A new, dubious "smart" cryptocurrency for prostitution / Boing Boing – Boing Boing

"Lust" is an initial coin offering based on the Ethereum blockchain platform, designed for prostitutes and their customers to exchange money for sexual services.

It uses smart contracts and anonymity features to escrow funding of the parties and keep their identities private, in order to avoid law-enforcement scrutiny and public shaming.

Leaving aside the thorny moral and social questions raised by the currency's intended use, there's the technical matter of how well this would work (and this technical matter wraps around to those moral and social questions).

The wireframe drawings of user interface features pictures of sex workers, selected by "elaborate filters based on skill ratings, age, eyes, hair color and other body parameters." The anonymity dimension of this platform is limited to the (presumably male) customers, not the (all-female) workers.

Likewise, the "smart contracts" favor one side of the bargain: the "key has to be scanned later if they make an agreement and meet otherwise the contract gets automatically closed in 48 hours, and the client gets his Etherium tokens back in the wallet" (note that "his" pronoun for the "client"). The game-theoretical aspects of this aren't hard to unpick: if the "client" has sex with the worker, and then does not scan her (sic) token, the client gets to have sex, and the worker gets nothing. Despite high-minded talk about preventing violence against sex-workers, the major threat-model addressed by these smart-contracts is men who don't feel like they got value for money when having sex, not women who perform sex-for-money and don't get paid for it.

Finally, there's the legal question: the people behind this cryptocurrency claim that "our system is not illegal anywhere in the world." That's just not true. There are plenty of territories in which simply using strong crypto is illegal, and others where having a nexus with the procurement of sex for money is itself illegal, no matter how attenuated the connection.

So, in a nutshell: this is a legally dubious platform designed to help men solve the problem of not being embarrassed when they procure the services of a female sex worker, and to protect them in the event that they choose not to pay for her services, but without any real protection for the sex workers' anonymity or ability to get paid.

Escrow deal based on smart contracts

Our escrow deals based on smart Ethereum contracts facilitate, verify, and enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract. An access key is generated from a clients wallet. The partner scans the key and the client gets the service without the intervention of a third party. Etherium tokens are returned back in case of non-performance of the agreement.

Decentralized platform

We are a decentralized online marketplace that enables users to transact without the need for a centralized location or any third-party arbitration. Experience hassle free transactions anonymously without any scams or fake reviews in a completely transparent setup. Decentralisation also implies that it can never be shut down, unlike dedicated servers.

Fully anonymous

You can register without any personal details on our website to connect with most desired body figures in an entirely incognito mode. We defend your privacy with features like cryptography, anonymous mail forwarding systems, digital signatures, and crypto-currencies to ensure smooth transactions.

Law does not prohibit

Whether you live in an extremely conservative country or in one of the most progressive ones, you can access our portal from anywhere at any time in the world. Whats better is, that our system is not illegal anywhere in the world. Since, it can be used everywhere instantly, you can find new partners even if youre visiting some other country or while travelling.

Lust

(via Beyond the Beyond)

Torontos crazy-insane property prices stayed high even through the 2008 crash and its aftermath, but sales volumes of houses of all types plummeted by 40.4% for July 2017-vs-July 2016, new listings are up by 5% over the same period and the average selling price has fallen by 19% since April.

Monsanto is facing over 100 lawsuits in a Federal district court in San Francisco brought by people who attribute their non-Hodgkins lymphoma to exposure to glyphosate in Monsantos Roundup weed-killer, and as part of the discovery process, it submitted internal documents to the court that detailed shenanigans in the companys internal science and its dealings []

Joseph Stiglitz, winner of a Nobel prize in economics, describes the foolishness of enacting further tax cuts for the wealthy in America, and the structural impediments that stand in the way of Trumps pursuit of this foolish goal.

Web technology has matured considerably in the last decade, and developers are continually in demand. If youre looking to add some skills to your resume, or are just interested in exploring the possibilities of the web, check out this Interactive Web Developer Bootcamp.In this course, youll get a comprehensive overview of full-stack development using modern []

Even if you only use your PC for web browsing, media playback, or light document creation, default software can sometimes come up short. To give your Windows PC a bit of a boost, weve compiled a variety of helpful, paid apps that can enhance your user experience and make you more productive.In thePremium PC Power []

Many people find it easiest to learn things by doing them. If youre looking to give a doer in your life an interesting, hands-on project, check out these tech-focused DIY kits:DIY AT-AT Cable Organizer & Card Case ($32.99)With this kit, you get to put together a wooden replica of an AT-AT that keeps cables, pens, []

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A new, dubious "smart" cryptocurrency for prostitution / Boing Boing - Boing Boing

If grandpa had pension, we have cryptocurrency – Economic Times

Most readers have probably heard of Bitcoin, the digital coin that dominates the cryptocurrency market. It has gained notice both because of its skyrocketing value (from less than a cent in early 2010 to around $2,600 currently) and because it is frequently a key player in hackingand black-market-related stories, from the looting of nearly half a billion dollars in coins from the Mt Gox exchange in 2014 to the recent demand for payment in Bitcoin in the WannaCry ransomware attack.

But do you know Ethereum, with a total value of coins in circulation of close to $20 billion? Bitcoin Cash, which split off from the original Bitcoin on August 1, lost about half its value within hours, then nearly quadrupled by the next day?

Or, rounding out the Big Four, Ripple -whose currency is known as XRP -which shot up to about 40 cents by mid-May from less than a cent at the end of March? Then there are over 800 lower-value and often creatively named coins among those listed on Coinmarketcap.com.

One can buy FedoraCoin (its jaunty symbol being the Justin Timberlake-approved hat), CannabisCoin (one guess what it looks like) or, to choose one of many bringing up the rear, Quartz, currently priced around three-thousandths of a cent. (Bad news for those who bought it at just under $2 at the end of May).

After years as a niche market for technologically sophisticated anarchists and libertarians excited about a decentralised financial network not under government control, digital coins may be on the verge of going mainstream. "It's the wild, wild West," said Ron Ginn, 35, founder of a private photo-sharing service called Text Event Pics in St Augustine, who has taken all his money out of the stock market and put it into Ripple and real estate."

This is like getting to invest in the internet in the '90s. I'm very bullish, but I expect to make a couple million dollars off very little money. This is the opportunity of a lifetime. Finance is getting its internet."

Cryptocurrency has understandable appeal to millennials who came of age during the 2008 financial crisis and are now watching the rise of anti-globalist populism threaten the stability of the international economy.

"There's a low cost for entry, you don't pay a lot of fees and millennials are the most tech-savvy," said John Guarco, 22, a recent Duke graduate who, like most of the people interviewed for this article, asked that names of the coins in which he has invested not be published for fear of being targeted by hackers.

Unlike previous generations, many of these greenhorn investors don't have pensions, are mistrustful of socking money away in mutual funds and are fully accustomed to owning digital assets that have no concrete properties.

As traditional paths to upper-middle-class stability are being blocked by debt, exorbitant housing costs and a shaky job market, these investors view cryptocurrency not only as a hedge against another Dow Jones crash, but also as the most rational - and even utopian -means of investing their money.

But there are dissenters who are less sanguine about the future of cryptocurrency, arguing that we are in the midst of the biggest bubble yet, fueled by speculative trading in Japan and South Korea, and pointing to previous Bitcoin crashes as justification for their skepticism.

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If grandpa had pension, we have cryptocurrency - Economic Times

Bitcoin rallies to new record, market cap hits $50 billion for first time – MarketWatch

Bitcoin surged above $3,000 to reach a new all-time high over the weekend, less than a week after a split that worried some investors.

Bitcoin BTCUSD, -0.62% peaked Saturday at a record $3,360.87, according to CoinDesk.com. By Sunday, the cryptocurrency had settled down to $3,286.87, with a market cap of $53.4 billion, according to Coinmarketcap.com. Saturday marked the first time bitcoin surpassed $50 billion in market cap.

Read: Confused about bitcoin? 10 things you need to know

Prices have jumped more than 10% in the past week, after bitcoin on Tuesday launched a new version of its currency with a different configuration, known as Bitcoin Cash. Bitcoin prices initially fell more than 5% as the new currency confused markets, but quickly recovered.

Despite its volatility, bitcoin has more than tripled its value this year, crossing the $2,000 threshold in May and hitting $3,000 for the first time in June, before crashing back to earth and shedding about 20% of its value before continuing its meteoric gains.

Competing digital currency ethereum tagged along for the weekend rally, surging 12% Saturday and another 7% Sunday, to $270.07, with a market cap of $25.2 billion.

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Bitcoin rallies to new record, market cap hits $50 billion for first time - MarketWatch

Illicit activity is hurting Bitcoin’s future | New York Post – New York Post

Dear John: I really think you missed the boat on bitcoin.

You assume bitcoin is just money, when in fact it has many other uses. Its here to stay, and will disrupt every industry, including governance.

Bitcoin ATMs are an easy on/off ramp, since due to regulations in the US its very hard to get bitcoin today. If you look at all the companies (including all banks) that are looking into utilizing this technology, I think you may want to rethink your view.

Santander Bank alone will save $20 billion in internal transfers. E.G.

Dear E.G.: You are referring to a column I wrote about bitcoin being used to launder money from illegal activities.

It just so happens that last week a US jury indicted a Russian man for operating a digital bitcoin exchange that he allegedly used to launder more than $4 billion for people involved in crimes ranging from computer hacking to drug trafficking. The guys name is Alexander Vinnik, and he was arrested in a small beach-side village in northern Greece. This is all according to a report by Reuters.

US officials alleged Vinnik and his firm received more than $4 billion in bitcoin and did substantial business in the US without allowing appropriate protocols to protect against money laundering and other crimes.

So that pretty much confirms what I wrote about the sudden growth of bitcoin ATMs throughout the city.

But lets also look at the illogical stance you are taking. You say that bitcoin is going to disrupt every industry, including governance.

If that were so if governments were going to be disrupted why would governments allow bitcoin and other digital currency to survive? They wouldnt.

Will there someday be a universal currency used by all countries? And will it be digital?

Probably. But thats not going to happen until bitcoin and the others control the illicit activities they are condoning, and until someone backs these currencies with something other than the full faith and credit of nothing.

In other words, eventually governments will band together to create and back a digital currency. And it probably wont be bitcoin.

Dear John: The only way to make going to the doctor affordable is to get rid of the insurance companies, Medicare and Medicaid.

When I first began working full-time in 1985, I went to a neighborhood doctor, God rest his soul.

For a $20 visit and another $20 for a prescription, he got me well. Follow-ups were free. He gave free samples. He even made house calls.

In a cash business, doctors would only be able to charge what the patients have in their wallets and pocketbooks. No greedy middle men. Prices would fall.

God bless and straight ahead. S.H.

Dear S.H.: I remember when I could get an ice cream cone for 25 cents and a decent dinner would cost $20.

But those days are gone.

And so is the Marcus Welby-era that you describe.

Now Id like to see some real letters on the health care problem.

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Illicit activity is hurting Bitcoin's future | New York Post - New York Post

3 Must Read Stories: Bitcoin Surges, China’s Debt Binge, North Korea Sanctions – Barron’s


Barron's
3 Must Read Stories: Bitcoin Surges, China's Debt Binge, North Korea Sanctions
Barron's
"With SegWit activation and the hard fork in the rear view mirror, bitcoin buyers see a smooth road ahead for the next two months," he told CNBC in an email, referring to a more popular upgrade proposal called Segregated Witness. The South China ...

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3 Must Read Stories: Bitcoin Surges, China's Debt Binge, North Korea Sanctions - Barron's

Bitcoin, ethereum gurus live in ‘Crypto Castle’ San Francisco commune – CNBC

"When we first got this place, I was the only girl who was here and I actually got involved with this place because I have amazing friends," said Toni Lane Casserly, a faculty member at Singularity University, a collaborative technology learning platform.

Lane-Casserly has seen a shift in her years in the space. When she first got there, people were telling her that Bitcoin was used for bad ends. Now people are asking her how they could get involved in the ecosystem.

Another roommate, Viviane Ford, had a similar experience.

"It's funny to see this slowly just gain more and more ground. We used to have a Bitcoin predictor on the window up there and we would guess by the end of the year it's going to hit a thousand or something." said Ford, vice president of Operations at Comma.ai.

"There was one moment where we had a big white board upstairs, a bunch of us were talking about different things and I think Bitcoin hit $2,000," she said, adding that "at that moment we popped a bottle of champagne and celebrated."

Whether Bitcoin or other crypto currencies are flying high or sliding backward, for the visitors and tenants of the Crypto Castle, it's about the game and not the score.

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Bitcoin, ethereum gurus live in 'Crypto Castle' San Francisco commune - CNBC

Everyone is crazy for Ethereum, but Bitcoin is still the beast to beat – Digital Trends

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Everyone is crazy for Ethereum, but Bitcoin is still the beast to beat - Digital Trends

Chuck Kallai helped launch Coventry’s meotoric rise in wrestling – Suburbanite

Steve King TheSuburbanite.com correspondent

The great Dave Riggs gets a whole lot of credit and rightfully so for helping jump-start Coventry High Schools wrestling dynasty by winning the Comets first individual state championship as a senior in 1973.

Riggs, who would go on to become an outstanding coach at Perry High School, was first in the 105-pound weight class a little more than 44 years ago, showing everyone in the program that yes, a kid from Coventry could all the way to the top. It helped put the Comets on the map, as they finished tied for 21st place as a team in the Class A-AA competition with 15 points.

The Comets had not scored a single point in the 1972 tournament.

But what gets lost in the shuffle is that another senior, a young man by the name of Charles "Chuck" Kallai, kept that momentum going the following year in 1974 by placing second at 145. That vaulted the Comets all the way up to seventh place with 25 points. It was well, a meteoric rise.

The only downer was that Ohio High School Athletic Association records still recognize his last name as "Kallay." In addition, a few years later, the last name of Dale Huston, who was a co-head coach of the Comets along with Dick Miller, was spelled on the official records as Houston.

Oh, well. Thats not really a big deal. Those mistakes were corrected when those last names appeared again a few years on Coventrys return visits to the state tournament.

Much more important is the fact that what Chuck did was so critical, so essential in the grand scheme of things, proving that Riggs accomplishment wasnt a fluke. Neither Riggs nor those 1973 Comets were, as it were, shooting stars, blazing brightly for a few brief moments, and then, just as quickly, fading away, never to be seen again.

No, the Comets both individually and as a team were here to stay, a bright light that wouldnt be extinguished quickly. Actually, Coventry was just getting started.

If Chucks near-championship performance had come four years later, three years later even two years later the interruption of that one year would have choked off the buzz that Riggs title had created. It would have been a real blow.

Out of sight, out of mind, as they say.

But that Chucks runner-up finish came literally on the heels of Riggs crown just 12 months later in the very next state tournament, with no void in between stoked Coventrys flame and kept it going.

Sadly, Chuck Kallai passed away on July 22 at the way, way too young age of 61.

The celebration of his life is a joyful and key reminder of all that. It is an opportunity to tell that long-ago story of one of the greatest times not just in Coventry sports history, but in the history of the entire school system.

Actually, it is one of the most impressive feats ever by any program at any school in Northeast Ohio.

After a step back in the 1975 state tournament, with the Comets finishing in a 15-way tie for 61st place with one point, they went back to work in 1976, placing a lofty third with 61.5 points in the first year of the Class AA event. A separate tourney had started for the Class AA and A schools as wrestling continued to grow by leaps and bounds.

To show that the Comets could stay near the top, they were third again in 1977, increasing their point total by nearly 30 from the year before by getting 90.5.

What happened next the next three seasons, actually was something to behold. The Comets won the AA title in each of those seasons.

Coventry rolled to the 1978 crown it wasnt even close by accumulating 156.5 points, or 35 more than defending state champion Columbus St. Francis DeSales, which had to settle for second this time with 121.5 Highland, the Comets arch rival in the Suburban League, was fourth.

Fittingly so, Gus Kallai, Chucks younger brother, led off Coventrys parade of four state champions by winning at 126 pounds. Right after him was Randy Glover with a title at 132. Keith Foxx (155) and Bill Potts (167) also triumphed.

Four titlists. Its no wonder Coventry had so many points.

Mike Potts (175) chipped in with a second-place finish, while Mike Spurr (112) was third and Mike Scott (185) fourth.

The Comets were even more dominating in 1979, winning the state title by 51.5 points. They had 131.5 to runner-up Columbus Wattersons 81. Highland was third with 80, setting up a real showdown between the w o schools the following year.

Coventry had four individual state champions in Ralph Glover (132), Gus Kallai (138), Mike Potts (175) and Mike Scott (185).

Ray Hughes (104) was fourth.

It was a Suburban League dogfight in 1980, with the Comets finishing first with 106 points, just nine in front of runner-up Highland (97). No one else was close. Oregon Cardinal Stritch was a distant third with 63.5 points.

Jim Florian, who coached those Highland squads, once told me that the Suburban League dual matches between the Comets and Hornets during that period of time was like "a 1927 New York Yankees intrasquad game (that Yankees team is considered the best in baseball history). There were heavy hitters in every weight class on both teams. It was a Murderers Row for both us and Coventry."

The Comets had two state champions the same number as Highland -- in the Potts brothers, John (167) and Mike (185).

Coventry won the team title by getting four other placers in Rick Klemp (second at 155), Ted Roth (third in unlimited), Keith Harpster (fifth at 119) and Frank Parvin (fifth at 175).

The three-time defending state champions made a good run again in 1991, placing ninth, while Highland finally won the title, giving the Suburban League four team titles in a row.

Coventry would go on to win two more state championships in 1993 (Division III) and 96 (II) under the guidance of Randy Glover.

The Comets from 1978-80 were a machine from top to bottom. It started with the fact that the kids arrived at the high school well-trained. Bob Kutz, an extremely dedicated and knowledgeable coach at what was then known as Erwine Junior High School, was way ahead of his time with his ability to teach the inner nuances of the sport. Kutz was one of a kind in a lot of ways. He was a classroom teacher, coached wrestling and worked full-time at Firestone overnight building tires.

How did he do all that?

Similarly, how did those long-ago Comets do all that?

The answer to the latter question is directly tied not just to the great Dave Riggs, but also to the great Chuck Kallai.

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Chuck Kallai helped launch Coventry's meotoric rise in wrestling - Suburbanite

Therapy for Psoriasis May Not be Triggering Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Medical News Bulletin

A currently approved antibody for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, ixekizumab, targets a cytokine that may also play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. This has led to concerns that ixekizumab increases the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with psoriasis. A recent study published in the American Journal of Dermatology have now put those concerns to rest.

Plaque psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disorder, characterized by the appearance of raised red scales, which are often itchy and painful. Whats worse is that psoriasis has a significant genetic overlap with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and patients often develop IBD as a co-morbidity. Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis are the two most common manifestations of IBD, characterized by chronic and recurrent inflammation of the intestines.

Animal and human studies have suggested a potential role of the cytokine interleulin-17 (IL-17) in the pathogenesis of IBD, although the results have often been confounding. So far, clinical trials using antagonists of IL-17A have failed to show efficacy in treating Crohns disease, or worsened prognosis.

Ixekizumab, an antibody against IL-17A, is an effective monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of plaque psoriasis. Considering the genetic overlap between psoriasis and IBD, and prior reports of adverse events in Crohns patients receiving IL-17A antagonists, Eli Lilly and Company, the pharmaceutical giant that helped developed ixekizumab, conducted a study to gain a better understanding of IBD incidence in psoriasis patients treated with ixekizumab.

The company set up an independent external committee to look at data from 4029 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis who have received ixekizumab. Participants were previously enrolled in one of 7 different randomized clinical trials for ixekizumab. Adjudication of IBD was performed according to an internationally recognized classification system, combining reviews of radiographic, endoscopic, pathological, clinical and laboratory features.

Published in the American Journal of Dermatology, the study found that rates of new IBD cases (comprising both Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis) were uncommon (<1%) in psoriasis patients receiving ixekizumab. They reported that flares of preexisting disease were also rare.

The authors, however, acknowledged one major limitation of the report: the post-hoc nature of the adjudication process, which may have limited the amount of data collection necessary for IBD confirmation. Also, no information on patient or family history of IBD was collected at the time of the trials. Furthermore, the study lacked information on the duration of earlier therapies that may have led to IBD symptoms i.e. before exposure to ixekizumab.

Albeit, the authors suggest that dermatologists monitor patients with concomitant psoriasis and IBD who are receiving IL-17 antibody therapy and advocate for providing full warnings and precautions when prescribing IL-17A antagonists.

Written By: Debapriya Dutta, PhD

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Therapy for Psoriasis May Not be Triggering Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Medical News Bulletin

The secrets of earning rewards travel – CBS News

Even in these budget-stretched times, some families have miles to go -- and they're traveling for FREE! Anna Werner has a story that's "in the cards" (A version of this story originally aired on April 9, 2017):

When Werner caught up with Cincinnati residents Dan Miller and his wife, Carolyn, earlier this year, they were getting their six kids ready for a Spring Break trip to California. Sounds expensive, right? But Miller managed to fly his family of eight for $500.

In fact, the Miller family has been able to travel the world on a computer programmer's salary, all by using airline miles or credit card points. [He and his wife have about 40 cards between them.]

Points With a Crew

He's not your average card user, though. Miller got so good at this card game, he started writing a blog: Points with a Crew.

"You don't have to be as crazy as I am," Miller laughed. "I like to tell people if you do it right, really with one or two additional credit card sign-ups, you can take your family somewhere for free using those miles."

And guess what? The savings really add up.

Miller has saved, he's reckoned, "tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars over the course of the last couple of years."

No surprise to Brian Kelly, who told Werner, "You are literally throwing money away if you're not getting miles and points."

Kelly is The Points Guy, who turned a lifelong passion for travel into a website that gets more than 3 million views a month, from fans eager to learn his secrets.

"The first thing to do, if you want to have a good miles and points strategy, is to get the right credit cards," Kelly said. "These are not frequent flyer programs anymore; they're frequent spender programs."

The Points Guy

"So why is it worth it for the credit card companies to do that?" Werner asked.

"It's a huge business. The credit card companies charge merchants for every time you swipe your credit card. The merchant is paying the credit card issuer for the ability to process your transaction. And then the credit card company kicks you back a portion of that in the form of rewards."

The airlines make out, too, getting roughly half their profits by selling miles to credit card companies, who use them as incentives to get consumers to sign up for their cards, often with huge sign-up bonuses.

Generally speaking, the more you charge, the more points you get, and the more perks you accrue ... perks which are becoming vital for anyone who wants to travel comfortably.

Kelly said, "I view it as a way for the common person who can't afford that $10,000 first-class seat, but you can book it using miles and points. Everyday people can travel like millionaires."

On the other hand, both men warn their readers not everyone should play this game: if you're in debt, or don't pay off your card balances in full every month, this game will not deal you a winning hand.

"You absolutely have to have financial discipline," Miller said. "No amount of rewards that you're getting are going to offset the 25% interest that you're paying on your credit card balance."

But for Miller, it's been an inexpensive way to offer his kids a valuable lesson: "People are just people. Whether it's in another state, another city, another country, people are pretty much the same no matter where you go. And to be able to see that, I think, makes a big difference."

Good point!

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The secrets of earning rewards travel - CBS News

Breakthrough Stem Cell Study Offers New Clues to Reversing Aging – Singularity Hub

What causes the body to age?

The Greek Philosopher Aristotle thought it was the hearta hot, dry organ at the seat of intelligence, motion and sensation.

Fast-forward a few centuries, and the brain has overthrown the heart as master of thought. But its control over bodily agingif anywas unclear. Because each organ has its own pool of stem cells to replenish aged tissue, scientists have long thought that the body has multiple aging clocks running concurrently.

As it turns out, thats not quite right.

This week, a study published in Nature threw a wrench into the classical theory of aging. In a technical tour-de-force, a team led by Dr. Dongsheng Cai from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine pinpointed a critical source of aging to a small group of stem cells within the hypothalamusan ancient brain region that controls bodily functions such as temperature and appetite.

Like fountains of youth, these stem cells release tiny fatty bubbles filled with mixtures of small biological molecules called microRNAs. With age, these cells die out, and the animals muscle, skin and brain function declines.

However, when the team transplanted these stem cells from young animals into a middle-aged one, they slowed aging. The recipient mice were smarter, more sociable and had better muscle function. Andget thisthey also lived 10 to 15 percent longer than mice transplanted with other cell types.

To Dr. David Sinclair, an aging expert at Harvard Medical School, the findings represent a breakthrough in aging research.

The brain controls aging, he says. I can see a day when we are implanted with stem cells or treated with stem cell RNAs that improve our health and extend our lives.

Its incredible to think that a tiny group of cells in one brain region could be the key to aging.

But to Cai, there are plenty of examples throughout evolution that support the theory. Experimentally changing a few of the 302 neurons in the nematode worm C. elegans is often sufficient for changing its lifespan, he says.

Of course, a mammalian brain is much more complicated than a simple worm. To narrow the problem down, Cai decided to zero in on the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus has a classical function to regulate the whole bodys physiology, he says, so theres a natural logic for us to reason that the hypothalamus might be involved in aging, which was never studied before.

Even so, it was a high-risk bet. The hippocampusbecause of its importance in maintaining memory with ageis the most popular research target. And while the hypothalamus was previously somehow linked to aging, no one knew how.

Cais bet paid off. In a groundbreaking paper published in 2013, he found that a molecule called NF-kappaB increased in the hypothalamus as an animal grew older. Zap out NF-kappaB activity in mice, and they showed much fewer age-related symptoms as they grew older.

But heres the kicker: the effects werent limited to brain function. The animals also better preserved their muscle strength, skin thickness, bone and tendon integrity. In other words, by changing molecules in a single part of the brain, the team slowed down signs of aging in the peripheral body.

But to Cai, he had only solved part of the aging puzzle.

At the cellular level, a cornucopia of factors control aging. There is no the key to aging, no single molecule or pathway that dominates the process. Inflammation, which NF-kappaB regulates, is a big contributor. As is the length of telomeres, the protective end caps of DNA, and of course, stem cells.

Compared to other tissues in the body, stem cells in the brain are extremely rare. So imagine Cais excitement when, just a few years ago, he learned that the hypothalamus contains these nuggets of youth.

Now we can put the two threads together, and ask whether stem cells in the hypothalamus somehow regulate aging, he says.

In the first series of experiments, his team found that these stem cells, which line a V-shaped region of the hypothalamus, disappear as an animal ages.

To see whether declined stem cell function contributes to aging, rather as a result of old age, the researchers used two different types of toxins to wipe out 70 percent of stem cells while keeping mature neurons intact.

The results were striking. Over a period of four months, these mice aged much faster: their muscle endurance, coordination and treadmill performance tanked. Mentally, they had trouble navigating a water maze and showed less interest in socializing with other mice.

All of these physiological changes reflected an acceleration in aging, Cai and team concluded in their article.

And the consequences were dire: the animals died months earlier than similar transgenic animals without the toxin treatment.

If the decline in stem cell function is to blame for aging, then resupplying the aged brain with a fresh source of stem cells should be able to reinvigorate the animal.

To test this idea, the team isolated stem cells from the hippocampus of newborn mice, and tinkered with their genes so that they were more resilient to inflammation.

We know the aged hypothalamus has more inflammation and that hurts stem cells, so this step was necessary, explained the authors.

When transplanted into middle-aged mice, they showed better cognitive and muscular function four months later. Whats more, they lived, on average, 10 percent longer than mice transplanted with other cell types. For a human, that means extending an 85-year life expectancy into 93. Not too shabby.

But the best was yet to come. How can a few cells have such a remarkable effect on aging? In a series of follow-up experiments, the team found that the pool of biological molecules called microRNAs was to thank.

microRNAs are tiny molecules with gigantic influence. They come in various flavors, bearing rather unimaginative names like 106a-5p, 20a-5p and so on. But because they can act on multiple genes at the same time, they pack a big punch. A single type of microRNA can change the way a cell workswhether it activates certain signaling pathways or makes certain proteins, for example.

While most cells make microRNAs, Cai found that the hypothalamus stem cells have a unique, very strong ability to pack these molecules up into blobs of membrane and shoot them out like a bubble gun.

Once outside the cell, the microRNAs go on a fantastic voyage across the brain and body, where they tweak the biology of other tissues.

In fact, when the team injected purified little bubbles of microRNAs into middle-aged mice, they also saw broad rejuvenating effects.

Cai explains: we dont know if the microRNAs are pumped out to directly affect the rest of the body, or if they first act on different areas of the brain, and the brain goes on to regulate aging in the body.

Even so, the aging field is intrigued.

According to Dr. Leonard Guarente, an aging biologist at MIT, the study could lead to new ways to develop anti-aging therapies.

Whats more, its possible the intervention could stack with other known rejuvenating methods, such as metformin, young blood or molecules that clean out malfunctioning cells.

Its possible that stem-cell therapy could boost the hypothalamus ability to regulate aging. However, scientists still need to know how stem cells link with the hypothalamus other main role, that is, releasing hormones.

Of course, injecting cells into the brain isnt a practical treatment. The team is now working hard to identify which of the thousands of types of microRNAs control aging and what exactly they do.

Then the goal is to validate those candidate anti-aging microRNAs in primates, and eventually, humans.

Of course humans are more complex. However, if the mechanism is fundamental, you might expect to see effects when an intervention is based on it, says Cai.

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Rare leukemia targeted by modifying patients’ immune cells – New Haven Register

Photo: Arnold Gold / Hearst Connecticut Media

Dr. Steven Gore at the Advanced Cell Therapy Lab at Smilow Cancer Hospital in New Haven, where cells are manufactured that fight a rare form of leukemia.

Dr. Steven Gore at the Advanced Cell Therapy Lab at Smilow Cancer Hospital in New Haven, where cells are manufactured that fight a rare form of leukemia.

Rare leukemia targeted by modifying patients immune cells

NEW HAVEN >> Young patients with a particular type of leukemia who have relapsed after going into remission may find new hope through a treatment that involves modifying a patients own T cells, an important part of the immune system, to destroy cancer cells.

While the therapy, in which genes are inserted into a patients T cells, is expected to receive Food and Drug Administration approval soon for pediatric patients, researchers hope that it will be effective for adult patients as well and for more types of cancers, according to Dr. Steven Gore, director of hematologic malignancies at the Yale Cancer Center.

The cancer thats the focus of this T cell therapy is B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which is the most common leukemia in kids and its commonly cured in the 2- to 10-year-old age group, Gore said. He said about 70 percent of children with the cancer are cured.

However, the rest suffer a recurrence of the disease even after treatment with chemotherapy and stem cell transplants.

Its getting to be a difficult situation, Gore said.

There are 3,100 cases of children with B-lineage ALL each year, he said.

B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are white blood cells that produce antibodies, which fight infection. A characteristic of B cells is that they have a protein on their surface called CD19, which is the key to the new treatment.

The new process, marketed by Novartis and first developed at the University of Pennsylvania, involves harvesting T cells from the patient. Novartis then introduces DNA into these T cells, introducing new genes into the T cells, [which] include a receptor that will recognize CD19, Gore said. The genes that are fused into the T cells are manufactured in the lab but are copies of normal human genes, Gore said. The new cell is called a chimeric antigen receptor T cell, or CAR-T cell.

Normal T cells fight disease, and we know that T cells can attack cancer cells as well, but getting them to do so in the host where the cancer has developed is tricky, Gore said. Cancer cells are very similar [to] normal cells from which they derive.

Turning the T cells into CAR-T cells helps by targeting the CD19 marker on the B cells. CD19 happens to be a pretty good target for cancer technology because its only on B cells, Gore said. These new CAR-T cells latch onto the leukemia cells.

Reproducing cells

Then, once they see that theyre needed, the CAR-T cells are going to make more of themselves. Theyre going to make a whole army-full beside what we gave the patient, Gore said. Other genes in the introduced DNA give the immune system the go-ahead to kill these leukemia cells.

The CAR-T cells target both healthy and malignant B cells, but people live all the time without B cells, Gore said, by relying on drugs such as rituximab.

The treatment is not easy on the patient, however. When this massive influx of these new T cells attack all these leukemia cells, youre basically setting up a jihad in your body, Gore said. People can get very critically ill after this therapy, even needing to be treated in the intensive care unit.

Despite the hardship, the FDAs Oncologic Drugs Advisory Committee voted 10-0 on July 12 to recommend approval of CAR-T therapy, and it is very rare that an ODAC approval does not end up in an FDA approval, Gore said.

In one trial, 41 of 50 patients with relapsed or refractory B-lineage ALL each achieved complete remission after three months, Gore said, and 60 percent of those patients were still in remission six months later.

It will be rapidly opened up to adults as well, theres no question about it, he said. Some people think this therapy may replace stem cell therapy and doctors hope it can be given before a patient relapses, avoiding stem cell transplants.

We dont have long-term follow-up to know if these patients are cured, Gore said. Theyve certainly been rescued from otherwise-certain death.

Gore said the Yale School of Medicine has been approached by Novartis to be one of the rollout sites for this therapy.

While the new treatment targets a relatively rare cancer, its likely to be effective in other cancers involving B cells, including other types of leukemia and lymphoma, Gore said. (Not all lymphomas and leukemias are B cell cancers, however.) This rare leukemia has been the subject of all this investigation because CD19 is such a low-hanging fruit, because we can live without B cells, he said.

But the technology can theoretically be adapted to any kind of tumor, he said. Theoretically, you could make a CAR-T to target any particular kind of cancer provided that that cancer expresses certain proteins that are predominantly limited to the cancer and not important vital organs.

Call Ed Stannard at 203-680-9382.

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Resident warrior: When life was about spirituality – Bangalore Mirror

By SN Krishna Swamy

I was born in Malleshwaram, Bengauru, in 1926. Now, I am 91. I did my schooling in Malleshwaram and thereafter pursued Physics honours and MSc in Central College, Bangalore, Mysore University. In 1948, I joined Vijaya college as a Physics lecturer and then shifted residence to Gavipuram extension. After living in six different rented houses in Bangalore, we built a house in Basappa layout in the same neighbourhood. The location is so central and just a kilometre away from Gandhi Bazar, a good shopping centre, and Vidhyarthi bhavan, justly famous for its masala dosas.

My house is right at the foot of the Harihara hillock, whose peak stands the Harihara Temple aad right next to my house I have an attached milk booth, a vegetable shop and a park. Regular morning and evening walks in the park form part of our regular routine, where we also have a cultural group called Sneha Ranga which has close to 200 members from the neighbourhood. We all meet when there are important occasions.

For me, however, the main attraction is the Ramakrishna Math. Three successive presidents of the ashrama were spiritual giants namely, Swami Tygaishwarananda, Swami Yatiswarananda and Swami Prabhudananda. I have been under the influence of Ramakrishna and Vivekananda culture as well as and that of Mahatma Gandhi since childhood. I chose to be brahmachari all through life while I pursued interests such as singing bhajans. This tradition I taught to the children of Vivekananda Balaka Sangha and to groups of young men and women. Even now I conduct Bhajan classes at the Indian Institute of World culture in Gandhi Bazaar. I am proud to say that a few children at the Balaka Sangha have become renowned members of the Ramakrishna Order.

I built my house using granite in 1970-1971. I also worked in the Army headquarters as a scientist after 1975 and in Pune as a professor of college of Military Engineering. When I retired in 1982, my young friends in Vivekananda school and Vivekananda Sevashrama, a renowned medical service, persuaded me to work with them. Last year, I resigned as the president at these institutions. I also did four foreign tours to raise funds through Bhajan concerts for the charitable institutions. On August 5, I was speaking at a study circle at Suchitra Film Society on Champaran Satyagraha.

What I see since 1926 to 2017 is a lot more freedom to do what we want in life. I am so happy to see youngsters enjoying the fruits of our labour. We will be celebrating our 70th year of independence soon and I am proud to see it alive.

(The author is a resident of Gavipuram)

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Resident warrior: When life was about spirituality - Bangalore Mirror

Letter: Our forests are sacred – Kelowna Capital News – Kelowna Capital News

To the editor:

I realize that I might be barking up the wrong tree and that the idea I am proposing might be no more than the midnight ramblings of an old man, but I think perhaps, the time has come for an evolutionary concept.

Given that a great number of our community members find some form of spiritual enlightenment within our watershed, and that this watershed is also home to many of the creatures and plants that we hold dear, and given the extremely sensitive balance that occurs here and that is unique and vital to our happiness and even our survival, and given also that water is held in such regard that it is akin to life itself and given that life is held sacredly a vast majority of people, should not the source of our water, our watershed, be given a designation appropriate to its greater value.

For centuries, we have treated our forests like disposable commodities. Some values, once lost, cannot be replaced.

I therefore call on people who care, to institute for our watershed, the designation of Sacred Forest and apply to it the appropriate protections.

Joe Klein for the Peachland Watershed Protection Alliance

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Africa has entered the space race, with Ghana’s first satellite now orbiting earth – TechCrunch

The GhanaSat-1Ghanas first satellitebegan its orbit recently, with a little help from some friends.

The cubesat, built by a Ghanaian engineering team at All Nations University, was delivered to NASAs International Space Station in June on a SpaceX rocket that took off from pad 39a at Kennedy Space Center, a NASA spokesperson confirmed.

The GhanaSat-1 deployed into orbit from the Center in July, and is now operational, according to project manager Richard Damoah, a Ghanaian professor and assistant research scientist at NASA.

This particular satellite has two missions, Damoah told TechCrunch. It has cameras on board for detailed monitoring of the coastlines of Ghana. Then theres an educational piecewe want to use it to integrate satellite technology into high school curriculum, he said.

GhanaSat-1 will send a signal to a ground station at All Nations Universitys Space Systems and Technology Laboratory. Thats where it was developed by a team of engineers that included Benjamin Bonsu, Ernest Teye Matey, and Joseph Quansah.

While Ghanas president Nana Akufo-Addo applauded the launch and congratulated the team directly, the project did not receive official Ghanaian government support, according to Damoah. Instead, Japans national space agency, JAXA, provided the bulk of the resources and training to develop the satellite.

The GhanaSat-1 deployment marks increased interest and activity in Africa toward space exploration. Nigerias first cubesat launched on the same SpaceX mission. Several nations, such as South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia have space agencies. Angola announced its intention to launch a satellite over the coming year, said Elsie Kanza, Head of Africa at the World Economic Forum.

She also pointed to Pan-African efforts to coordinate space efforts, such as the African Unions African Space Policy and Strategy initiativeadopted last yearthat prompted AU members states to realize an African Outer space Programme, as one of the flagship programmes.of the AU Agenda.

Damoah believes the GhanaSat-1 deployment could prompt Ghanaian government resources toward a second satellite project coordinated by All Nations University and the countrys Science Space and Technology Center. After this launch, we now have the support of the president and cabinet support, he said. We are looking to develop a GhanaSat-2, with high resolution cameras, that could monitor things such as illegal mining, water use, and deforestation in the country.

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Africa has entered the space race, with Ghana's first satellite now orbiting earth - TechCrunch

Hubble spots exoplanet with glowing water atmosphere – SpaceFlight Insider

Jim Sharkey

August 6th, 2017

This artists concept shows hot Jupiter WASP-121b, which presents the best evidence yet of a stratosphere on an exoplanet. Image & Caption Credit: Engine House VFX, At-Bristol Science Centre, University of Exeter

Researchers working with data from NASAs Hubble Space Telescope have found the strongest evidence to date for the existence of a stratosphere the layer of an atmosphere in which temperature increases with altitude on an exoplanet (a planet outside of the Solar System). The new study was published in the August 3, 2017, issue of the journal Nature.

This result is exciting because it shows that a common trait of most of the atmospheres in our solar system a warm stratosphere also can be found in exoplanet atmospheres, said Mark Marley, the studys co-author who is based at NASAs Ames Research Center. We can now compare processes in exoplanet atmospheres with the same processes that happen under different sets of conditions in our own solar system.

The researchers studied WASP-121b, an example of a type of exoplanet called a hot Jupiter. The planets mass is 1.2 times the that of Jupiter and its radius is 1.9 times Jupiters. Wasp-121b is much closer to its star than Jupiter is to the Sun. While it takes Jupiter 12 years to revolve once around the Sun, WASP-121 orbits its star once every three days. If the exoplanet were any closer to its star, the stars gravity would rip it apart. WASP-121s atmosphere is heated to 4,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,500 degrees Celsius), hot enough to boil some metals.

An earlier studyfound possible signs of a stratosphere on the exoplanet WASP-33b and other hot Jupiters. The new study provides the strongest evidence yet because scientist observed the signature of hot water molecules for the first time.

Theoretical models have suggested stratospheres may define a distinct class of ultra-hot planets, with important implications for their atmospheric physics and chemistry, said Tom Evans, lead author and research fellow at the University of Exeter, United Kingdom. Our observations support this picture.

The scientists studied the atmosphere of WASP-121 by using Hubbles spectroscopy capabilities to analyze how different molecules react to specific wavelengths of light. For example, water vapor in the planets atmosphere behaves in predictable ways depending on the temperature of the water.

The top of the planets atmosphere is heated to a blazing 4,600 degrees Fahrenheit (2,500 Celsius), hot enough to boil some metals. Image & Caption Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STSci)

A stars light can penetrate deep into a planets atmosphere, raising the temperature of the gas there. The gas then radiates its heat into space as infrared light. If there is cooler water vapor at the top of the atmosphere, the water molecules will block certain wavelengths of light from escaping into space. If, however, the water molecules at the top of the atmosphere have a higher temperature, they will glow at the same wavelengths.

The emission of light from water means the temperature is increasing with height, said Tiffany Kataria, the studys co-author based at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California. Were excited to explore at what longitudes this behavior persists with upcoming Hubble observations.

In Earths stratosphere, ozone gas traps ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, raising the temperature of this layer of the atmosphere. Other bodies within the Solar System also have a stratosphere. For example, methane is responsible for heating the stratospheres of Jupiter as well as Saturns moon Titan.

In planets of the Solar System, the change in temperature within a planets stratosphere is approximately 100 degrees Fahrenheit (about 56 degrees Celsius). On WASP-121b, the temperature in the stratosphere rises by 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit (560 degrees Celsius). Researchers do not yet know which chemicals are responsible for the temperature in WASP-121bs atmosphere. Vanadium oxide and titanium oxide are possible candidates because they are commonly found in brown dwarfs failed stars that share some characteristics with exoplanets. Compounds such as these are expected to be found on only the hottest of hot Jupiters because high temperatures are required to keep them in a gaseous state.

This super-hot exoplanet is going to be a benchmark for our atmospheric models, and it will be a great observational target moving into the Webb era, said Hannah Wakeford, the studys co-author who worked on this research while at NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.

Video courtesy of NASA

Tagged: Ames Research Center exoplanet Hubble Space Telescope NASA The Range

Jim Sharkey is a lab assistant, writer and general science enthusiast who grew up in Enid, Oklahoma, the hometown of Skylab and Shuttle astronaut Owen K. Garriott. As a young Star Trek fan he participated in the letter-writing campaign which resulted in the space shuttle prototype being named Enterprise. While his academic studies have ranged from psychology and archaeology to biology, he has never lost his passion for space exploration. Jim began blogging about science, science fiction and futurism in 2004. Jim resides in the San Francisco Bay area and has attended NASA Socials for the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover landing and the NASA LADEE lunar orbiter launch.

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Hubble spots exoplanet with glowing water atmosphere - SpaceFlight Insider

New NASA Visualization Shows Where This Month’s Solar Eclipse Will Be Visible – Futurism

In BriefA new visualization from NASA shows how the moon's irregularshape will influence where the upcoming solar eclipse will bevisible. Simulating Shadows

On August 21, a swatch of Earth residents will witness the rare side effect of our planets long dance with its oldest partner: a total solar eclipse, caused by the perfect alignment of the Moon in front of the sun.

A new visualization from NASA shows in extraordinary detail where the total eclipse will be visible; primarily along an approximately 112 km (70 mile) stretch, cutting across the United Statesdiagonally from Oregon to South Carolina. This diagonal lies in the path of the umbra, the part of the Moons shadow where the sun is entirely blocked by the Moon.

The visualization shows that the umbra is shaped like an irregular, slightly curved polygon, rather than the circle you might expect. The same dips and bumps that shade faces and imaginary seas into the Moons surface also affect how light passes around it.

With this new visualization, we can represent the umbral shadow with more accuracy by accounting for the influence of elevation at different points on Earth, as well as the way light rays stream through lunar valleys along the moons ragged edge, said NASA visualizer Ernie Wright of Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.

This new level of detail comes from pairing 3-D maps of the Moons surface, created by NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, with elevation data for the places its shadow will hit.

Because the umbral shadow is relatively small, a solar eclipse is only visible somewhere on Earth roughly every 18 months.

So, if you find your area in the path of totality one year, youve hit the jackpot, NASA officials explain in the video above.Because on average, that same spot on Earth will only get to see a solar eclipse every 375 years.

However, this already rare phenomenon is getting evenmore so:the Moon exerts a pull on the earth that creates ocean tides, and subsequentlyslows our planets rotation.This also transfers energy into the Moons orbit that pushes it away from Earth.

As a result, our Moon recedes by about 1.48 inches every year roughly the same speed at which your fingernails grow. Someday, it will be too far to block the sun fully.

Over time, the number and frequency of total solar eclipses will decrease, explains Richard Vondrak, a lunar scientist at NASAs Goddard, in the statement. About 600 million years from now, Earth will experience the beauty and drama of a total solar eclipse for the last time.

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New NASA Visualization Shows Where This Month's Solar Eclipse Will Be Visible - Futurism

‘My sister says I am an alien’: A 9-year-old applies to be NASA’s planetary protection officer – Washington Post

When NASA announced last week that it was looking for a new planetary protection officer, the space agency received some incredulous responses.

Some were agog at the six-figure salary: between $124,000 and $187,000 per year. Others laughed at the fantastical job title, one that conjured up science-fiction fantasies and battles with aliens. (In reality, NASA says, theposition is focused on preventing astronauts from bringing biological contaminants from space back to Earth and vice versa.)

But one 9-year-old boy in New Jersey took the vacancy seriously.So he took a sheet of paper and an obviously well-sharpened pencil and carefully hand-wrote his application.

Dear NASA, My name is Jack Davis and I would like to apply for the planetary protection officer job, Jack wrote. I may be nine but I think I would be fit for the job.

Among his qualifications? For one, he wrote, his sister says he's an alien. Jack also said he had watched the TV show Marvel Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and almost all the space and alien movies I can thoughnot yet Men in Black. (In Jack's defense, the 1997 hit movie with Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones came out more than a decade before hewas even born.)

Toward the end of his letter, Jack casually mentions that he is great at video games. But his final assertion is perhaps the most persuasive.

I am young, so I can learn to think like an alien, Jack wrote.

He signed off with his name and appended it with Guardian of the Galaxy and Fourth Grade.

Jack soon got that simple yet elusive thing every jobseeker wants: confirmation that his application had been received. James L. Green, director of NASA's Planetary Science Division, wrote back tohimright away.

I hear you are a 'Guardian of the Galaxy' and that you're interested in being a NASA Planetary Protection Officer, Green wrote. That's great!

He also took the time to dispel any myths about what the job entailed.

It's about protecting Earth from tiny microbes when we bring back samples from the Moon, asteroids and Mars. It's also about protecting other planets and moons from our germs as we responsibly explore the Solar System.

In short, it's light on the alien encounters. But Green signed off on an encouraging note, telling Jack to study hard and do well in school so that they could see him at NASA eventually. As a bonus, Jack also received a phone call from NASA'sheadquarters in Washington to congratulate him on his interest.

At NASA, we love to teach kids about space and inspire them to be the next generation of explorers, Green said in a statement. Think of it as a gravity assist a boost that may positively and forever change a person's course in life, and our footprint in the universe.

Jack told ABC Newsthat it would be really cool to work for NASA.

I feel like I am the only one who really wants a job at NASA this young, he told the news station.

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'My sister says I am an alien': A 9-year-old applies to be NASA's planetary protection officer - Washington Post

This 9-Year-Old Applied To A Job At NASA To Help Fight Aliens And His Qualifications Are Spot On – BuzzFeed News

"One of the reasons is my sister thinks I'm an alien."

Posted on August 07, 2017, 03:46 GMT

"I may be nine but I think I would be fit for the job," Jack wrote. "One of the reasons is my sister says I am an alien. I have also seen the show Marvel Agents of Shield and hope to see the movie Men in Black.."

Jack also pointed out that he's great at video games and since he's young, he can learn to think like an alien. Clutch.

He signed the letter: "Jack Davis, Guardian of the Galaxy, Fourth Grade."

The job "is about protecting Earth from tiny microbes when we bring back samples from the Moon, asteroids and Mars," James L. Green, director of NASA's planetary science division, explained to the nine-year-old applicant. "It's also about protecting other planets and moons from our germs as we responsibly explore the Solar System."

Green then encouraged Jack to study hard, do well in school, and apply again when he's older, at which point there will perhaps be actual aliens threatening our planet.

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This 9-Year-Old Applied To A Job At NASA To Help Fight Aliens And His Qualifications Are Spot On - BuzzFeed News

NASA’s ‘Planetary Protector’ on What Everyone Gets Wrong About Her Job – Fortune

Catharine "Cassie" Conley, NASA's current Planetary Protection Officer. Photo by W. Hrybyk, NASA-GSFC

When NASA announced this week that the space agency was searching for a new "planetary protection officer," the internet went crazy over the six-figure position that sounded like something from out of this world. Headlines touted the role as a "job opening for someone to defend Earth from aliens" and memes followed closely behind.

The widespread attention and misunderstanding of what the job entailed surprised Catharine "Cassie" Conley, NASA's current planetary protection officer, who has held the position since 2006. She's glad to see people talking about NASA's work, but wants to set the record straight: Her job is to protect both Earth and other planets from disease-causing microbes, not sentient beings.

"We have no evidence that there has been an invasion of intelligent life," Conley told Fortune in an interview on Friday. She declined to say whether she is leaving her job or plans to apply to the new version NASA listed. She is the sixth planetary protection officer NASA has ever hired, and noted that the position has "never had this kind of visibility."

Conley's primary responsibility is to ensure that anything NASA launches into space like a planet-bound robot, for example doesn't contaminate a foreign world with its microbes. That's in line with a commitment the U.S. made in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty . Conley also helps to prevent any alien microorganisms from reaching Earth.

"It is extremely important that as we explore space that we do it in a careful way," she said. "If you want to find life on other planets, you have to be careful not to find Earth life by accident."

As NASA continues to explore places with the potential for life like Mars or Europa, an icy moon of Jupiter Conley's job has become more significant.

"The biggest challenge of my job are the people who don't see why this is important," she said. "Individuals who want to explore these places have different levels of risk that they accept. But when you're dealing with something that could impact the whole planet, you have to take everyone into consideration. It's very rewarding to ensure that the international guidelines are upheld."

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NASA's 'Planetary Protector' on What Everyone Gets Wrong About Her Job - Fortune