Will Taiwan Still Be the ‘Orphan of Asia’ After Covid-19? – The News Lens International

For a brief period, I lived in a windowless box. It was a glimpse of what it must be like to be trapped in a tiny apartment under lockdown for days, weeks, on end.

I often think about how Taiwan will be cut off from the world by Covid-19. Taiwan has not been severely affected by Covid-19; there have been less than 500 cases and no expansive lockdowns. We will be cut off, not so much by travel restrictions, but by our radically different collective experience of this world-altering event.

This sense of subjective distance between Taiwan and the rest of the world will solidify as the pandemic rages. For Taiwan, long described as a society isolated, the orphan of Asia, Covid-19 will help form a distinctive sense of Taiwaneseness in the eyes of the people here and those outside.

Taiwans government, unlike many governments, has earned the trust of its people. The state intervened in the private sector to requisition medical supplies, whereas in the United States, the invisible hand of the free market was left to its own destructive devices.

The only running baseball season in the world, before the start of South Koreas league, was Taiwans Chinese Professional Baseball League. The increased attention on baseball in Taiwan since the start of the Covid-19 has transformed the league from a mere curiosity to the lone succor of baseball fans internationally.

While film crews around the world are searching for ways to work around quarantines, the Taiwanese film industry has continued apace. An inadvertent effect of Covid-19 is that it may give Taiwans film and television products a wider audience.

The rise of Taiwan-related film and drama series has mostly been relegated to Netflix, but other platforms are stepping up. Taiwans LGBTQ-focused streaming platform GagaOOLala launched worldwide earlier this month. Greater attention, domestically and from abroad, to Taiwanese cultural productions, imparts Taiwan with a cultural recognizability that distinguishes the country from China.

Though some may dismiss the rise of Taiwanese baseball and film as mere public relations coups, beneficial merely to Taiwanese business, these resonate throughout Taiwan.

As the world burns, Taiwan soldiers on is our collective experience of the pandemic.

But as Taiwan becomes more distant from the lockdowns, illness, and death in the rest of the world, Taiwan paradoxically will become more globally connected.

Daily life under Covid-19 for me is fielding questions from journalists abroad prodding me to attribute Taiwans Covid-19 successes to Confucian values and a Confucian proclivity to surrender power to the government.

My coverage of Covid-19 has gone from being pilloried on online forums for reflecting poorly on Taiwan, to being cited by the Presidents social media team. Both reactions seem like two sides of the same coin, arising from the same impulse to uncritically celebrate Taiwans successes.

Yet if now is a time for Taiwan to embrace the international spotlight, we must abandon this complacent self-adulation. Complacency doesnt allow for progress or innovation.

The Chinese military has stepped up military activity near Taiwan attempting to intimidate the country, but it is likely to accelerate Taiwans decoupling from China. This withdrawal was already set into motion by the U.S.-China trade war driving up production costs in China and pushing Taiwanese factories to relocate.

Reducing Taiwans reliance on the Chinese economy will push Taiwan closer to western countries. An early indicator of this is Taiwanese semiconductor manufacturing giant Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.s plans to build a US$12 billion plant in Arizona, and suspension of future orders to Huawei.

To borrow the words of the anarchist and political scientist Wu Rwei-ren, the circumstances beckon Taiwan to reclaim the world, to seek to overcome its historical dependence on larger powers. Its a moment to expand the international space for Taiwan and aspire toward greater self-determination.

Leaving Chinas orbit should not simply imply dependence on the U.S. and western powers. The U.S.s history of treating Taiwan as a catspaw for its geopolitical aims, not to mention the Trump administrations grotesque mismanagement of Covid-19, should serve as a warning against this temptation.

This is looking ahead to the longue dure future. In the meantime, were a long way off from utopia.

Apart from the sober reality that self-satisfaction may result in new outbreaks of Covid-19, this is a moment that demands giving free reign to our imaginations of a Taiwan cut off from its old bonds, joined to the world anew.

TNL Editor: Nicholas Haggerty (@thenewslensintl)

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Will Taiwan Still Be the 'Orphan of Asia' After Covid-19? - The News Lens International

How can we avoid pandemics in the future? – World Economic Forum

The Seychelles, a string of 115 verdant, rocky islands in the Indian Ocean, recently announced in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic that it would protect 30% of its turquoise waters from commercial use.

Safeguarding some 410,000 square kilometers (158,000 square miles) of the sea will benefit wildlife on the shore and in the water, including 100,000 giant tortoises and some of the worlds last pristine coral reefs. But, beyond helping such species, establishing the new Marine Protected Areas which was made possible through an innovative debt-swap deal will also bolster the health, wellbeing, and prosperity of the Seychellois, who number fewer than 100,000 but host more than 350,000 visitors each year.

Currently hosting only a handful of tourists stranded by the pandemic, the country is under a lockdown aimed at preventing the further spread of the virus. President Danny Faures decision to press ahead with this protection effort, even as his country deals with a public-health emergency, serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of nature to peoples physical and economic wellbeing and not just in the Seychelles.

The human, economic, and social consequences of the rapid and devastating global spread of the coronavirus will last for years. And with the pandemic still unfolding, the most urgent priority is to support those directly affected by the virus and its associated hardships.

But this pandemic has also provided us with compelling proof of how closely our fate is linked with the health of the natural world. And right now, our relationship with nature is broken. We have cut down forests, overgrazed grasslands, built ports and roads, and expanded our cities at a rapid rate, destroying countless natural habitats. At the same time, we trade wildlife globally, moving common and endangered species alike across the world as if they were inanimate commodities.

All of this is bringing us into closer and more frequent contact with viruses that can spread from animals to people, including the COVID-19 coronavirus and dozens of other deadly and debilitating illnesses, from HIV to Ebola. Likewise, our degradation of marine ecosystems causes blooms of pathogens that can cause potentially fatal diseases such as cholera.

The good news is that far-sighted political leaders and the United Nations are already formulating nature-focused action plans that could help to stop the next pandemic before it starts. These strategies include conserving ecosystems and wilderness that are still untouched by human activity, clamping down on wildlife trade (including by educating people about the risks of consuming wildlife), and restoring and protecting significant areas of land and ocean.

The world already safeguards 15% of its land and 7% of the ocean. But, for the sake of our health and prosperity, we must do more. Indeed, there is increasing agreement among countries that we need to return half the planet to nature and use the other half responsibly, and that we should start by protecting at least 30% of it by 2030.

The growth in protected area coverage on land and in the ocean between 1990 and 2018.

Image: Protect the Planet Report 2018

Both nature and people would benefit. Research shows that abundant animals, plants, insects, and microbes living in complex, mature ecosystems can limit the spread of disease from animals to people.

But natural places do much more than provide a safety net against illness. They also shield us from the destructive power of extreme weather, safeguard us from our own pollution, and supply us with food, medicine, and leisure opportunities.

The Seychellois depend on the land and sea for their incomes and food. Fishing employs 17% of the workforce and provides the population with a low-cost, sustainable source of protein. Tourism, which is concentrated along the Seychelles coastlines and is driven by natural beauty on land and underwater, employs some 25%.

Safeguarding 30% of the countrys waters will end harmful activities within the fully protected areas while bolstering sustainable fishing around them. And keeping the countrys natural places pristine including, in addition to its seas, its mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and salt marshes can help to ensure that the Seychelles remains the natural paradise that draws responsible visitors.

When the worst of the pandemic has passed and the world embarks on the hard work of nursing its people, societies, and economies back to health, we must not overlook the need to care for nature and let nature care for us. A healthy environment is our best antiviral, and protecting more of it will help us to rebound from this pandemic and stop the next one before it starts.

Many countries are already demonstrating how we can build stronger bonds between nature, our economy, and our health. And the Seychelles marine-protection initiative offers hope that if every country, no matter how small, does its part, the planet can be safer and more prosperous for all of us.

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World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with our Terms of Use.

Written by

Enric Sala, Explorer-in-Residence, National Geographic Society

This article is published in collaboration with Project Syndicate.

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

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How can we avoid pandemics in the future? - World Economic Forum

Seychelles bans all cruise ships till the end of 2021 amid the spread of COVID-19 – Happytrips

Now, due to the spread of the Coronavirus, the archipelago announced that it will not allow cruise-ship passengers on its shores until 2022. Referring to this, Didier Dogley, the countrys Minister for Tourism, Civil Aviation, Ports and Marine, said that the ban is effective immediately, and will remain in place till the end of next year. Reportedly, the government will also introduce stimulus measures to boost the travel industry of the country, until it gains the impetus.

As per the news reports, the Seychelles Ports Authority welcomed the governments decision, which has been looked upon as a move to mitigate the risks of COVID-19 from spreading further. An official in the know-how stated that the cruise industry has been a catalyst for spreading this disease across the world, and that the cruise industry is marching toward a catastrophic drop in revenue because of Coronavirus spread.

Apart from banning the cruise ships on its shores, Seychelles international airport will also not open till June 1.

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Seychelles bans all cruise ships till the end of 2021 amid the spread of COVID-19 - Happytrips

President Assents to Legislation: Children (Amendment) Act, 2020 and Defence (Amendment) Act, 2020 – Office of the President of the Republic of…

19 May 2020 | Legal Affairs

President Danny Faure has today assented to two Acts which were passed by the National Assembly last week, and which were received today for his assent.

The Children (Amendment) Act 2020 was passed by the National Assembly on Tuesday 12th May. This Act provides for the further protection of children, for the abolition of corporal punishment against children, and for giving effect to the requirements of international conventions on childrens rights.

The Defence (Amendment) Act 2020 was passed by the National Assembly on Wednesday 13th May. Under the Act, the Seychelles Coast Guard will serve as a military service organisation of the Seychelles Defence Force, and will contribute to the defence of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Seychelles, particularly in relation to the maritime zones of Seychelles. The Coast Guard will also have the necessary powers for law enforcement relating to any crimes within the Seychelles maritime zones.

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President Assents to Legislation: Children (Amendment) Act, 2020 and Defence (Amendment) Act, 2020 - Office of the President of the Republic of...

President Faure chairs meeting to address maritime security matters – Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles

19 May 2020 | Defence

President Danny Faure chaired a meeting this morning to address maritime security matters, together with relevant ministries and agencies. The meeting follows on from measures announced by the President in response to the threat of COVID-19. It was held with the aim of reviewing the existing system in place and maintain effective maritime monitoring.

President Faure was briefed on the existing situation and measures currently in place in line with the Public Health Regulations, including the restriction of entry and exit into and from Seychelles via sea. The officials in attendance also detailed the limitations that need to be addressed in order to maintain the safety of Seychelles maritime space. Officials present committed to reviewing existing regulations and proposing amendments where necessary in order to guarantee stringent protection of maritime security. It was also agreed that coordination between key ministries and agencies involved would be strengthened.

The President reiterated his commitment to keeping the Seychellois community safe from the threat of COVID-19, and the urgent need to ensure the integrity of Seychelles Economic Exclusive Zone, particularly given its primary role as the countrys source of economic opportunities. He also emphasised the need to keep citizens informed of the measures in place on a regular basis.

Present at the meeting this morning was the Designated Minister, Mrs Macsuzy Mondon, the Minister for Fisheries and Agriculture, Mr Charles Bastienne, the Chief of Defence Forces, Colonel Clifford Roseline, Commissioner of Police, Mr Kishnan Labonte, Director General of the Seychelles Intelligence Service, Mr Benediste Hoareau, Principal Secretary in the Office of the Vice President, Ms Rebecca Loustau Lalanne, Principal Secretary in the Office of the Designated Minister, Ms Sheryl Vengadasamy, CEO of the Seychelles Maritime Safety Authority (SMSA), Captain Joachim Valmont, Deputy Commissioner of Police, Mr Romano Songor, the interim Chief Executive Officer of the Seychelles Fishing Authority (SFA), Mr Cyril Bonnelame, Commander of the Seychelles Coast Guard, Col Simon Dine and the Director for National Information Sharing and Coordination Centre (NISCC), Lieutenant Colonel Leslie Benoiton.

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President Faure chairs meeting to address maritime security matters - Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles

Cabinet Business- Thursday 21st May 2020 – News – Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles

21 May 2020 | Cabinet Business

President Danny Faure chaired a scheduled meeting of the Cabinet yesterday, Wednesday 20thMay at which a number of legal and policy memoranda were considered.

Cabinet was briefed on the next phase of the easing of restrictions implemented as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. These measures concerned re-opening of the airport as from June 2020.

Cabinet approved employment strategies to address the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market.

Cabinet was apprised of the trend in welfare applications and spending levels over the last three months with February 2020 as the baseline.

Cabinet was also presented with the quarter 3, 2019 Multidimensional Poverty Index survey results.

Cabinet approved an additional 6 products to be added to the list of essential commodities, specifically for hygiene and sanitary purposes.

Cabinet approved for the drafting of regulation for the implementation of per second billing by licensed mobile service providers.

Cabinet approved for the signing of the Agreement between the Government of the United States of American and the Government of the Republic of Seychelles concerning Counter Illicit Transnational Maritime Activity Operation.

Cabinet also approved for the ratification of the third Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the communications procedure.

Cabinet approved Seychelles initial country report on the implementation of the African Charter on the right and Welfare of the child.

Cabinet approved the National Climate Change Policy.

Cabinet also approved the Seychelles National Sports Policy 2020-2024.

Cabinet approved revision to the Sale of State land and Land Bank Policy.

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Cabinet Business- Thursday 21st May 2020 - News - Office of the President of the Republic of Seychelles

Nature Is Our Best Antiviral – The Asean Post

The Seychelles, a string of 115 verdant, rocky islands in the Indian Ocean, recently announced in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic that it would protect 30 percent of its glittering turquoise waters from commercial use.

Safeguarding some 410,000 square kilometres (158,000 square miles) of the sea will benefit wildlife on the shore and in the water, including 100,000 giant tortoises and some of the worlds last pristine coral reefs. But, beyond helping such species, establishing the new Marine Protected Areas which was made possible through an innovative debt-swap deal will also bolster the health, wellbeing, and prosperity of the Seychellois, who number under 100,000 but cater to more than 350,000 visitors each year.

Currently hosting a handful of tourists stranded by the pandemic, the country is under a lockdown aimed at preventing the further spread of the virus. President Danny Faures decision to press ahead with this protection effort, even as his country deals with a public-health emergency, serves as a powerful reminder of the importance of nature to peoples physical and economic wellbeing and not just in the Seychelles.

The human, economic, and social consequences of the rapid and devastating global spread of the coronavirus will last for years to come. And with the pandemic still unfolding, the most urgent priority is to support those directly affected by the virus and its associated hardships.

But this pandemic has also provided us with unprecedented and compelling proof of how closely our fate is linked with the health of the natural world. And right now, our relationship with nature is broken. We have cut down forests, overgrazed grasslands, built ports and roads, and expanded our cities at a rapid rate, destroying countless natural habitats. At the same time, we trade wildlife globally, moving common and endangered species alike across the world as if they were inanimate commodities.

All of this is bringing us into closer and more frequent contact with viruses that can spread from animals to people, including the COVID-19 coronavirus and dozens of other deadly and debilitating illnesses, from HIV to Ebola. Likewise, our degradation of marine ecosystems causes blooms of pathogens that can cause potentially fatal diseases such as cholera.

The good news is that far-sighted political leaders and the United Nations (UN) are already formulating nature-focused action plans that could help to stop the next pandemic before it starts. These strategies include conserving ecosystems and wildernessthat are still untouched by human activity, clamping down on wildlife trade (including by educating people about the risks of consuming wildlife), and restoring and protecting significant areas of land and ocean.

The world already safeguards 15 percent of its land and seven percent of the ocean. But, for the sake of our health and prosperity, we must do more. Indeed, there is increasing agreement among countries that we need to return half the planet to nature and use the other half responsibly, and that we should start by protecting at least 30 percent of it by 2030.

Both nature and people would benefit. Research shows that abundant animals, plants, insects, and microbes living in complex, mature ecosystems can limit the spread of disease from animals to people.

But natural places do much more than provide a safety net against illness. They also shield us from the destructive power of extreme weather, safeguard us from our own pollution, and supply us with food, medicine, and leisure opportunities.

The Seychellois depend on the land and sea for their incomes and food. Fishing employs 17 percent of the countrys workforce and provides the population with a low-cost, sustainable source of protein. Tourism, which is concentrated along the Seychelles coastlines and is driven by the countrys natural beauty on land and underwater, employs some 25 percent.

Safeguarding 30 percent of the countrys waters will end harmful activities within the fully protected areas while bolstering sustainable fishing around them. And keeping the countrys natural places pristine including, in addition to its seas, its mangrove forests, seagrass beds, and salt marshes can help to ensure that the Seychelles remains the natural paradise that draws responsible visitors.

When the worst of the pandemic has passed and the world embarks on the hard work of nursing its people, societies, and economies back to health, we must not overlook the need to care for nature and let nature care for us. A healthy environment is our best antiviral, and protecting more of it will help us to rebound from this pandemic and stop the next one before it starts.

Many countries are already demonstrating how we can build stronger bonds between nature, our economy, and our health. And the Seychelles recent marine-protection initiative offers hope that if every country, no matter how small, does its part, the planet can be safer and more prosperous for all of us just as nature promises.

Related articles:

COVID-19: The Death Blow To Wildlife Trafficking?

ASEANs Natural Heritage Under Threat

Originally posted here:

Nature Is Our Best Antiviral - The Asean Post

COVID-19 Situation update for the WHO African Region, External Situation Report 12 (19 May 2020) – South Africa – ReliefWeb

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak continues to advance in the WHO African Region since thefirst case was reported on 25 February 2020 in Algeria. Confirmed cases of COVID-19 have now been recordedin all the 47 Member States in the WHO African Region. While there are variations among countries, the overallnumbers of reported cases and deaths have been increasing exponentially in recent weeks and more than half ofthe countries in the region are experiencing community transmission. There are also increasing incidents of crossborder transmission of COVID-19 between countries in the continent, mainly through long-distance truck driversand illegal movement through porous borders. Notably, in most countries, the disease is still localized to largeurban centres, with most rural communities relatively unaffected.

Since our last situation report on 13 May 2020 (External Situation Report 11), an additional 16 435 confirmedCOVID-19 cases (a 34% increase) were reported from 42 countries.During this period, a sharp rise in the numberof confirmed COVID-19 cases was observed in nine countries: Mauritania 1538% (from 8 to 131), CentralAfrican Republic 90% (from 130 to 411), Uganda 106% (from 126 to 260), Zambia 75% (from 441 to 772),Gabon 74% (from 863 to 1502), Equatorial Guinea 71% (from 522 to 890), Togo 70% (from 199 to 338),Madagascar 70% (from 192 to 326) and South Sudan 62% (from 174 to 282). Similarly, five countries, Namibia,Seychelles, Eritrea, Mauritius and United Republic of Tanzania have reported zero new confirmed COVID-19cases in the past 44, 42, 32, 22 and 12 days, respectively.

From 13 to 19 May 2020, 339 new deaths (25% increase) were reported from 27 countries: South Africa (106),Algeria (46), Nigeria (34), Chad (16), Cameroon (15), Kenya (14), Mali (13), Sierra Leone (13), Senegal (11),Democratic Republic of the Congo (10), Ghana (9), Niger (8), Cte d'Ivoire (7), Congo (4), Gabon (4), SouthSudan (4), Guinea-Bissau (3), Liberia (3), Mauritania (3), Sao Tome and Principe (3), Madagascar (2), Angola(1), Burkina Faso (1), Cabo Verde (1), Equatorial Guinea (1) and Togo (1).

As of 19 May 2020, a cumulative total of 64 388 COVID-19 cases, including 64 091 confirmed and 297 probablecases have been reported across the 47 countries in the region. A total of 1 827 deaths have been reported, givingan overall case fatality ratio (CFR) of 2.8%. The current status in the region represents only 1.4% of confirmedCOVID-19 cases and 0.6% of deaths reported worldwide. Table 1 shows the list of affected countries and theirrespective number of cases and deaths. The daily and weekly distribution of cases by date and week of reportingare presented in Figures 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In the same reporting period, the region recorded its highestdaily case count since the beginning of the outbreak, with more than 2 000 new cases reported each day in thepast 14 days. Of the 47 countries, 11 have registered a cumulative total of more than 1 000 confirmed COVID19 cases: South Africa (17 200), Algeria (7 377), Nigeria (6 401), Ghana (6 096), Cameroon (3 529), Guinea (2863), Senegal (2 617), Cte dIvoire (2 153), Democratic Republic of the Congo (1 731), Gabon (1 502) andGuinea-Bissau (1 038). Two more countries, Gabon and Guinea-Bissau are the newest to cross the 1 000-casemark. Together, these 11 most-affected countries account for 82% of all reported cases in the region.The highest case load has been observed in the West African region, 40% (24 836, CFR 2.2%), followed by theSouthern African region, 27% (17 450, CFR 1.8%), the North African, 8.5% (7 377, CFR7.6%), Central African,15% (9 331, CFR 3.2%) and East African region, 7% (4 506, CFR 2.4%).

Of the 64 388 confirmed COVID-19 cases reported, 26 075 (41%) have recovered,documented from 46 countriesin the region, with 100% of cases in Eritrea (39) and Seychelles (11) recorded as recovered.

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COVID-19 Situation update for the WHO African Region, External Situation Report 12 (19 May 2020) - South Africa - ReliefWeb

NTT Research Names Joe Alexander Distinguished Scientist in its MEI Lab – Business Wire

PALO ALTO, Calif.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--NTT Research, Inc., a division of NTT (TYO:9432), today announced that it has named Joe Alexander, M.D., Ph.D., as Distinguished Scientist in its Medical and Health Informatics (MEI) Lab. Dr. Alexander, who is also a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology, joined NTT Research in February 2020, after 18 years with Pfizer, Inc., where he most recently served as senior medical director, global medical affairs. He also worked for two years at Merck, Inc., and spent eight years at Vanderbilt University, where he completed a two-year residency in internal medicine and served as a professor of medicine and biomedical engineering. Dr. Alexander obtained his M.D. and Ph.D. (biomedical engineering) degrees at the Johns Hopkins Medical School. His post graduate training included fellowships at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx and Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Japan. At NTT Research, he will lead the MEI Labs bio digital twin initiative.

We are delighted to have Dr. Alexander as a permanent member on our research team, said Professor Hitonobu Tomoike, M.D., Ph.D. His academic and medical background, persistent work in data analysis and experience in the life sciences and pharmaceutical industry make him a perfect fit for helping us to achieve our exciting and ambitious goals at the MEI Lab.

Under the direction of Dr. Tomoike, a cardiovascular medical scientist, the MEI Lab is targeting three fields: nano- or micro-scale sensors, in collaboration with the Technical University of Munich (TUM); innovative applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and analytics to digitized medical information; and precision medicine, which enables better distinctions between effective and ineffective treatments. Taken together, these components are prerequisites to the MEI Labs futuristic goal of leveraging the digital world and big data to predict the effect of treatment on individual patients via alter egos, or bio digital twins. The hoped-for outcome is more precise and finely tuned treatments.

This is a tremendous opportunity to expand many of my interests and areas of expertise, including my long-standing work in medical data analysis and knowledge of cardiovascular dynamics, said Dr. Alexander. I am especially thrilled at having a five-to-ten year research horizon and look forward to leading the bio digital twin initiative, which I believe will evolve in three stages: first, an initial cardiovascular model focused on acute care; next, a more sophisticated dynamic model incorporating multiple systems and more suited for chronic care; and finally, a third-generation model associated with wellness in general.

At Pfizer, Dr. Alexander served in various roles, including cardiovascular medical affairs, worldwide clinical imaging and measurement technologies, medical devices and pulmonary hypertension. In his most recent position, he created a virtual lab using advanced analytics and modeling methods connecting disparate data types in order to predict responders and non-responders to a market-leading drug. Over his tenure at Pfizer, Dr. Alexander each year took opportunities to conduct additional modeling and simulation research. Besides research on non-invasive glucose monitoring and methods better than QT prolongation for predicting serious arrhythmias, two other areas of Dr. Alexanders research, conducted in collaboration with Argonne National Laboratory, involved the use of simulation to support management of neuropathic pain, and modeling based on CT scans for primary pulmonary hypertension. Dr. Alexander is the author or co-author of 94 publications.

The MEI Labs integration of medical data, systems engineering and AI not only promotes next-generation diagnostics and therapies; it also opens the door for synergies across the other NTT Research labs. Among the areas being explored in the Cryptography and Information Security (CIS) Lab, for instance, is homomorphic encryption, which allows for the analysis of encrypted (or private) data. The Physics and Informatics (PHI) Lab is engaged in quantum information systems, one application of which could be the solution of combinatorial optimization problems to advance new drug discovery.

The CIS and PHI Labs are also continuing to grow, both in external outreach and internal staffing. A new member of the CIS Lab is Hoeteck Wee, who holds a Ph.D. in computer science from UC Berkeley. He was previously a senior researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research. Dr. Wee has co-authored more than 70 papers. His current research addresses new cryptographic challenges posed by Big Data and the internet.

About NTT Research

NTT Research opened its Palo Alto offices in July 2019 as a new Silicon Valley startup to conduct basic research and advance technologies that promote positive change for humankind. Currently, three labs are housed at NTT Research: the Physics and Informatics (PHI) Lab, the Cryptography and Information Security (CIS) Lab, and the Medical and Health Informatics (MEI) Lab. The organization aims to upgrade reality in three areas: 1) quantum information, neuro-science and photonics; 2) cryptographic and information security; and 3) medical and health informatics. NTT Research is part of NTT, a global technology and business solutions provider with an annual R&D budget of $3.6 billion.

NTT and the NTT logo are registered trademarks or trademarks of NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION and/or its affiliates. All other referenced product names are trademarks of their respective owners. 2020 NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION

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NTT Research Names Joe Alexander Distinguished Scientist in its MEI Lab - Business Wire

Spanish Scientists Explore Using Dromedary Antibodies to Treat COVID-19 – Morocco World News

Rabat Spanish scientists are attempting to find an antiviral for COVID-19, using antibodies from dromedaries, also known as Arabian camels.

Scientists from the National Center for Biotechnology (CNB), part of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), are trying to develop an antiviral that could block the virus access into human cells.

CSIC explained that camelids produce a special type of antibody capable of recognizing the antigen with a single protein chain.

This allows them to reach inaccessible regions on the surface of viruses and bacteria, the council emphasized.

A scientific report that CSIC posted on May 19 explained that a team from the council seeks to produce nano antibodies that block the access of the SARS-CoV-2 into cells.

The antivirals should be able to reduce infection in patients with COVID-19, the report found.

The report explained that the team is generating a new collection of COVID-19-specific nano antibodies from samples of dromedaries that have been immunized against the novel coronavirus.

The team is tracking a collection of more than a billion nanoantibodies built in their laboratory. The CSIC researchers, who work in collaboration with the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, hope to have the first candidates in three months, the report explained.

Luis Angel Fernandez, who heads the bacterial engineering group of the National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), said: Antibodies from humans and animals are made up of two different protein chains, which associate to create the antigen binding zone (virus or bacteria) and thus are able to block it and prevent its entry into cells.

The council explained that its bacterial engineering group spent years working with nano antibodies in different projects.

The scientific report explained that the group started a project to isolate nano antibodies that block the entry of the virus into cells after the initial outbreak of COVID-19.

Over the years, the bacterial engineering group has built a collection of over a billion nanoantibodies, which they are now tracking to locate those that may be useful against SARS-CoV-2, the statement explained.

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Spanish Scientists Explore Using Dromedary Antibodies to Treat COVID-19 - Morocco World News

Nanomaterial bests all others in blocking speeding projectiles – University of Wisconsin-Madison

University of WisconsinMadison engineers have fabricated a rubbery nanomaterial that outperforms all other materials, including steel and Kevlar, in protecting against high-speed projectile impacts.

The research provides insights for using nanostructured polymers to develop lightweight, high-performance armor. In the future, these new types of armor could potentially be used as a shield on military vehicles to provide enhanced protection from bullets, as well as on spacecraft to mitigate impacts from meteorite debris.

Ramathasan Thevamaran

Ramathasan Thevamaran, a professor of engineering physics at UWMadison, and postdoctoral research associate Jizhe Cai made ultrathin films only 75 nanometers thick out of a relatively common polymer with a nearly impenetrable name semicrystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) and demonstrated that the material was superior at dissipating energy from microprojectile impacts over a wide range of velocities.

They detailed their research in a paper published in the journal Nano Letters.

Materials can exhibit different properties at the nanoscale than at larger sizes. This allows researchers to potentially improve specific properties of a material by working with it at extremely small sizes.

When we shrunk the polymer down to this nanometer length scale, we found that its internal microstructure completely changed in an unexpected fashion compared to its larger scale, Thevamaran says. Surprisingly, the energy-absorbing mechanisms in the material became very prominent, and we found that this particular polymer was performing significantly better than any other materialboth large materials and previously reported nanomaterialsat absorbing energy from the projectiles.

A post-impact scanning electron microscope image of a sample that was penetrated by a supersonic micro-projectile. Image courtesy of Ramathasan Thevamaran

To test their ultrathin polymer films, the researchers used a unique experimental technique called micro-ballistic impact testing. They launched projectile particles of about 10 microns (roughly one-tenth the width of a human hair) in size at the polymer film at velocities ranging from 300 feet per second to 3,500 feet per second several times the speed of a bullet.

Cai and Thevamaran used an ultrafast imaging system to capture images of the projectiles as they penetrated the polymer film, and then they calculated the penetration energy the amount of kinetic energy from the projectile that was absorbed by the material, per kilogram of the material.

We normalized the penetration energy values, which allows us to make comparisons between the performance of these polymer films and different material systems, Thevamaran says.

In addition, Cai and Thevamaran used scanning electron microscopy techniques to study how the material deformed during and after impact. They observed that the impacts caused extensive stretching and deformation in the material, similar to how a piece of rubber can stretch and snap back into shape.

The key reason this material is performing better across the broad spectrum of velocity is because of its elastic nature in room temperature, Thevamaran says. The organization of the materials internal structure enables ample stretching and deformation mechanisms, which enhance its ability to dissipate energy.

Maybe not so much for people, though: Thevamaran says the rubbery nature of this material would make it challenging to use for applications like bulletproof vests, because impacts from bullets would protrude into the material and potentially cause blunt trauma injuries to the wearer.

Instead, Thevamaran says this material could be suitable for developing so-called ambient armor, where the armor shields the target, but isnt applied directly to it.

For example, with ambient armor positioned a short distance from a spacecraft, meteorite debris would first have to penetrate through several layers of this armor, which would dissipate almost all the energy before the projectile strikes the spacecraft, greatly minimizing any damage, he says.

Thevamaran says the next steps in this research include further scaling up the material and the projectile sizes.

We want to test a multi-layered system to make sure the novel properties we discovered in micro-ballistics can still be exploited for performance at a larger scale, he says.

This work was supported by the UWMadison Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

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Nanomaterial bests all others in blocking speeding projectiles - University of Wisconsin-Madison

Conformable self-assembling amyloid protein coatings with genetically programmable functionality – Science Advances

Abstract

Functional coating materials have found broad technological applications in diverse fields. Despite recent advances, few coating materials simultaneously achieve robustness and substrate independence while still retaining the capacity for genetically encodable functionalities. Here, we report Escherichia coli biofilm-inspired protein nanofiber coatings that simultaneously exhibit substrate independence, resistance to organic solvents, and programmable functionalities. The intrinsic surface adherence of CsgA amyloid proteins, along with a benign solution-based fabrication approach, facilitates forming nanofiber coatings on virtually any surface with varied compositions, sizes, shapes, and structures. In addition, the typical amyloid structures endow the nanofiber coatings with outstanding robustness. On the basis of their genetically engineerable functionality, our nanofiber coatings can also seamlessly participate in functionalization processes, including gold enhancement, diverse protein conjugations, and DNA binding, thus enabling a variety of proof-of-concept applications, including electronic devices, enzyme immobilization, and microfluidic bacterial sensors. We envision that our coatings can drive advances in electronics, biocatalysis, particle engineering, and biomedicine.

Surface modification of materials is an essential aspect of engineering and technology fields including electronics, biomedicine, catalysis, textiles, and industrial equipment (16). The application of diverse coatings is one of the major methods through which either surface properties of a substrate are changed or completely new properties to a finished product are imparted. Some advanced coating materials that have recently been developed include polyelectrolytes, proteins, polydopamine, and polyphenols (2, 714); however, certain limitations have prevented the widespread adoption and practical use of these materials. For example, although polydopamine and polyphenol coatings are substrate independent, both coating types are unstable in certain application environments: Polydopamine coatings suffer from easy detachment in polar solvents, whereas polyphenol coatings exhibit pH-dependent disassembly (7, 15).

Protein-based coating materials (e.g., bovine serum albumin, hydrophobins, and mussel foot proteins) have attracted considerable attention because of their outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, and environmental friendliness (11, 12, 16, 17). Amyloid proteins are particularly appealing as a potential source of bioinspired coatings, as their characteristic -sheet structures exhibit high tolerance toward high temperature, organic solvents, and harsh pH conditions (18, 19). Recent work demonstrated that phase transition lysozyme (PTL), an amyloid protein coating material, could coat the surface of virtually any substrates and have outstanding robustness; however, it is notable that the applications reported for PTL to date have mainly exploited its intrinsic chemical properties (i.e., the aforementioned -sheet structures) rather than its potentially genetically engineerable functionalities (10, 20, 21).

In nature, bacteria use biofilms to robustly coat an enormous number of surfaces, and these coatings promote cellular survival in harsh environments (22, 23). Fundamental studies have revealed that biofilms produced by Escherichia coli contain amyloid nanofibers, which are self-assembled by secreted monomers of the CsgA protein (the major protein component within the biofilms); these nanofibers provide mechanical strength and structural integrity to biofilms (Fig. 1A) (2426). In addition, a molecular dynamics study recently suggested that CsgA, owing to its unique protein sequence and structural features, should strongly adhere to both polar and nonpolar surfaces (27). For practical applications, multiple studies have shown that genetically engineered CsgA fusion proteins can be used as underwater adhesives, nanoparticle (NP) assembly scaffolds, patternable materials, biomimetic mineralization, and medical hydrogels (2832). In light of their intrinsic adherence toward diverse substrates as well as the fact that a variety of functional peptides and protein domains could be rationally inserted in the CsgA protein through a modular genetic strategy without disrupting their self-assembly into -sheet structures, we rationalized that engineered CsgA fusion proteins could be used as a coating platform to endow materials with diverse functionalities. Conceivably, such genetically engineered CsgA-based coatings would likely achieve precise performance for myriad applications, likely far surpassing the scope of existing protein coating materials such as PTL and bovine serum albumin. However, exploiting the genetically programmable functionality of CsgA amyloid proteins as a coating material have not been widely explored.

(A) Illustration of natural E. coli biofilms, in which self-assembled CsgA nanofibers constitute the major protein component. (B) Modular genetic design of genetically engineered CsgA proteins enabled by rationally fusing desired fusion domains at the C terminus of CsgA. (C) Illustrations of producing diverse protein coatings via a solution-based fabrication approach for various applications based on genetically engineered functionalities such as electronic devices, enzyme immobilization, and microfluidic sensor (from top to bottom).

Here, we report a proteinaceous coating material platform based on genetically programmable CsgA fusion amyloid nanofibers. We successfully used a simple, aqueous solutionbased fabrication method based on the amyloid protein self-assembly to generate thin-film materials that can conformably coat substrates with highly diverse compositions (e.g., polymeric, metal oxide, inorganic, and metal) and varied shapes (flat, round, pyramid, the interior of a microfluidic device, and even irregular or asymmetric structures). We demonstrate that these coating materials can be further decorated with various molecules and nano-objects such as fluorescent proteins, enzymes, DNA probes, and NPs. The robust coating materials maintained their integrity and functionality, even after exposure to various common organic solvents such as acetone and hexane or after high-temperature challenge. Last, we exploited the process simplicity, flexibility, and functional customization of our coating materials in proof-of-concept demonstrations for electronic devices including a touch switch and a pressure sensor, immobilized multienzyme systems for bioconversion production applications, as well as a hybrid amyloid/DNAzyme microfluidic sensor (Fig. 1, B and C). We anticipate that our genetically engineered CsgA coating materials, which are substrate independent, ultrastable, and afforded precisely with tailor-made and tunable functionality, will find broad application in electronics, biocatalysis, particle engineering, and biomedicine.

Leveraging a modular genetic design, we constructed four genetically engineered CsgA variants: CsgAHis-tag, CsgASpyTag, CsgASnoopTag, and CsgADNA binding domain (DBD) (Fig. 1B). We expressed our engineered CsgA proteins as inclusion bodies using E. coli BL21(DE3) as a host and purified the proteins following a typical guanidine denaturation protocol for amyloid proteins (28, 30); this approach markedly reduced batch-to-batch variation and impurities. To produce coating materials, we dissolved the purified proteins in an aqueous solution and directly immersed diverse substrates into this protein solution overnight. We first conducted detailed characterization to confirm the coating-forming ability of the CsgA fusion proteins. We chose plates made of unmodified poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)a classical adhesion-resistant materialas the test substrate. After immersion of the substrate in fresh-made CsgAHis-tag monomer (His-tag fused at the C terminal of the CsgA protein) solution overnight, water contact angle tests showed that the contact angle of CsgAHis-tag nanofibercoated PTFE was 72.7 2.7, whereas that of bare PTFE was 110.2 3.2 (Fig. 2A). To test the coating effect, we first incubated the bare and coated PTFE in the presence of solution containing nickelnitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA)decorated red-emitting quantum dots (QDs) (allowing thorough interactions between Ni-NTAdecorated QDs and CsgAHis-tag nanofibers) and subjected them to copious amount of water to remove nonspecific binding (33).

(A) Top: Digital images and water contact angles (inset) of bare and CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE; bottom: digital images of bare and coated PTFE substrates after incubation with QD solution and illumination under UV light. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (B) AFM height image of CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE. (C) XPS spectra of bare and CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE, CPS representing counts per second. (D) Schematic showing stability tests consisting of a water contact angle test and a QD binding test. (E) Water contact angle comparison of CsgAHis-tag coatings on PTFE substrates after organic solvent exposure. (F) Digital image of challenged CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates after incubation with QD solution and illumination under UV light. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (G) Water contact angles of bare and CsgAHis-tagcoated diverse polymer substrates. (H) Water contact angles of bare and CsgAHis-tagcoated various inorganic substrates.

The coated sample displayed bright and uniform red fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) illumination, whereas the bare PTFE sample showed almost no fluorescence (Fig. 2A). This vast difference in fluorescence intensity was also verified quantitatively through photoluminescence spectroscopy (fig. S1A). Moreover, as revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging, CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings were formed on the PTFE substrate (Fig. 2B and fig. S1B). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was also performed to further analyze the surface composition after nanofiber coating, revealing newly appeared N 1s and O 1s peaks at 399 and 531 eV, respectively, thereby confirming the coating of CsgAHis-tag proteins on the PTFE substrate (Fig. 2C). Collectively, these results validate the nanofiber coatingforming ability of the genetically engineered CsgA proteins.

To demonstrate the stability of CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings in organic solvents, we conducted two kinds of tests: contact angle and QD binding (Fig. 2D). We first measured the contact angles of coated PTFE substrates before and after contact with common organic solvents including hexane, acetone, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). After immersion in these solvents for 24 hours, the contact angles of the substrates underwent almost no changes, indicating that our coatings had outstanding chemical endurance in these harsh solvents (Fig. 2E). Furthermore, digital images showed that CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates anchored with Ni-NTA QDs still displayed red fluorescence after contact with the aforementioned common organic solvents, again highlighting the organic solvent tolerance of our nanofiber coatings (Fig. 2F). The CsgAHis-tag proteins also have outstanding environmental tolerance even after long-term exposure to both acidic and basic aqueous solutions as described in a previous study (30).

We next assessed the thermal stability of CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings. To such ends, we first used NanoDSF (differential scanning fluorimetry) to determine melting temperatures of proteins using their intrinsic fluorescence change during a programmed temperature gradient increase (34). The fluorescence intensity change of a protein sample is directly correlated to the structural change (e.g., unfolding) of the protein over the heating process. Briefly, our NanoDSF analysis of CsgAHis-tag nanofibers and control bovine serum albumin proteins in solution revealed that whereas the serum albumin proteins began to unfold at ~65C, the CsgAHis-tag nanofibers had impressive thermal stability, as indicated by the steady fluorescence intensity even at 95C (fig. S2A). Moreover, the attenuated total reflectionFourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrum of the challenged CsgAHis-tag nanofiber sample showed that the typical -sheet structures (absorption peak at ~1625 cm1) were still retained in the nanofiber structures after heating in a 90C oven for 24 hours (fig. S2B). In addition, water contact angle analysis and QD binding test indicated that CsgAHis-tag nanofibers were still completely coated over on the PTFE substrates even after challenge at 90C for 24 hours (fig. S2C). These data thus reveal that our CsgAHis-tag protein coatings have outstanding thermal stability.

Biodegradability under appropriate protease conditions is considered as one of the attractive material attributes for protein-based coatings (17). To assess whether our CsgAHis-tag protein coatings have such on-demand biodegradability, we chose two enzymes, trypsin from bovine pancreas and fungal protease from Aspergillus oryzae (protease AO), in our studies. Thioflavin T (ThT; an amyloid specific dye) assay was used to monitor the digestion process of CsgAHis-tag nanofibers. As illustrated in fig. S2 (D and E), the decreasing fluorescence intensities indicate the gradual disappearance of the -sheet structures over time, suggesting the structural instability of CsgAHis-tag nanofibers under trypsin or protease AO digestion conditions. We next challenged the stability of CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings by incubating the CsgAHis-tag nanofibercoated PTFE plate in the two enzyme solutions (trypsin, 2.5 mg/ml; fungal protease, 55 U/g) for 24 hours and assessed the morphological and physicochemical properties with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and water contact angle analysis, respectively. SEM images showed that very little amount of nanofibers was found on the substrate surface and water contact angle analysis revealed that the enzyme-treated substrates restored their hydrophobicity after nanofiber coating digestions (fig. S2, F to H). These data convincingly demonstrate that our CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings can be degraded in the presence of proteases. Collectively, our coating materials have strong environmental robustness while retaining their on-demand biodegradability, and thus can broaden the application scope of existing protein-based coating materials.

To establish that our CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings can be applied to other substrates, we coated several typical material substrates, including common organic polymers [polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)] and inorganics [indium tin oxide (ITO), Si, Au, stainless steel 304, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), and glass]. Our results from water contact angle analysis revealed that CsgAHis-tag nanofibers were successfully coated on each of these substrates (Fig. 2, G and H). These applications convincingly demonstrate the substrate-independent nature of the genetically engineered CsgA protein coatings.

The apparently very broad substrate scope for our coatings raises interesting questions about the molecular interactions that occur between nanofibers and substrates. Previous molecular simulation research has demonstrated that the unique structural features as well as its unique amino acid sequence and diversity of the CsgA protein enable its strong adhesion capacity for both polar and nonpolar substrates (27). Therefore, on the basis of the above contact angle test results, we speculated that the hydrophobic residues within the CsgA protein such as alanine, proline, and valine could provide adhesion to hydrophobic surfaces such as PTFE and PDMS through hydrophobic interactions; that aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine, phenylalanine, and histidine may contribute to adhesion to PS and PET surfaces through - stacking interactions; and that charged and polar amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and glutamine could form strong interactions with oxides through electrostatic interactions (35).

Having illustrated the coating formation capacity as well as their basic physicochemical properties of genetically engineered CsgA coatings, we next focused on establishing proof of concept for multiple programmable functions for the CsgA fusion protein coatings.

Flexible and wearable electronics play critical roles in our daily lives, and the introduction of metal NPbased conductive coatings within such devices is definitely a key step (36, 37). Existing conventional top-down approaches to obtain metal NP coatings often require high temperature and sometimes suffer from low interfacial adhesion (36, 37). Gold enhancement is a promising bottom-up process for fabricating Au-based conductive coatings (38, 39). However, this process preliminarily requires the ability to anchor Au NPs to the targeted substrates (38, 39). Such NPs can then be used to heterogeneously catalyze further Au deposition and form NP-structured coatings in an aqueous AuCl4 and hydroxylamine solution. In the previous section, we confirmed that CsgAHis-tag coatings could anchor Ni-NTAcapped QDs on substrates. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed that CsgAHis-tag nanofibers could firmly bind Ni-NTAcapped Au NPs (fig. S3A). We thus reasoned that our Au NPbound CsgA nanofiber coatings could theoretically lead to a gold enhancement process on the surface of a substrate, potentially forming Au coatings consisting of closely packed NPs.

To test the feasibility of our concept, we first incubated a CsgAHis-tagcoated three-dimensional (3D)printed pyramid with Ni-NTAcapped Au NPs. After assembly for 30 min, we transferred this pyramid into a gold enhancement solution (AuCl4 and hydroxylamine), allowing chemical reduction (Fig. 3A). Photographic images showed that the surface color of the pyramid was successfully changed from pristine white to typical tan (Fig. 3B). The above experimental results thus showed the feasibility of our fabrication process. The simple Au coating technique could be easily applied to various substrates, including polyimide (PI), PDMS, PET, PTFE, and PP, highlighting the substrate independence and conformability features of our nanofiber coatings (fig. S3B).

(A) Schematic showing the fabrication of Au coatings based on CsgAHis-tag coatings. (B) Digital images of pristine and Au-coated CsgAHis-tagmodified 3D printed pyramids. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (C) Digital (left) and SEM (right) images of an Au interdigital electrode fabricated by a CsgAHis-tag coatingenabled gold enhancement process assisted by a patterned waterproof sticker. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (D) XPS spectrum of the Au interdigital electrode. (E) Capacitance change of the Au interdigital electrode with different distances between the electrode and a finger; the inset digital images indicate different distances. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (F) Digital images of the Au interdigital electrode as the sensing element in a touch switch. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (G) Digital (left) and SEM (right) images of pristine (top) and Au-coated textiles (bottom). Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (H) Schematic diagram of a pressure sensor fabricated by Au-coated textiles along with an Au interdigital electrode (inset) and the corresponding current variation (I/I0) under different pressures. (I) Current variation as a function of time at two pressures (the inset digital images indicate the two different types of pressure applied). Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University.

Having demonstrated the feasibility of conformable Au coating technique using the CsgAHis-tag protein as functional coating proteins, we next explored the fabrication of diverse electronic devices with increasingly complex functionalities. We first generated patterned Au coatings by first fabricating CsgAHis-tag coatings with commercially available patterned waterproof stickers, then incubating the substrates in an Au NP solution followed by an Au enhancement process (see the Supplementary Materials). Accordingly, we fabricated an interdigital electrode consisting of patterned Au coatings on a PDMS substrate that conformably stuck to the outer surface of a 50-ml centrifugation tube (Fig. 3C). As expected, SEM and AFM images indicated that the coating was composed of NPs, and further XPS analysis confirmed the appearance of Au element on the surface (Fig. 3, C and D, and fig. S3C). To demonstrate the potential application of this interdigital electrode, we carefully tested the capacitance change of the electrode when a finger approached and then moved away from the electrode. As illustrated in Fig. 3E, as a finger gradually began touching the electrode, the capacitance correspondingly decreased. Likewise, when the finger was removed, the capacitance was restored to the original value.

This behavior is attributed to the higher dielectric constant of the human body as compared to air: a higher dielectric constant reflects lower capacitance. In this way, such an electrode could be used as the sensing unit of a touch switch (40). We therefore linked this electrode to a circuit including a power source, a commercially available signal processing chip, and a light-emitting diode (LED). As shown in Fig. 3F, when no finger was in contact with the electrode, the LED was off; however, when a finger touched the electrode, the circuit was connected and the LED was on.

To assess the mechanical stability of the conductive Au coatings, we applied an abrasion test for our CsgAHis-tagenabled Au conductive coatings following a previous approach for coating structures (37, 41). Specifically, we first attached a soft PET fabric on the Au-coated PET plate, followed by placing a 2-kg counterweight on the fabric. We then moved the fabric against the conductive surface of PET plates. As illustrated in fig. S4A, the sheet resistance had almost no change (~23 ohms/sq) even after 500 cycles of abrasion. In addition, although SEM images showed the abrasion traces on the surfaces, the morphology of the conductive layers consisting of highly packed irregular Au NPs remained unchanged (fig. S4, B to D). These findings highlight the mechanical robustness of our conductive coatings on the PET plates. Because CsgAHis-tag coatings are vulnerable to enzymatic digestions, we next used trypsin and protease AO to challenge the Au conductive coatings. The sheet resistance and the microstructures of conductive coatings had negligible changes after incubation with the enzyme solutions for 24 hours, indicating the strong resistance of Au coatings to proteolytic digestion (fig. S5, A and B). It is likely that the extremely compact Au coatings above the nanofiber coatings could hinder the direct contact of enzymes with CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings and thus protected the nanofiber layers from enzymatic digestion.

Motivated by the impressive durability of CsgAHis-tag nanofiberenabled Au conductive coatings, we next turned to explore more exciting applications based on such coatings. We first coated PET textiles with CsgAHis-tag nanofibers and then fabricated Au-coated conductive textiles (fig. S6A). Photographic and SEM images indicated the vast differences between textiles in apparent color and micromorphology after the formation of Au coatings (Fig. 3G). Furthermore, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) result implied the uniform distribution of Au on the textile surface, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis showed that the in situ generated Au NPs were closely anchored on the entire PET textile (fig. S6, B and C). We next constructed a pressure sensor based on our Au-coated PET textiles (Fig. 3H, inset). Briefly, we first used the Au-coated PET textile to cover the aforementioned PDMS-based Au interdigital electrode and sealed it with 3M VHB tape. The constructed pressure sensor worked as designed following a specific working principle as follows: When a certain pressure that led to the compression of the hierarchical porous textile was applied, the contact area between the textile and electrode was increased, so the contact electric current increased correspondingly under a constant voltage. When the external pressure was removed, the textile recovered from the deformation because of its inert elasticity, and the current returned to the initial state (42). The large surface area and sufficient surface roughness of the Au-coated textile, as revealed by SEM and EBSD images (Fig. 3H and fig. S6C), reliably reflect the changes in contact resistance resulting from an external stimulus.

We next carefully conducted several critical tests on the prepared pressure sensor. The sensitivity of the pressure sensor is defined as S = (I/I0) /P, where I is the relative current change, I0 is the current without external pressure, and P is the applied pressure (42). In the range from 1.25 to 17.50 kPa, the relation between the change in current and the applied pressure was linear, and the sensitivity S was 8.3 kPa1 (Fig. 3H). Figure 3I shows two representative current profiles (I/I0) under two different pressures (5 kPa and finger press). After 300 cycles of bending (1-cm bending radius) or 500 cycles of repeated 5-kPa presses, the values of I/I0 under various external pressures had negligible changes, emphasizing the stable performance of the pressure sensor (tables S1 and S2). In general, our pressure sensor has high sensitivity (8.3 kPa1), mechanical flexibility (300 bends), and cycle stability (500 cycles).

Functional protein-immobilized particles have a broad spectrum of applications in biosensor, biocatalysis, and drug delivery (4345). However, existing approaches for protein-based conjugation of microparticles are largely based on nonspecific interactions (e.g., electrostatic interactions in enzyme immobilization on silica) (46). Accordingly, these systems typically lack specificity and functional tunability. Note that CsgA is a genetically engineerable protein, so it can be appended with a variety of functional tags. We next explored the functional flexibility of CsgA coatings for diverse applications ranging from fluorescent coating materials to enzymatic immobilization on spherical particles for optimized bioconversion reactions. To this end, we first developed CsgASpyTag (SpyTag fused at the C terminus of CsgA)/CsgASnoopTag (SnoopTag fused at the C terminus of CsgA)coated SiO2 microparticles as a platform to enable easy and flexible conjugation reaction systems (Fig. 4A). SpyTag and SnoopTag can covalently conjugate with their partners, SpyCatcher and SnoopCatcher, respectively (47, 48). Therefore, our CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coatings should be suitable for ligation of corresponding SpyCatcher- and SnoopCatcher-fused proteins.

(A) Illustration of CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag (1:1, weight ratio)coated microparticles. (B) SEM images of a CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated SiO2 microparticle. (C) Schematic showing fluorescent proteins conjugated on CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag nanofiber (top) and fluorescence microscopy images of corresponding fluorescent proteinconjugated CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles. (D) Schematic showing the immobilization of LDHSpyCatcher and GOXSnoopCatcher on a CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticle. (E) Illustration of a dual-enzyme reaction system enabled by LDHSpyCatcher and GOXSnoopCatcher co-conjugated microparticles. (F) Conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine in two different microparticle systems (LDHSpyCatcher and GOXSnoopCatcher co-conjugated together on CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coatings versus LDHSpyCatcher-conjugated CsgASpyTag coatings along with GOXSnoopCatcher-conjugated CsgASnoopTag coatings) during a 3-hour reaction period. (G) Conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine in the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coating system over five cycles of 3-hour reactions.

SEM images showed that the SiO2 microparticle surface was successfully covered with CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag nanofibers (Fig. 4B). Furthermore, the fluorescence spectra revealed that, compared to pristine particles, CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles exhibited an obvious enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 480 nm induced by the specific interaction between ThT molecules and -sheet structures (fig. S7A). ATR-FTIR analysis of CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles showed an obvious absorption peak at ~1625 cm1 corresponding to a -sheet structure (fig. S7B) (49). In addition, XPS analysis of CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles revealed characteristic peaks of amide bonds originating from the coated proteins (fig. S7C). All the above results highlighted that the surface of SiO2 microparticles could be modified by our CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag nanofiber coatings. Subsequent fluorescence microscopy images showed that these nanofiber-coated SiO2 microparticles displayed uniform bright red, green, and merged yellow fluorescence, confirming that SpyCatcher-fused mCherry (mCherrySpyCatcher) and SnoopCatcher-fused GFP (GFPSnoopCatcher) were successfully conjugated on the particle surfaces (Fig. 4C). Note that the microspheres stacking to each other displayed heterogeneous fluorescence strength in the image, which was likely due to their different focal planes under the fluorescence microscopy. Collectively, these results illustrate an alternative way of using nanofiber-coated microparticles to realize diverse applications.

We next applied a similar strategy to achieve multienzyme immobilization coupling with coenzyme regeneration. To this end, we first constructed SpyCatcher domainfused leucine dehydrogenase (LDH; EC1.4.1.9; LDHSpyCatcher) and SnoopCatcher domainfused glucose oxidase (GOX; EC1.1.3.4; GOXSnoopCatcher) and coimmobilized on the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated SiO2 microparticle (Fig. 4D). In this proof-of-concept reaction system, trimethylpyruvic (TMP) acid was converted into the high-value chemical l-tert-leucine by LDH from the soil bacterium Lysinibacillus sphaericus, a reaction that requires NADH [reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)] as a coenzyme. Moreover, GOX from Bacillus subtilis can regenerate NADH by oxidizing low-value glucose into gluconic acid (Fig. 4E) Therefore, these two enzymes could assemble into an NADH-recycling system (Fig. 4E). We chose LDHSpyCatcher and GOXSnoopCatcher conjugated onto CsgASpyTag- and CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles, respectively, as a control group. We used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine.

As shown in Fig. 4F, in the first 3-hour reaction, the conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine in the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coating system was about 50%, whereas there was only 30% conversion in the control system. We speculate that the substantial disparity may lie in substrate channeling (50). That is, in the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag coating system, the generated NADH could be immediately consumed by adjacent LDHSpyCatcher on the same particle surface. However, in the control system, the produced NADH would not be used until it arrived at the surface of LDHSpyCatcher-conjugated particles, thereby resulting in a slower reaction rate.

To demonstrate the recyclable use of these immobilized enzymes, we recollected the enzyme-conjugated CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated microparticles via simple centrifugation. We then transferred these particles into a new reaction solution and again assessed the conversion ratio of l-tert-leucine. We found that the ratio did not significantly change over a series of five reaction cycles of 3 hours each (Fig. 4G). These experimental results demonstrate that our genetically engineered protein coatings are highly suitable for biocatalytic applications.

RNA-cleaving fluorogenic DNAzyme (RFD) is a well-established technology for detecting bacteria, and the ability to immobilize RFD probes on material surfaces such as the interiors of microfluidic devices is highly demanded because it could enable substantial improvements in the efficiency and speed of detection (5153). Our genetically engineered CsgA fusion coatings represent a potentially alternative approach. We produced CsgADBD proteins with a C-terminally fused DNA-binding domain (DBD) originally from Vibrio fischeri (fig. S8A) (54). We aimed to use this tailored protein to modify the surface of a microfluidic channel and bind E. colispecific RFD probes. We expected that upon interaction with target molecule(s) present in the supernatants of E. coli bacteria, these bound RFD probes would be converted into an active state that can catalyze the cleavage of the fluorogenic substrate, thereby producing a detectable fluorescent signal on the interiors of the microfluidic channel (Fig. 5A) (52).

(A) Schematic diagram of a DNAzyme-bound CsgADBD-coated microfluidic sensor device and an illustration of the DNAzyme detection mechanism. (B) Digital image of the microfluidic device. Photo credit: Yingfeng Li, ShanghaiTech University. (C) Fluorescence intensity of RFD-functionalized CsgADBD- and CsgAHis-tagcoated interiors of microfluidic channels upon exposure to supernatants from E. coli cultures of various cell densities. (D) 3D image of the RFD-functionalized CsgADBD coatings activated by E. coli culture (OD600 = 1) supernatants on the microfluidic channel.

To demonstrate the feasibility of our general design, we first incubated CsgADBD nanofibers with RFD probes. Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that CsgADBD nanofibers were able to bind these probes (fig. S8B). A standard PDMS microfluidic device was used for this experiment (Fig. 5B). We first coated the interior of a microfluidic channel and then conducted a Ni-NTAcapped QD binding test (the His-tag used for purification of CsgADBD protein can also be used to bind these QDs). The fluorescence microscopy image indicated that the channel interiors were homogeneously modified by CsgADBD proteins (fig. S8C). We next tested the detection performance by injecting a filtered supernatant from an E. coli culture into the channel and found that the CsgADBD-coated channel generated a strong fluorescent signal, whereas a control channel with a CsgA coating did not (Fig. 5C). Moreover, the fluorescence intensity increased linearly with the number of E. coli cells present in the samples [measured as OD600 (optical density at 600 nm); Fig. 5C]. In addition, 3D reconstructed images from fluorescence microscopy further confirmed that the resulting fluorescence was on the channel surface (Fig. 5D). These results establish proof of concept for the use of our genetically engineered protein coatings in diagnostic devices to monitor specific infectious pathogens.

In summary, we demonstrate that genetically engineered CsgA fusion proteins can be used as a functional coating system. These coatings have substrate universality, ultrastability, and genetically programmable functions. We also confirm that genetically engineered CsgA fusion protein nanofibers can modify various substrates with different compositions, sizes, shapes, and structures and show that these coatings exhibit outstanding chemical robustness. Moreover, these protein coatings offer flexible genetically programmable functionalization (e.g., NP anchoring, protein conjugation, and DNA binding). By combining the coatings with various fabrication processes, we established multiple proof-of-concept applications, including touch switching, pressure sensing, enzyme immobilization, and microfluidic sensors for bacterial detection. Given these unique coating features and the development of protein conjugation technologies, our genetically engineered CsgA fusion protein nanofiber coatings should serve as a versatile surface functionalization platform for electronics, biocatalysis, textiles, biomedicine, and other application areas.

All genes were synthesized by GENEWIZ and then amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The DNA fragment was cloned into pet-22b vectors (Nde I and Xho I sites) using one-step isothermal Gibson assembly. All constructs were sequence-verified by GENEWIZ.

For CsgAHis-tag, CsgASpyTag, CsgASnoopTag, or CsgADBD protein, the corresponding plasmid was transformed into BL21(DE3) E. coli competent cell. The bacterial seed was grown for 16 hours at 37C in shaking flasks (220 rpm/min) containing 20 ml of LB medium supplemented with carbenicillin (50 g/ml). The culture was then added into 1 liter of LB and grown to OD600 ~1.0. Protein expression was induced with 0.5 mM isopropyl--D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 37C for 45 min. Cells were collected by centrifugation for 10 min at 4000g at 4C. The cell pellet was then lysed in 50 ml of GdnHCl [8 M, 300 mM NaCl, 50 mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 (pH 8)] for 12 hours at room temperature. Supernatants of the lysates were collected at 12,000g for 30 min before loading in a His-Select Ni-NTA column. The column was washed with KPI [300 mM NaCl, 50 mM K2HPO4/KH2PO4 (pH 8)] buffer and 40 mM imidazole KPI buffer and then eluted with 300 mM imidazole KPI buffer.

For mCherrySpyCatcher, GFPSnoopCatcher, LDHSpyCatcher, or GOXSnoopCatcher protein, the corresponding plasmid was transformed into BL21(DE3) E. coli competent cell. Cell seeds were cultured for 16 hours at 37C in LB broth containing carbenicillin (50 g/ml). The culture solution was then added into 1 liter of LB and grown to OD600 ~0.6. Protein expression was induced with 0.5 mM IPTG for 12 hours at 16C. Cells were collected by centrifugation for 10 min at 4000g at 4C. The collected cell pellets were then resuspended in KPI solution (50 ml) containing lysozyme (1 mg/ml) and incubated on ice for 30 min before ultrasound disruption. The purification follows the same procedure used for purification of the genetically engineered CsgA proteins. The purified proteins were stored at 4C for later use.

To enable coating formation, given substrates (plates, pyramids, or textiles) were directly immersed in fresh eluted CsgAHis-tag monomer (1 mg/ml) solution. After 16 hours of incubation at room temperature (~25C), proteins could form nanofiber coatings on substrates. The coated substrates were then washed by deionized H2O and dried by clean N2 and finally stored in a desiccative cabinet (~25C) for further use.

To coat microparticles with functional proteins, 1 ml of CsgASpyTag, CsgASnoopTag, or CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag (1:1, weight ratio) monomer solution (1 mg/ml) was added into 2-ml tube containing 100 l of SiO2 aqueous solution (25 mg/ml). After 16 hours of incubation at room temperature (~25C), microparticles were collected by centrifugation for 5 min at 1000g and washed by deionized H2O followed by further centrifugation. This process was repeated for three times to remove the loosely bound proteins. The coated microparticles were then stored in a 4C refrigerator for further use.

PDMS channel was first fabricated by replica molding of a glass model and then pressed on the surface of a clean glass slide. To coat the PDMS microfluidic device channel, fresh eluted CsgADBD monomer solution was directly injected into the channel using a syringe and incubated for 16 hours at room temperature (~25C). The microfluidic channel was then washed by deionized H2O through injection. The microfluidic device was stored in the refrigerator (4C) for further use.

Synthesis of Ni-NTAcapped QDs was performed following a previous report (33). To ensure thorough QD binding on protein-coated flat substrates, the substrates were immersed in the aqueous QD solution (ca. 500 nmol/ml) at room temperature (~25C) and incubated for 30 min. The substrates were then washed by deionized H2O and dried by high-pressure N2 for further characterization. To ensure QD binding in a microfluidic device, QD solution was injected into the channel using a 1-ml syringe. After incubation for 30 min at room temperature (~25C), the channel was washed by deionized H2O for further characterization.

For the stability test of CsgAHis-tag coatings in organic solvents, 30 ml of acetone, hexane, or DMSO was poured into a 9-cm glass culture dish containing the CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates. After challenge at room temperature (~25C) for 24 hours, the PTFE substrates were washed by deionized H2O and dried by high pressure N2 for further characterization. For the high temperature challenge, CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates were directly placed in an oven (90C) for 24 hours and then taken out for further characterization.

CsgAHis-tagcoated PTFE substrates or Au-coated PET substrates were placed in 9-cm culture dishes containing 30 ml of solution of trypsin (2.5 mg/ml) from bovin pancreas or fungal protease (55 U/g) from A. oryzae (protease AO). After incubation at 37C for 24 hours, substrates were washed by deionized H2O and dried by high-pressure N2 for further characterization. For ThT assay, 100 l of enzyme solution (trypsin, 2.5 mg/ml or fungal protease, 55 U/g) was added into the 96-well microplate containing 100 l of CsgAHis-tag nanofiber protein solution (0.5 mg/ml). ThT was then added to a concentration of 20 M. Fluorescence was measured every 0.5 min after shaking 5 s with a BioTek Synergy H1 microplate reader (excitation at 438 nm, emission at 495 nm, and cutoff at 475 nm) at 37C.

Preparation of Ni-NTAcapped Au NPs was based on a previous report (33). To perform a gold enhancement process, CsgAHis-tag nanofibercoated pyramid or textile substrates were first immersed into Ni-NTAcapped Au NP solution. After incubation at room temperature (~25C) for 30 min, the substrates were washed with deionized H2O and dried by high-pressure N2. The substrates were then transferred into a 50-ml gold enhancement solution containing AuCl4 (50 mg/ml) and hydroxylamine (100 mg/ml). After reaction for 10 min at room temperature (~25C), substrates were washed by deionized H2O and dried by high-pressure N2.

To prepare patterned Au coatings including interdigital electrode, substrates were first covered by waterproof stickers followed by producing patterned CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings through protein solution incubation. The patterned CsgAHis-tag nanofiber coatings were then bound with Ni-NTAcapped Au NPs, followed by a standard gold enhancement procedure described above. After drying, the stickers were carefully peeled off using a tweezer to produce the patterned CsgAHis-tag nanofiberenabled Au coatings.

Bare PET fabric was attached on the Au conductive coatings formed on a PET plate, followed by placing a 2-kg counterweight on the fabric. The abrasion test was achieved by moving the bare PET fabric. Sheet resistance of PET-based conductive coatings was measured with a four-probe ohmmeter (HPS 2523).

The capacitance of the interdigital electrode was measured with an LCR (inductance, capacitance, and resistance) meter (HG2817A) at a voltage of 1 V and a frequency of 100 kHz at room temperature (~25C). To fabricate the pressure sensor, Au-coated PET textile was covered on the PDMS-based Au interdigital electrode. Then, the textile and bottom Au electrode were sealed with a 3M VHB tape. Functional performances of the pressure sensor including current change under different pressures were assessed with an electrochemical work station (CHI 660E) at room temperature (~25C).

For fluorescent protein conjugation, 1 ml of mCherrySpyCatcher/GFPSnoopCather (1:1, weight ration) aqueous solution (1 mg/ml) was added into a 2-ml tube containing the CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated SiO2 microparticles. After incubation for 1 hour at room temperature (~25C), fluorescent proteinconjugated microparticles were collected by centrifugation for 5 min at 1000g and washed by KPI solution followed by further centrifugation. This process was repeated for three times to remove those unreacted loosely bound fluorescent proteins.

For enzyme immobilization, 1 ml of LDHSpyCatcher, GOXSnoopCather, or LDHSpyCatcher/GOXSnoopCather (1:1, weight ration) aqueous solution (1 mg/ml) was added into a 2-ml tube containing the CsgASpyTag-, CsgASnoopTag-, or CsgASpyTag/CsgASnoopTag-coated SiO2 microparticles, respectively. After incubation for 1 hour at room temperature (~25C), the enzyme-immobilized microparticles were collected by centrifugation for 5 min at 1000g and washed by 100 mM phosphate buffer followed by further centrifugation. This process was repeated for three times to remove those unreacted loosely bound enzymatic proteins.

The enzyme-immobilized microparticles were resuspended in 100 l of 100 mM phosphate buffer, 50 l of LDHSpyCatcher immobilized microparticles, and 50 l of GOXSnoopCatcher immobilized microparticles added into the reaction solution, or 100 l of LDHSpyCatcher/GOXSnoopCatcher immobilized microparticles was directly pipetted into the reaction solution. The reaction mixture containing 50 mM glucose, 0.1 mM NAD+, 50 mM ammonium chloride, 50 mM TMP acid, and 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) was fixed with a final volume of 1 ml. The reaction was then conducted at 37C under continuous shaking in a microplate reader.

To analyze the yield of l-tert-leucine, a 20-l sample was filtered with a 220-nm syringe filter and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC using a 1200 Series chromatograph and ZORBAX SB-C18 column (4.6 mm 150 mm, 5 m) at 35C. The mobile phase composed of 2 mM CuSO4 was set with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Quantitative analysis of the l-tert-leucine was monitored with a UV spectra detector at 210 nm (55).

The yield of l-tert-leucine was determined using the following equation=Practical concentration of L-tert-leucineTheoretical concentration of L-tert-leucine(50mM)100%

For recyclable usage of the enzymes, the LDHSpyCatcher/GOXSnoopCatcher immobilized microparticles were collected by centrifugation for 5 min at 1000g after each round of reaction. The microparticles were then resuspended in 100 l of 100 mM phosphate buffer and pipetted into a new reaction solution for another new round of reaction. The yield of l-tert-leucine in the new reaction system was determined following the same equation.

The synthesis of RFD probes was based on a protocol described in a previously published study (52). The microfluidic channel was then homogeneously coated with CsgADBD proteins following a typical fabrication protocol described in the coating fabrication process.

To ensure thorough binding of RFD probes onto the protein coatings on the microfluidic channel, DNAzyme in 100 mM tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 0.2 mM EDTA binding buffer was injected into the microfluidic channel. After incubation for 2 hours at room temperature (~25C), the channel was washed with 1 ml of injected 100 mM tris-HCl to remove loosely bound RFD probes.

E. coli K12 (MG1655) cell culture with different cell densities (OD600) was injected into the channels after filtration using a 220-nm PTFE filter. The channel was monitored by fluorescence microscopy, and the relative fluorescence intensity was calculated using the imaging software of the fluorescence microscopy.

Samples were tested with Asylum MFP-3D-Bio using the tapping mode with AC160TS-R3 cantilevers (Olympus, k 26 N/m, 300 kHz). The data are presented in Fig. 2B and figs. S1B, S2C, and S8A.

The water contact angle of samples was tested with a contact angle goniometer (SL200KS). The substrate was placed on the stage, and 1-l droplet of water was dropped onto the surface of the substrate. The data are presented in Fig. 2 (A, F, G, and H) and fig. S2 (C, G, and H).

XPS spectrum was obtained with Thermo Fisher Scientific ESCALAB 250 Xi. The data are presented in Figs. 2C and 3D and fig. S7C.

NanoDSF curve was obtained with NanoTemper Prometheus NT.48. The data are presented in fig. S2A.

Samples were coated with Au for 30 s with an SBC-12 sputter coater. SEM images including EBSD and EDS images were acquired with JEOL 7800 Prime or JSM-6010. The data are presented in Figs. 3 (C and G) and 4B and figs. S2 (F to H), S4 (B to D), S5B, and S6 (A to C).

TEM images were obtained on an FEI T12 transmission electron microscope operated at 120-kV accelerating voltage. The data are presented in fig. S3A.

Protein-coated microparticles, bare microparticles, or protein nanofibers were put on the ATR crystal directly. Spectra were recorded from 1700 to 1600 cm1 using a nominal resolution of 2 cm1 with Spectrum Two (PerkinElmer). The data are presented in figs. S2B and S7B.

Fluorescence imaging was performed on an Olympus IX83, Leica DMi8, or LSM 710 fluorescence microscope. Cy5 channel of Leica DMi8 was used to image RFD. The data are presented in Figs. 4C and 5D and fig. S8C.

Photoluminescence spectra were collected using HORIBA FL-3 with excitation at 350 nm. The data are presented in figs. S1A and S7A.

Acknowledgments: We thank X. Wang for AFM training. AFM characterization was executed at the Analytical Instrumentation Center (AIC), and SEM and TEM characterization were performed at the Electron Microscopy Center (EMC) at School of Physical Science and Technology (SPST), ShanghaiTech University. Funding: This work was partially sponsored by the Commission for Science and Technology of Shanghai Municipality (grant no. 17JC1403900), the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Key Program No. U1932204), and the National Science and Technology Major Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant no. 2018YFA0902804). C.Z. also acknowledges start-up funding support from ShanghaiTech University and 1000 Youth Talents Program, granted by the Chinese Central Government. Author contributions: C.Z. conceived the concept and directed the research. C.Z., Y.L., and K.L. designed and conducted the experiments and data analysis. X.W. synthesized QDs and performed TEM. M.C. participated in coating fabrication process. P.G. and J.Z. fabricated microfluidic devices. F.Q. participated in protein purification. C.Z., Y.L., and K.L. wrote the manuscript with help from all authors. Competing interests: The authors have filed a provisional patent based on this work with the China Intellectual Property Office (PCT/CN2018/085988). The authors declare no other competing interests. Data and materials availability: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.

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Conformable self-assembling amyloid protein coatings with genetically programmable functionality - Science Advances

University of Bradford engineers team up to make visors – Bradford Telegraph and Argus

COMPANIES have joined the University of Bradford to get behind the effort to produce PPE during the Covid-19 epidemic.

Engineers from the University have started the mass production of face shields with orders for 15,000 already.

The project is being carried out at the Faculty of Engineering & Informatics in partnership with two local companies, Leeds-based additive manufacturer ActiveCell Technologies and Teconnex from Keighley.

Academics are using hi-tech 3D printing and polymer injection moulding machines, capable of turning out thousands of pieces of protective face shield components a day.

Mould sets ordered from Germany and designed and machined in Bradford mean the university has the capacity to produce in excess of 5,000 units per day if needed.

Head of the Department of Mechanical and Energy Systems Engineering, Professor Tim Gough said the work was in response to an order for the equipment from the NHS, adding it had taken a number of weeks to get to the point of manufacture.

These are not the facemasks which you now see many people wearing in public but face shields, which have a clear plastic visor.

"A lot of transmission [of coronavirus] is coming from patient coughing and that can infect the carer through respiratory transmission. We are manufacturing headbands and headpieces to go around the head, which you can then attach a visor to.

It has taken us some time to get to this stage because everything has to comply with strict cleanliness standards, so we have had to deep clean everything, even the injection screws and screw barrels, to create a clean room environment.

He added the initial NHS order was for 10,000 units, with a further 5,000 ordered by Bradford Council.

Prof Gough, who has worked at the university for 23 years and has ongoing projects with a number of companies, including vacuum manufacturer Dyson, is one of a team of six who are carrying out the work on campus.

They are using 3D printers to create prototypes and then polymer injection moulding machines to create products. The headbands have even been made so that acetate sheets used in overhead projectors can be attached as visors as a last resort.

They are also working on two other designs, one called an ear saver to stop chafing caused by prolonged mask wearing in a medical setting and an alternative face shield design for use in care homes.

He added: In practical terms, this is what we do. Yes, theres a level of complexity to it but we are used to making products and we have done this kind of thing for years.

Tim is part of a six-strong team, which also includes Professor of Precision Manufacturing Ben Whiteside, research engineer Michael Hebda, technical services manager David Barker and engineers John Hornby and Glen Thompson.

Prof Whiteside, who leads the Polymer Micro and Nano Technology Research Centre said: The challenge has been to review the problem, finalise designs and manufacture tooling at time scales that are far quicker than industry norms, while also offering significant benefits over existing solutions for our NHS staff.

Teconnex production engineer Paul Shepherd, which is helping with manufacture of the headbands and laser-cutting of visors, said: Its important to help out at this time.

"We have also said we will help provide local care homes if we can.

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University of Bradford engineers team up to make visors - Bradford Telegraph and Argus

In Congress, a New Bill Asks for Mass Survey of Blockchain Technology in the US – Cointelegraph

On May 19, Representative Brett Guthrie (R-KY) introduced the Advancing Blockchain Act. Per a May 18 draft of the legislation obtained by Cointelegraph, the bill asks the Federal Trade Commission and the Secretary of Commerce to put together a new survey of blockchains uses and the state of adoption in the United States.

The bill looks for new determination of the role of federal agencies, asking the regulators tasked with the survey to:

Conduct a survey of Federal activity related to blockchain technology to [...] develop a brief description of the jurisdiction and expertise of the Federal agencies as it relates to blockchain technology.

This could potentially establish new clarity to determine which regulatory agency handles what, but note the bill does not mention cryptocurrencies or digital assets.

The current text of the bill also seems to focus on uses of blockchain in interstate commerce, potentially including, for example, supply chain management. Given Guthries role on the House Energy and Commerce Committee, its possible that blockchains use cases in the energy sector appeal to him as well.

In particularly interesting provisions of the bill, Guthrie looks to rank the U.S. relative to other countries in their blockchain adoption, requesting:

An international survey of other countries to establish a compendium at least 10 and not more than countries consisting of each countrys national strategy on blockchain technology to determine where the United States ranks with respect to the development and adoption of blockchain technology.

Announcing the bill, Guthrie singled out China as a competitor, saying America is a nation of innovation and enterprise and we need to keep it that way. We cannot let China beat us.

Though the Chinese government is formally opposed to cryptocurrencies, its president encouraged blockchain development in the country. The Chinese Communist Partys school also recently published a guide on crypto.

Significantly, China seems intent on becoming the first major power to issue a digital version of its currency on the blockchain.

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In Congress, a New Bill Asks for Mass Survey of Blockchain Technology in the US - Cointelegraph

Blockchain Technology market worldwide is projected to grow by US$14.3 Billion – GlobeNewswire

New York, May 20, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Global Blockchain Technology Industry" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p05443600/?utm_source=GNW Poised to reach over US$11.8 Billion by the year 2025, Public will bring in healthy gains adding significant momentum to global growth.

- Representing the developed world, the United States will maintain a 52.7% growth momentum. Within Europe, which continues to remain an important element in the world economy, Germany will add over US$359.2 Million to the regions size and clout in the next 5 to 6 years. Over US$655.3 Million worth of projected demand in the region will come from Rest of Europe markets. In Japan, Public will reach a market size of US$742.4 Million by the close of the analysis period. As the worlds second largest economy and the new game changer in global markets, China exhibits the potential to grow at 44.8% over the next couple of years and add approximately US$2.3 Billion in terms of addressable opportunity for the picking by aspiring businesses and their astute leaders. Presented in visually rich graphics are these and many more need-to-know quantitative data important in ensuring quality of strategy decisions, be it entry into new markets or allocation of resources within a portfolio. Several macroeconomic factors and internal market forces will shape growth and development of demand patterns in emerging countries in Asia-Pacific. All research viewpoints presented are based on validated engagements from influencers in the market, whose opinions supersede all other research methodologies.

Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p05443600/?utm_source=GNW

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY MCP-5MARKET ANALYSIS, TRENDS, AND FORECASTS, MAY 2CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY & REPORT SCOPE

II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. MARKET OVERVIEW Blockchain, The Technological Essence of Bitcoin, Emerges to Disrupt the Digital Economy The Promise of Decentralized Internet Moving Beyond Bitcoin Revolutionizing Benefits of Blockchain that Double Up as Powerful Growth Drivers Decentralized Database, Immutability, Encrypted Blocks and Elimination of Intermediaries - Inimitable Benefits of Blockchain Technology to Propel Market Growth The Three Generations of Blockchain Technology Recent Market Activity Asia-Pacific to Spearhead Growth in Blockchain Technology Sphere While Financial Services Sector Leads Blockchain Applications, Non-Finance Sectors Look to Catch-up with Investigational Blockchain-based Initiatives Next-Generation Blockchain Innovations to Foster Development of New Applications While Finance Industry Leads, Non-Finance Sectors Present Long -term Potential Public Blockchain Networks Dominate Market Revenues Global Competitor Market Shares Blockchain Technology Competitor Market Share Scenario Worldwide (in %): 2020 & 2029 Impact of Covid-19 and a Looming Global Recession 2. FOCUS ON SELECT PLAYERS AlphaPoint Corporation (USA) Blockchain Global (Australia) Blockchain Tech Ltd (Canada) BlockCypher, Inc. (USA) Bloq (USA) Chain, Inc. (USA) Coinfirm Ltd. (UK) Consensus Systems (USA) Credits (UK) Digital Asset Holdings, LLC (USA) IBM (USA) LUKKA, INC. (USA) Microsoft Corporation (USA) Monax Industries (UK) Nasdaq (USA) ShoCard (USA) The Bitfury Group (USA) The Linux Foundation (USA) 3. MARKET TRENDS & DRIVERS Noteworthy Trends & Issues Widening Network of IoT Systems to Power Blockchain Implementations Blockchain Assumes Critical Role as a Tool for Enabling Financial Inclusion of the Unbanked Venture Capitalists Flock to Fund Blockchain Companies: An Indication of the High Growth Potential of Blockchain Technology Blockchain-as-a Service (BaaS): Outsourcing the Implementation and Management of Blockchain-based Platforms Smart Contracts: Among the Most Promising Use Cases of Distributed Ledger Technology Emerging Trends in the Blockchain Technology Landscape Combination of AI and Blockchain - Focus on Development Initiatives Blockchain Technology Emerges to Mitigate Issues Impeding Deployment of IoT Promising Innovations to Facilitate Further Advancements in Blockchain Technology Though Built Originally for Bitcoin, Innovative Applications Set to Transform Blockchain Market Industry-wide Collaborations: Critical for Developing Practical Applications of Blockchain Existing Regulatory Framework & Infrastructure Limitations Impede Wider Adoption of Blockchain Technology 4. GLOBAL MARKET PERSPECTIVE Table 1: Blockchain Technology Global Market Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 2: Blockchain Technology Market Share Shift across Key Geographies Worldwide: 2020 VS 2027 Table 3: Public (Type) World Market by Region/Country in US$ Thousand: 2020 to 2027 Table 4: Public (Type) Market Share Breakdown of Worldwide Sales by Region/Country: 2020 VS 2027 Table 5: Private (Type) Potential Growth Markets Worldwide in US$ Thousand: 2020 to 2027 Table 6: Private (Type) Market Sales Breakdown by Region/Country in Percentage: 2020 VS 2027 Table 7: Hybrid (Type) Geographic Market Spread Worldwide in US$ Thousand: 2020 to 2027 Table 8: Hybrid (Type) Market Share Distribution in Percentage by Region/Country: 2020 VS 2027 Table 9: Financial Services (Application) Demand Potential Worldwide in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 10: Financial Services (Application) Share Breakdown Review by Region/Country: 2020 VS 2027 Table 11: Telecom & Media (Application) Worldwide Latent Demand Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 12: Telecom & Media (Application) Distribution of Global Sales by Region/Country: 2020 VS 2027 Table 13: Transportation (Application) Sales Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Region/Country for the Years 2through 2027 Table 14: Transportation (Application) Global Market Share Distribution by Region/Country for 2020 and 2027 Table 15: Healthcare (Application) Global Opportunity Assessment in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 16: Healthcare (Application) Percentage Share Breakdown of Global Sales by Region/Country: 2020 VS 2027 Table 17: Other Applications (Application) Worldwide Sales in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2020-2027 Table 18: Other Applications (Application) Market Share Shift across Key Geographies: 2020 VS 2027 III. MARKET ANALYSIS GEOGRAPHIC MARKET ANALYSIS UNITED STATES Market Facts & Figures US Blockchain Technology Market Share (in %) by Company: 2020 & 2025 Market Analytics Table 19: United States Blockchain Technology Market Estimates and Projections in US$ Thousand by Type: 2020 to 2027 Table 20: United States Blockchain Technology Market Share Breakdown by Type: 2020 VS 2027 Table 21: United States Blockchain Technology Latent Demand Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020 to 2027 Table 22: Blockchain Technology Market Share Breakdown in the United States by Application: 2020 VS 2027 CANADA Table 23: Canadian Blockchain Technology Market Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Type: 2020 to 2027 Table 24: Blockchain Technology Market in Canada: Percentage Share Breakdown of Sales by Type for 2020 and 2027 Table 25: Canadian Blockchain Technology Market Quantitative Demand Analysis in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020 to 2027 Table 26: Canadian Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis by Application: 2020 VS 2027 JAPAN Table 27: Japanese Market for Blockchain Technology: Annual Sales Estimates and Projections in US$ Thousand by Type for the Period 2020-2027 Table 28: Japanese Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis by Type: 2020 VS 2027 Table 29: Japanese Demand Estimates and Forecasts for Blockchain Technology in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020 to 2027 Table 30: Blockchain Technology Market Share Shift in Japan by Application: 2020 VS 2027 CHINA Table 31: Chinese Blockchain Technology Market Growth Prospects in US$ Thousand by Type for the Period 2020-2027 Table 32: Chinese Blockchain Technology Market by Type: Percentage Breakdown of Sales for 2020 and 2027 Table 33: Chinese Demand for Blockchain Technology in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020 to 2027 Table 34: Chinese Blockchain Technology Market Share Breakdown by Application: 2020 VS 2027 EUROPE Market Facts & Figures European Blockchain Technology Market: Competitor Market Share Scenario (in %) for 2020 & 2025 Market Analytics Table 35: European Blockchain Technology Market Demand Scenario in US$ Thousand by Region/Country: 2018-2025 Table 36: European Blockchain Technology Market Share Shift by Region/Country: 2020 VS 2027 Table 37: European Blockchain Technology Market Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Type: 2020-2027 Table 38: European Blockchain Technology Market Share Breakdown by Type: 2020 VS 2027 Table 39: European Blockchain Technology Addressable Market Opportunity in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020-2027 Table 40: European Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis by Application: 2020 VS 2027 FRANCE Table 41: Blockchain Technology Market in France by Type: Estimates and Projections in US$ Thousand for the Period 2020-2027 Table 42: French Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis by Type: 2020 VS 2027 Table 43: Blockchain Technology Quantitative Demand Analysis in France in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020-2027 Table 44: French Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis: A 7-Year Perspective by Application for 2020 and 2027 GERMANY Table 45: Blockchain Technology Market in Germany: Recent Past, Current and Future Analysis in US$ Thousand by Type for the Period 2020-2027 Table 46: German Blockchain Technology Market Share Breakdown by Type: 2020 VS 2027 Table 47: Blockchain Technology Market in Germany: Annual Sales Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Application for the Period 2020-2027 Table 48: Blockchain Technology Market Share Distribution in Germany by Application: 2020 VS 2027 ITALY Table 49: Italian Blockchain Technology Market Growth Prospects in US$ Thousand by Type for the Period 2020-2027 Table 50: Italian Blockchain Technology Market by Type: Percentage Breakdown of Sales for 2020 and 2027 Table 51: Italian Demand for Blockchain Technology in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020 to 2027 Table 52: Italian Blockchain Technology Market Share Breakdown by Application: 2020 VS 2027 UNITED KINGDOM Table 53: United Kingdom Market for Blockchain Technology: Annual Sales Estimates and Projections in US$ Thousand by Type for the Period 2020-2027 Table 54: United Kingdom Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis by Type: 2020 VS 2027 Table 55: United Kingdom Demand Estimates and Forecasts for Blockchain Technology in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020 to 2027 Table 56: Blockchain Technology Market Share Shift in the United Kingdom by Application: 2020 VS 2027 REST OF EUROPE Table 57: Rest of Europe Blockchain Technology Market Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Type: 2020-2027 Table 58: Rest of Europe Blockchain Technology Market Share Breakdown by Type: 2020 VS 2027 Table 59: Rest of Europe Blockchain Technology Addressable Market Opportunity in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020-2027 Table 60: Rest of Europe Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis by Application: 2020 VS 2027 ASIA-PACIFIC Table 61: Blockchain Technology Market in Asia-Pacific by Type: Estimates and Projections in US$ Thousand for the Period 2020-2027 Table 62: Asia-Pacific Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis by Type: 2020 VS 2027 Table 63: Blockchain Technology Quantitative Demand Analysis in Asia-Pacific in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020-2027 Table 64: Asia-Pacific Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis: A 7-Year Perspective by Application for 2020 and 2027 REST OF WORLD Table 65: Rest of World Blockchain Technology Market Estimates and Forecasts in US$ Thousand by Type: 2020 to 2027 Table 66: Blockchain Technology Market in Rest of World: Percentage Share Breakdown of Sales by Type for 2020 and 2027 Table 67: Rest of World Blockchain Technology Market Quantitative Demand Analysis in US$ Thousand by Application: 2020 to 2027 Table 68: Rest of World Blockchain Technology Market Share Analysis by Application: 2020 VS 2027 IV. COMPETITION

Total Companies Profiled:

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Blockchain Technology market worldwide is projected to grow by US$14.3 Billion - GlobeNewswire

Full Court WordPress: Coil Deal Boosts Functional Blockchain And XRP – Forbes

XRP-powered Coil could put crypto transactions into the hands of tens of millions with WordPress deal. But will it take?

XRP and WordPress come together in a newly announced integration by Coil.

The excitement over how much blockchain could do has always been outmatched by what little blockchain does do. But that may finally be changing.

Today, the San Francisco-based blockchain startup Coil announced a new integration with WordPress, the dominant publishing engine on the Web. It means that website creators could get blockchain-metered payments, whether the content is free or behind a paywall.

Better still, users, currently accustomed to giving up their private information to unknown cookies, will have that personal information protected. They could even enjoy WordPress-powered sites advertising free.

This is a big deal because, well, WordPress is big. According to an W3techs survey in April, over a third of the Web is published using WordPress software. Among those sites using content management systems, WordPress has 63.3% market share number two Joomla has just 4.1%. WordPress version 5.4 has been downloaded 27 million times and counting. So yeah its a huge opportunity.

Coils technology notes when a user visits a Coil-enabled site and apportions a payment to that site, paid out in cash or crypto currency specifically in XRP.

That this could be the biggest use of XRP outside of the global payments company Ripple is no coincidence. Coils founder and CEO, Stefan Thomas, was Ripples chief technology officer until mid-2018 Ripple being the biggest user of XRP to this point. Coil was backed by Ripple in 2018, which participated in a reported $4 million dollar seed round and then, in September 2019, tossed in a massive investment of one billion XRP tokens (and to be clear, Im hopelessly conflicted reporting this story as I once worked at Ripple. To be equally clear, as of this writing I dont own any XRP.)

To facilitate paying website owners, Coil is also announcing a new crypto wallet partnership with San Francisco-based Uphold, which boasts of trading in sixty currencies and having deals with banks in thirty-five countries

Publishers and individual creators are seeking new revenue streams, Thomas said in a release. At the same time, consumers are suffering from site-by-site subscription fatigue and the invasive privacy issues associated with ads. With the introduction of the Web Monetization plugin and more payout options for publishers and creators around the globe, our goal is to provide more choice and less friction for everyone.

That might be the goal, but one more payment option is surely more friction, at least at the start. And to be sure, this isnt a deal with every site using WordPress. Indeed, it doesnt appear to be a deal with any site using WordPress. This is more of a hunting licence, allowing Coil to try to convince content creators to hitch their wagon to Coil, if not XRP.

Im all for writers getting paid, says Lou Kerner, longtime analyst and founder of Crypto Mondays. Is this a good use case for blockchain? Sure. The problem is the revenues generated from this are de minimis. Not many people, at the end of the day, care about privacy. Facebook and Google remain the winners.

Thomas is obviously taking the opposing bet: that users will pay for privacy and, should the company ever get traction across multiple paywalls, pay for the convenience of signing up for a single subscription to multiple sites.

And from a wider view, if Coil succeeds it would signal the success of blockchain itself. The conversation about blockchain is almost always about the trading of an asset, the movement of a price, a squiggly line going up or down: the roller coaster ride in cable TV parlance. That conversation is rarely about the use of decentralized networks.

But Ripple has begun to crack the ice in the world of global payments. As has Chronicled in life science. As has Braintrust in freelance technology talent. Coils new WordPress deal could prove to be a big step advancing the cause of functional blockchain.

Blockchain is still like the days of getting around the internet without a browser, says Kerner. You could do it, but not many people did. The on-ramps and off-ramps for blockchain are still to hard. Maybe Coil will help change that.

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Full Court WordPress: Coil Deal Boosts Functional Blockchain And XRP - Forbes

The Impact of COVID-19 on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency – SupplyChainBrain

Out of the coronavirus pandemic will emerge a new digital society status quo one that will accelerate major technological advances that are already underway. Among the many important innovations that the pandemic will push forward are blockchain and cryptocurrency.

What is it about this uncertain global climate that will make 2020 such a pivotal year for those two innovations? Here are some predictions for the blockchain space and digital currency for the remainder of the year, as well as how theyll be affected by the coronavirus.

During 2020, blockchain will continue to grow in the finance sector, ahead of other industries. Applications such as food tracking, goods authentication, and storage of sensitive data involve significant regulatory work to tie real-world objects to their tokenized equivalents.

The most significant breakthrough in this area that well see is the application of blockchains fundamental technology to sovereign currencies. China might well attempt an experiment in a model city like Shenzhen this year, and Sweden is another country interested in this possibility.

There will be greater consolidation in the blockchain space. Many companies werent prepared for the crisis, whether in terms of infrastructure or their financial arrangements. Well-prepared startups will be accelerated as a result.

Cryptocurrencies will become increasingly used as non-correlated investment options. If you look at the recent market crisis precipitated by the coronavirus, cryptocurrencies and the stock market were only correlated for a little over one week. Bitcoins drop was primarily a liquidity issue gold had the same behavior in that period and it quickly became apparent that the currency was oversold. The markets are once again uncorrelated. This will drive further interest in blockchain-based financial instruments.

Its quite possible that, by the end of the year, we may even see what mass adoption will look like. The kind of services and tools that will be used widely in the future will likely already be available this year.

With people staying home like never before, more online gaming will certainly happen globally at scale. This will result in the rise of in-game digital currency usage and related blockchain technology.

Consider what kind of games will see an increase in popularity. People staying home will result in a huge increase in casual gamers those who play simple games on their smartphones or tablets, rather than serious hobbyists with gaming PCs. These games are often built by small teams, and can be highly profitable given the size of the casual gaming market. As a result, theres a lot of incentive to seize the opportunity.

Its also not difficult to imagine what will be popular: party games for people in quarantine who want to have fun socially but cant spend time together. Its easy to incorporate blockchain in these sorts of games. The most obvious use is for in-game currency. But its also possible to consider non-fungible tokens as digital collectibles, either as special prizes or for people who want to customize their game world.

Fbio Canesin is co-founder of Nash, a fintech company using blockchain as infrastructure for the digital finance space.

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The Impact of COVID-19 on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency - SupplyChainBrain

Covid-19 Might Be the Best Thing To Happen to the Blockchain Industry – CTech

Blockchain technology entered our lives by storm in 2017, showing great promise. It quickly became a buzzword for new up and coming projects and for old ones who needed a facelift. Yet, somehow, it seems as if blockchain failed to live up to its promise. The majority of the traditional financial industry was not eager to adopt it, mainly due to its association with cryptocurrencies, and a blockchain-based life-altering use case has yet to present itself.

Read More:

With no prior notice, all of our activities shifted to stay-at-home mode. And then, while trying to work from home, eat at home, and take care of our kids at home, we finally realized that though we can track our Uber or Gett driver on their route, we still cannot get a clear answer on when we will get our groceries or our kids' toys delivered from a store a couple of blocks away. Trying to set up a home office under these conditions took us too much time and effort that should have been invested in actual work.

These kinds of frustrations may just be the best thing that could have happened to the blockchain industry. Blockchain technology has a lot to offer, and the Covid-19 spotlight can increase its adoption across various industries.

"With over four trillion consumer products made and shipped around the world each year, we cannot afford to continue operating in the dark when it comes to keeping track of these products, especially when some of these products could save lives," Mariam Obaid Al Muhairi, Project Manager at the Dubai Future Foundation, wrote in a WEF blog post earlier this month.

This public support for blockchain technology is not surprising considering that when it comes to pandemic treatment, the supply chain plays a crucial role. IBM, one of the most influential players in the blockchain industry, reacted quickly to the shift and, rising to the new challenge, recently launched a blockchain network to bolster the medical supply chain during the pandemic.

Another way blockchain can contribute to battling Covid-19 is by enabling the establishment of a public medical record. Ideally, this use case will revolutionize the health sector by making sure that doctors around the world have any patient's entire medical history available before they start treatment. Unfortunately, we are still far from achieving this goal, but there are blockchain companies working on changing protocols to be able to track Covid-19 test results. Considering the number of test results mistakes in Israel alone, this might provide a huge relief. Once we can track test results on blockchain, the path to issuing immunity certificates is quick, assuming immunity to coronavirus can actually be gained.

Another potential breakthrough for blockchain due to Covid-19 is digital currencies finally being accepted by central banks. During the outbreak, we all learned how using cash can be dangerous and contribute to spreading the virus. China was the first to start working on a digital state currency, back in 2019, before anyone even heard of coronavirus. Now, after the massive outbreak in the U.S., the Federal Reserve is considering issuing a FedCoin, and needless to say, if the U.S. government issues a digital dollar, other countries will soon follow.

As Bitcoin taught us, blockchain technology can change the financial world by enabling smooth cross-border payments and creating an easy to track and regulatory compliant digital identity.

Having central banks issue digital currencies will almost inevitably lead to blockchain-based tax payments, another major hurdle to adoption. Once the government has a digital coin, it will have no problem collecting its taxes directly and instantly for every transaction.

Or Lokay Cohen is a vice president at Tel Aviv-based G.B Bittax Ltd., a cryptocurrency regulation analysis firm, offering a cryptocurrency tax calculation platform.

The rest is here:

Covid-19 Might Be the Best Thing To Happen to the Blockchain Industry - CTech

Blockchain flashback: Legislative issues unchanged in time of coronavirus – Roll Call

A year ago, CQ Roll Call sat down with the co-chair of the Congressional Blockchain Caucus, Rep. David Schweikert, to discuss roadblocks in legislating blockchain, and a lot of those issues remain today.

During that same period, officials also said procurement rules could block regulators from working closely with financial technology firms, but no legislative solution is teed up to correct what many see as a problem.

Two bills in the House would ensure that the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission could avoid transgressing those rules and still obtain access to industry-created technologies. Both measures have bipartisan support, but with attention on the countrys coronavirus response, neither is on a fast track.

Watch as the Arizona Republican talks about how he believes Congress should reposition thinking around legislating blockchain.

[Read more: House bills would let regulators study blockchain, backers say]

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Blockchain flashback: Legislative issues unchanged in time of coronavirus - Roll Call

Blockchain Bites: Last Day of Consensus, Will Crypto Save the Internet? – CoinDesk – CoinDesk

Top Shelf

Consensus: Distributedended on a high note with a keynote address from Juan Benet, founder of Protocol Labs, who granted a rare interview as he closed out the week-long virtual conference.

Speaking widely on the topics of decentralization and Web 3.0, Benet said, the internet has become dramatically more important to us. Over a 50-year time span, computing has gone from an idea to a species altering technology.

You're readingBlockchain Bites: Consensus Editiona twice daily roundup of all the notable news out of Consensus: Distributed. You can sign up for this, and all of CoinDesk'snewsletters here.

But the internets present configuration is a huge problem. The underlying principles of an open and permissionless web, as originally intended, have become distorted by monolithic, centralized service providers, and given way to surveillance capitalism, data encroachment, hacking and content siloing.

Many of these problems were examined in an earlier session dedicated to current and coming models for media distribution from newsmaking to music. We are all creating and consuming content at a frantic pace, and using tech all the time to do so, Lance Koonce, the workshops moderator said, by way of framing the conversation.

Different media have different revenue streams, said Chris Tse, founding director of Cardstack. And all of them are broken. The issue at hand is technology has claimed not only the media type, but also the audience and distribution.

Crypto and blockchain could contribute to a solution, though most of the featured guests were skeptical.

Speaking on the topic of misinformation, Kathryn Harrison, founder of the DeepTrust Alliance, cited a recent survey that found three-quarters of adults aren't sure they can accurately recognize fake news. And a plurality said misinformation impacts their trust in governments.

Theres no cryptographic solution, or new law, that could fix what is essentially a human problem, said Nadine Strossen, professor at New York Law School. But media literacy, fact checking and common sense are critical parts of any solution.

Tech works best if it can solve a small issue first, and then scale, said GiantSteps Medias Bill Rosenblatt. Quoting Jeffrey Moore, a tech market strategist, he said you need to solve a niche pain point problem for someone before you can go on and boil the ocean.

This ownership thing is a solution in search of a problem, Rosenblatt said, speaking about wide-ranging identity solutions intended to revamp the web. Like Juan Benets.

Web 3 is about creating a platform that is decentralized, that puts human rights foremost, and can build a much freer and open internet and lock it in place, Benet said.

The core principles of Web 3.0 are about ensuring freedom of speech and assembly, data ownership and self-sovereignty. If you sacrifice on these at the outset, give way just a bit on the vision, it cascades down into what will be built.

Blockchain and cryptocurrency have already changed the underlying guts and rails of major industries, Benet said. For instance, fleek is allowing people to spin up decentralized websites, while Audius is reshaping music streaming while maintaining a Web 2.0 quality user experience.

The idea that started with Bitcoin, of establishing financial freedoms, has extended to all kinds of other industries, reshaping the possibilities of a shared computing platform.

But theres a lot of work left to do.

And with that, we bid you adieu. Thanks for attending and reading.

The CoinDesk 50

The CoinDesk 50is an annual list celebrating the most important organizations in crypto. We've been announcing five nominees per day, and have highlightedBinance,Cosmos,Brave,Bitmain,MakerDAO,Besu,Silvergate Bank,Bitcoinand thePeoples Bank of Chinaas particularly noteworthy. Read the full listhere.

Money Reimagined

Earlier this week Former Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers claimed one of the problems with the current monetary system is too much privacy, at Consensus: Distributed. In his latest Money Reimagined newsletter, CoinDesks Chief Content Officer Michael Casey riffs on this theme.

Despite [the current] surveillance system, the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime estimates that between $800 billion and $2 trillion, or 2%-5% of global gross domestic product, is laundered annually worldwide. The Panama Papers case shows how the rich and powerful easily use lawyers, shell companies, tax havens and transaction obfuscation to get around surveillance. The poor are just excluded from the system, he writes.

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are likely to only exacerbate surveillance into our financial lives. Unless theyre built using protocols and cryptographic tools that enable both privacy and security.

Self-sovereign identity models and zero-knowledge proofs, for example, grant control over data to the individuals who generate it, allowing them to provide sufficient proof of a clean record without revealing sensitive personal information. But such innovations arent getting nearly enough attention, Casey said.

You can read his full take here, or get it in your inbox bysubscribing here.

Best Brella Background

Consensus Magazine

Excerpted fromThe Men Who Stare at Charts, Ben Munsters exploration of technical analysis and the people who promote it:

Charts tracking the price of bitcoin dominate six buzzing monitors in the third-floor office of a rotting, centuries-old tower block in the heart of Kiev. A pattern emerges among the shifting forms and shapes, and Brian a 33-year-old trader who asks we use only his first name reacts swiftly, punching his extemporaneous analysis into a chatbox on the messenger app Telegram. He has identified the distinctive downward twist of a falling wedge formation. To those in the know, that means: The price is going down at a diminishing rate, and should presently head moooooonwards.Get the full story

Jess Klein dives intoGeneration Crypto, an ageless, country-less and class-less augment cohort aligned by a belief in decentralization and skepticism of received wisdom. This excerpt from her eight part series follows Jesse Grushack The Burner co-founder of Ujo Music, the Ethereal festival and one of the main organizers of Node Republik, a Burning Man camp for ConsenSys workers and Ethereum enthusiasts.Read the series.

Jesse Grushack started mining bitcoin in 2010, using all of his computer power over the course of three days to come up with 1/200th of a penny. Despite the discouraging start, Grushacks interest in cryptocurrency didnt wane; when he learned about a company called ConsenSys in 2015 via the New York City Tech Slack channel, he got in touch and got a job. It was just a black website with the one-line description, A decentralized venture studio building applications primarily on Ethereum, he recalls, and I was like, wow, that means nothing.Read on.

Jeff Wilser profiles David Birch, inThe Man Who Forecast a Currency Cold War, excerpted below.

Fintech guru David Birch, a consultant and prolific speaker on the blockchain conference circuit, wrote "The Currency Cold War: Cash and Cryptography, Hash Rates and Hegemony," just in time for our global pandemic. He nailed the timing. For years Birch had his own pet theories about a clash of digital currencies. But that was just me, just some guy talking about it, he tells me in his British accent, which seems always on the verge of a sly joke. And who cares, you know?

Then came Jackson Hole.

In the fall of 2019, at a Jackson Hole, Wy., event Birch describes as a Burning Man for people who run central banks, the Governor of the Bank of England, Mark Carney, said that perhaps it was time for some form of synthetic hegemonic currency to deal with what he called the destabilizing dominance of the U.S. dollar.

This comment seemed to galvanize Birch. The Governor of the Bank of England is emphatically not just some guy, Birch says. He realized the Currency Cold War was not just his own pet theory it was imminent. It might already be happening. And it has consequences. Which currency would society choose? Would it be one or many?Read the full tale.

Virtual View

Media Diet

Central Banks Mull Creating a CBDC, but Not on a Blockchain: SurveyCentral banks in46 countries are considering creating a central bank digital currency(CBDC) using a constrained form of distributed ledger technology (DLT), according to a new survey. But they're leery of blockchain. Though only one unidentified "small African central bank would consider using a blockchain to support this digital currency "if found to be the best available platform."

Visa Patent Filing Would Allow Central Banks to Mint Digital Fiat Currencies Using BlockchainA new patent filingoutlines a system that would be able to mint digital fiat currencyand keep a tally of all issuances on the blockchain. Managed by a "central entity computer," the system would also remove physical cash from circulation.

Bequant Launches Crypto Prime Brokerage to Compete for Institutional MoneyDigital asset services firm Bequant launched aprime brokerage servicefor institutional clients to have easier access to liquidity, custody, lending and other products. Prime brokerage refers to a bundle of specialized services offered by investment banks and securities dealers to their hedge fund clients. Tagomi is the largest of the few prime brokers in crypto.

CZs Twitter Feed Swayed New CoinMarketCap Ranking That Put Binance on TopCoinMarketCap's new metricfocuses on web traffic, and eliminates a metric tracking wash trading, and giving its parent firm a perfect score.

J.K. Rowling Breaks #CryptoTwitter

The leader in blockchain news, CoinDesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. CoinDesk is an independent operating subsidiary of Digital Currency Group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups.

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Blockchain Bites: Last Day of Consensus, Will Crypto Save the Internet? - CoinDesk - CoinDesk