idea. Powerful ideas can then become unstoppable movements as indeed the abolition of the slave trade did in the eighteenth century. For that to happen governments have to adopt the best of these ideas, and leaders have to be prepared to be open and radical.

***

The title of my essay is taken from a remark by Admiral John Fisher, First Sea Lord in the early nineteenth century and commander of the Royal Navy at the start of the First World War. In 1899, he was sent as Britains representative to the first Hague Peace Conference, called by Russia, to discuss the growing arms race and place curbs on the use of certain weapons in war. As these proposals were discussed at the negotiating table, he is said to have remarked with some passion that one could sooner talk of humanising hell than of humanising war. While he was, of course, right about the hell of war, in actual fact the traumatic experience of conflict and great idealism have often gone together. It has frequently been the very experience of war that has spurred mankinds greatest advances in international relations, based on ideas that were radical when first presented.

When HenryDunantobserved the agonizing deaths of thousands of injured men at the battle ofSolferinoin 1859, his outrage and activism led to the 1864 Geneva Convention, the founding text of contemporary international humanitarian law, which laid the foundation for the treatment of prisoners in war. After the First World War, there was a vast and intensive period of institution building, leading to the League of Nations, InternationalLabourOrganization, the prohibition on use of chemical weapons and the creation of the High Commissioner for Refugees to find a way of returning millions of European refugees to their homes, which supports over 50 million refugees and displaced people worldwide today.

While the Second World War was raging, Roosevelt and Churchill spent hours discussing the creation of a new international body to prevent conflict in the future, which led to the United Nations itself, the Security Council and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. More recently, in our lifetime, the outrage at atrocities in Cambodia, Rwanda, Liberia and Bosnia led to the creation of the International Criminal Court and the concept of the Responsibility to Protect. Since 1990 our country has played a leading role in securing international bans on the use of cluster munitions andlandmines, and I was proud to sign on Britains behalf the ratification of the International Arms Trade Treaty, the culmination of ten years of advocacy begun here in Britain.

The humanising of the hell of war is a continual process. While our goal must always be to avert conflict in the first place, except as a last resort as provided in the UN charter, it is also essential to establish norms ofbehaviourabout what is unacceptable even in times of war. This is vital so that if conflict breaks out despite our best efforts, governments feel restrained by the threat of accountability for any crimes that are committed, we have mechanisms to protect civilians and peace agreements take account of the need for reconciliation and the punishment of crimes against humanity. The crucial point is that while the international bodies we have are the result of diplomacy, they do not simply arise on their own. They are the product of ideas generated by individuals, groups or governments refusing to accept thestatus quo, such that then, with enough momentum, public support and political commitment became reality.

I think of this restless conscience, as I call it, as an enduring and admirable British characteristic. Our nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), lawyers, academics and Crown servants have had an extraordinary impact internationally. In my time in the Foreign Office I found our diplomats a powerful part of this tradition, from their work on the abolition of the death penalty, to improving the lot of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) communities worldwide, to helping negotiations as far away as the nowsuccessful Mindanao Peace Process in the Philippines. This is part of our countrys distinctive contribution to the world, and it involves the power of our ideas as much as the skill of our diplomats. We must always cherish and encourage that flow of ideas and idealism and those rivers of soft power and influence that form such a large part of our role in the world.

It is also true that diplomatic negotiations for peace do not simply arise automatically. They require extraordinary effort by individuals. US former Secretary of State, John Kerry, for example, deserves praise for his tireless work on the IsraeliPalestinian conflict. He chose to devote weeks on end trying to restart and conclude those negotiations, rather than taking the easy route of not attempting such a difficult task. Individuals and the choices they make have an immense impact. Sometimes the individual is someone in high office, like William Pitt, who did his utmost in the early1790sto avoid war with France and whose State Paper of 1805 was the basis for European peace for most of the nineteenth century. Or it is someone likeWilberforce, who was never a government minister, but whose ideas and energy brought relief, an end of suffering and ultimately freedom for millions of people.

Choices are motivated differently. The coalition to end the British slave trade was driven not just by moral considerations, but also by political and economic factors. Adam Smith argued against slavery because he saw it as an inefficient allocation of resources. British naval supremacy in the world meant that in simple political terms, abolition was possible because we had the diplomatic and military muscle to enforce it. AndWilberforcewas outraged that slaves had no opportunity to embrace Christianity, so their souls were being lost. So his key argument against the trade was neither economic nor political, it was religious. It is inevitable that in this way governments, like individuals, are motivated by a number of different factors. But we must pursue the issues today that bring together the moral interest and the national interest, using the combination of powerful ideas, our strong institutions and our global role.

***

We should be proud that, so far, our country has kept its promise to spend 0.7 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) on international development, not just because it is morally right, but also because it is profoundly in our national interest to help other nations lift their citizens out of poverty. We have to continue to lead global efforts to stop the illegal wildlife trade, which destroys the natural heritage of African nations, undermines economic development and creates instability. It is vital that we promote a rules-based international system, because it nourishes the commerce, trade and stability that are the lifeblood of our own economy as well as strengthening human rights internationally. And it is essential that we support political reform, civil society, womens rights and economic progress in the Middle East, because it is vital to our long-term security that that region becomes more free, more stable and more prosperous.

The pursuit of policies that bring stability in the world, and the moral authority for them, are inseparable. Any idea that we should retrench, withdraw or turn away from these issues is misguided and wrong for two reasons. First, the world is becoming systemically less stable. This is due to many different factors: the dispersal of power amongst a wider group of nations, many of whom do not fully share our values and our objectives in foreign policy; the diffusion of power away from governments, accelerated by technology; the globalization of ideas and ability of people to organize themselves into leaderless movements and spread ideas around the world within minutes; our interconnectedness, a boon for development but also a major vulnerability to threats, from terrorism and cyber crime to the spread of diseases like Ebola; the growing global middle class, which is driving demand for greater accountability and more freedom within states designed to suppress such instincts; and the rise of religious intolerance in the Middle East.

Global institutions are struggling to deal with these trends. It is not enough to ensure there is no conflict on our own continent, although sadly the crisis in Ukraine has shown, once again, that even Europe is not immune. Conflict anywhere in the world affects us through refugee flows, the crimes and terrorism that conflict fuels and the billions of pounds needed in humanitarian assistance, so we have to address these issues.

Second, the pursuit of sound development, inclusive politics and the rule of law are essential to our moral standing in the world, which is in turn an important factor in our international influence. As I pointed out in 2006, the US and UK suffered a loss of moral authority as a result of aspects of the War on Terror, which affected the standing of our foreign policy and the willingness of other countries to work with us, and which both President Obamas administration and our own government worked hard to address. We are strongest when we act with moral authority, and that means being the strongest champions of our values.

Thus, neither as a matter of wise policy nor as a matter of conscience can Britain ever afford to turn aside from a global role. We have to continue to be restless advocates for improving the condition of humanity. This means continuing to forge new alliances, reforming the UN and other global institutions and enforcing the rules that govern international relations. But that will never be enough by itself, so we also have to retain the ambition to influence not just the resolutions that are passed and the treaties that are signed up to, but also the beliefs in the world about what is acceptable and what is not.

A powerful example of an issue on which we need to apply such leadership is the use of rape and sexual violence as weapons of war. I have been surprised by how deeply engrained and passive attitudes to this subject often are. Because history is full of accounts of the mass abuse of women and captives, and because there is so much domestic violence in all societies, it is a widely held view that violence against women and girls is inevitable in peacetime and in conflict.

But when we seeISILforeign fighters in Iraq and Syria selling women as slaves and glorifying rape and sexual slavery; when we hear of refugees, who have already lost everything, being raped in camps for want of basic protections; when we see leaders exhorting their fighters to go out and rape their opponents, specifically to inflict terror, to make women pregnant, to force people to flee their homes and to destroy their families and communities; or peace agreements giving amnesty to men who have ordered and carried out rape or deliberately turned a blind eye to it; or soldiers and even peacekeepers committing rape due to lack of discipline, proper training, no accountability and a culture that treats women as the spoils of war, a commodity to be exploited with impunity, then we are clearly dealing with injustice on a scale that is simply intolerable, as well as damaging to the stability of those countries and the peace of the wider world.

It is often said to me that without war there would be nowarzonerape, as if that is the only way to address the problem. While of course our goal is always to prevent conflict, we cannot simply consign millions of women, men, girls and boys to the suffering of rape while we seek a way to put an end to all conflict, since, as I have argued, this goal is one we should always strive for but may often not attain.

***

We have shown that we can put restraints on the way war is conducted. We have put beyond the pale the use of poison gas or torture and devised the Arms Trade Treaty for the trade in illegal weapons. It is time to address this aspect of conflict and to treat sexual violence as an issue of global peace and security. The biggest obstacle we face in this campaign is the idea you cannot do anything about it that you cannot humanise hell, that there is nothing we can do to endwarzonerape. But there is hope, and we must dispel this pessimism. Over the last two years, working with NGOs, the UN and faith groups, we have brought the weight and influence of Britain to bear globally as no country ever has done before on this subject.

Over 150 countries have joined our campaign and endorsed a global declaration of commitment to end sexual violence in conflict. We brought together over 120 governments and thousands of people at a Global Summit in London in June 2014, the first of its kind. And in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan and Colombia we are seeing signs of governments being prepared to address this issue by passing laws and reforming their militaries.

What would it say about our commitment to human rights in our own society if we knew about such abuses but did nothing about them? And how could we be at the forefront of preventing conflict in the world if we did not act to prevent something that causes conflict in the future? Sexual violence is often designed to make peace impossible to achieve and create the bitterness and incentive for future conflict. Dealing with it is not a luxury to be added on, it is an integral part of conflict prevention, a crucial part of breaking a cycle of war. And it has to go hand in hand with seeking the full political, social and economic empowerment of women everywhere, the greatest strategic prize of all for our century.

In 2014 we commemorated those who died in the First World War and their suffering. There is no more fitting thing we can do for the sake of that memory than to face up to the hell of conflict in our lifetimes. We have never had to mobilize our population to fight in the way their generation did, and so we have been spared their painful burdens. But how much more incumbent does that make it on all of us to fight with the peaceful tools at our disposal on behalf of those who are denied, through no fault of their own, the security we consider our birthright.

Just as inWilberforces day, it will always be necessary for Britain to be at the forefront of efforts to improve the condition of humanity. The search for peace and an end to conflict requires powerful ideas and the relentlessdefenceof our values, as much it does negotiations and summits between nations. We could be heading for such turbulent times that it will be easy for some people to say we should not bother with development or tackling sexual violence in conflict or other such issues. There will always be the pressing crisis of the day that risks drowning out such longterm causes. But, in fact, addressing these issues is crucial to overcoming crises now and in the future and it will be an increasingly important part of our moral authority and standing in the world that we are seen to do this.

Just because there are economic crises and major social changes does not mean we or our partners can squander any day or any year in producing the ideas as well as the laws that prevent conflict and deal with some of the greatest scourges of the twenty-first century, and we must do so with confidence: for it remains the case that free and democratic societies are the only places where the ideas and the moral force we need can be found. Our times call for a renewal of that effort for just and equitable solutions to conflict, the driving down of global inequalities and the confronting of injustices.

Every day we have to start again: there is not going to be a day in our lifetimes when we can wake up and say this work is complete. We have to overcome the sense of helplessness that says that vast problems cannot be tackled. We have to awaken the conscience of nations and stir the actions of governments. In an age of mass communication this is a task for every one of us. Whether we are in government, are diplomats, journalists, members of the armed forces, members of the public, students, faith groups or civil servants, every one of us is part of that effort.

In Britain, our restless conscience should never allow us to withdraw behind our fortifications and turn away from the world but should always inspire us to strive for peace and security, to maintain our responsibilities, seek new ways of addressing the worst aspects of humanbehaviourand live up to our greatest traditions.

This essay is taken from The Moral Heart of Public Service, edited by Claire Foster-Gilbert and published by Jessica Kingsley Publishers, priced 15.99, on 21 June 2017.

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Labour's populism for the middle classes - New Statesman

In Starks, Maine’s pot haven, passion doesn’t burn evenly – Press Herald

STARKS There was a moment in August 1994 when Don Christen realized his idea for a big outdoor party to celebrate marijuana was really catching on.

I woke up on Saturday and the field was just covered with blankets and tents from people who slept there overnight, said Christen, 64, recalling that years Hempstock festival in Starks. We recorded 12,500 people through our gates. The issue back then was so important to people that they just had to be there.

By drawing crowds of 10,000 or more pot smokers and activists, Hempstock helped this rural town of 640 people become known as an epicenter of marijuana advocacy in Maine. Though the names have changed and crowds have grown smaller over the years, cannabis-friendly festivals have been held on Harry Browns 70-acre farm every year since the first Hempstock in 1991. The next one, Harrys Hoe Down, takes place Friday through June 25.

So it may seem ironic that, with marijuana now legal in Maine, Starks voters approved an ordinance in March making their town one of only a handful of marijuana-dry towns in the state, banning any marijuana-related retail business by a vote of 61-39. A majority of Starks voters also opposed the new state law allowing marijuana use, when it was on the ballot in November, 185-167.

But people in Starks say the twist is not so surprising. Residents have long been split over the festivals, which are held on private land and have become tightly regulated by the town. Some residents support the festivals cause and say the area, where making a living isnt easy, has a history of people putting food on the table by growing and selling cannabis. But many didnt like the traffic jams, the noise and the headlines about drug arrests in their town. Many in Starks, founded in 1795, have come to resent the towns reputation as a pot haven.

From my perspective the festivals have had an overall negative impact on the town, and I think a lot of people in town feel that way. Thats why they voted the way they did when they got the chance to weigh in, said Paul Frederic, 74, chairman of the Board of Selectmen, whose family goes back more than 200 years in Starks. I know some people in town support (the festivals) but so many find it an irritant, to have this reputation, to have our town known as a hotbed of marijuana.

Hempstock security personnel read through a search warrant served by Maine State Police before a brief search of the festival site in Starks in this 2002 file photograph. Staff photo

SOMETIMES PERFECT IS THE ENEMY OF GOOD

Christen and Brown, the two Starks residents most responsible for Hempstocks reputation and the towns notoriety, no longer work together. With Christen as the main organizer and Brown as the landowner and host, the two collaborated on festivals that were essentially rallies for marijuana-related causes for about 17 years. They parted ways in 2008 over money and the direction of the festival.

Both men have been jailed over the years for marijuana-related charges, and both say they are still committed to the cause of educating the public on cannabis products and broadening existing laws. But neither supported the successful campaign to legalize marijuana in Maine last fall. They both feel the state law doesnt go far enough and that personal possession should not be limited to 2 ounces.

It seems ironic to me that this was a bill to legalize marijuana, with some regulation, and that these guys couldnt support it. Sometimes perfect is the enemy of good, and from an activist standpoint this was a good initiative, said David Boyer, Maine political director of the Marijuana Policy Project, who managed the pro-legalization campaign. But I certainly respect what these guys have done over the years and the groundwork they laid. They helped change attitudes.

So the festivals in Starks, begun when marijuana was not legal in Maine, will continue even with the new law in effect. Harrys Hoe Down will be the first of three scheduled for this season in Starks. Browns farm also will host Green Love Renaissance Aug. 18-20 and Harvest Ball Oct. 6-9. Each festival includes a mix of bands, people speaking about marijuana laws and ongoing efforts to broaden them, as well as nonprofits giving out information on medical marijuana and cannabis-related businesses. Bands scheduled to perform this year include Max Creek, Bellas Bartok, Wobblesauce and Roots of Creation. No alcohol is sold.

Selling marijuana anywhere in Maine is not yet legal, as state lawmakers work to set up a regulatory system to oversee the industry.

Brown and other organizers say the Starks festivals are about peaceful social change of all kinds.

The reasons for celebrating our freedoms are more now, not less, said Brown, 68, standing on the porch of his small home. The law needs to be broader; there is still too much ignorance of the herb.

The Starks prohibition on marijuana sales, which both Christen and Brown opposed, was approved by town voters March 10. It bans retail marijuana establishments, which include stores, testing facilities, manufacturing facilities, social clubs and commercial growing operations.

The town ordinance did not address personal use of marijuana, though the state law allows people to grow six plants for that purpose. Since the state law went into effect in January, many towns have considered temporary moratoriums.

But only a handful, including Oakland, Skowehgan, Norway, York and Lebanon, have bans similar to the one in Starks, said Ted Kelleher, an attorney with Drummond Woodsum in Portland whose practice focuses on regulated substance issues. Others are considering bans and moratoriums. Kelleher said some town officials have considered bans because their voters strongly rejected the state legalization.

The ban on marijuana businesses was proposed by the town planning board. Board chairman Kerry Hebert declined to comment for this story. In a message to residents on the town website, board members said the ban was proposed partly because town voters rejected the state marijuana law and partly because voters at the 2016 town meeting had voted for a 180-day moratorium on marijuana businesses.

Shane Sours, 42, whose family once ran the only store in town, opposed the ban.

Were already known for marijuana, so what would it hurt if we had a dispensary or a business selling it? he said. It might bring jobs. I think the people who voted for (the ban) want to change this towns image.

Not everyone saw the vote as a referendum on the towns reputation. Ernest Hilton, a 66-year-old lawyer and member of the Board of Selectmen, said he voted for the ban because he could not see very much positive about allowing marijuana businesses in town. But he said he could have accepted a rejection of the ban as well.

It could have gone either way for me, Hilton said. It was not an issue that raised a huge emotional response with everyone.

The history of marijuana festivals in town wasnt a factor for him, he said: Those festivals will continue whether this ban was voted on or not, so to me theyre not related.

FROM ONE HEMPSTOCK COME MANY

Starks is about 20 miles east of Farmington, in rolling hills near the western mountains. It was named for Revolutionary War hero Gen. John Stark of New Hampshire and has a history of attracting independent-minded people.

Brown grew up in Connecticut and moved to Starks in the late 1970s for a freer lifestyle, closer to nature. He sells his artwork at a store in Farmington, H. Brown Fine Art, and has been involved in protests against war, nuclear power and Wall Street. As a user of marijuana, he has long found it a lot of nonsense that the federal government can classify it as a dangerous drug and incarcerate its citizens because of it.

Christen grew up in the nearby paper mill town of Madison and has been advocating for the abolition of legal restrictions on marijuana most of his adult life. His father was a health inspector and town official in Madison and Anson, and Christen has worked various skilled labor jobs, including in paper mills. He says he grew up with friends and neighbors who grew marijuana to make ends meet, to cobble together a living along with whatever else they could manage.

The reason I started doing this is because Ive never felt like I was a criminal for smoking pot and growing pot. There are so many people around here who have grown it for years, to put food on the table, said Christen. One day when I was young, I was sitting around with some friends at the kitchen table, complaining (about marijuana being illegal), my father said, Why dont you do something about it instead of just bitchin about it?

Christen started Maine Vocals, a group working to promote the legalization of marijuana and was looking for like-minded people to help when he met Brown. So when Christen wanted to start a festival to push his cause, he asked Brown for use of his 70-acre farm.

Out-of-work carpenters in the area helped quickly build a stage for the first festival, in 1991, Brown remembers. About 400 to 500 people showed up that year, and throughout the 1990s the festival grew markedly. Starks residents themselves helped promote the towns reputation as a center of cannabis advocacy in 1992 when they approved a resolution asking the state to legalize the growing of marijuana and possession of small amounts. The vote was 45-42, but the gesture, at a time when police helicopters were buzzing central Maine fields looking for marijuana farms, got national attention.

Harry Brown, whose 70-acre farm in Starks was the longtime site of the annual Hempstock, has parted ways with festival organizer Don Christen. But Brown still hosts music festivals that are about peaceful social change of all kinds. Staff photo by Ben McCanna

PARTNERSHIP ENDED IN 2008

There were sometimes arrests during festivals, including for people selling marijuana or paraphernalia. In June 2016, a New Hampshire man was arrested after leaving an event at Harry Browns Farm and charged with possession of hashish, a marijuana derivative, and refusing to submit to arrest. Police said they stopped him after he was seen speeding on Starks Road.

The partnership between Christen and Brown ended about 2008, around differences over the direction of the festival and financial matters. Christen says Brown and his family wanted more money than what he was willing to pay to rent the land. Brown said he didnt get paid for some years of the festival, that very little money was used to maintain the festival site, and that the crowds were getting edgier and drunker and more intoxicated as years went by. He says that in the years Christen organized Hempstock, letting the music get too loud upset townspeople.

Christen says he paid as much as $18,000 a year in rent for three festivals and that Brown wanted more. He called the festivals orderly, with less trouble than youd see in a bar in Waterville on a Friday night. Town officials did not agree, and shortly after the 1994 Hempstock they began crafting a 15-page mass gatherings ordinance that requires a public hearing to be held before each festival is approved, with very specific requirements about all facets of the festivals, from toilets and water supplies to the number of parking spaces and the location of all parking supervisors.

Over the years the crowds at Starks festivals have been much smaller, though Brown and the people who help him organize the festivals now say they dont keep an exact count.

Christen kept the Hempstock name and moved his festivals to a piece of land he owns in Harmony, another very rural town about 25 miles east. He holds about six a year, under various names, including Hempstock, Freedom Fest and Heads in Harmony. The three-day Freedom Fest was to be held this weekend and to wrap up Sunday. His next festival, Somerset County Jam Fest, is scheduled July 14-16. His festivals have bands, speakers and vendors, too, and attract a few hundred people, he said. No alcohol is sold.

Christen has been jailed in Maine three times, including stints in 2007 and 2008 that totaled about 10 months, after being charged with aggravated cultivating of marijuana.

Brown served more than four months in Maine jails after being arrested just a month after the first Hempstock and charged with drug trafficking. Police found 10 pounds of marijuana, which he says was not his, at his farm. Four other men were arrested as well, including two from Starks and one from Anson, one town over.

SOMETHING IN THE WATER?

The reasons Starks become known as a flash point in the fight to legalize marijuana go beyond Christen and Brown. The town, and the wider area of Somerset County near the western mountains, has long attracted back-to-the-landers and people seeking more personal freedom. The hardscrabble nature of getting by in such a rural area seems to make people a little more independent-minded, said Gerry Boyle, a former Maine newspaper reporter who based his 1997 novel Potshot loosely on Starks-area people and events.

When I was covering that area, it wasnt drug cartels up there. It was a lot of old bikers and old hippies and people growing marijuana on their farms, Boyle said. It was people who felt their rights were being trampled on.

Boyle covered marijuana-related issues in Maine in the 1980s and 1990s, around the time Hempstock started and police were targeting marijuana farming and retail operations in the area. He researched Potshot by talking to Brown and many others in the area. Those conversations inspired characters in the book, like a father who publicly stumps for marijuana so zealously that he embarrasses his children, Boyle said. But he says no one in the book is a real-life Starks resident.

He wanted to write the book because he was intrigued by the area, its people and their struggle as they saw it.

There is something otherworldly about their connection to the outside world, Boyle said. There are a lot of people who are tough, self-sufficient and want to be left alone.

Ray Routhier can be contacted at 210-1183 or at:

[emailprotected]

Twitter: RayRouthier

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Emmanuel Macron’s Call To Action: Viva Technology! – Forbes


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Why I’m Optimistic About the Next Wave of Education Technology – EdSurge

Over the past 25 years, multiple waves of education technology and innovation have slowly washed into Americas schools and colleges. Along the way, innovators have often over-promised and under-delivered, causing many smart people to wonder if were now in a frothy bubble of irrational exuberance, most eloquently summarized by Audrey Watters in Hack Education, who worries that education technology [merely] serves as a Trojan Horse of sorts, carrying... the ideology of Silicon Valley [into public schools].

Working as an entrepreneur, executive, philanthropist and investor over the past few decades, at some of the very organizations Watters bemoans, Ive had a unique vantage point for observing numerous successes, failures andmost importantlylong-term trends that make me optimistic about the next wave of education innovation. Although the pessimists correctly observe that many questionable edtech startups have been over-funded and over-hyped these past few years (and some of the biggest are likely to crash to Earth in the near future), its simultaneously true that the next decade is likely to see the birth and growth of some of the most transformative education companies of this century.

My bet is that by 2040, our children will look back on this period between 2015 and 2030 in education technology much the same way internet historians look to the period 1995 to 2010 as the birth of the commercial web. The new millennium started with the dot-com crash which decimated 78 percent of the value of the NASDAQ and hundreds of first-wave internet startups went bankrupt. But during that same fifteen-year period, we also witnessed the birth and growth of highly influential firms like Google, Amazon, Facebook, Tencent and Alibaba.

Edtech, I believe, is going through a similar rebuilding moment powered by three trends: widely available infrastructure, the catalytic impact of spending by both the government and philanthropy in education, andfinallythe embrace of edtech by educational institutions and educators themselves. Not yet convinced? Join me on a quick tour of the past quarter century in education technology history.

Working closely with partners, I spent the years from 1993 to 2004 starting and leading a handful of technology startups. The first online class we launched in 1998 was little more than flat text on webpages, and we closely followed the birth of learning management systems, meeting with both Blackboard and WebCT before they achieved their first $1 million in revenue. In 2002, our team at Microsoft Education created an LMS for a world where every teacher and student had a tablet computer.

The only problem was that that world didnt yet exist. Tablet computers didnt take off until a decade later. The web was increasing its use of graphics, but had barely adopted video. Although we were convinced that technology could transform education, simple internet access was patchy at best. As recently as 1997, only 27 percent of Americas K-12 school had internet accessa number that skyrocketed to 92 percent by 2003. But visions of a world where every teacher and every student had an internet-connected device, and every student would get personalized assessments for learning, were still just thatvisions. The infrastructure just wasnt ready.

Nowadays, 99 percent of classrooms are wired with high-speed internet (which is very different than schools being wired), more than half of schools have wireless capability, hundreds of school districts have 1:1 devices and the U.S. Department of Education has researched and published an excellent National Education Technology Plan. The infrastructure challenges of that first wave arent completely solved, but they are mostly solvedand todays challenges have little to do with lack of wires, routers or devices.

Between 2004 and 2011, I worked as an executive in SchoolNet and Kaplan, both of which grew into successful and innovative education companies. This was the era of No Child Left Behind, when Americas K-12 districts got religious about regularly measuring student and teacher results and when test prep and online colleges became thriving businesses. And behind the scenes, the federal government played a critical role in driving these trends.

SchoolNet built and marketed an instructional management system that aimed to deliver useful data about student progress to teachers and administrators. Our system was user friendly, allowing educators to see student grades, benchmark assessments and progress against standards on student dashboards. But the bigger driver of our success was new government policies; specifically, No Child Left Behind and specific funding under the Enhancing Education Through Technology programand our focus on selling multi-year enterprise contracts to large districts. (To this day, too many entrepreneurs try to sell to schools, teachers or parents, when 90 percent of the budget and decisions in K-12 are made at the district level).

The edtech industry made big strides during this era. School districts developed IT departments, even creating and hiring for the title CTO/CIO. Internet ubiquity in the classroom led teachers to adopt email and experiment with other technologies. Summative and formative assessments, powered by technology, became much more commonplace and almost every school district developed a strategy around using data to measure school, teacher and student performance. Many districts analyzed their performance and implemented reforms that led to higher student achievement and graduation rates. (I wish everyone knew that our nations high school graduation rate reached a record high 83 percent in 2016, probably about nine percentage points higher than 2002 when NCLB was passed and we couldnt even agree upon or calculate the rate!)

SchoolNet helped many of these districtsand benefitted as well. As a result of solid leadership, great product, friendly government policies and large enterprise contracts, SchoolNet rode the accountability and assessment wave to almost $40 million of annual revenue and a $230 million acquisition by Pearson in 2011.

At Kaplan, I came to see even more clearly how government policy drives some of the biggest successes in education technologyand exactly how policys invisible hand can be 10 to 100 times more powerful than Adam Smiths free market when it comes to education. Kaplan thrived during the decade, growing to more than $2.8 billion in global annual revenue by 2010, helped immeasurably by hard work and acquisitions.

That said, Kaplans growth was substantially driven by what seemed like a modest change in 1998 to the Higher Education Act, which allowed accredited colleges to generate up to 50 percent of their Title IV revenue (student loans and grants) from correspondence or distance-learning courses. It was a policy change that greatly encouraged the growth of telecommunications correspondence courses.

In 2006, legislators amended the Higher Education Act again, eliminating the 50 percent rule and allowing for-profit colleges to generate up to 90 percent of their revenue from government sources, which most often applied to for-profit colleges offering online courses. If the 1998 change in HEA enabled the birth of online higher education, this next legislative change caused postsecondary online education to grow even faster as millions of adult and part-time students enrolled in for-profit, usually online, colleges funded by tens of billions of dollars in federal loans and grants.

Together these two little-noticed legislative changes helped create multiple billion-dollar online education companies over the next decade, including Kaplan, University of Phoenix, Capella, Strayer, Bridgepoint, Grand Canyon and many others. Kaplan Higher Education, which included more than 80 ground-based colleges and one very large and fast growing online university, grew from less than $10 million in revenue in 1999 to $1.9 billion in 2010.

In sum, the primary growth driver for all for-profit, online colleges during the 2000s (including Kaplan) were two legislative changes in 1998 and 2006, which together channelled tens of billions of dollars in student loans and grants to students, which they used to enroll in convenient online programs largely offered by for-profit colleges, until the past few years when technologically-savvy nonprofit colleges and universities began to really appreciate the importance of the trend and made huge strides in offering these programs themselves.

In large part because of the growth of for-profit colleges during the 2000s, smart market observers now keep a close eye on how the invisible hand of policy shapes education markets. Theyve developed a keen ability to spot other education companies with the potential to capitalize on giant pools of revenue created by tiny legislative changes. For example, over the past few years, 23 states have made computer science courses a graduation requirement and authorized special funding to promote their growth. As a result, hundreds of school districts are now scrambling to adopt and deploy computer science coursesand a number of startups are dipping into this new revenue river.

The past few years have seen an explosion of education technology companies and investment, with more than a billion dollars of venture capital invested in U.S. education technology companies each year for the past three years. A handful of these startups will grow into billion-dollar education companies in the years ahead.

2U has already proven that a billion-dollar education company can now be created from scratch in only seven years. Lynda.coms $1.5 acquisition by LinkedIn in 2015 shows that billion-dollar exits are not limited to companies in higher education. Purdues recent acquisition of Kaplan and ETS acquisition of Questar for $127.5 million show that even nonprofits understand that the digital revolution is transforming education and they are making acquisitions that would have been unheard of in a prior generation.

But the most interesting developments are happening a little further downstream. StraighterLine has proven that the cost and price of quality online education can be driven down to Netflix prices. ASU Global Freshman Academy, Coursera and edX have taken the StraighterLine modeland pushed it even further. But were still in just the first inning of the game, because less than 10 percent of college students know that StraighterLine or ASU Global Freshman Academy exist. During my tenure at the Gates Foundation, I learned how evidence-based innovations and reforms like these are guided by the hand of philanthropy in a way thats similar to how public policy shapes the market. (For more details, see my 2015 piece)

EdSurge tracks more than 2,400 education technology companies; LearnPlatform allows educators to see and rate more than 4,000 edtech products through their Chrome web browser. For all you science nerds out there, we are definitely in the middle of the Cambrian explosion of education technology: If historical trends hold up, more than 80 percent of the edtech startups created in the past five years will not survive through 2020. But those that do survive and build successful enterprises could change the world forever. Observing the internet revolution, Marc Andreessen famously wrote software is eating the world. From my vantage point, technology is transforming education from an art into a data-driven learning science.

My partners and I at New Markets Venture Partners have been observing this market for more than a decade and weve made investments in 25 edtech companies during that timeframe; 24 are still healthy. Weve also had seven successful exits over the past decade. Having watched the education market evolve through multiple cycles, we believe we can spot which education technologies have the wind of government policy or philanthropic support at their back, which are starting to cross the chasm from early adopters to early mainstream clients, and which have the essential building blocks common to all successful venture-backed companies. No surprises here: Those ingredients include strong leadership teams, great product that works, highly satisfied early customers, and, most difficult in the education-market, a market-focused scalable business plan with the right unit economics.

Each year, New Markets takes a close look at about 400 education technology companies and invests in about four. Our 1 percent acceptance rate means were 4.6 times harder to get into than Stanford or Harvard. We need to be this discerning because the education market is really difficultand its not just one market. Building and selling products to K-12 school districts is very different than building and selling products for higher education institutions. And K-12 isnt just one market if youre a content company; you need to hone your expertise in particular subject areas, such as math, English or STEM.

Oh, and by the way, U.S. higher education is four markets, too: community colleges, public universities, predominantly online universities and private independent colleges, each of which have subtly different priorities, and do their purchasing and implementation in different ways. In fact, one could even argue that higher education has more than 15 distinct markets, since there are multiple discipline and functional associations in higher education, some of which are stronger in community colleges or four-year institutions. And I havent even mentioned how different policies and philanthropy drive funding streams differently for education technology products in each market.

At this point, Americas education system finally has all the key building blocks in place: The infrastructure is solid, almost every student has a device and wireless internet access, schools and educators (at all levels) are now much more comfortable working with technology and data, and thousands of entrepreneurs are workingnot just with early adopters, but increasingly with early mainstream schools and educatorsto bring edtech and personalized learning to the masses.

This is why Im optimistic about the next decade of educational technology and innovation. I cant wait to see how the next chapter unfolds!

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Why I'm Optimistic About the Next Wave of Education Technology - EdSurge

CT scan technology used in Aberystwyth Uni wheat study – BBC News


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CT scan technology used in Aberystwyth Uni wheat study
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Aberystwyth researchers are using CT hospital scanner technology to study wheat. The new technique, being developed by undergraduate computer science student Nathan Hughes, could help scientists create new types of wheat which can thrive in a ...

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CT scan technology used in Aberystwyth Uni wheat study - BBC News

KCC bolsters community partnerships with technology – Herald and News

Klamath Community College is furthering its commitment to the community by sharing ideas with the Oregon Institute of Technology.

At Oregon Techs request, KCC recently led a small group of Oregon Tech staff members through two synchronous classrooms at the KCC Klamath Falls campus.

The synchronous system gives opportunities to community members who dont have access to higher education, said KCC Network and Systems Manager Mike Pearson, who led the tour. It puts college in front of them in the comfort of their own space.

KCC has five synchronous classrooms at the Klamath Falls campus, each costing several thousand dollars and funded by grant awards. The synchronous rooms include an audio/video control panel, a life-size video conference system, a 75-inch SMART TV, two 70-inch presentation TVs used to stream distance classes in real time, and an interactive podium for instructors to write on the screen without moving to a whiteboard or TV.

The synchronous KCC classes stream classes in real time to Bonanza, Lost River, Chiloquin, Lakeview, North Lake and Paisley high schools.

Tony Richey, OIT manager of IT operations and educational technology, said Oregon Tech would like to use synchronous technology to expand offerings at its Wilsonville campus, as well as at Chemeketa Community College and other colleges and high schools throughout the region.

According to Richey, Oregon Tech is in the process of creating a synchronous classroom design similar to KCCs, that will provide students with a full-blown classroom experience, allowing distance-education students to engage with faculty and other students and incorporating the social aspects of learning.

It will also offer them flexibility because there are a limited amount of times a class can be scheduled, Richey said.

Pearson pointed out that synchronous technology could also benefit Oregon Tech students pursuing a four-year degree who cannot travel due to finances or disabilities.

The courses OIT may initially offer via synchronous learning include engineering, mechanical and management, according to Richey.

I think synchronous delivery for distance education is part of the future, and Im glad other institutions are looking at the same technologies, Pearson said.

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KCC bolsters community partnerships with technology - Herald and News