Capgemini: showcasing blockchain in the supply chain space – Supply Chain Digital – The Procurement & Supply Chain Platform

Jorg Junghanns, Vice President Europe, Digital Supply Chain of Capgemini, discusses the importance of establishing a strategic blockchain approach while ensuring customer-centricity in the supply chain space.

With technological innovation accelerating on a rapid scale, an increasing number of companies are beginning to introduce blockchain into their operations in a bid to counteract cyberattacks.

Blockchain is a relatively new technology. Having only existed for just over a decade, it has become a popular component of how companies keep their data encrypted and secure. At its core, blockchain is a chain of blocks, however, instead of a physical chain, theres digital information (the block) stored in a public database (the chain). Jorg Junghanns, Vice President Europe, Digital Supply Chain of Capgemini, believes its important to first establish a clear blockchain strategy instead of implementing it with no direction. There are several key questions to ask when setting up a blockchain approach, affirms Junghanns. What do you want to use it for? Is it the right thing? In what ways are you using blockchain? From there, you can critically assess if blockchain is the right choice. Having spent 17 years at Accenture, Junghanns has the experience and pedigree to lead Capgemenis blockchain strategy. Both companies operate a similar business model so it wasnt a major difference, he states. At Accenture, I gained lots of experience in management consulting and it really laid the groundwork for me to succeed in my current role with Capgemini.

As a research and advisory company that prides itself on delivering the best service to customers, Capgemini is recognised as a leader in consulting, technology services and digital transformation. With a customer-centric mindset, Capgemini is continuously seeking how to better serve its customers through innovation amidst the ever-changing technological world. As a result, Junghanns points to the distinct advantages to leveraging blockchain. It helps to fix problems such as transparency, trust, IT and process security. However, the blockchain solution only works if theres a number of partners using it. Its also important to form the right partnerships to make them part of your solution because convincing others to engage with you on in blockchain is one of the biggest challenges to overcome. Capgemini offers a diverse range of services that caters to a variety of different sectors such as aerospace & defence, distribution, travel & transportation, automotive and telecoms. Junghanns affirms blockchain is still in its early concept stage as companies begin to search for the best ways to utilise it. The key challenge is to convince others to engage with you on the blockchain journey along with the usual challenges of IT implementations, the cost involved and ensuring the right partners are onboard.

The influence of new technology cant be ignored. Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) and Big Data are increasingly impacting how businesses conduct operations. With companies worldwide searching for ways to leverage new tech in a bid to speed up their existing processes and differentiate from competitors, this has led to AI and machine learning (ML) becoming prominent features of businesses digital transformations. However, Junghanns believes there is still room for development before AI is considered an essential tool industry-wide. Technology is becoming increasingly important, but is AI a key part of all businesses strategies at the moment? Not yet, explains Junghanns.

The scale of what tomorrows technology could be is staggering. The supply chain industry remains keen to introduce technologies such as ML and AI to enhance productivity and streamline operations. We primarily use AI for demand and network planning as well as fulfillment management, he says. Were continuously looking at how we can include AI to better serve our clients but we certainly dont rely on it. With staying ahead of the curve paramount to success, Junghanns believes in the importance of juggling innovation with customer-centricity. Its our responsibility to identify a pragmatic solution that helps our clients. We have to be ahead of the latest trends, he explains. However, we must ensure we tailor-make solutions to our clients needs and integrate new technologies based on what they really want. Its fair to say Capgemini values its customers. With customer-centricity recognised as a core part of the companys corporate values, Junghanns believes his firms success rests on how it treats its customers. Were fair, frank and open. We believe that we can help our customers achieve their targets more efficiently than anyone else. Its about putting our clients needs at the heart of what we do.

Looking to the future, Junghanns has a clear vision for the future of the supply chain industry. Its clear that technology is the future of the supply chain space, he says. Were currently working with our customers on no touch supply chains. We want to free up supply chain professionals and allow a greater focus on strategic thinking to enable better decisions to be made. We want to make life easier for the millions of executives working in supply chain. The future is full of uncertainties and exceptions but its how you manage these challenges that ensures you succeed in the future.

For more information on all topics for Procurement, Supply Chain & Logistics - please take a look at the latest edition ofSupply Chain Digital magazine.

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Capgemini: showcasing blockchain in the supply chain space - Supply Chain Digital - The Procurement & Supply Chain Platform

Indias blockchain drive: What the experts are saying – Decrypt

India is the latest country to jump on the blockchain bandwagon, with a national strategy for blockchain announced yesterday. The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) plans to scale up and widely deploy the technology, describing it as one of the important research areas.

But, on the same lines as China, it appears to be holding onto the blockchain, not Bitcoin mantra. According to Sharan Nair, chief business officer at India-based crypto exchange CoinSwitch, its specifically focusing on private blockchains.

The government in India and most countries often tend to view Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies as two different entirely separable entities, Nair told Decrypt. It is worth mentioning that the governments use of the word blockchain is not a representation of public blockchain as most people think.

And yet, he argued that it will have a knock on effect, leading to more cryptocurrency awareness and use over time.

With this new advancement, I feel the government may soon get a glimpse of public blockchains and how cryptocurrencies play a critical role, Nair said.

Sandeep Nailwal, co-founder of Matic Network, too, drew confidence from the announcement. I think that its already in-line with [the government of Indias] bullishness on blockchains. We believe that its the first step towards eventual full adoption of blockchains in their utmost essence. So for us, its a good sign, he said.

Be the first to get Decrypt Members. A new type of account built on blockchain.

However, while the new focus is on private blockchains, it might have a side benefit of clearing up regulations for public blockchain, making it easier for crypto businesses to operate.

What the ecosystem needs is clarity on use of cryptocurrencies in public blockchains, said Aravindh Kumar, co-founder at Newfang, a decentralized cloud storage platform for developers, before adding, A regulatory sandbox until then would be a progressive step.

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Indias blockchain drive: What the experts are saying - Decrypt

Afghan Government to Apply Blockchain in Countrys Healthcare Sector – Cointelegraph

The Afghan Ministry of Public Health has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with blockchain firm FantomOperations to integrate blockchain technology into the countrys healthcare sector.

As Afghan Voice Agency reported on Nov. 27, the terms of the MoU would apply blockchain to identify counterfeit medicines, create medical registries in hospitals and digitize patients files. Commenting on the initiative, Afghan Public Health Minister Ferozuddin Feroz said:

"The Ministry of Public Health is committed for the institutionalization of electronic government in the health sector and the blockchain technology would help the ministry bring transparency, acceleration and effectiveness in the related affairs."

Both the government and the public have expressed concerns about the volume of counterfeit pharmaceuticals in the country, with many citizens using traditional medicine for health problems due to their inexpensiveness and accessibility, according to an April report from the European Asylum Support Office.

The Medicine Importers Union stated that at least 40% of medicine and medical equipment enter the Afghan market illegally and many of the pharmaceutical products are low quality, the report read.

This summer, the United Nations revealed that it began working on blockchain solutions for sustainable urban development in Afghanistan. The organization is developing blockchain solutions for land records and services transparency as part of the UNs City for All initiative.

The UN initiative anticipates Afghanistans population becoming mostly urban within the next 15 years. Its three stated priorities are effective land management, strategic urban planning, and improved municipal finance.

In April, Afghanistans central bank governor Khalil Sediq said that the institution was considering issuing a sovereign crypto bond to raise $5.8 billion. Alongside Bitcoin (BTC), Sediq reportedly mentioned metal futures and pointed out that the countrys mineral reserves are estimated to be worth over $3 trillion.

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Afghan Government to Apply Blockchain in Countrys Healthcare Sector - Cointelegraph

Check out 13 Crypto/Blockchain-Related Companies from the Fintech100 – Cryptonews

Source: iStock/wavemovies

Thirteen crypto and/or blockchain-related companies are on the list of the best and the most promising financial technology (finthech) companies in 2019.

A fintech venture capital (VC) firm H2 Ventures and big four accounting firm KPMG published their Fintech100 annual report recently, which examines the fintech space globally to form a Top 50 and an Emerging 50 lists. They searched for the companies that are taking advantage of technology and driving disruption within the financial services industry, choosing the best based on a number of different data, as well as the core five factors:

The report found that, overall, fewer payments and lending companies made the Fintech100, their place being taken by wealth, insurance and multi-sector companies. Theres also a significant increase in venture capital backing of fintech companies, with the listed companies raising over USD 18 billion of capital in the past 12 months and over USD 70 billion in venture capital, a 35% increase from last years figure. In terms of geography, the most companies this year are Asia Pacific-based, with 8 out of the 11 companies that have raised over USD 1 billion in the past 3 years coming from the Asia Pacific serving customers in China, India, as well as rapidly emerging markets in South East Asia such as Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand, the report says, adding: The smart money is rapidly flowing to fintechs focused on this region.

Importantly for the Cryptoworld: the report highlights 13 crypto / blockchain related companies;

Lets check out the crypto-related companies included in the Fintech 100 for 2019 and how the report describes them (or rather, praises them).

Rank: 3 in 2019, 2 in 2018Based in: ChinaKey people: Shengqiang Chen, CEONotable investors: CICC, BOCGI, China Securities, CITIC Capital, Sequoia Capital China, China Harvest Investments, China Taiping Insurance

Originally part of JD.com, a major Chinese e-commerce company, JD Digits (formerly JD Finance) became an independently operated technology company in 2013, dedicated to connecting financial and physical industries with digital technology. With its cutting-edge technologies and expertise in big data, AI (artificial intelligence), IoT (Internet of Things) and blockchain, the company builds core digital risk management capability, user operation capability, industry know-how capability and corporate service capability based on the B2B2C model.

Rank: 14 in 2019, 8 in 2018Based in: United StatesKey people: Baiju Bhatt, Co-Founder; Vladimir Tenev, Co-Founder; Nate Rodland, COONotable investors: DST Global, Sequoia Capital, Iconiq Capital, Index Ventures, Tim Draper, Andreessen Horowitz, Snoop Dogg

Founded in 2013, Robinhood is a zero fee stock trading app that offers ETFs (exchange-traded funds), options and cryptocurrency trading, while enabling users with a zero commission model to transact U.S. stocks and ETFs. Users can easily access the financial markets by slimming down the investment process and removing excessive brokerage costs.

Rank: 18 in 2019, 11 in 2018Based in: ChinaStaff: 5Key people: Ye Wangchun, Chairman & CEONotable investors: IDG Ventures, SBI Group

OneConnect Financial Technology, founded in 2015, has built four service platforms based on Big Data, Blockchain, Financial Cloud, Intelligent Finance and other new technologies, these being: Direct Bank Cloud, Financial Cloud for small and micro enterprises, Interbank Asset Transaction and Personal Credit Investigation. These are meant to provide solutions for small and medium-sized banks, increase revenue, reduce cost and risk and boost competitiveness. As of June 30, 2019, OneConnect had served over 600 banks and 80 insurance companies.

Rank: 26 in 2019, 13 in 2018Based in: United KingdomKey people: Nik Storonsky, CEO & Co-Founder; Vlad Yatsenko, CTO & Co-FounderNotable investors: Index Ventures, Ribbit Capital, Balderton Capital, DST Global

When it was launched in July 2015 by former Credit Suisse and Deutsche Bank investment bankers, Nik Storonsky and Vlad Yatsenko, as a digital alternative to the big banks, Revolut drew in customers by allowing them to spend and transfer money abroad with the interbank exchange rate. Since then, the company has since attracted over 6 million customers in Europe with its spending overviews, budgeting controls, savings features, donations, commission-free trading and cryptocurrency exchange.

Rank: 34 in 2019, 48 in 2018Based in: United StatesKey people: Brian Armstrong, CEO & Co-Founder; Fred Ehrsam, Co-FounderNotable investors: Y Combinator, FundersClub, SV Angel, Union Square Ventures, Digital Currency Group, Andreessen Horowitz, Union Square Ventures, Reinventure Group

Via its online platform launched in 2012, Coinbase enables digital currency transactions between traders, consumers and merchants, with a mission to create "a globally accessible, open financial system." By allowing individual Bitcoin (BTC) wallets and enabling connected bank accounts, it "ensures an improved buying and selling experience," and it also offers a range of payment processing options that can manage high traffic levels on the internet.

Rank: 38 in 2019, 29 in 2018Based in: JapanKey people: Mike Kayamori, Co-Founder & CEO; Mario Gomez-Lozada, Co-Founder, President & CTONotable investors: Jafco Asia, 8 Decimal Capital

Quoine, founded in 2014, provides trading, exchange, and next-generation financial services powered by blockchain technology, currently processing annual transactions worth over USD 50 billion. It was the first global cryptocurrency exchange to be officially licensed by the Japan Financial Service Authority, while its existing trading platforms, Qryptos and Quoinex, are among the most advanced in the world. By launching Liquid, a cryptocurrency one-stop trading portal, they allow users to access a worldwide network of cryptocurrency exchanges. Liquid allows users to match trades across multiple transactions and cryptocurrencies.

Rank: 42 in 2019, on the emerging list in 2018Based in: LithuaniaKey people: Vytautas Karaleviius, Co-Founder & CEONotable investors: Blockshine

Launched in 2017, Bankera is developing a bank to act as the bridge between the traditional world and the blockchain technology, and will offer three core services: payments, loans and deposits and investment solutions such as exchange-traded funds, crypto-funds as well as robo-advisory solutions for wealth management. Its goal is to become a blockchain-based bank, with its high-skilled team, innovative solutions and a strong foundation SpectroCoin, a cryptocurrency exchange and blockchain wallet.

Based in: MaltaKey people: Changpeng Zhao, Founder & CEONotable investors: Vertex Ventures, Plutus21, Black Hole Capital, Funcity Capital, Sequoia Capital, Limitless Crypto Investments

Binance is a cryptocurrency exchange platform that combines digital technology and finance. It provides access to exchange digital currency pairs on the market, while maintaining security and liquidity, and enabling a safe and efficient exchange with anyone, anytime and anywhere.

Based in: FranceKey people: Hamid Benyahia, Co-Founder; Mehdi Amari, Co-FounderNotable investors: /

Dether is the peer-to-peer Ethereum (ETH) network, which enables anyone in the world to buy and sell ETH using cash, and spend it at physical stores. Dether creates a worldwide ecosystem of ETH buyers, sellers and physical stores willing to trade ETH for fiat and accept it as a means of payment. No bank account is needed to buy/sell ETH, and no credit/debit card is needed to spend ETH at physical stores.

Based in: United Arab EmiratesKey people: ala Gl enkarde, CEO; Tolga Odolu, General Manager; Tuna Orbay, CTONotable investors: Boazii Ventures, Aslanoba Capital

MenaPay platform replaces cash and traditional banking tools used for transactions, with a goal of building one of the biggest cashless societies in the world and supporting digital transformation of the MENA (the Middle East and North Africa) region blockchain-based payment gateway. MenaPay platform offers a non-bank, top-up possibility and user-friendly mobile payment experience, digitalizing cash for the 80% of the unbanked adult population in the MENA region.

Based in: KoreaKey people: Ilseok Suh, Founder & CEONotable investors: BA Partners, Capstone Partners, Honest Ventures, Strong Ventures

To solve problems of the current global remittance market, Moin has developed a money transfer solution based on blockchain. Eliminating the need for SWIFT network or intermediary banks, Moin directly connects senders and receivers to make the wire process simpler, safer, faster, and more convenient with affordable rates.

Based in: SingaporeStaff: 2Key people: Andy Li, Founder & CEO; Bryan Sun, Co-Founder & CT; Villence Yu, Co-Founder & COONotable investors: Krungsri Finnovate, Sumitomo Corporation, SBI Investment, Arbor Ventures, Eight Roads Ventures, ZhenFund

With an aim to create new standards of banking platform that empowers banks or financial institutions to launch innovative financial products for the mass market, Silot taps on AI and blockchain to provide next generation efficiency, capability and security by connecting banks functionalities and data silos.

Based in: LuxembourgKey people: Luc Falempin, Co-Founder & CEO; Daniel Coheur Co-Founder & Chief Strategy Officer; Philippe Van Hecke, COONotable investors: Euronext

Tokeny Solutions enables mid-cap companies, investment banks, funds, asset managers and distributors to dematerialize assets on the blockchain, in order to reach a global audience, enforce compliance obligations, enable automation, and increase operational efficiency. The company delivers an institutional grade, modular end-to-end platform, allowing for the issuance, transfer and servicing management of tradable digital assets/security tokens. Tokeny Solutions has issued multiple tokenized offerings across five continents with more security offerings to come.

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Check out 13 Crypto/Blockchain-Related Companies from the Fintech100 - Cryptonews

Blockchain for Science: Revolutionary Opportunities and Potential Problems – RTInsights

Although blockchain technology is still evolving, it can already offer many advantages to the scientific community.

Blockchain is revolutionizing the world.

It is one of the biggest technology markets worldwide, with prospects tocontinue growing and eventually reaching 23.3 billion dollars worth ofinvestments by 2023, according to Statista.

In the future, the rapid growth in investments will encompass manydifferent industries, and blockchain will become a mainstream technology.

See also: How Blockchain Technology and Cognitive Computing Work Together

Currently, however, different industries are only at the early stage of introducing blockchain technology to different procedures and operations. According to Deloittes 2018 global blockchain survey, blockchain technology is expected to revolutionize many industries. It is anticipated that by using blockchain, industries will completely change the way they function.

According to Deloittes survey, manufacturing industries, as well as theenergy sector, along with healthcare, technology, and even the public sector (governmentalinstitutions, executive branch), will eventually turn to blockchain technologyto organize data, store it, and ensure its security.

But heres what caught our attention, while analyzing this survey.

Interestingly enough, life sciences (biotech, medical devices, andpharma) ranks high on the list of industries that will make use of blockchain.The technological advancement in life sciences greatly impacts the quality ofhealthcare, giving us new opportunities to improve it.

Lets take a step further.

Technological advancement in engineering and computer science will giveus new opportunities in manufacturing, the energy sector, and other relatedfields.

This pushes us to deduce the following thought: will science in general be changed by blockchain technology? And, if yes, what opportunities, prospects of implementation, and potential problems should we expect from it?

Lets dig deeper.

Blockchainfor Science: Revolutionary Opportunities

Blockchain technology is versatile. Therefore, the wholedata-hash-previous hash system works for every transaction involving value,whether its money, goods, or information. Besides, the high levels of securityensure fraud protection, as every transaction is recorded and distributed amongthe computer network.

As a result, these features of the blockchain technology offer thefollowing opportunities that can revolutionize science in different aspects.

Opportunity#1: Making Research Transparent

The science behind blockchain is simple.

A set of blocks that contain data is shared in one network of parties(nodes), which have equal and immutable access to the data carried by theblock.

Whats in it for scientific research?

Lets say a group of researchers is working on a statistical analysis ofa certain business venture. They collect data that is stored in blocks, thuscreating a data-carrying blockchain for this research.

Any changes that are made to this data will not go unnoticed, as everyresearcher from the team can equally spot and track these changes.

Joris van Rossum, Director of Special Projects at Digital Science, saysthat among the biggest benefits that blockchain can bring to scientificresearch is eliminatingpoor communication.

Right now, according to van Rossum, scientific research is at a verydeficient state. Blockchain gives an opportunity to change, as it ensuresreproducibility that is central for transparent scientific research.

Opportunity#2: Making Data Storage Safer

Blockchain is designed in a way that ensures safe storage of any datathat every block contains. Hashes, which work as a protection device for thedata, are hard to tamper, thus keeping all research data safely stored.

Essentially, blockchain is a decentralized database of information. Itis decentralized because every node has full access to the data and any changesthat have been made. This includes any changes made involving the hashes ofevery block, thus making it impossible to leak the information or corrupt it.

Blockchain technology also ensures an extra level of protection, as allthe data is broken into segments (shards), which are encrypted. Thus, anyclassified research data can be safely stored in blocks, accessed, and trackedby every node in the network.

Opportunity#3: Making Science Transparent

Blockchain technology brings an opportunity to make the decisions andthe activity of scientific organizations more transparent by introducingso-called smart contracts.

Distributedledger technology enables blockchain to store small computerprograms that track the data. Smart contracts are created in the form ofcomputer programs and are designed to cut the middleman in all datatransactions. Instead, this smart contract becomes the middle man, and all theactivity can be traced by the network of nodes.

The two main features that science and scientific research can benefitfrom are that smart contracts in their nature are:

Thisfeature of smart contracts wont allow any of the two parties to opt out of thecontract, change its terms, or terminate it. This means that every scientificorganization that was promised governmental funding will get it.

Smart contracts are almost impossible to tamper with. As all theactivities are fixated and stored in blocks, it not only gets safer to storethis data but makes the general activity of scientific organizations moretransparent and organized.

Blockchainfor Science: Prospects of Implementation

All the above-mentioned opportunities have already found theirimplementation in decentralized blockchain-based data storage.

Decentralized clouds started emerging recently, becoming a strongcompetitor and a potential threat to centralized servers such as Google Cloud,Dropbox, etc.

Decentralized cloud storage uses blockchain technology to:

Essentially, all the above-mentioned opportunities, brought to scienceand scientific research by blockchain, are already, in one way or another,implemented by decentralized clouds.

Besides obvious reasons, like transparency and security, scientists andresearchers could be interested in decentralized clouds for the following reasons:

Since blockchain technology is behind this idea, every file indecentralized cloud storage is marked with a hash, and every other filecontains a hash from a previous file. Thus, any scientific organization, oreven a small group of researchers, can be sure that every file is safely storedand wont go missing.

Blockchainfor Science: Potential Problems

Alongside with the above-mentioned advantages, the implementation ofblockchain technology can potentially cause problems. Aside from the fact thatscience is currently not fully ready for blockchainadoption, the technology itself is still underdeveloped, which may lead to thefollowing issues.

Problem#1: Authorization Issues

The goal of blockchain technology is to encrypt and safely store thedata and establish consensus in a distributed network.

To prove that a network member has permission to write to a certainchain, it is required to run complex algorithms that will ensure rightfulauthorization. Such algorithms take immense amounts of computing power, whichcomes at a cost.

So, even if blockchain technology can solve theproblems of securing and storing the data for scientific research, theauthorization of each network member remains an issue.

Problem#2: Lack of Legislation

As scientific society follows certain rules established by law, usingblockchain technology may present certain legislation-relatedissues:

All these issues need further clarification and the development oflegislation that will cover and resolve them.

Problem#3: Potential Hacker Attacks

Although blockchain is considered one of the most secure technologies inthe world, theres a possibility that a blockchain can be hacked.

This happened to Coinbase and Ethereum Classic when a hacker gainedcontrol of more than half of the networks computing power. Covering thisstory, MITTechnology Review listed the reasons that could potentiallyundermine the security of the blockchain technology:

Although now it is the best solution to ensure security, blockchaintechnology is far from being perfect. Before switching from a centralizedserver to decentralized cloud storage, researchers should understand thatalthough the chances of research information getting hacked are lower, it isstill possible.

Blockchain Brings New Potential to Science

Apart from some issues, blockchain technology brings a variety ofbenefits to the scientific community. Every researcher knows that effectivecommunication, transparency, and data security are crucial for high-qualityresearch.

Although blockchain technology is still evolving, it can already offermany advantages to the scientific community. And, as the evolution ofblockchain technology shows no signs of stopping, we can safely say that oneday it will become integral for scientific research and science in general.

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Blockchain for Science: Revolutionary Opportunities and Potential Problems - RTInsights

Who is a Jew? DNA home testing adds new wrinkle to age-old debate – The Jewish News of Northern California

Part one of our three-part PAST LIVES series on Jewish genealogical research. Parts two and three will be available next week.

Jennifer Ortiz has a screenshot saved on her computer. Its an image that captures a moment that changed her life.

Right there on the screen: Stewart Bloom is your father, she said, describing the message she received when she logged in to see the results of her home DNA test.

Ortiz is one of millions of people who have taken a DNA test like the ones sold by 23andMe or Ancestry.com. Ortiz, who grew up Catholic in Utah, found out from the test that she was 50 percent Ashkenazi Jewish a result that led to the discovery that she was the child of Bloom, a Jewish photographer in San Francisco, and not the man who raised her.

Thats when my world changed, she said.

But what is 50 percent Jewish?

The question itself is a new wrinkle in the age-old debate of just what it means to be Jewish, which has been given a kick in the pants from the commercialization of a field of science that says it can tell you something new: For a price, you can now choose from one of seven commercial genetic tests to find out just how Jewish you are (among other things).

Its a very interesting, different and complicated and morally ambiguous moment, said Steven Weitzman, director of the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies at the University of Pennsylvania and former director of the Taube Center for Jewish Studies at Stanford University.

In the past few years, commercial gene testing has taken off, driven by aggressive advertising that purports to tell the real story behind your ancestry. The magazine MIT Technology Review analyzed available data to estimate that more than 26 million people had taken at-home tests since they first went on the market more than a decade ago.

Its really beginning to seep into peoples consciousness, Weitzman said.

Sunnyvale-based 23andMe and Ancestry.com, headquartered in Utah, will ask you to spit in a tube and then, several weeks later, will give you a pie chart that might say, for example, 20 percent Swedish, 8 percent Greek and 11 percent German. Or, perhaps, 39 percent Ashkenazi Jewish.

But is there such a thing as 39 percent Ashkenazi? Yes, according to professor of epidemiology and biostatistics Neil Risch, director of UCSFs Institute for Human Genetics.

Its very easy to identify someone whos Ashkenazi Jewish, said Risch, who also does research on population genetics for Kaiser Permanente Northern California.

Thats because there are genetic markers distinct to the Eastern European Jewish population, partly due to a population founder effect, a way of saying that they descend from a small number of ancestors. Also, Jews in Europe tended to marry other Jews, making them endogamous.

Jews were not allowed to intermarry, Risch said. He added that on top of that, there were other external factors; for centuries, Christian churches forbade their flock from marrying Jews.

Ashkenazi Jews share a genetic profile so distinct that even commercial tests can spot it, unlike the difference between, say, Italians and Spaniards, who share a more diffuse Southern European profile. Risch said that although commercial genetic tests will show a percentage of your heritage from very specific regions in Europe, these results should be taken with a grain of salt.

Those kinds of subtle differences are challenging and have to be looked at with some skepticism, Risch said.

I call it entertainment genetics, said Marcus Feldman, a Stanford biology professor and co-director of the universitys Center for Computational, Evolutionary and Human Genetics, when you go and find out where your ancestors came from.

But for Ashkenazi Jews, heritage is pretty clear. Pick a street, Feldman said. Then pick any two Ashkenazi Jews at random walking down it.

Theyd be fifth to ninth cousins at the genetic level, Feldman said. Ashkenazi Jews are actually that closely related, all descended from a small group of people.

But what about Sephardic Jews looking to get a quantitative peek at their heritage? Theyre out of luck. 23andMe communications coordinator Aushawna Collins said that the company hasnt collected enough data on those populations yet to be able to pinpoint what makes them unique in terms of genes. Risch said its because genetically they are not distinct enough from other Mediterranean peoples.

But even if science can determine whether people have Ashkenazi genes, can one extrapolate from that how Jewish they are?

What is 39 percent Jewish? Thats nonsense, said Weitzman, a former professor of Jewish culture and religion at Stanford, where in 2012 he started an interdisciplinary course on Jewish genetics with biology professor Noah Rosenberg. You cant be half Jewish. Youre either Jewish or not Jewish.

Rabbi Yehuda Ferris of Berkeley Chabad would agree.

You cant be part kosher, you cant be part pregnant, you cant be part Jewish, he said.

However, even Ferris and his wife, Miriam, have done at-home DNA tests although they did it to find relatives, not to figure out their Jewishness.

It was extremely shocking, Ferris said dryly. Im 100 percent Ashkenazi Jewish and shes 99 percent.

For zero dollars we could have told you the same thing, Miriam Ferris added.

As an Orthodox rabbi, Ferris goes not by percentages but by the matrilineal rule in establishing Jewishness.

If your mother is Jewish, youre Jewish, he said. Thats it.

The concept of matrilineal descent is an old one, but genetics are giving it a new twist, especially in Israel where the Chief Rabbinate has used gene testing to weigh in on the crucial question of who is a Jew. (In Israel, immigrants must prove their Jewish status to marry, be buried in a Jewish cemetery or undergo other Jewish life-cycle rituals.)

Thats an interesting and disturbing new phenomenon, Weitzman said.

The way the rabbinate has used gene testing is by examining mitochondrial DNA, which gives much less information than testing of the more extensive DNA in the cell nucleus, which is what home tests do. But unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA is almost always passed from mothers to their children. This dovetails nicely with the notion of matrilineal Jewish descent, and rabbis in Israel have now begun accepting mitochondrial DNA testing for people, primarily immigrants or children of immigrants from the former Soviet Union, who have inadequate documentation of their Jewish status.

The test can identify Jews descended from four founder women ancestors. However, it can be used only to prove a positive, as half of Ashkenazi Jews dont have the characteristic mitochondrial chromosomes at all. Still, for people who have no paper or eyewitness proof of Jewish descent, genetic testing can be the deciding factor.

When you dont have enough information, it might be the linchpin, Ferris commented.

The rabbinates use of mitochondrial DNA testing is controversial, with some critics calling it humiliating. The Yisrael Beiteinu party, which represents Russian-speaking immigrants, is trying to challenge it in Israels Supreme Court.

Outside of Israel, too, not everyone is comfortable with using science to figure out who is a Jew. Its something the world has seen before.

People were also using science to figure out who people were. We called that race science, Weitzman said.

And the people who did it?

I mean Nazis, he clarified.

Genetics have been used against Jews in the most virulent way, said UCSFs Risch. But he thinks that Jews are inclined right now to trust the science because its a field filled with Jewish researchers. We love science because were all the scientists! he said.

In the past two decades, there has been a rash of research on the genetic components of Judaism, a boom coinciding with the Human Genome Project, which ran from 1990 to 2003. Much of it was done by Jewish scientists. The initial research on mitochondrial DNA in Ashkenazi Jews was done in 2006 by Israeli geneticist Doron Behar; he is now CEO of genetic analysis company Igentify.

In 1997, a study of traits in the Y chromosome, passed only from father to son, found that more than 50 percent of men with the last name Cohen (or Kahan or Kahn or other variants) had a certain marker, giving some support to the idea of a hereditary Jewish priesthood.

In 2010, medical geneticist Harry Ostrer did work that found various communities of Jews shared a common Middle East ancestry. And in 2009, Feldman, who is also director of Stanfords Morrison Institute for Population Biology and Resource Studies, studied to what degree Jewish groups in different places were related. (This last topic has been studied further, including by Risch.)

But Feldman himself has experienced firsthand how his own research has been twisted for what he called racist conclusions when economists drew inferences from his work with fellow Stanford professor Rosenberg to suggest theres a genetic basis for economic success.

We were outraged because those two people were using our data to make these quite racist statements, Feldman said.

Feldman said its common for the public to seize on genome research and try to use it to explain everything from intelligence to criminality; he said scientists have a responsibility to be on alert all the time.

Theres been too much emphasis on the genetic basis of a lot of human behaviors, he said. When genetics is your hammer, everything becomes a nail, he said. So it doesnt matter what human trait youre interested in.

Even if geneticists like Feldman consider home testing kits entertainment, their popularity shows that people are interested in using genetics to figure out who they are, including how Jewish. Weitzman said it might be connected to how hard it is for most Ashkenazi Jews in this country to trace their roots; Jews in Central and Eastern Europe didnt have last names until the 18th or 19th centuries.

A lot of us, we dont know a lot about our ancestors prior to our grandparents, Weitzman said.

So in searching for ancestors, people are turning to the companies that promise results. 23andMes Collins told J. theyd sold 10 million kits in total, and Ancestry.com in May issued an announcement claiming to have tested more than 15 million people.

Cantor Doron Shapira of Peninsula Sinai Congregation in Foster City is one of them. He was always into Sephardic music and food. As a percussionist, he felt drawn to the rhythms.

People have very often asked me, Are you Sephardic? he said. And I always said, Not to my knowledge.

Last year he saw an ad for Ancestry.com, got his DNA testing kit and sent it in with his sample.

It comes back 94 percent no surprise Russian Ashkenazi Jewish European roots, he said.

But the test also revealed 6 percent of his roots were other, including from Southern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Maybe Shapira had a Sephardic ancestor after all?

He started to think about which side of the family it could be and considered asking his mom to get tested. It wasnt that the result suggesting a Sephardic ancestor changed his perception of who he was, he said, but it validated something about himself that he and others had always noticed.

I got a little bit excited, he admitted.

And then he got an email update from Ancestry.com.

It says, scratch that, youre now 100 percent Ashkenazi Jewish, he said with a laugh.

But even with the change in result, Shapira says hes not against using home genetic testing to get a peek into his ancestry.

Im inclined to do another one, he said. Just to see if its consistent.

Many others are taking the tests and their results very seriously. People are making life decisions now on the results of this test, Weitzman said. Theyre deciding whether theyre Jewish or not.

Thats what Ortiz has done. If you ask her now if shes Jewish, the 53-year-old has an answer.

Yes, I am, she said. Ill say yes.

She had never been told that the father who raised her was not her biological dad, and when she confronted her parents, they denied it. But she knew it was no mistake when the DNA testing company delivered a startling message with the name of her biological father thats the screenshot shes got saved on her computer.

Ortiz immediately made contact with Stewart Bloom and flew down to San Francisco last year from her home in Portland to visit. There was a lot to process, of course, but for Ortiz its been a wonderful thing and that includes embracing Jewishness, something she said shed always been drawn to.

When I found out Im actually 50 percent, on one level it didnt surprise me, she said.

Now shes converting that number into something deeper: Shes planning a ceremony in Portland with a Jewish Renewal rabbi not a conversion, but something to celebrate her new identity.

It would help me take a step into Judaism, she said. Not just from a biological level but a little more than that.

Thinking about Jewishness in terms of biology is something that bothers Emma Gonzalez-Lesser, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Connecticut and the author of an article titled Bio-logics of Jewishness. If being Jewish is something in the genes, then that excludes people who have come to Judaism in other ways.

People who convert may not be seen as legitimately Jewish as someone who has 30-something percent ancestry from a genetic test, she said.

And beyond that, she added, there are some ideas underlying the current fascination with genetics that arent being questioned, like the question of whether Jews are a race.

I think part of our societal fascination with genetic testing really rests on this assumption that race is really this biological function, she said.

(Prominent researchers like Feldman, Rosenberg and Risch have been caught up in the sensitive question of whether studying the genomics of populations leads to a biological definition of race; the issue has been written about at length and remains controversial.)

Weitzman said the interest in ancestry reflects a trend around the world of turning to biology, genetics and race as a way to encode identity.

Part of whats going on in the Jewish world right now is a reflection of a broader revival of ethno-nationalism, Weitzman said.

In addition, at a time when American Jews are less likely to go to synagogue or practice rituals in the home, they face more questions about what it means to be Jewish. That may incline them to trust in science to determine their identity, especially when they have only a few dusty boxes of papers, if that, to show their family history. That makes Jewish genes a door into the past.

Theres something hiding inside of you that is preserving your identity intact, Weitzman said. To me, thats part of the appeal.

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Who is a Jew? DNA home testing adds new wrinkle to age-old debate - The Jewish News of Northern California

Humans and autoimmune diseases continue to evolve together – Medical News Today

The ability to fight disease is a driving force in human survival. Inflammation has emerged as a key weapon in this process. As pathogens change and evolve, the immune system adapts to keep up.

However, to what extent might such evolutionary adaptations also give rise to autoimmune conditions such as lupus and Crohn's disease?

This was a central question in a recent Trends in Immunology review by two scientists from Radboud University, in Nijmegen, Netherlands.

To address the issue, first author Jorge Domnguez-Andrs, a postdoctoral researcher in molecular life science, and senior author Prof. Mihai G. Netea, chair of experimental internal medicine, examined studies in the fields of virology, genetics, microbiology, and immunology.

They focused on people of African or Eurasian descent and how their ancestral origins may have influenced their risk of autoimmune diseases.

Of particular interest was how common pathogens in different communities related to changes in people's DNA, particularly when this involved inflammation.

The team found that the genetic changes made it harder for pathogen infections to take hold.

Over time, however, it seems that inflammation-related diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and lupus, have emerged alongside improvements in immune defenses.

The findings also suggest that the human immune system continues to evolve and adapt to changes in environment and lifestyle.

"There seems to be a balance," says Domnguez-Andrs.

"Humans evolve to build defenses against diseases," he continues, "but we are not able to stop disease from happening, so the benefit we obtain on one hand also makes us more sensitive to new diseases on the other hand."

He observes that autoimmune diseases in today's humans tend to emerge later in life. These would not have caused health problems for our ancestors because their lives were much shorter.

"Now that we live so much longer," he explains, "we can see the consequences of infections that happened to our ancestors."

One of the examples that Domnguez-Andrs and Netea cover in detail in their review is malaria.

"Among various infectious diseases," they write, "malaria has exerted the highest evolutionary pressure on the communities across the African continent."

Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that makes people very ill with flu-like symptoms, such as chills and a high fever.

While there has been much progress in the fight to control and eliminate the potentially fatal disease, it continues to threaten nearly half of the world's population, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

The cause of malaria is parasites belonging to the species Plasmodium. These parasites spread to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.

Domnguez-Andrs and Netea note that Plasmodium has been infecting people in Africa for millions of years. During that period, the immune systems of those human populations have evolved stronger resistance to infection by increasing inflammation.

However, the downside of increasing inflammation to withstand infectious disease is that it favors health problems that tend to occur later in life.

Modern humans of African descent are more prone to developing such conditions, which include atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases.

Another example of how ancestral changes in DNA leave imprints in the immune systems of modern humans is the interbreeding of early Eurasians with Neanderthals.

Modern humans whose genomes harbor remnants of Neanderthal DNA have immune systems that are better able to withstand staph infections and HIV-1. However, they are also more prone to asthma, hay fever, and other allergies.

Improvements in technology are making it more possible to find the downsides that can accompany disease-fighting adaptations.

Next generation sequencing, for example, is allowing scientists to delve more deeply into what happens at the DNA level between pathogens and the organisms that they infect.

Not only is new technology getting better at revealing genetic changes that occurred in our ancestors, but it is also showing that the human immune system continues to evolve and adapt.

In Africa, there are still tribes that hunt for food as their ancestors did. Thanks to new tools, scientists can see how the gut bacteria of these tribes are more diverse than those of, for example, contemporary African American people, who buy food in stores.

Other changes that have had an effect on DNA are the improvements in hygiene that have occurred in recent centuries. These have reduced exposure to pathogens and the diversity of gut bacteria.

"This reduced microbiota diversity in Western societies," the authors observe, "has been associated with a higher incidence of the so-called 'diseases of civilization,' such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and autoimmune disorders, which are very unusual in hunter-gatherer societies, compared with communities living a Western-type lifestyle."

Domnguez-Andrs and Netea are extending their research to populations whose ancestry is other than African or Eurasian.

"Today, we are suffering or benefiting from defenses built into our DNA by our ancestors' immune systems fighting off infections or growing accustomed to new lifestyles."

Jorge Domnguez-Andrs, Ph.D.

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Humans and autoimmune diseases continue to evolve together - Medical News Today

Mutations in emerging autism gene tied to distinct traits – Spectrum

Fine point: Many children with mutations in a gene called PHF21A have tapered fingers.

People who have mutations in a gene called PHF21A tend to have a constellation of traits and conditions, including autism, according to a new study1.

PHF21A encodes a protein that is part of a massive complex that binds to DNA. The genes exact function is unknown, but studies suggest it prevents neuron-specific genes from being expressed in other types of cells.

It is one of several genes implicated in a rare condition called Potocki-Shaffer syndrome2. A 2012 study linked mutations in the gene to two characteristics of the syndrome: intellectual disability and unusual facial features, such as a narrow nose and downturned mouth3.

But PHF21A is also emerging as a strong autism gene. Since 2014, mutations in the gene have turned up in at least three people with autism or traits of the condition4,5,6,7.

The new study details the clinical characteristics of seven children with PHF21A mutations. All of the children have intellectual disability, and three have autism.

This gene might be quite heavily involved in autism and intellectual disability, says lead investigator Hyung-Goo Kim, associate professor of health and life sciences at Hamad Bin Khalifa University in Doha, Qatar.

The findings also add seizures, low muscle tone and unusual-looking hands and feet to the list of traits tied to mutations in the gene. They have done a nice job of showing the spectrum of features seen in these children, says Sarah Elsea, professor of molecular and human genetics at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, who was not involved in the study.

Kim and his colleagues found seven children in the United States and France who carry mutations thought to impair the genes function. In at least six of the children, the mutations arose spontaneously, meaning that the parents do not carry the mutations; only one of the seventh childs parents was available for testing.

All seven have intellectual disability, developmental delay, language delay and motor problems, according to their medical records. Four have seizures, and three of the six children tested for autism have the condition.

All of the children have other notable physical features too, such as a broad nasal bridge, tapered fingers or shortened toes, and four are obese. The findings appeared in October in Molecular Autism.

The researchers analyzed the genes expression levels in a variety of human tissue samples. They found that the gene is most highly expressed in the brain and in muscles.

This finding jibes with the idea that mutations in the gene contribute to problems with brain development and motion.

Researchers should next test whether the mutations impair the proteins function, says Gholson Lyon, a principal investigator at the Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities in New York City, who was not involved in the study.

Kim and his colleagues plan to study blood cells from the children to try to better understand how the mutations contribute to autism.

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Mutations in emerging autism gene tied to distinct traits - Spectrum

Gail Fisher’s ‘Dog Tracks’: Spoiling you dog with extra food could cut short its life – The Union Leader

HERE IT IS just a few days after Thanksgiving, and Im probably not alone in thinking about the poundage I usually put on (then struggle to lose) in just one extremely treat-filled month. There is no doubt from the many studies on this topic about the relationship between weight and longevity in humans. While there are no studies of longevity in dogs that Im aware of, its likely the same relationship exists.

Longevity in dogs is a problem or rather lack of longevity. The American Veterinary Medical Association claims dogs are living longer. Longer than what? A hundred years ago, sanitation and medical improvements saved infants and the young from early death, greatly affecting human longevity. The claim that dogs are living longer might be related to the reduction and elimination of diseases that kill puppies. At the other end of the spectrum, the sad fact is that dogs do not live as long as they used to.

When I was a child, dogs often lived well into their teens. My next-door-neighbors dog, an Irish setter, was the same age as I. She died when I was a freshman in college. We were both 17. They also had a cocker spaniel that lived to be 20!

Nearly 50 years ago, I interviewed for a job at a Newfoundland kennel with more than 40 dogs, many that were 18 to 20 years old. They fully expected their dogs to live well into their mid-to late teens. Now, a mere 45 years later, a Newfie that lives to be 10 is old hardly an increase in longevity.

While genetics plays a role in longevity, there is a profound message for dog owners in this simple statement: Thin creatures live longer than fat ones.

Could it be that our pets reduced longevity is in part because we feed them too much? There is a lot we dont know about why so few dogs live into their late teens, but certainly one factor could well be excess weight even just a few too many pounds. A 50-pound dog that is just 10 pounds overweight is carrying 20% more weight than its frame and organs are designed for. This is considered to be obesity in humans, but in dogs its considered show weight or proof that we love and spoil our dogs usually said with an apologetic shrug.

If by spoiling our dogs were shortening their lives, wouldnt it be better to be tough (read kind) and cut out fattening snacks? Consider the greyhound, a large, sleek hound with a life expectancy many years beyond large, heavier hounds. Bloodhounds, a similar size, but much heavier dog, live to 10 or 11, while a greyhound often lives to 14 or 15. Greyhounds are one of the only show dogs for whom show weight is not overweight. You can see the ribs of a healthy greyhound, while it is often hard to even feel the ribs on many pet dogs.

I firmly believe that one of the reasons my English mastiffs lived to 13 or 14 (years beyond the life expectancy of the breed) was in part because I keep my dogs thin anathema for many mastiff people. For many giant breed owners, bigger is better. Theyll proudly exclaim, My Mastiff weighed 250 pounds! He might have died at the age of 6 and could barely walk because he was grossly overweight, but, by golly, he was huge!

Veterinarians we talk to almost universally agree that most pet dogs are too fat. In many cases, they have given up fighting that battle. Despite recommendations that the dog needs to lose weight, many owners seem to have a hard time cutting back on their dogs food and seem to believe theyre punishing their dog if they provide low-fat snacks. Youre not! Youre being kinder to your dog.

So in this holiday season, consider not sharing your turkey skin and leftover gravy with your dog. Or if you do, cut back on your dogs food that day. Your dog wont hate you for it, and you might well have him around a few extra months or years.

Gail Fisher, author of The Thinking Dog and a dog behavior consultant, runs All Dogs Gym & Inn in Manchester. To suggest a topic for this column, which appears every other Sunday, email gail@alldogsgym.com or write c/o All Dogs Gym, 505 Sheffield Road, Manchester, NH 03103. Past columns are on her website.

Continued here:

Gail Fisher's 'Dog Tracks': Spoiling you dog with extra food could cut short its life - The Union Leader

In a Wisconsin village, the doctor makes house calls and sees the rarest diseases on Earth – USA TODAY

Country doctor James DeLine talks about his work with the Amish

In 33 years at the La Farge clinic, Dr. James DeLine has gained the trust of many Amish. He understands their beliefs and their financial limitations, and he leaves the medical decisions to the families.

Mark Hoffman, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

MILWAUKEE, Wis.It is 5 degrees below zeroand a light powdering ofsnow swirls across the roads of Vernon County.Afew horses and buggies clop through the chillmorningair, but Perry Hochstetler leaves his buggy at the family farmand has a driver take him to his doctors appointment.

TheHochstetlersare Amish. With no health insuranceanda modest income, they cannot afford most doctors.

They can afford James DeLine, once the lone doctor in the western Wisconsin village of LaFarge. Population 750.

When he became the village doctor in 1983, DeLine had no experience treating the Amish and no idea the crucial role they would play in his work. Today, about 20% of the doctors patients are Amish or Old Order Mennonite, part of a Christian population called Plain People. They are known for their separation from the modern world and adherence to a simple lifestyle and unadorned dress.

Something of a throwback himself,DeLine, 65, is a short,bespectacledman with a walrus mustache, a doctor who carries a brown medical bag to house calls. For years, he carried his equipment in a fishing tackle box.

He knows the families on every local farm and their medical histories. He knows whos beenborn,andcalls on the mothers and infants to make sure they are healthy. He knows whos dying, and looks in on them in their final days, sitting by their bedside, talking in a gentle voice, making sure they have what they need for pain.

Amish farms are clustered together along Highway D between Cashton and La Farge.Mark Hoffman / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

As a young doctor,DeLine never imagined he would find himselfsomedaywith one foot planted solidly in medicines past, the other in its future.

The doctor who makes housecallsalso collaborates with English and American geneticists studying some of the rarest diseases on Earth. Some occur at much higher levels among the Amish, Mennonites and other closed communities that dont allow marriage to outsiders. This prohibition increases the likelihood that when a rare, disease-causing mutation appears in the community, it will take root and pass from generation to generation.

It has taken DeLine and his staff years to gain the trust of Plain People, some of whom are wary of medicine and technology.Often,theyfear that going to a hospital or clinic will mean surrendering the decision-making to doctors who neither respect their beliefsnor understand their financial limitations.

DeLine, not a religious man himself, accommodates the beliefs of patients and parents; he has always viewed them as the ultimate decision-makers.

At first glance, Hochstetler seems an unlikely candidate for a rare disease or a health problem of any kind. Work at the local sawmill and his family farm has given the 26-year-old father of two a lean muscular frame. Beneath the skin lies another story.

He has the vasculature of an 80-year-old smoker,DeLinesays.

He inherited the genetic mutation that causes an illness most people have never heard of: sitosterolemia. Only 100 cases have been described in the medical literature, but DeLine has 13 patients with the condition, including four of Hochstetlers 10 siblings and their father.

The disease prevents the body from getting rid of lipids from vegetable oils and nuts, causing them to build up and clog the arteries.

Since diagnosing the disease,DeLinehas treated Hochstetler with a cholesterol-lowering drug called Zetia.

Without diagnosis and treatment,Hochstetlercould by now havesuffereda heart attack, a trauma that Zetia should delay, thoughfor how long isuncertain. There is no cure for sitosterolemia.

Im not afraid, he says. If I die young, I guess Im going to die young. I cant do much about it. I cant say I ever get low and have the blues about it.

Saving grace: The story of an Amish community and the fight for their children's lives

A blizzard almost kept the doctor and village from their appointment.

It was February 1983. DeLine drovehis familyover hilly country roads, staring out the windshield into flurries and fearingtheir carmight not makeit to LaFarge.

DeLinehad just completed his residency at the Wausau Hospital Center. Now, a10-membercommitteeof localswas recruiting him to fill LaFargesvacancy for a doctor. Thevillage had beenwithout one for a couple ofyears.

The doctor liked the friendly villagers, a welcome change from the suit-and-tie types hed interviewed with in other places.

He was 28 years oldwith a bad car, a growing family and $30,000 in unpaid student loans. The average salary for a family doctor in America was then around $80,000, enough to settle down and beginpaying offhis debt.

But the people of LaFargewantedDeLine needed him. Their offer: $20,000.

That would have to coverDeLinesannual salary, the salary of an assistant to answer the phones and handle billing, plus all the clinic equipment andexpenses. .

DeLine took the offer.

The photo of country doctor Ernest Guy Ceriani, made famous in a groundbreaking Life Magazine photo essay by W. Eugene Smith, hangs on James DeLine's refrigerator door at his home in La Farge.Mark Hoffman / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

DeLinegrew up in New Lenox, Illinois, a farming community outside Joliet.

The village of 1,750 was mostly cornfields. DeLine remembers it asthe kind of place where children grew up building forts during the day and watching bonfires at night. DeLine had twin sisters five years younger than him. Their father owned a restaurant.

From an early age, though, itjust seemed like Id be going to medical school. It was meant to be.

DeLineremembers nights when he could hear his mother struggling to breathe. He could hear his father, too, trying to persuade her to go to the hospital.

She had rheumatic heart disease and took blood thinners starting in her 30s. She sometimes joked about needing a valve job.

DeLinewas 17 when his mother went in for the procedure.

He saw her once after surgerybut I didnt like how she looked.About the third day, his mother suffered cardiac arrest. She was resuscitated but had sustained a severe brain injury. Days later, the family shut off life support. She was 42.

One week after her death, JamesDeLineset out to become a doctor,leavinghome for the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign.

Physician James DeLine eases into his work day starting at 5 a.m. at his home in La Farge.Mark Hoffman / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

University life was hard.DeLineremained so miredin grief that when he ate, he suffered terrible abdominal pain and had to lie on his stomach for relief.

Still, he took on a demanding schedule.Driven students tended to enter the more advanced honors program in either chemistry orbiology. DeLine, a physiology major, enrolled in both.

He paid for college through restaurant jobs and financial aid.

He went on to medical school, first in Champaign, then at the University of Illinois campus in Chicago. He lived in the citys Little Italysection on the nearwestside. There he met his future wife, Ann Doherty, who worked in a print shop.

DeLinegraduated from medical school on June 7, 1980. The next day, he and Ann married.

A week later, he started his residency in Wausau.

He would work a 24-hour shift, take 24 hours off, then head back for another 24 hours at the hospital. By the time Id stagger home for some rest, he says, I was sleep-deprived, hungry, with a headache.

The schedule bothered his wife. She missed him.In his next job, she would see even less of him.

Physician James DeLine checks on Dean Pease at Vernon Memorial Healthcare in Viroqua. Pease was admitted to the hospital for breathing difficulties.Mark Hoffman / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

In LaFarge,DeLineworked harder than he had in his residency.

He was on call 24 hours a day, seven days a week. To make ends meet, both for his family and the clinic,DeLineworked five shifts a month in the emergency room at Vernon Memorial Hospital in Viroqua.

Some days he would work 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at the clinic, then drive to the hospital and work 6 p.m. to 8 a.m. in the emergency room. He would return to the familys home just in time to shower and get to the clinic by 9.

There were times when he was tired, but it didnt slow him down, Marcia Bader, his now-retired office managersays. It was that deep-seated caring that kept him going.

After a morning of driving around visiting patients, physician James DeLine, right, updates the staff at his clinic.Mark Hoffman / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

It was his wife,AnnDeLine, too.

The woman who had dreamed of being a mother did everything for the couples four children, all born within a five-year span. She washed cloth diapers and hung them out to dry. Shecooked, cleaned, took the children for walks, helped with school and play, and accepted with grace all the times when her husband was called away from holidays and birthday parties.

"The calendar of holidays does not apply," she says. "He helps people when they need him like the volunteer fireman races off when the alarm sounds; like the farmer plants and harvests when the ground and weather are ready."

"Life is lived by needs, not calendars and time slots."

This drawing is a gift from an Amish patient. James DeLine keeps it on his desk at home.Mark Hoffman / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

Villagers embraced their doctor. Patients said they were accustomed to physicians who talked at them most of the time;DeLinelistened.

The clinic struggled financially in the early years. Not everybody paid their bills, Bader recalls. But the doctor wasnt going to send them to collection firms, and he wasnt going to stop caring for them.

The doctor and his wife became fixtures ofcommunitylife. They went to their childrens cross country meets and other school events. They attended the annual Kickapoo Valley Reserve Winter Festival.

But it was his presence in the homes of area residents that endeared him to them.

My father was diagnosed with colon cancer in 1994. The thing that always struck me was that Dr.DeLinestopped in to see my mom and dad one night after a basketball game, recalls Bonnie Howell-Sherman, editor and publisher of the weekly Epitaph-News in nearby Viola.

That was just unheard of. My mom is going through dementia now and out of all of the people shes met since shes been here, hes the one she remembers.

The villagers didnt just likeDeLine. They depended on him.

They worried about him, too.

Theres been two things about Dr.DeLinethat the whole community has been concerned about, Steinmetz said. One was, how do we keep him? The other was that hestayhealthy.

From time to time, rumors spread that the doctor was sick, even dying.

In 2007,DeLinehad noticed a problem. He would urinate, only to discover a short time later that he needed to go again.

It was prostate cancer.

Courtesy of the Viola Epitaph-News

Feeling, as he put it, reflective, maybe anxious too,DeLineapproached the Epitaph-News editor. He asked to write a series of columns for the newspaper describing his illness and treatment. He would counter the rumors with transparency. He called the column, From the Other Side.

I decided early on that I was comfortable sharing my experience with our community, he wrote in the first column. After all many of you have shared your concerns, fears and symptoms with me for nearly 25 years. Each of us knows that our turn must come for illness and eventually death.

He discussed his fears about surgery to remove his prostate Would I be able to jog again?He evensharedthe frustration of phoning to make a doctors appointment and going through endless computer prompts before reaching a live human voice.

His columns took readers through his surgery, recovery andreturn home.

The way the whole village shared the doctors illness and treatment, thats part of small-town life, explains Howell-Sherman, the newspaper editor.

Its been 12 years sinceDeLinessurgery. The cancer hasnot returned.

An Amish teen pulls farm machinery down a road in La Farge.Mark Hoffman / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

Of all the relationships the doctor built in LaFarge, the most challenging involved his Amish patients.

DeLine found his medical work was affected by a deeply held principle among the Amish, expressed in the German wordgelassenheit, which means yielding oneself to a higher authority. Among the Amish, the word encompasses a calmness and patience, as well as a belief that individualism must take a back seatto the good of the community and the will of God.

A sign warns motorists they may encounter horse-drawn vehicles on Highway D between Cashton and La Farge.Mark Hoffman / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

While some Amish visit hospitals and accept modern medical techniques, others prefer natural methods and traditional treatments: herbs, vitamins, supplements and home remedies. In the LaFargearea, it is not unusual for an Amish family to turn to these methods beforedecidingto see DeLine.

Such was the case with Abie and Edna Yoder when their 8-year-old daughter, Barbara, first grew sick in spring 2015.

The girl had little appetite and suffered from a terrible stomachache and bloody diarrhea. Barbara weighed 38 pounds 19 pounds below average for an 8-year-old.

The Yoders took her to a so-called non-traditional doctor used by some of the Amish; these tend to be herbalists, specialists in natural medicine and others, all of whom lack medical degrees.He viewed her blood under a microscope and told the family she might have colon cancer.

The parents worried terribly about their daughters survival, but worried too about putting her in the hands of a traditional doctor. The scenario that haunted them had happened to a 3-year-old Amish boy with leukemia. The boy was given chemotherapy, they say, despite the excruciating pain andultimate failureof the treatment.

He begged to be released to go to Jesus, Edna Yoder recalls.

The Yoders approached a midwife, whosent her husband to speak with DeLine. The husband explained to the doctor the circumstances and the familys hesitation. Then the Yoders brought their daughter.

"Dr.DeLinemade it really clear that he would respect our wishes,Edna Yoder recalls.

Their daughter was admitted to American Family Childrens Hospital in Madison.DeLineconsulted with a pediatric cardiologist hed worked with at UW, Amy Peterson.

Dr.DeLinehad noticed that she had interesting looking bumps on her arms and on her legs, Peterson recalls. They were deposits of cholesterol. Dr.DeLineand I started thinking along very similar lines very quickly.

Genetic testing confirmed their hunch. The girl had extremely rare sitosterolemia, the same illness that would later be diagnosed in Perry Hochstetler.

Treatment lowered the girls sitosterol levels and helped her gain weight.

DeLineand Peterson have since foundamong the local Amisha dozen othercases the second largest cluster of the disease in the world.

An Amish farmer makes his way to work on a fence along Highway D between Cashton and La Farge.Mark Hoffman / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel

Almost 200 diseases are found in much higher proportions among Plain People. Scientists have developed a special Amish genetics test that screens the blood for more than 120 of them.

DeLine has seen patients with more than 30of the diseases on the testand has at least two patients with diseases neverdescribed in medicine.

Across the globe, there have beenonly20 to 30 cases of a disease called BRAT1; DeLine has seen six. Babies with the illness are born rigid and are prone to frequent seizures.

When the baby is born you cant straighten the baby, DeLine says. The eyes are jerking, face twitching. Some moms say they have felt things that suggest the babies have been seizing in the womb.

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In a Wisconsin village, the doctor makes house calls and sees the rarest diseases on Earth - USA TODAY

Alzheimer’s and Autism: Researchers Pinpoint Genetic Mutations Overlapping in Both Diseases – Being Patient

As the quest to understand the complexities of Alzheimers continues, researchers have now identified genetic mutations related to autism that may play a role in the neurodegenerative disease as well.

The study, out of Tel Aviv University, pinpointed thousands of genetic mutations in aging human brains that overlapped with mutations involved in autism and intellectual disability. They also found that many of these mutations occurred in the cell skeleton/transport system, a network of proteins that help organize cells.

We were surprised to find a significant overlap in Alzheimers genes undergoing mutations with genes that impact autism, intellectual disability and mechanisms associated with the cell skeleton/transport system health, Illana Gozes, lead author of the study, said in a news release. Importantly, the cell skeleton/transport system includes the protein Tau, one of the major proteins affected in Alzheimers disease, which form the toxic neurofibrillary tangles

Two decades ago, Gozes and the team at the laboratory discovered a protein known as ADNP. ADNP is mainly known for its connection to ADNP syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder that includes intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. But the team of researchers identified that ADNP also experiences mutations in the brains of people with Alzheimers.

Gozes built on that in the latest study, which aimed to create a paradigm shift in how people understand Alzheimers. That viewpoint focuses on how genetic alterations that are not inherited, known as mosaic somatic mutations, lead to brain pathology and disease.

The researchers hope the research will help lead to new therapeutic channels down the road.

We found in cell cultures that the ADNP-derived snippet, the drug candidate NAP, inhibited mutated-ADNP toxicity and enhanced the healthy function of Tau, Gozes said. We hope that new diagnostics and treatment modes will be developed based on our discoveries.

Genetics continues to be a large area of research around Alzheimers and dementia. Recently, researchers discovered that a genetic mutation known as APOE3ch delayed a womans high risk of developing Alzheimers by three decades.

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Alzheimer's and Autism: Researchers Pinpoint Genetic Mutations Overlapping in Both Diseases - Being Patient

How do consumer DNA tests from the US and China stack up? – Abacus

Spitting intotheplastic test tube, I felt nervous. I was offering up a piece of myself for decoding, and while this timethere was no silver-haired sage, it reminded me of a visit to a fortune teller when I was 21.

Then, I offeredthepalm of my hand in a bid to divine what fate had planned for me. Now, it wasDNA, with my saliva destined for a laboratory in southwest China, totheheadquarters ofChengdu 23Mofang Biotechnology Co., a startup thats seeking to tap a boom in consumer genetics intheworlds most populous nation.

Rising awareness of genetically-linked diseases like Alzheimers and a natural human curiosity for insight intothefuture is fueling a global market for direct-to-consumerDNAtesting thats predicted totripleoverthenext six years. In China, wherethegovernment has embraced genetics as part of its push to become a scientific superpower,theindustry is expected to see US$405 million in sales by 2022, according to Beijing research firm EO Intelligence, an eight-fold increase from 2018. Some 4 million people will send away test tubes of spit in China this year, and I had just become one ofthem.

Not only was I entering a world where lack of regulation has spawned an entire industry devoted to identifyingthefuture talents of newborn babiesthroughtheir genes, I was handing over my genetic code to a country wherethegovernment has been accused of usingDNAtesting to profile minority groups a concern that hit home whentheresults showed I was a member of one.

I wanted to see whethertheburgeoning industry delivered on its claims in China, where scientists have gained international attention and criticism for pushingtheboundaries of genetics. And as a child of Vietnamese immigrants totheUS, Ive long been curious about my ancestry and genetic makeup.

To get an idea of how this phenomenon is playing out intheworlds two biggest consumer markets, I comparedtheDNAtesting experience of 23Mofang withthefirm CEO Zhou Kun says it was inspired by:23andMe Inc., one ofthebest known consumer genetics outfits intheUS.

PushingtheEnvelope

Thedifferences betweenthetwo companies are stark.

23andMe was co-founded byAnne Wojcicki, a Wall Street biotech analyst once married toGoogleco-founderSergey Brin.TheMountain View, California-based firm has more than 10 million customers and has collected 1 billion genetic data points, according to itswebsite. Brin and Google were early investors.

By contrast, 23Mofang is run out oftheChinese city of Chengdu, and Zhou, 36, is a computer science graduate who createdthecompany after becoming convinced Chinas next boom would be inthelife sciences sector. 23Mofang expects to have 700,000 customers bytheend of this year, a number he projects will at least double in 2020.

Thedivergence betweenthetwo countries andtheir regulation oftheindustry is just as palpable. Chinas race to dominate genetics has seen it push ethical envelopes, with scientistHe Jiankuisparking a global outcry last year by claiming to have editedthegenes of twin baby girls.Theexperiment, which He said madethem immune to HIV, put a spotlight on Chinas laissez-faire approach to regulating genetic science andthebusinesses that have sprung up around it.

When my reports came back, 23Mofangs analysis was much more ambitious than its American peer. Its results gauged how long I will live, diagnosed a high propensity for saggy skin (recommending I use products including Olay and Estee Lauder creams) and gave me an optimist not prone to mood swings a higher-than-average risk of developing bipolar disorder. 23andMe doesnt assess mental illness, which Gil McVean, a geneticist at Oxford University, says is highly influenced by both environmental and genetic factors.

Thefortune teller who pored over my palm told me I would live to be a very old woman. 23Mofang initially said I had a better-than-average chance of living to 95, before revisingtheresults to say 58% of clients hadthesame results as I did, making me not that special, and perhaps not that long-living.

When I ranthefinding pastEric Topol, a geneticist who foundedtheScripps Research Translational Institute in La Jolla, California, he laughed. Ninety-five years old?Theres no way to put a number on longevity, he said. Its a gimmick. Its so ridiculous.

Zhou saidtheaccuracy ofthelongevity analysis, based on a 2014 genetics paper, is not too bad, thoughthecompany plans to updatetheanalysis with research thats being undertaken on Chinese elderly.

But when it comes to disease,theresults of both companies showed howthescience of genetics, particularly attheconsumer level, is still a moving target.

Its All AbouttheData

After claiming I had a 48% greater risk thanthegeneral population of developing type 2 diabetes, both 23Mofang and 23andMethen revisedtheresults.

First, 23andMe cuttherisk figure from its analysis, posted in an online portal I accessed with a password.Theoverview analysis that I have an increased likelihood of developingthedisease never changed. But a few months later,thefigure was back, with a slightly different explanation: Based on data from 23andMe research participants, people of European descent with genetics like yourshave an estimated 48% chance of developing type 2 diabetes at some point between your current age and 80.

Shirley Wu, 23andMes director of health product, saidthecompany occasionally updates its analysis. My risk figure might have changed if I indicated my ethnicity and age, she said. I hadnt given any biographical details or filled out any surveys on 23andMes site.

Your risk estimates will likely change over time as science gets better and as we have more data, Wu said. We are layering in different non-genetic risk factors, and that potentially updates our estimates.

Algorithms and data underpintheanalysis of both companies, asthey do for other genetic testing firms, so it apparently isnt unusual forDNAanalysis to shift as more research and data into diseases becomeavailable. Still, I was confused.

I reached out to Topol, who said that 23andMes diabetes finding likely didnt apply to me sincethevast majority of people studied forthedisease are of European descent. Wu saidthe American company does have a predominantly European database but has increased efforts to gather data for other ethnicities as well.

23Mofang, meanwhile, also revised my diabetes risk to 26%. My genes hadnt changed, so why hadtheresults? CEO Zhou saidthecompany is constantly updating its research and datasets, and that may changetheanalysis. As time goes by,there will be fewer corrections and greater accuracy, he said.

For now, theres a possibility you can later get a result thats opposite oftheinitial analysis, said Zhou.

Additionally,theaccuracy of genetic analysis varies hugelydepending onthetraits and conditions tested because some are less genetically linkedthan others.

Zhou isnt deterred by criticism. He said 23Mofang employs big data and artificial intelligence to findthecorrelations to diseases without relying on scientists to figure it out.

While its impossible to get things 100% right,thecompanys accuracy will get better with more data, he said.

Ancestry Mystery

You might assume thatthetwo companies would offer similar analysis of my ancestry, which Ive long thought to be three-fourths Vietnamese and one-fourth Chinese (my paternal grandfather migrated from China as a young man). Born in Vietnam and raised intheUS, I now live in Hong Kong, a special administrative region of China.

23andMes analysis mirrored what I knew, but my ancestry according to 23Mofang? 63% Han Chinese, 22% Dai an ethnic group in southwestern China and 3% Uyghur. (It didnt pick up my Vietnam ancestry becausetheanalysis only compares my genetics to those of other Chinese, according tothecompany.)

That led me tothebig question in this grand experiment: How safe is my data afterthesetests?

Human Rights Watch said in 2017 that Chinese authorities collectedDNAsamples from millions of people in Xinjiang,thepredominately Muslim region thats home totheUyghur ethnic group. Chinas use of mass detention and surveillance intheregion has drawn international condemnation. What if Beijing compelled companies to relinquishdata on all clients with Uyghur ancestry? Couldthedetails of my Uyghur heritage fall into government hands and put me at risk of discrimination or extra scrutiny on visits to China?

23Mofangs response tothese questions didnt give me much solace. Regulations enacted in July gavethegovernment access to data held by genetics companies for national security, public health and social interest reasons.Thecompany respectsthelaw, said Zhou. Ifthelaw permitsthegovernments access tothedata, we will give it, he said.

Theauthorities havent made any requests for customer data yet, Zhou pointed out. Chinas State Council, which issuedtheregulations, andtheMinistry of Science & Technology didnt respond to requests for comment.

Over intheUS, 23andMe said it never shares customer data with law enforcement unlesstheres a legally valid requestsuch as a search warrant or written court order.Thecompany said its had seven government requests for data on 10 individual accounts since 2015 and has not turned over any individual customer data. It uses all legal measures to challenge such requests to protect customers privacy, said spokeswoman Christine Pai.

No Protection

New York Universitybioethics professorArt Caplansays privacy protections on genetic information are poor in most countries, including in the USand China.

I dont think anyone can say theyre going to protect you, he said. In China, its even easier for the government. The government retains the right to look.

23andMe appeals to potential customers with the lure of being able to make more informed decisions about your health, but after taking tests on both sides of the Pacific and realizing how malleable the data can be, as well as the myriad factors that determine diseases and conditions, I am left more skeptical than enlightened.

I gave away something more valuable than a vial of spit the keys to my identity. It could become a powerful tool in understanding disease and developing new medicines, but in the end its entrepreneurs like Zhou who will ultimately decide what to do with my genetic data. He plans to eventually look for commercial uses, like working with pharmaceutical companies to develop medicines for specific diseases.

We want to leverage the big database we are putting together on Chinese people, Zhou said. But first, we need to figure out how to do it ethically.

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How do consumer DNA tests from the US and China stack up? - Abacus

Is Nature vs. Nurture an Outdated Concept? – The National Interest Online

The question of whether it is genes or environment that largely shapes human behaviour has been debated for centuries. During the second half of the 20th century, there were two camps of scientists each believing that nature or nurture, respectively, was exclusively at play.

This view is becoming increasingly rare, as research is demonstrating that genes and environment are actually interconnected and can amplify one another. During an event at Berlin Science Week on November 7, organised by the Royal Society, we discussed how the debate is changing as a result of recent findings.

Take literacy. Making language visible is one of the most extraordinary achievements of human beings. Reading and writing is fundamental to our ability to thrive in the modern world, yet some individuals find it difficult to learn. This difficulty can arise for many reasons, including dyslexia, a neuro-developmental disorder. But it turns out neither genes nor environment are fully responsible for differences in reading ability.

Genetics and the neuroscience of reading

Reading is a cultural invention and not a skill or function that was ever subject to natural selection. Written alphabets originated around the Mediterranean about 3,000 years ago, but literacy only became widespread from the 20th century. Our use of the alphabet, however, is grounded in nature. Literacy hijacks evolved brain circuitry to link visible language to audible language by letter-sound mapping.

Brain scans show that this reading network is apparent in pretty much the same place in the brain in everybody. It forms when we learn to read and strengthens connections between our brains language and speech regions, as well as a region that has become known as the visual word form area.

The design for building the underlying circuitry is somehow encoded in our genomes. That is, the human genome encodes a set of developmental rules that, when played out, will give rise to the network.

However, there is always variation in the genome and this leads to variation in the way these circuits develop and function. This means there are individual differences in ability. Indeed, variation in reading ability is substantially heritable across the general population, and developmental dyslexia is also largely genetic in origin.

This is not to say that there are genes for reading. Instead, there are genetic variations that affect how the brain develops in ways that influence how it functions. For unknown reasons, some such variants negatively affect the circuits required for speaking and reading.

Environment matters too

But genes are not the whole story. Lets not forget that experience and active instruction are needed for the changes in brain connectivity that enable reading to occur in the first place though we dont yet know to what extent.

Research has shown that most often problems with literacy are likely underpinned by a difficulty in phonology the ability to segment and manipulate the sounds of speech. It turns out that people with dyslexia also tend to struggle with learning how to speak when infants. Experiments have shown that they are slower than other people to name objects. This also applies to written symbols and relating them to speech sounds.

And here nurture comes in again. Difficulties in learning to read and write are particularly visible in languages with complex grammar and spelling rules, such as English. But they are far less obvious in languages with more straightforward spelling systems, such as Italian. Tests of phonology and object naming, however, can detect dyslexia in Italian speakers too.

So the difference that is found in dyslexic brains is likely the same everywhere, but will nevertheless play out very differently in different writing systems.

Amplification and cycles

Nature and nurture are traditionally set in opposition to each other. But in truth, the effects of environment and experience often tend to amplify our innate predispositions. The reason is that those innate predispositions affect how we subjectively experience and respond to various events, and also how we choose our experiences and environments. For example, if you are naturally good at something you are more likely to want to practice it.

This dynamic is especially evident for reading. Children with greater reading ability are more likely to want to read. This will of course further increase their reading skills, making the experience more rewarding. For children with lower natural reading ability, the opposite tends to happen they will choose to read less, and will fall farther behind their peers over time.

These cycles also offer a window of intervention. As we have seen in the case of Italian readers, nurture can mitigate the effects of an adverse genetic predisposition. Similarly, a good teacher who knows how to make practice rewarding can help poor readers by allowing short cuts and mnemonics for spelling. In this way, dyslexic readers can become good readers and enjoy it. Reward and practice enhance each other, leading to more motivation and more practice in a positive feedback loop.

So instead of thinking of nature and nurture as adversaries in a zero sum game, we should think of them as feedback loops where a positive influence of one factor increases the positive influence of the other producing not a sum but an enhancement. Of course, the same applies to negative feedback, and so we have both virtuous and vicious circles.

Because inheritance (genetic as well as cultural) matters, this effect is also visible on a larger scale spanning several generations. In the past, parents who sent their children to school created an advantageous environment for them and their grandchildren. But in turn, the parents benefited from the existence of a culture that invested in schools. Of course, such investments are not always spread evenly and may flow more towards those already in an advantageous position. Such a circle is sometimes referred to as the Matthew effect good things come to those who already have them.

The interactive loops between nature and nurture extend beyond the lives of individuals, playing out across communities and over generations. Recognising these dynamics gives us some power to break these feedback loops, both in our own lives and more widely in society and culture.

This article by Kevin Mitchell and Uta Frith first appeared in 2019 in The Conversation via Creative Commons License.

Image: Donar Reiskoffer/Wikimedia Commons/Creative Commons 3.0.

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Is Nature vs. Nurture an Outdated Concept? - The National Interest Online

Collection of genetic data leads to privacy concerns – The New Economy

A DNA test can reveal surprising facts about us certain genes make us more inclined to have dry earwax, for example, and others make us more likely to sneeze when we see a bright light. Some genes even result in people being more attractive targets for mosquitoes, so if youve ever felt personally singled out by the insect during the summer months, its not a cruel conspiracy its your DNA.

Innocuous facts like these were what DNA kits were used for finding out when they first became commercially available. However, as the tests have become more sophisticated, the companies behind them have shifted their marketing focus. Users of at-home DNA tests have been known to uncover deep-rooted facts about themselves, from discovering long-lost relatives to learning of their ancestors origins and their susceptibility to genetic diseases.

Finding out that you have a pre-existing health condition might not seem like the best idea for a Christmas present, but that hasnt stopped the test kits from enjoying a surge in popularity. MIT Technology Review estimates that by the start of 2019, more than 26 million people had taken an at-home ancestry test. The market is expected to be worth $45bn by 2024.

Nevertheless, despite the emerging industrys rampant growth, there have been mounting concerns that its practices could infringe on consumers rights. Whenever people fork out $100 to $200 for a DNA test, the hidden cost of that transaction is their personal data which, from then on, is held in the databases of a private company. Once these companies obtain genetic information, its very difficult for users to get it back.

By taking DNA tests at home, many have unwittingly stumbled upon long-kept family secrets. Some have seen their parents go through a bitter divorce after their test revealed they were actually conceived through an affair

Ignorance is blissLong before people were able to take DNA tests from the comfort of their own home, psychologists worried about their possible impact on peoples mental health. Ever since the Human Genome Project was started in 1990, many scholars have maintained that DNA tests should be used with caution, on the grounds that understanding ones own health risks could lead to anxiety or depression.

Conversely, a study by the Hastings Centre found that discovering an increased risk of developing Alzheimers disease did not make people more depressed or anxious. And in the event that people discover a particularly urgent health risk like a mutation of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which puts individuals at a high risk of developing cancer at a young age any adverse psychological effects are presumably worth it to obtain this life-saving information.

However, at-home DNA tests could still pose a risk to mental health, in part because they remove medical professionals from the equation. Adrian Mark Thorogood, Academic Associate at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, warned that this is far from best practice for receiving a DNA test result. Results should be communicated through a medical professional who can interpret the result in the individuals specific context, and offer a clear description of the tests limits, he told The New Economy.

Without a professionals assistance, users could be left alone to battle with a troubling revelation about their health. There is also a danger that without guidance, some people could misinterpret their test result, placing undue stress on their mental health.

There is another unpleasant discovery that people can make through a DNA test one they may be even less prepared for. By taking DNA tests at home, many have unwittingly stumbled upon long-kept family secrets. Some have seen their parents go through a bitter divorce after their test revealed they were actually conceived through an affair. Others have discovered they were conceived by rape and that their mother decided to never tell them. What began as a seemingly harmless urge to find out more about their heritage ends in psychological trauma and family breakdown.

Brianne Kirkpatrick, a genetics counsellor, is part of a growing sector of therapy specifically tailored towards helping people come to terms with receiving unexpected DNA results. One cant help but wonder whether her patients end up wishing theyd never taken the test at all.

I dont recall anyone saying they wish they could go back and not learn the truth, Kirkpatrick said. But I have had a number of people say to me they wish they had found out their shocking information from a person, rather than a computer.

While we might think wed prefer to suffer a DNA leak than a leak of our credit card details, genetic data has its own unique set of complications

The fact that virtually anyone can now find out their real parentage through a simple DNA test has wide-reaching repercussions for the accountability of paternity. Historically, men have always had a much greater ability to conceal their status as a parent, as they dont have to bear the child. The world of direct-to-consumer DNA testing blows this capacity for anonymity out of the water.

This is particularly problematic when it comes to sperm donation. Anonymity is a key selling point for many potential donors, but now all their future biological offspring has to do is swab the inside of their cheek to completely compromise that anonymity. Research suggests that we could see a drop in donor rates as a result. A 2016 study in the Journal of Law and the Biosciences found that 29 percent of potential donors would actually refuse to donate if their name was put on a registry.

The wave of parental discoveries made through direct-to-consumer DNA tests raises questions about where the responsibility of the seller sits in all this. Most health professionals recommend that individuals seek out genetics counselling once they receive DNA results. Some, like Invitae, offer counselling services but arent direct-to-consumer companies. Many of those that are including 23andMe do not offer such a service. It could be argued that this shows a certain disregard for the consequences of using their product. Unfortunately, irresponsible decisions like this have tended to characterise the industrys path to success.

Genetic Wild WestIn September 2019, 17 former employees from the Boston-based genetic testing company Orig3n accused the firm of giving consumers inaccurate results. Allegedly, if a customer took the same test twice, their results could be extremely different each time. A former lab technician produced a leaked report to Bloomberg Businessweek that revealed 407 errors like this hadoccurred over a period of three months.

Part of Orig3ns USP was that it offered advice supposedly calculated based on a consumers genetic profile. Former employees have cast doubt over the companys modus operandi by claiming that the advice they gave was in fact routinely lifted from the internet. The advice given ranged from the technically correct but uninspired to the broadly unhelpful such as telling people to eat more kale and the utterly bogus, like advising clients to eat more sugar to eliminate stretch marks.

Although Orig3n is a relatively small player in the sector, news of this scam nonetheless illustrates how little protection consumers have in this nascent market. Analysts say we are currently witnessing a Wild West period in the consumer genetics space thanks to a lack of regulation, raising concerns over whether we can trust these companies with our genetic data. While we might think wed prefer to suffer a DNA leak than a leak of our credit card details, genetic data has its own unique set of complications.

In the United States, if my social security number is stolen, that is difficult, but not impossible, to get frozen, changed, etc, said Natalie Ram, an associate professor at the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law and a specialist in bioethics and criminal justice. But theres literally no way to change your genetic code.

Genetics platforms like 23andMe, AncestryDNA and FamilyTreeDNA are now sitting on a goldmine of very personal data. In 2013, a 23andMe board member told Fast Company that it wanted to become the Google of personalised healthcare. If this statement makes anything clear, its that the company wasnt planning on making its millions simply by selling DNA test kits: its mission was always to amass significant amounts of data on its users, which it could then monetise.

There is a wide range of reasons why companies might want to buy genetic data. Perhaps the most benign is medical research, which genetics platforms allow users to opt in or out of. But other companies might use your genetic data to better sell you products or, conversely, deny them to you for instance, one sector that would see a clear monetary value in obtaining genetic data is insurance. In the US, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 prevents employers and health insurers from using a persons genetic information when making decisions about hiring, firing or raising rates. However, this does not include life insurance or short or long-term disability insurance.

At first glance, it seems as if theres a simple solution: if users are concerned about these risks, they should just choose for their data to be kept anonymous. However, choosing this option is not as foolproof as it once was. As long ago as 2009, researchers demonstrated that they could correctly identify between 40 and 60 percent of all participants in supposedly anonymous DNA databases by comparing large sets of that data with public datasets from censuses or voter lists. Since that experiment, DNA databases have grown massively.

With access to four to five million DNA profiles, upwards of 90 percent of Americans of European descent will be identifiable, said Ram. Its verging on a comprehensive DNA database that no US state or jurisdiction has suggested would be appropriate.

Shaping the lawWith comforting statements like your privacy is very important to us (ancestry.co.uk) and we wont share your DNA (familytreedna.com) emblazoned on their websites, some genetics platforms seem to be making privacy their number one priority. In the US, 23andMe and Ancestry are part of the Coalition for Genetic Data Protection, which lobbies for privacy protection in the DNA space. However, while the coalition advocates genetic data privacy in a specific context, it argues for a one-size-fits-all policy concerning all data. By comparison, the EUs General Data Protection Regulation regards genetic information as personal data, which makes DNA unique from other kinds of data.

There is a fundamental legal problem with boxing genetic data in with all other varieties, including the data that social media websites collect about us. In most cases, what a person does on the internet implicates them alone genetic data is different. We share our DNA with members of our family, which means that sharing it without their consent can be problematic.

Even if I can consent to using my DNA to identify me, that should not extend to my ability to consent to using my DNA to identify my relatives, said Ram. The reason I think thats a really critical distinction is because genetic relatedness is almost always involuntarily foisted upon us. So we dont choose our parents, we dont choose how many siblings we have. Its a product of biology, not a product of choice.

The legal issues surrounding genetic relatedness were put to the test in 2018 when police discovered the true identity of the Golden State Killer, who terrorised California in the 1970s and 1980s in a homicidal spree. Law enforcement officials were able to convict him only because they had succeeded in connecting the DNA of the suspect with that of a family relative on GEDmatch, a genetic database in the public domain. Across the US and around the world, people celebrated the arrest of a notorious criminal. The only problem was that the means of capturing him was not necessarily legal.

Prior to the case, GEDmatchs site policy made no explicit reference to the potential use of consumers data by law enforcement. However, the company defended itself by saying that users should have assumed it could be put to that use.

While the database was created for genealogical research, it is important that GEDmatch participants understand the possible uses of their DNA, including identification of relatives that have committed crimes or were victims of crimes, said GEDmatch operator Curtis Rogers in a statement.

Some genes even result in people being more attractive targets for mosquitoes, so if youve ever felt personally singled out by the insect during the summer months, its not a cruel conspiracy its your DNA

However, privacy advocates like Ram argue that users consent for law enforcement to look at their data should not have been assumed. At least from a constitutional perspective in the United States, individuals ought to be recognised to have whats called an expectation of privacy in their genetic data, even if they use one of these services, she told The New Economy.

After the case, genetics platforms updated their policies to clarify their position on law enforcements use of peoples data. Interestingly, they took very different stances. While 23andMe and Ancestry said they would not allow law enforcement to search through their genetic genealogy databases, FamilyTreeDNA updated its policy to say it would give up data to officials, but only in the investigation of violent crimes. Users didnt know it at the time, but FamilyTreeDNAs policy update was already too little too late: in January 2019, it was revealed that the company had been secretly working with the FBI for nearly a year to solve serious crimes, without informing its users.

The Golden State Killer case exposed how little protection consumers really had in the direct-to-consumer genetics market. It showed that genetics platforms were capable of suddenly changing or contradicting their own policies and even, in the case of FamilyTreeDNA, betraying the trust of consumers.

Some might argue that this infringement on genetic privacy is simply the price we must pay to catch dangerous criminals. Of course, without the use of a genealogy database, the Golden State Killer may never have been caught. But the fact that genetic data can be harnessed to solve very serious crimes should not justify law enforcements unbridled access to such databases. Abuses of power do happen and, in the context of direct-to-consumer DNA tests, they already have: in 2018, for example, Canadian immigration officials compelled a man to take a DNA test and upload his results to FamilyTreeDNAs website. They then used the website to find and contact some of his relatives in the UK to gather more evidence in order to deport him.

Todays consumers are continually adjusting to shrinking levels of privacy. From the introduction of video surveillance and the mapping of residential areas on Google Earth to the revelation that Facebook harvests vast amounts of user data, we have seen the public react in the same way again and again: there is an initial public outcry, and then consumers simply adjust to the new level of diminished privacy. Our response to the rise of genetics platforms risks the issue being consigned to the same fate.

It is up to regulators to protect individuals right to privacy. While our genetic data may be something of a genie out of the bottle, that should not give the companies that collect it free rein over who sees it and what they choose to do with it.

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Collection of genetic data leads to privacy concerns - The New Economy

Why Chinas Blockchain Plan Is Winning And The U.S. Should Pay Attention – Forbes

Chinese President Xi Jinping 2019 New Economy Forum in Beijing

Last month Chinese leader Xi Jinping gave a speech where he encouraged Chinese enterprises to seize the opportunity in using and accelerating the development of blockchain technology. This was a significant event in Chinas perspective of the technology and cemented several previous public statements regarding blockchain. It took the markets by surprise as the shares of 70 Chinese technology companies rose significantly, the price of bitcoin surged, and internet searches for the term blockchain on WeChat grew by 60 times. This opportunity gave large local enterprises such as social media giant WeChat and payment platform AliPay the green light to innovate freely, placing enormous power in their hands.

Why is this one single speech so important? Well, there are four main reasons why Chinas newly unveiled blockchain policy makes sense.

Reason 1: Establishing the blockchain standard

China is big on technology innovations and is always trying to be the leader. What we are seeing now with blockchain is the third time the government has promoted certain technology. Previously this was done with 5G and AI and it worked; we saw a boost in the technology across the world. For example, Huawei, one of the largest Chinese companies with the massive power of 76,000 research and development staff and Q1 2019 revenues of $26 billion, is already implementing the largest 5G projects in Europe. Now, China is doing the same with blockchain; by declaring it a national priority they will have every Tier 1 and 2 cities implementing their own blockchain and digital assets policies and enforcing the blockchain standard.

Reason 2: Getting an advantage in the trade war with the USA

Its no secret to anyone that the trade war talks between China and the United States are not getting any better. After imposing tariffs on exports and agriculture, the battleground is shifting to technology now. China, having lost its largest trading partner, has found itself looking for new export locations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, mainly around the Silk Road Economic Belt. The advantage of having a superior blockchain technology will give China an enormous trading opportunity with the emerging technology markets.

Silk Road Economic Belt

Reason 3: Digital RMB can be a global currency

China is going all-in on digital assets and as part of it they are developing Digital Currency Electronic Payments (DC/EP) platform which requires users private information when they sign up but still providing controlled anonymity.

Technical Aspects of CBDC in a Two-Tiered System

This is the initiative that aims to develop a Chinese Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) issued by the Peoples Bank of China (PBoC), backed by fiat reserves and having some transaction anonymity and extensive encryption services. The goal here is to push this new digital yuan to be a global currency. The reality now is that the yuan (RMB), in its current form, is not accessible and liquid on the international foreign exchange markets. For example, for 2018 the foreign exchange reserves consists of 61.74% USD, 20.67% EUR and 1.89% RMB, so there is definitely room for growth here.

With this new digital RMB, China will be able to offer cross-border payments at a lower cost and with increased speed. Furthermore, using the automation features of smart contracts will provide easier liquidity management and trading efficiency and eventually establish the digital RMB as an upgraded version of the current M0 supply.

Reason 4 They want a counterpart for Libra

When Facebook announced the launch of Libra and that it will work with and be backed by a basket of currencies excluding the RMB, the Chinese government, particularly the leadership of the PBoC, felt excluded and decided to respond. In contrast with the Libra Association, which is established in Switzerland and faces the need to satisfy all the regulators in all countries they want to operate in, potentially risking its existence, the digital yuan initiative has a clear path to launch, coming as a top-down endorsed policy. Everything Libra is trying to achieve looks like it will be much easier to accomplish by China, having the payment rails of UnionPay and AliPay, plus the super-app WeChats massive exposure of 1 billion monthly active users and already operating as a digital bank.

After Xis announcement, a wave of blockchain initiatives and funding news went public; for example, Hande Financial Technology Holdings (HDFH), based out of Shenzhen, revealed an investment fund of $1 billion targeted for blockchain consortium development. The fund was created by HDFH, the Zhongguancun Private Equity & Venture Capital Association (ZVCA) and Yillion Bank.

All of this is great news for companies focusing on enterprise blockchain technology as it will drastically push it forward and will have a real-world usage at scale. Surprisingly those new advancements will be coming from China rather than the usual blockchain production areas like New York and San Francisco and lastly, they wont be open-sourced and accessible to the world as we are used to.

Forbes Blockchain 50: Learn about the companies investing in the tech that will speed up business processes, increase transparency and potentially save billions of dollars.

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Why Chinas Blockchain Plan Is Winning And The U.S. Should Pay Attention - Forbes

Blockchain Technology Marketplace Expected to Reach $500M by 2022 – HITInfrastructure.com

November 27, 2019 -Global blockchain technology complements healthcare artificial intelligence (AI) and internet of things (IoT) - based marketplace offerings, and is expected to cross $500 million by 2022 at a compound annual growth rate (CARG) of 61.4 percent, according to a recent Frost & Sullivan report.

Health insurance payers, providers, and pharma companies are expected to adopt blockchain systems ahead of other healthcare industry stakeholders, Kamaljit Behera, senior industry analyst, transformation health, said in the press release. In the future, distributed ledger technology (DTL) will be leveraged by telehealth vendors and tech giants such as Apple, Amazon, Google, and Microsoft to monetize data science and analytical services with innovative patient-centric care models.

With the question of trust and security at the forefront of digital healthcare, Frost & Sullivans recent study intended to uncover the reason behind the success of blockchain technology in the healthcare industry as it becomes gradually implemented into this space. By analyzing commercial partnerships and best practice case-studies, they hoped to identify growth opportunities as well.

Using the information from the study of 250 vendors, the analysis found that there are numerous ways providers can successfully integrate blockchain technology in the healthcare space, including explore applications like healthcare data infrastructure, on-demand healthcare, pharma drug supply chain and other areas of technology.

Providers may also consider becoming part of consortiums such as synoptic, Hashed Health, Insureum, and MediBloc.

In addition, it is also important to engage with buyers and establish a collaborative ecosystem for developing focused cases and governance standards for future commercial scalability and success.

Because this large-scale deployment of PHR application seems more practical in Europe and Asia where the healthcare data vendor system is less complex, it is important to target not only the US, but also other countries with payer-and provider-focused blockchain applications.

The interplay between Blockchain, AI, and IoT, will further catalyze the space of innovation adoption and related applications in the healthcare realm.

Although the healthcare market struggles to find a trade-off between the risk and reward of going digital, the integration of Blockchain technology may provide an appropriate solution to reduce some of the urgent needs around trust and security with digital workflows, the press release stated.

With the worry of security surrounding healthcare in a digital space, last month, Cumberland joined the MediLedger project, which currently uses blockchain technology to improve drug supply chain networks.

An initiative of Chronicled, the project focuses on working with healthcare and pharmaceutical industries to develop these blockchain- based supply chain networks based on open standards and specifications.

Its exciting to be involved in helping to simplify the complexities of the pharma supply chain through the use of cutting-edge blockchain technologies, said Jeff Lee, managing partner of Cumberlands Life Science Division.

The project utilizes blockchain technology to store synchronized public data so that individuals all use the same source of truth. In addition, it maintains a record of confidential transactions and uses smart contracts to highlight business rules and manage transactions, which ensures the nobility of the system.

MediLedger vocalized that it is releasing a saleable returns verification system that meets Drug Supply Chain Security Act regulations, which is expected to take place on November 27. The system will look up directory verification routing service, which can allow for quicker responses between pharmaceutical wholesalers and manufacturers. Only authorized companies will be allowed to place their products in the directory, establishing the highest security.

Blockchain technology, in the context of MediLedger, ensures that there is one source of truth, and we can design it so only the license holder can create records for its own products, for example. This may seem like a simple illustration, but it is revolutionary, said Chronicled CTO Maurizio Greco.

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Blockchain Technology Marketplace Expected to Reach $500M by 2022 - HITInfrastructure.com

What If Global Markets Were Interlinked Through Blockchain – Inc42 Media

Using blockchains core properties, investors can now invest in global private companies with smaller ticket sizes

Blockchain-enabled exchanges will allow companies to privately list on them using a small portion of their shares

These exchanges would ideally use a public blockchain network with an active ecosystem of tokenized assets

You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete. ~ Buckminster Fuller

Private equity is an exciting asset class as it has a history of delivering huge returns. However, private equity investments usually require a high minimum sum and also specific holding periods, only after which investors can cash out, making it inaccessible to many investors. Now, increasing access to this asset class can make the market more liquid. Blockchain can make that possible.

Referring to Time to reimagine your stock exchange with blockchain, an in-depth analysis of the scope of blockchain in stock exchanges, the value blockchain can bring is undeniable. As proof, we see different implementations throughout the globe.

Time to reimagine your stock exchange with blockchain discussed how using blockchain tech can benefit both the retail investors as well as private companies looking to raise capital. Here, we will explain precisely what a blockchain-enabled and regulated private exchange would look like.

Using blockchains core properties, investors can now invest in global private companies with smaller ticket sizes to diversify their portfolio. Probably the most attractive feature is that investors can continuously trade in and out of the shares while receiving regular and periodic information disclosures from the companies. By adding a small portion say 5 to 10% of the portfolio into privates companies through blockchain-enabled privates exchanges, investors can increase their returns and diversify their risk to spread across evenly.

These blockchain-enabled exchanges will allow companies to privately list on them using a small portion of their shares. Which entitles them to remain a private entity. Consequently gaining access to a fresh pool of investors, bypassing the need to go through a private equity fund. This provides liquidity and will unlock value for shareholders while giving investors the ability to trade fractional ownership in exciting and growing companies.

These exchanges would ideally use a public blockchain network with an active ecosystem of tokenized assets for smooth integration. The blog, Your ultimate guide to Blockchain for the 21st century,- discusses the importance of smart contracts as a powerful Automator. Blockchain-based exchanges use the power of smart contracts to enable trading with improved security, ensure compliance, increase transparency, reduce settlement times, and lower operating costs.

An additional benefit, by using a public blockchain network, the exchange can interlink with global exchanges and open up access to tradable private equities to investors worldwide. Compliance to market operators like the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) or the Monetary Authority of Singapore(MAS) will be required as the tradable private equity will be in the form of security-backed blockchain tokens.

Many companies are staying private longer, which is a problem for shareholders who want timely exits. Without an expensive and complicated public listing, it becomes difficult for business owners to increase their shareholder base. Therefore Blockchain-based exchanges are needed to provide investors fair valuation and the ability to recycle their capital continuously efficiently.

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What If Global Markets Were Interlinked Through Blockchain - Inc42 Media

Mythical Games wants to conquer the world of free-to-play with blockchain – Decrypt

Mythical Games has established itself as one of the most promising companies leading the charge for blockchain-based gaming experiences.

Earlier this month, Mythical Games announced that it has bulked up on both funding and talent with a new $19 million investment round led by Javelin Venture Partners, bringing the studio's total to$35 million to date.

According to Rudy Koch, co-founder and VP of Blockchain & Marketplace Services, the additional investment will help Mythical Games to realize its vision for rethinking current game models and delivering new kinds of player-owned economies.

"We have an opportunity to reshape the way game economies are designed and solve some pressing problems with the current free-to-play models," Koch told Decrypt. "For us, the player-owned economy brings players, content creators, and developers closer to the games they love, and provides an inclusive economy where everyone gets to participate."

"With the additional funding, we look forward to showcasing the tremendous value of blockchain technology in achieving this goal. While blockchain tech has captured the attention of many industries, in many ways, it's still very much an experimental tech," he added. "There is a lot of work to be done in legitimizing the tech and preparing it for mass-market products and consumers. The additional funding allows us to scale up our efforts."

Mythical's first game is Blankos Block Party, a colorful gaming playground that looks like a hybrid of customizable vinyl toy culture and Sony's creation-centric LittleBigPlanet gaming franchise. It's a place where players can create their own game experiences within a colorful and inviting massively multiplayer online world, and share them with others. They can also own and sell extremely limited-edition Blankos digital vinyl toy characterssome of which will be limited to one unit across the entire game, as verified by the blockchain.

While Mythical and its investors seem plenty excited about Blankos Block Party, which doesn't yet have an announced release date, the studio's larger play is to make the blockchain-driven Mythical Platform available to other game developers. That way, other teams can create their own experiences around the player-owned economy model that Mythical aims to prove out with Blankos, simplifying the process of adding that functionality to a game.

"We believe that player-owned economies belong in any game. We want to provide a suite of platform services that abstracts the complexities of blockchain and allows developers to design game economies that empower players and content creators to get involved," says Koch. "Today, some of the most successful games have monetization models that are completely built around in-game item economies. Blockchain has come in at a perfect time to elevate the potential of digital items and give game developers more tools to build robust economies."

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The games industry is certainly taking note of blockchain technology; Mythical Games has hired a whos who of industry veterans whove worked at big hitters like Oculus, Activision and EA. They include chief operating officer Jeff Poffenbarger (ex-Oculus, Activision), chief product officer Pete Hawley (ex-Zynga, Electronic Arts), VP of marketing Nicole Yang (ex-Telltale Games, Zynga), and general counsel Greg Deutsch (ex-Activision). Javelin Venture Partners' Alex Gurevich and former Sanrio global COO Rehito Hatoyama have also joined the companys board.

Much of the studio's leadership has extensive game industry experience, and according to Koch, there's an excitement within the team around pairing their game development expertise with the possibilities that blockchain offers.

"With smart contracts, we can ensure players, content creators, and developers get to participate in flourishing game economies," says Koch. "We believe that true ownership of digital assets, verifiable scarcity, and secondary markets are some of the strengths that blockchain brings to the table, and key ingredients to the player-owned economy."

"As game developers, we get excited whenever a new technology comes in and challenges the way we've been doing things, or allows us to create new experiences for players," Koch adds. "Blockchain is one of those techs. Blockchain technology, combined with our dGoods standard, allows us to own and track digital items in a way we've never been able to before."

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Mythical Games wants to conquer the world of free-to-play with blockchain - Decrypt

Thailand to reboot crypto policies in 2020, apply blockchain to oil – CoinGeek

Thailands blockchain and digital asset industry isnt taking off as much as they were initially hoping, so theyre looking to make some changes. Local news outlet Bangkok Post reported on Nov. 25 that Thailands Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) wants to reconsider its crypto policy in 2020.

The reason lies in the poor uptake of its certification and licensing scheme by cryptocurrency businesses. Since the rules took effect last year, only five companies have completed certification, and of those, just two have launched. The SEC has not yet given details of how current practices would change, but several amendments are being considered.

The regulator must be flexible in applying the rules and regulations in line with the market environment, stated Ruenvadee Suwanmongkol, the Secretary-General of the SEC per the report.

Ruenvadee continued:

For example, laws should not be outdated and should serve market needs, especially for new digital asset products, and be competitive with the global market. We need to explore any possible obstacles.

The news coincides with Thai lawmakers plan to amend cryptocurrency laws. Some regulators had voiced concerns that regulations have made the nation uncompetitive. This pro-crypto sentiment has extended to other government bureaus per Bangkok Post.

On the same day, it reports circulated that the Excise Department of Thailand is exploring using blockchain technology for tax refunds and the prevention of tax frauds in Thailand.

The current system used by the department involve paper-based documents that are submitted by the oil exporters, and according to Patchara Anuntasilpa, Director General of the Excise Department. The inspection of these documents is not as thorough as it needs to be, he added. The department would adopt the blockchain-based system of tax refunds by mid-2020.

Currently, Thailand has a 7% VAT rate for sales of goods and services in the country. Some oil traders claim a tax waiver by providing documents of oil export, but still, sell the oil in the country without paying the VAT. This avoidance practice leads to deficiencies in the income of the excise department, which it hopes to solve with a blockchain platform.

A blockchain system will enable the Excise Department to carry out a careful inspection of tax payments and prevent oil tax frauds by oil exporters while also decreasing the time spent on review of payments. Also, the agency will be able to keep an eye on the entire export custody chain, from the refinery to the depots and even to the destination countries.

Per the report, the Excise Department has partnered with Krungthai Bank (KTB) to develop this blockchain-based system to upgrade its services.

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Thailand to reboot crypto policies in 2020, apply blockchain to oil - CoinGeek

Global Blockchain in Retail Market Projected to Exhibit a Robust CAGR of 60.4% During 2019-2024 – PRNewswire

DUBLIN, Nov. 29, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- The "Blockchain in Retail Market - Growth, Trends, and Forecast (2019 - 2024)" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The Blockchain in Retail Market is poised to grow at a CAGR of 60.4% during the forecast period 2019-2024. Transparency in retail supply chain, as well as demand for improved customer service, is driving the market growth.

Key Market Trends

Smart Contracts to Dominate the Market

Asia-Pacific to Witness the Highest Growth

Competitive Landscape

The market is fragmented with many existing and new vendors coming up with solutions for small and large, online as well as offline retailers.

Recent Industry Developments

Key Topics Covered

1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Study Deliverables1.2 Study Assumptions1.3 Scope of the Study

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4 MARKET DYNAMICS4.1 Market Overview4.2 Introduction to Market Drivers and Restraints4.3 Market Drivers4.3.1 Need for Retail Frauds Prevention and Detection is Driving the Market Growth4.4 Market Restraints4.4.1 Lack of Industry Standardisation for Blockchain is Discouraging the Market Growth4.5 Industry Attractiveness - Porter's Five Force Analysis4.5.1 Threat of New Entrants4.5.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers/Consumers4.5.3 Bargaining Power of Suppliers4.5.4 Threat of Substitute Products4.5.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry

5 MARKET SEGMENTATION5.1 By Application5.1.1 Compliance Management5.1.2 Smart Contract5.1.3 Supply Chain and Inventory Management5.1.4 Transaction Management5.1.5 Automated Customer Service5.1.6 Identity Management5.2 Geography5.2.1 North America5.2.2 Europe5.2.3 Asia-Pacific5.2.4 Rest of the World

6 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE6.1 Company Profiles6.1.1 SAP SE6.1.2 IBM Corporation6.1.3 Oracle Corporation6.1.4 Microsoft Corp.6.1.5 Amazon Web Services, Inc.6.1.6 Capgemini SE6.1.7 Accenture PLC6.1.8 Provenance Ltd.6.1.9 Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp.6.1.10 Reply S.p.A.6.1.11 BlockVerify6.1.12 Sofocle Technologies (OPC) Pvt. Ltd.6.1.13 Modultrade Ltd.

7 INVESTMENT ANALYSIS

8 MARKET OPPORTUNITIES AND FUTURE TRENDS

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/xtltsn

Research and Markets also offers Custom Research services providing focused, comprehensive and tailored research.

Media Contact:

Research and Markets Laura Wood, Senior Manager press@researchandmarkets.com

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SOURCE Research and Markets

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Global Blockchain in Retail Market Projected to Exhibit a Robust CAGR of 60.4% During 2019-2024 - PRNewswire