Long wait to reopen is over for Vancouver Island gyms Vancouver Island Free Daily – vancouverislandfreedaily.com

Arne Jackson couldnt help but feel anxious as his Anytime Fitness franchise in Sidney reopened Monday morning.

The whole thing is, you want to make sure that you have done everything that you possibly can to make people feel comfortable, he said. You want to make sure that people recognize that you have taken all these precautions. But then you are always thinking, Is there something else I could have done? What kind of reception are we going to get?

RELATED: Vancouver Islands fit folks wont let social distancing keep them from their workouts

The initial demand for Jacksons gym was tentative, with just a handful of people waiting outside the doors Monday morning. But as the day progressed, Jacksons anxiety started to drop as he began to receive positive feedback.

Im glad that the B.C. government had the vision to let us open at this stage, he said. Im very appreciative of them taking that step, and judging from the members reaction of being able to come back and work out again, I think most members will feel the same way that I do.

Among those that are happy to be given the opportunity to re-open are Jims Gym and Iron Warehouse, based in the Parksville-Qualicum area. Both had to close down like everyone else for more than two months due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

It hurt us, said Jim Miller, who is one of the owners of Jims Gym. Our expenses did not go down and we did not have any revenues. We did surive but there are other gyms that sadly are struggling to stay open. And I am sad to see that.

Meaghan Orcutt, who co-owns Iron Warehouse, also feels a lot better now that theyre open.

This is a second home for a lot of people and I know not everyone understands it but the gym is an essential service for some of us, said Orcutt.

But this feeling comes with caveats. For more than two months, the Sidney Anytime Fitness did not generate any revenue, far from ideal for any business, but even less so for a business that had only opened in the fall of 2019. Jackson was also not sure when the gym might reopen.

When the provincial government allowed gyms to reopen during this second phase of the pandemic recovery, Jackson found himself in a race against time.

So the week or week and a half prior to opening was a real panic to get all the measures in place, so that we could open for the 25th, he said.

RELATED: Fitness centres mull smaller classes, online lessons once studios are able open

For starters, a gym can only operate at 50 per cent of its maximum capacity.

Jims Gym now only allows 20 people inside every hour. To ensure the numbers are maintained, members are now asked to book their training day although drop-ins will be accepted if space is available.

To make sure that social distancing is followed, Miller said theyve moved some of the equipment out to create space that will allow members to train without compromising the social distancing protocols. The heavy equipment that are difficult to move like the threadmill have also been decommissioned to ensure appropriate physical distancing.

Its now easier for people to use the equipment without violating the one metre separation from other members, said Miller. Some weve moved to the front room where we can spread them out and some of them weve rented them out to members. It has given us more space.

Sidney Anytime Fitness measures include large Plexiglas dividers that separate pieces of equipment as well as create physical barriers in parts of the business. Signs urging users to maintain their physical distance and follow hygiene protocols appear throughout the business, and users must also come prepared to work out right away as the business is trying to minimize the use of the change room area.

The whole idea is to minimize how long people are in the gym, said Jackson.

The entire gym is also subject to a rigorous cleaning regime that uses disinfectant shown to kill the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as specialized equipment with which staff can reach every nook and cranny of equipment. Users must also undergo a tutorial and receive personalized cleaning supplies as they enter the facility.

In short, a lot of measures are in place and Jackson thinks they will be here for a while.

Those measures are going to continue, so its impacting us from a cost perspective, with additional staff, additional cleaning supplies, hand sanititizers, just the awareness programs it all costs money, he said.

RELATED: Stay fit, not sick: Experts encourages gym-goers to flex their cleanliness

Jackson said the long-term consequences of the lockdown on his business remain to be determined. We dont know how many members will want to continue to freeze their accounts, he said. For our members, we just froze their accounts, so that there is no payment taken out.

He added that for any members not ready to return, the business will continue to freeze their account. No one has to pay if they are not going to come back, he said.

If most clients retain their membership, two months of down time is bad but wont impact the business in the long-run. Jackson said he expects additional changes to the way in which gyms operate during the next phase of the restart.

But whether or not, we can go back to the way it was before may not happen until there is a vaccine, he said. That is a question even the provincial government would have to think about.

Jackson said the long-term impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the fitness industry depends on whether the novel virus that has caused the pandemic returns in the fall.

That is what everybody is thinking, he said. Come this fall, are we in for another round. I think that will have a major impact on all businesses, not just gyms, if that happens.

Jackson said the current pandemic figures for British Columbia generally and Vancouver Island specifically give him comfort. I think that peoples fears will subside if the numbers dont come back through the summer months. I think people will gain confidence and if that happens, if the numbers stay low, [gyms] are going to be OK.

Orcutt said making sure that members are comfortable coming back to the gym is her objective.

Our mental health is very important during this time so I needed to make sure people felt safe and comfortable coming back to their gym, said Orcutt, who added that since theyve opened everyone has been respectful and following social distancing protocols.

People are just happy to be back in the gym, she said.

RELATED: COVID-19s collateral damage will be our mental health

Anytime client Misha Sood certainly is. For Sood, Mondays reopening brought a sigh of relief.

I was so happy, she said. I was craving for it to be back and I feel safe.

Sood welcomed the various measures in place as something that not only benefits users like herself, but also others in the gym, including staff.

Im in the love with the staff, she said.

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wolfgang.depner@peninsulanewsreview.com

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Long wait to reopen is over for Vancouver Island gyms Vancouver Island Free Daily - vancouverislandfreedaily.com

Treason, 2nd Amendment claims borne of ignorance | News, Sports, Jobs – Maui News

A letter regarding the offense of treason and the Second Amendment demonstrated a woeful ignorance of the subjects.

Initially, the author erroneously claimed the House of Representatives has been sitting on recovery bill after recovery bill for the purpose of inserting what the author claims was leftist socialist provisions.

In fact, the Senate has submitted no bills to the House with respect to recovering from our current financial and health crisis which the House has refused to act upon. To the contrary, the House has passed something in the neighborhood of 400 bills since the Democrats resoundingly won control in 2018 that are sitting on Moscow Mitchs desk with no action.

The Senate, instead, has decided to take a break and not deal with pressing issues. Its main function has been to approve an astounding number of unqualified, ultra-conservative judges.

Next, the author claims this is treason. The United States Supreme Court has defined treason to require the country to be at war for the offense to occur.

Then the writer claims the Second Amendment authorizes citizens to apprehend and arrest toxic domestic enemies. The amendment states: A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed. Nothing in that language remotely suggests what the author claims.

We have all seen what happened recently in Georgia when three criminals chased down an unarmed jogger and murdered him while bearing arms. They now face first-degree murder charges.

Richard L. Rost

Makawao

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Treason, 2nd Amendment claims borne of ignorance | News, Sports, Jobs - Maui News

10 cases that could change how the Supreme Court looks at the Second Amendment – CNN

There are 10 cases waiting before the justices, and it only takes the agreement of four of the nine justices to vote to hear a case -- a low hurdle for the right-leaning Supreme Court seemingly eager to make a broad Second Amendment ruling.

Justice Clarence Thomas in 2018 complained that the lower courts were treating the Second Amendment right "cavalierly."

Jacob Charles, the executive director of the Center for Firearms Law at Duke Law School says it seems as though there are "at least" four justices eager to rule on a Second Amendment case, but that is no guarantee the court will make a sweeping ruling the way some conservatives hope.

"That means a court that is to the right of where it was in 2008, but the chief's position as the median may make him more cautious, seeking a narrower decision, with a more gradual approach to the Second Amendment," Charles said.

"Anybody reading what came out in the New York City case recently and just following the court and its changed makeup would have to say there's a high likelihood they are going to take up a Second Amendment case," said Eric Tirschwell, managing director of the pro-gun control group Everytown Law.

Ability to carry firearms outside the home

Five of the 10 cases the court is looking at ask justices to determine whether the Second Amendment allows the government to restrict the ability of citizens to carry a firearm outside the home to those with "good cause" or "justifiable need" to do so.

The law "effectively bars ordinary, law-abiding citizens from carrying handguns outside the home for self-defense," Paul Clement, a lawyer for Rogers, said in court papers. Clement is a former solicitor general under President George W. Bush.

Rogers' lawyers speak directly to the justices unhappy with how the 2008 ruling is being interpreted, arguing that the Supreme Court's review is necessary to "correct the decision of the court below essentially ignoring the clear holdings of Heller."

In court papers, New Jersey said it has not "banned carrying a firearm in public; instead, the State has carefully limited public carrying to those individuals with a need to do so."

"We hope the court will consider the issue of carry outside the home, as the lower courts have ignored existing Supreme Court precedent regarding the right to bear arms," said the NRA's Amy Hunter.

Assault-style Weapons

Two high profile cases on assault-style weapons sit before the justices involving challenges to state laws involving bans on certain semiautomatic firearms and high capacity magazines, one from Illinois and one from Massachusetts.

The court has ducked similar challenges on assault-style weapons limits before.

Other kinds of restrictions

The justices also have the potential to take a narrower approach.

At issue is whether the law violates the Second Amendment because it prohibits the manufacture or sale in California of some models of handguns that may be made or sold elsewhere, especially given the narrowing regulations impressed upon gun manufacturers.

While all sides are watching closely, there's no guarantees with anything involving the Supreme Court, however.

"When the court will take another gun case, what it will be, and what the court will decide is all guesswork," said Jonathan Lowy, chief counsel and vice president of pro-gun safety organization Brady: United Against Gun Violence. "They could grant cert in these cases as soon this week, or soon after, and we will be ready to ensure that Americans' right to life is not infringed upon by the gun industry."

Tirschwell says that Everytown is "optimistic" that even in a more conservative configuration, the court will uphold gun safety laws coming from state houses across the country.

"The bottom line is that is that the American public overwhelming supports gun safety laws and what we've seen over the last two years in statehouses across the country lawmakers are responding to that," he said. "So the gun lobby is looking to the courts."

CNN's Ariane de Vogue contributed to this report.

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10 cases that could change how the Supreme Court looks at the Second Amendment - CNN

Our Bill of Rights and the Second Amendment – Chatham Journal Weekly

by Cathy Wright

Pittsboro, NC I write in response to Andy Foshees post in the May 20, 2020 Chatham Chatlist, The Constitution & Bill of Rights.

He wrote: Digging deeper, I found the Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It spells out Americans rights in relation to their government. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual-like freedom of speech, press, and religion.

2 Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated militia.

I would like to add to Mr. Foshees comments:

The Bill of Rights does not grant rights to the people. The Bill of Rights is the list of the fundamental, inalienable rights, endowed in man by his Creator, that defines what it means to be a free and independent people. These rights exist to ensure that the government governs only with the consent of the people.

The Second Amendment states that *A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. *The Second Amendment protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms for defense of life and liberty. One should not ignore the Second Amendments reference to the right of the people, which also appears in the Fourth, Ninth, and Tenth Amendment, and the courts have ruled repeatedly that these rights belong to individuals.

For example:

In U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876), Presser v. Illinois (1886), Miller v. Texas (1894) and U.S. v. Miller (1939), the Supreme Court recognized that the amendment protects an individual right. It has never taken a different view. In District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Supreme Court heard its first case specifically centered on whether the amendment protects an individual right to arms. Gun control supporters advanced essentially the Salina argument, but the Court, consistent with its previous rulings in Second Amendment-related cases, ruled that the amendment protects an individual right to keep arms and to bear arms in case of confrontation, without regard to a persons relationship to a militia. In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the court extended the Second Amendments protection nationwide.

During the American Revolution the professional British soldiers were successfully harassed by the armed and determined citizens of the colonies, and our Founding Fathers were quick to attribute these victories to the right of the people to bear arms. James Madison wrote, Americans have the right and advantage of being armed unlike citizens of other countries whose governments are afraid to trust the people with arms. President George Washington said, A free people ought not only be armed, but disciplined. And, George Mason believed that the individual armed citizen was the key to protection against government excesses and defense of freedom when he said, I ask, sir, what is the militia? It is the whole people, except for a few public officials. (I just love that one!!) In the Federalist Papers (#46) James Madison referred to the militia, meaning every able-bodied citizen capable of bearing arms.

In the 1982 edition of the Journal of American History, historian Robert Shalhope wrote: When James Madison and his colleagues drafted the Bill of Rights they . Firmly believed in two distinct principles: (1) Individuals had the right to possess arms to defend themselves and their property, and (2) states retained the right to maintain militias composed of these individually armed citizens. Clearly, these men believed that the perpetuation of a republican spirit and character in their society depended upon the freemans possession of arms as well as his ability and willingness to defend both himself and his society.

And in my words, a government that does not trust honest, law-abiding citizens with the means of self-defense for themselves and their country, is not worthy of trust. May God bless America.

Cathy Wright is a Frontlines Activist LeaderNRA-Institute for Legislative ActionChatham County resident

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Our Bill of Rights and the Second Amendment - Chatham Journal Weekly

The Second Amendment is helping defend small businesses in the Minneapolis riots – Washington Examiner

The city of Minneapolis is burning.

Much of the media's attention has rightfully focused on how the protests-turned-riots undermine the justified outrage over George Floyd's cruel death at the hands of the police, and the unacceptable arrest of CNN reporters who were trying to cover the developments.

At the same time, these troubling developments should provide a renewed appreciation for the importance of the Second Amendment and how the right to self-defense uplifts minority groups in particular.

During the riots, many minority-owned Minneapolis businesses have unfortunately been looted or destroyed. In response, a number of responsible, law-abiding citizens, both black and white, have exercised their Second Amendment rights to protect their businesses.

"It's about damned time some heavily armed rednecks stood with fellow citizens," one pair said. "These guys are out here with machetes and shattered windows trying to keep looters out of their business because cops can't get in here. And so, you know, I figure, before there were cops there were just Americans ... so, here we are."

"Justice for Floyd, and I hope they stop looting at some point," the men, who are both white, finished. Behind them, you can see minority business owners engaged in similar self-defense posturing.

In a second video from the scene, we specifically see armed, law-abiding black men deployed peacefully outside their minority-owned businesses to protect them from looters and rioters.

These are just two examples of many.

So, despite all the dark news, it's worth remembering that the right to self-defense protects all Americans, not just white Christian Republicans, as some gun control activists would have you believe. In fact, gun control actually has a deeply racist history. All of this is worth remembering the next time so-called champions of minorities start calling for restrictions on the Second Amendment.

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The Second Amendment is helping defend small businesses in the Minneapolis riots - Washington Examiner

Sen. Daines will protect our 2nd Amendment rights – The Bozeman Daily Chronicle

Since our nation's founding, the right to defend your home, your family, and your property has been essential to the preservation of our rights and freedoms. Here in Montana, our right to keep and bear arms is an integral piece of our state's history of self-reliance and independence. But for years now, liberal politicians have been fighting to chip away at those freedoms. Red Flag laws, background checks on law-abiding citizens, and arbitrary weapons bans have been enacted around the country, and Democrats are calling for them to be mandated by the federal government.

Now more than ever, we need someone who will keep up the fight to protect our Second Amendment rights - and that person is Sen. Daines. Last week Daines received an A+ rating from the NRA - the highest grade a politician can receive for their defense of our Second Amendment. Gov. Bullock, on the other hand, should get a failing grade. His run for president showed his true colors on guns through his support of semi-automatic weapon bans and universal background checks on Montanans who follow the law. If we want to preserve our Second Amendment rights as Montanans and Americans - there is no better candidate than Sen. Steve Daines.

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Sen. Daines will protect our 2nd Amendment rights - The Bozeman Daily Chronicle

Tetraphase Announces Second Amendment to Merger Agreement with AcelRx Pharmaceuticals for Increased Consideration – BioSpace

WATERTOWN, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- TetraPhase Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq:TTPH), a biopharmaceutical company focused on commercializing its novel tetracycline XERAVATM (eravacycline for injection) to treat serious and life-threatening infections, today announced that it has entered into a second amendment to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 15, 2020, asamended on May 27, 2020, to which the Company is a party with AcelRx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (AcelRx) and its merger subsidiary (the Merger Agreement), to increase the consideration payable to Tetraphase shareholders.

Under the amended Merger Agreement, Tetraphase stockholders will receive, for each share of Tetraphase common stock, (1) $0.5872 in cash and 0.7409 of a share of AcelRx common stock, representing approximately $1.70 in upfront per share value, based on the closing price of AcelRxs common stock as of the close of trading on May 28, 2020, in each case subject to downward adjustment in the event that the Companys closing net cash is less than $5.0 million, and (2) one contingent value right (CVR), which would entitle the holders to receive potential aggregate payments of up to $16.0 million in cash upon the achievement of certain future XERAVA net sales milestones starting in 2021. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement prior to the second amendment, upon the consummation of the transaction, Tetraphase stockholders were entitled to receive for each share of Tetraphase common stock, (1) $0.2434 in cash and 0.7217 of a share of AcelRx common stock, in each case subject to downward adjustment in the event that the Companys closing net cash is less than $5.0 million, and (2) one CVR, which would have entitled the holders to receive potential aggregate payments of up to $14.5 million in cash or AcelRx stock, at AcelRxs option upon the achievement of future XERAVA net sales milestones starting in 2021.

AcelRx proposed the second amendment to the Merger Agreement in response to a proposal from Melinta Therapeutics, Inc. (Melinta), on May 27, 2020, to acquire Tetraphase for $34.0 million in cash (or $1.52 per share of Tetraphase common stock), plus an additional $16.0 million in cash potentially payable under CVRs upon the achievement of certain future XERAVA net sales milestones starting in 2021.

The boards of directors of Tetraphase and AcelRx have each approved the second amendment to the Merger Agreement. Tetraphases board of directors has determined that as a result of the second amendment to the Merger Agreement with AcelRx, Melintas proposal is not superior and recommends the Merger Agreement, as amended by the amendment, to its stockholders.

Based on the closing price of AcelRx stock on May 28, 2020, the total upfront consideration to be received by Tetraphase equityholders is valued at approximately $37.0 million, with approximately $18.7 million of this amount allocated to the Companys outstanding common stock warrants. In the merger, Tetraphase stockholders would also be entitled to receive, for each share of Tetraphase common stock, one non-tradeable CVR, the holders of which will be entitled to receive potential payments of up to an additional $16.0 million in cash in the aggregate upon the achievement of net sales of XERAVA in the United States, payable as follows: (i) $2.5 million upon annual net sales of $20.0 million during 2021, (ii) $4.5 million upon annual net sales of $35.0 million during any year ending on or before December 31, 2024 and (iii) $9.0 million upon annual net sales of $55.0 million during any year ending on or before December 31, 2024.

The special meeting of Tetraphases stockholders to approve the pending transaction is scheduled for June 8, 2020. The transaction is expected to close in June 2020, subject to specified closing conditions, including Tetraphase having a minimum amount of net cash as of the closing and approval by Tetraphase stockholders. Upon the closing of the transaction, Tetraphase will become a privately held company and shares of Tetraphases common stock will no longer be listed on any public market. Subject to certain limited exceptions, the CVRs will be non-transferable.

Janney Montgomery Scott LLC is acting as financial advisor to Tetraphase and Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP is acting as legal advisor.

About Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biopharmaceutical company using its proprietary chemistry technology to develop and commercialize novel tetracyclines for serious and life-threatening conditions, including bacterial infections caused by many multidrug-resistant, or MDR, bacteria. There is a medical need for new antibiotics as resistance to existing antibiotics increases. The companys commercial product, XERAVATM (eravacycline), a fully synthetic fluorocycline, is an intravenous, or IV, antibiotic that is approved for use as a first-line empiric monotherapy for the treatment of MDR infections, including those found in complicated intra-abdominal infections, or cIAI.

Additional Information and Where to Find it

In connection with the proposed transaction between Tetraphase and AcelRx, AcelRx filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC) the Registration Statement containing a document constituting a prospectus of AcelRx and a proxy statement of Tetraphase. The Registration Statement was declared effective by the SEC on April 24, 2020, and Tetraphase commenced mailing the definitive proxy statement/prospectus to stockholders of Tetraphase on April 28, 2020. Tetraphase and AcelRx also plan to file other relevant documents with the SEC regarding the proposed transaction. Investors and security holders are urged to read the definitive proxy statement/prospectus and other relevant documents filed with the SEC carefully and in their entirety because they contain important information.

Investors and security holders can obtain free copies of the proxy statement/prospectus and other documents filed with the SEC by Tetraphase or AcelRx through the web site maintained by the SEC at http://www.sec.gov. In addition, investors and security holders can obtain free copies of the proxy statement/prospectus from Tetraphase by written request to Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 480 Arsenal Way, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, Attn: Secretary or by calling (617) 715-3600.

No Offer or Solicitation

This press release does not constitute an offer to sell, or the solicitation of an offer to buy, any securities, nor a solicitation of any vote or approval, with respect to the proposed transaction or otherwise. No offering of securities shall be made except by means of a prospectus meeting the requirements of Section 10 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and otherwise in accordance with applicable law.

Participants in the Solicitation

Tetraphase and its directors and executive officers may be deemed to be participants in the solicitation of proxies from Tetraphase stockholders in respect of the transactions contemplated by the AcelRx Merger Agreement. Information about Tetraphases directors and executive officers is included in Tetraphases Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, which was filed with the SEC on March 12, 2020. Other information regarding the participants in the solicitation of proxies in respect of the transactions contemplated by the AcelRx Merger Agreement, and a description of their direct and indirect interests, by security holdings or otherwise, will be contained in any registration statement, prospectus, proxy statement and other relevant materials to be filed with the SEC if and when they become available.

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements in this press release contain various forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those regarding the transactions contemplated by the AcelRx Merger Agreement, the expected timetable for completing the transaction with AcelRx, future financial and operating results, benefits and synergies of the transactions, future opportunities for the combined company and any other statements about future expectations, plans and prospects for Tetraphase. The words anticipate, believe, continue, could, estimate, expect, intend, may, plan, potential, predict, project, should, target, would and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in these forward-looking statements: the risk that the transactions contemplated by the AcelRx Merger Agreement may not be completed in a timely manner, or at all, which may adversely affect Tetraphases business and the price of its common stock; the failure to satisfy all of the closing conditions of the transactions contemplated by the AcelRx Merger Agreement, including the approval of the AcelRx Merger Agreement by Tetraphases stockholders; the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstance that could give rise to the termination of the AcelRx Merger Agreement; the effect of the announcement or pendency of the transactions contemplated by the AcelRx Merger Agreement on Tetraphases business, operating results, and relationships with customers, suppliers, competitors and others; risks that the transactions contemplated by the AcelRx Merger Agreement may disrupt Tetraphases current plans and business operations; risks related to the diverting of managements attention from Tetraphases ongoing business operations; the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against Tetraphase related to the AcelRx Merger Agreement or the transactions contemplated by the AcelRx Merger Agreement; risks relating to Tetraphases ability to successfully commercialize XERAVA; concerns with or threats of, or the consequences of, pandemics, contagious diseases or health epidemics, including COVID-19; general economic and market conditions and the risk factors set forth under the caption Risk Factors in Tetraphases Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on May 7, 2020 and in any other subsequent filings made by Tetraphase with the SEC. Any forward-looking statements contained in this press release speak only as of the date hereof, and Tetraphase specifically disclaims any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

View source version on businesswire.com: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200529005335/en/

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Tetraphase Announces Second Amendment to Merger Agreement with AcelRx Pharmaceuticals for Increased Consideration - BioSpace

Minnesota and Michigan show that we are living in a Hobbesian state of nature – Bryan-College Station Eagle

The union representing Minneapolis Police Officers has long felt that the democratically elected mayor, Jacob Frey, should not be the boss of them. Across the country, armed insurgent demonstrators have expressed similar feelings about their governors: In Michigan, a gang with assault weapons drove the state senators to abandon the capitol. Turns out, in uniform or out, white men with guns can pose a real problem for old-fashioned representative government. In attitudes and political loyalties, a scary number of the people professing to defend the government look more like the problem than the solution.

Just six months ago, Frey issued an order forbidding police officers from wearing their uniforms on the podium at political events. This angered Police Federation of Minneapolis union President Bob Kroll, a President Donald Trump supporter who was set to take the stage alongside Trump at a Minneapolis rally in November. More recently, Frey terminated the warrior-style police training program called "killology," a system linked to the earlier killing of black Minneapolis citizen Philando Castile. The mayor's directive about how his city's police should be trained was "illegal," Kroll announced; the union chief committed to continue teaching police how to apply lethal force to the population that employed them. The officers keep reelecting him. When he retires next year, his second-in-command is set to succeed him.

This sense of revolt among uniformed officers - a distrust of the very state they pledge to protect and serve - has been growing. Police officers are more invested in gun rights than the public is, 74% to 53%; two-thirds of the public support bans on assault weapons, while only one-third of police surveyed do, according to Pew. Cops prefer politicians who give them complete, unquestioned license: members of the NYPD routinely turn their backs on New York Mayor Bill de Blasio, when he appears at occasions like slain officers' funerals. Kroll says his union supported Trump because, while President Barack Obama embraced "the handcuffing and oppression of police," Trump "let cops do their job." The Fraternal Order of Police, the largest and oldest police union, has often endorsed the more conservative candidate in each election since it backed George Wallace in 1968. (The FOP didn't endorse a presidential candidate in 2012.)

Why weren't the officers of the law deployed more effectively when armed opponents of stay-at-home orders chased elective officeholders out of town? Where were they when protesters gathered, from coast to coast, in blatant disregard of the quarantine orders? The answer may lie in the many ways that members of law enforcement hold attitudes that are more like contemporary Second Amendment activists than those of defenders of the state.

This may look like politics as usual in the era of the conservative revival. Since the controversy over the FBI's raid on the heavily armed Branch Davidian religious compound in Waco, Texas, in 1993 during the Clinton administration, the federal government has been skittish about deploying force in face of armed resistance. When rancher Ammon Bundy and his allies occupied government lands in Oregon to protest the imprisonment of ranchers for arson on public land, federal officials during the Obama administration did nothing to force them out; eventually, Trump pardoned Bundy. A conservative majority of Supreme Court Justices created an almost limitless Second Amendment doctrine in support of maximum gun distribution and reversed the half-century of federal voting rights enforcement. The armed resistance in Lansing followed Trump's tweet to "LIBERATE MICHIGAN."

It was not supposed to be like this. When people stopped believing that God had picked the ruler and were starting to think about why we have governments, they figured this out. In a state of nature, without collective institutions like government, people would be - as the defiant Michiganders are - scary. Greedy, proud and fearful, they would kill each other for their crops, or to prove they were just as good as the smarter kid, or because they were afraid the others would kill them first. Life would be, as philosopher Thomas Hobbes famously suggested, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. Better to get together and contract to make a government to protect us all from each other. Follow-on thinkers soon added the requirement that government must not make matters worse, either. The English, and then others, began establishing governments that satisfied these tests.

The social contract state has two salient features, and both are jettisoned when armed resisters take over a capitol building and a police union defies a ban on "killology" training. The government is inherently equal, as each person is as threatening and as possessed of human rights, as any other in the imagined state of nature. However imperfect, elected representative government manifests that inherent equality. And the elected government must have a meaningful monopoly on the use of force. Otherwise it cannot protect us from each other.

When the gun-toting protesters openly walked into the Michigan statehouse and the Senate vacated the chamber in face of future threats, egalitarian representative government surrendered to the rule of the strong. Threatening death and brandishing death, both in the form of firearms and the often unmasked contagion, the demonstrators proved how potent was the threat of anarchy and how fragile the contract that had contained it for so long. When the police establish their own killology-driven order, the democratically elected government similarly loses its monopoly on force, and mayors sit by, wringing their hands while the unelected police take over the role of the state.

Cellphone cameras play a big role in revealing the deep lawlessness in some areas of law enforcement, but those revelations began 30 years ago with the filmed beating of Rodney King. The persistence of the uniformed revolt and the retreat before the coronavirus protesters are just the most recent in a long retreat from the experiment in self-government. With a critical election looming, the prospect is ominous.

Hirshman is author of "Reckoning: The Epic Battle Against Sexual Harassment and Abuse."

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Minnesota and Michigan show that we are living in a Hobbesian state of nature - Bryan-College Station Eagle

Black Civilians Arm Themselves To Protest Racial Violence and Protect Black-Owned Businesses – Reason

In the wake of the police-involved death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, armed black activists have stepped up as the city endures protests, riots, and looting.

A video of a group of armed black residents in St. Paul went viral on Thursday. The video shows armed black men standing in front of a store. The person who is recording says that the business they're protecting is black-owned. A black gunman can be seen in the background of another video featuring civilians protecting a store.

The armed civilians aren't just protecting property. They're also using their Second Amendment rights to bolster their First Amendment right to protest.

A man who calls himself The Official Grand Master Jay (it's unclear whether this is a nickname or just a social media handle) leads a group called the Not Fucking Around Coalition (NFAC), a black group that he says is compromised of "ex military shooters," and he's been using his social media accounts to showcase his group's armed protests in the wake of Floyd's death. NFAC previously gathered in the Georgia neighborhood where Ahmaud Arbery was shot and killed by two white residents while unarmed and out jogging.

In a clip from one of his livestreamed discussions, The Official Grand Master Jay touted the power of armed protests by speaking about an encounter with officers that ended peacefully.

Other armed protesters have recently made headlines for defending their beliefs. After protesters advocating for the reopening of the economy following COVID-19 lockdowns swarmed the Michigan Capitol, a group of concerned black residents organized the armed escort of black state legislator Sarah Anthony in response. Several in the group carried rifles as they walked her safely to the building.

The arrival of militia members and armed private citizens is to be expected in cities where there is intense fallout from fatal use-of-force incidents. Black activists, some inspired by the likes of Malcolm X and theBlack Panthers, are using their guns to remind the public that they, too, have a voice.

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May 31 Council Votes to Cut Costs of Surface Parking Lot Lease for New Arena, a Hot Topic at Thursday’s Marathon City Council Meeting – Savannah…

May 31, 2020 After a 2 hour work session, and a five minute dinner break, the Savannah City Council met Thursday evening from 6:30 p.m. until almost midnight with a jam-packed agenda.

One of the night's hottest topics was a proposal to amend the existing lease that the DeLoach administration signed last year with the Tanenbaum family of Savannah to lease a surface parking lot in the area of the new city Arena.

The Council was presented the background on a proposed contract amendment for their consideration during their afternoon Work Session, followed by an almost hour discussion during the evening session, before finally voting.

The current construction plans for the Arena includes an attached 2,000 vehicle parking garage, which will afford acts and teams to unload during rain or hot sun, and to insure that disabled attendees can be dropped off or can park with covered access to the arena. But, thats 400 spaces short from what city officials now believe will the number of total parking spots needed to have a successful arena business.

The lease initially signed by the DeLoach administration was for a 5-year lease at $696,000 per year. The surface parking lot will require with arena attendees to cross a short bridge over the historic Ogeechee Canal. The terms of that deal also forgave the property owners from having to pay property taxes.

Mayor Van Johnson stated during deliberations that he had always had concerns about the deal including paying no property taxes, as well as the annual cost. Alderwoman-at-Large Kesha Gibson-Carter stated on her Friday night Facebook Live posting that she had also questioned the deal, in meetings with City Manager Pat Monahan.

According to Bret Bell, Deputy City Manager, who has working for the past several months on options for a better deal, the lease had a final deadline for amendments by May 31, and he stated that the property owners had other potential buyers, adding that he felt it was important not to lose this parking lot option. Alderman Detric Leggett, however, told Bell that he was very unhappy to be presented the options to change the lease with a gun to our heads with a decision needed that night.

The amended lease proposal before Council Thursday evening included reducing the annual rate down to $525,000 a year, and that the property would remain on the property tax rolls. However, it would be for a 10-year commitment. Johnson state that he supported the deal, to both save money, and to give the City time for the arena to be completed and to assess parking needs.

Bell presented facts on the walking distance, that it would be similar to the distance people walk now attend events at the Trade & Convention Center on Hutchinson Island, which only has a surface parking lot.

District 1 Alderwoman Bernetta Lanier, who represents the residents living around the arena project, said that she was concerned about the city using a surface lot which were not positive for the environment due to water run-off.

Bell then walked the Council through other options they had considered. The City owns several other lots in the immediate area of the arena on which a second garage could be built, but the cost for the surface lot was one-fifth the cost of building a parking garage,according to Bell, and the city would also be giving up one of its remaining pieces of land that could either be used for other purposes in the future, or could sold off after the arena was completed.

It has always been explained to the public that the new arena would be an economic engine for the citys Westside, part of what is termed the Canal District," with a projection that there will be significant private investment in the area and increasing land values.

And, Bell reminded Lanier that the only city-owned lot that was large enough for a second garage would be right up against one of the neighborhoods in the area. The City made a commitment to the residents that we would not do that, he said. And, he added that the only way to enter and access that potential garage would be through the neighborhood streets, also an unacceptable option, he felt.

Options for parking for the arena has been vetted for years, going back to May 2016 when the Savannah City Council heard the final report of the nationally-respected sport arena consulting firm Barrett Sports Group, LLC which was hired to study the citys arena facility needs.

The firm was asked to look at whether the current Savannah Civic Center could be modified for modern and projected future needs; to study the Savannah and regional market and interest in events, concerts and/or a sports team that would be interested in utilizing an Savannah arena if they city had one with a larger capacity; and to recommend the optimal size arena for the city to build to have a viable business model.

Barrett Sports Group recommended an arena that could seat between 8,500 9,500 people; had 12-15 luxury suites; had 350 to 400 Club Seats; and had 2,750 to 3,000 parking spaces. Their recommendation at that time for building premium seating inventory assumed an anchor minor league tenant.

Since that time, however, transportation options have changed with the growth of Uber and Lyft, etc. City officials now project the need for only 2,400 parking spaces.

Barrett Groups Report on Required Parking Spots

From the beginning of plans to build a new arena for Savannah, parking near the proposed arena was always envisioned to consist of surface parking lots on-site, adjacent to Stiles Avenue, and adjacent to Gwinnett Street.

In the Barrett Groups May 2016, they firm stated that the total parking needed for the maximum capacity of the arena was based on several assumptions: one space per three seats in the arena for attendees; 5% of attendees for an event using public transit options; 5% of attendees walking or biking; one space per twenty seats for employees w/2people in a vehicle; 13% of employees using public transit; and 7% of arena employees walking or biking to their job. In all, Barrett projected the need of 2,976 parking spaces for a successful arena.

Of the three lots planned for the immediate area adjacent to the arena, the main lot accesses from Stiles just north of the arena can accommodate 390 vehicles; The City employee lot on the south side of Gwinnett Street can accommodate approximately 190 spaces and the City property on the northwest corner of Stiles Avenue and Gwinnett St. can accommodate 340 vehicles for a total of 920 spaces; The nearby church parking lot has been estimated to potentially hold 200 parking spaces; and this leaves a deficit of approximately 1,856 parking spaces that will be needed for the arena.

To address the needed 1,856 parking spaces, they presented a number of options: Utilize adjacent City-owned and private properties for surface parking. With a parking deficit of 1,856 spaces and a parking yield of approximately 75 spaces per acre, it would require approximately 25 acres of property to accommodate the needed spaces, the Barrett report states.

The City owns approximately 27 acres of vacant property north of the arena, but there are wetlands on the property that would be impacted for the construction of surface

There is vacant private property east and south of the property that could be used for surface

Parking. Some of this property is contaminated and the balance is listed for sale. Further investigation would be required on the contaminated parcels, the Barrett Group states.

Option 2 was stated to be to build a six level parking deck on the proposed surface parking lot north of the arena, which would provide 1,856 spaces at a projected cost of $27,840,000, which is $15,000 per space.

Prices range from $13,000-$17,000/space and decrease with larger parking decks. Ingress and egress points to the parking deck would be significantly less than multiple parking

Option 3 was to use existing parking facilities in the downtown area with increased mass transit. The biggest advantage to this option is it is the most cost effective because existing

infrastructure is being utilized, but they added, There is currently a parking deficit in downtown Savannah, particularly the western portion. Remote parking facilities such as Hutchinson Island and lands to the west would be required to make up the deficit.

The City opted to build a parking garage that is designed to hold 2,000 cars, which puts them 900+ spaces short.

The Second Amendment to the Land Lease for the Arena Parking Lot was approved 5-4 with Mayor Pro-Tem Shabazz and Alderwomen Kesha GibsonCarter, Alicia Miller Blakely, and Bernetta Lanier voting no.

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May 31 Council Votes to Cut Costs of Surface Parking Lot Lease for New Arena, a Hot Topic at Thursday's Marathon City Council Meeting - Savannah...

Louisiana Bill may flip the Script in Favor of the Second Amendment and Churches – AmmoLand Shooting Sports News

Image courtesy Dean Weingarten

U.S.A. -(AmmoLand.com)- Louisiana is one of a few states which ban guns in churches but allow church leaders to allow guns on a case by case basis. According to Concealed Carry.com, as of 2018, there were ten states and the District of Columbia with this policy of religious discrimination against churches that approve of an armed population.

The laws in states that ban guns in church are a way to demonize guns. They fairly scream: Guns Bad! Good People Don't Have Guns!

The states which have such laws are listed at concealedcarry.com.

They are Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, and South Carolina.

The District of Columbia has a similar law!? And with the exception of the District of Columbia, the ban on guns in church, without special permission, are in pro-Second Amendment states.

North Dakota, Missouri, Arkansas, and Mississippi are Constitutional Carry states. Louisiana, Georgia, Ohio, and South Carolina have shall-issue concealed carry permits.

In most states, the carry of guns in churches is treated the same as on other private property.

My church, in Arizona, actively accepts armed worshipers. Many attendees carry openly.

In colonial America, some colonies required worshipers to bring arms to church.

The Louisiana bill, HB 334, would flip the script back toward the traditional position, with guns having an accepted, honored place in American life. If you have a problem with that, it is allowed, but it is *your* problem, not the problem of American society.

To Terrys dismay a series of gun bills passed the house Friday. One House 334 would allow those who have a concealed carry permit to carry a concealed handgun into a church.

There is too much murder and violence and particularly gun violence that goes on right now without exacerbating that by arming our citizenry and encouraging that, said Terry.

That phrasing indicates guns need to be allowed to be in Church, not that carrying guns is a Constitutional right, and particular churches are allowed to ban guns on their private property if they wish to do so. The quote sets the stage. Guns are Bad!

It is the script which progressive have been pushing in the United States for nearly 100 years.

The assumption, under English and American law, is everything which is not forbidden is allowed. The progressive assumption is the opposite: everything which is not allowed is forbidden.

The American traditional assumption encourages innovation and tolerance. The individual is mostly in charge of their own life. The progressive assumption is the government knows best and should make our decisions for us.

To be fair, the progressive assumption has changed from endorsing Christian morality up until about 1965 to endorsing pagan or Roman sexual mores or lack of constraints after 1965. At the moment, the progressive ideal seems to attack traditional Christian sexual morality, the idea of the family, marriage, and, it must be said, motherhood.

Progressive policy has come to promote sexual activity without limit or responsibility, essentially the sexual morality in Aldous Huxley's Brave New World.

Single women vote Democrat by large percentages.

Banning guns in churches is another way for leftists to enforce their vision of what is acceptable and what is not.

Republican legislators are likely to give him that decision.

About Dean Weingarten:

Dean Weingarten has been a peace officer, a military officer, was on the University of Wisconsin Pistol Team for four years, and was first certified to teach firearms safety in 1973. He taught the Arizona concealed carry course for fifteen years until the goal of Constitutional Carry was attained. He has degrees in meteorology and mining engineering, and retired from the Department of Defense after a 30 year career in Army Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation.

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Louisiana Bill may flip the Script in Favor of the Second Amendment and Churches - AmmoLand Shooting Sports News

Its Trumps pick vs. Trump loyalist in bid to unseat the Lehigh Valleys congresswoman – lehighvalleylive.com

Republicans in Pennsylvanias 7th Congressional District will decide Tuesday who they want to run against U.S. Rep. Susan Wild, the incumbent Democrat who is seeking a second two-year term.

The GOP candidates, Lisa Scheller and Dean Browning, have had to wage unconventional campaigns as the threat of the COVID-19 coronavirus illness has all but nixed traditional ways to meet voters.

Theyre not going door to door because they dont want to be in contact with people, theyre not going to even like any spaghetti dinners or any firemens nights, said Lee Snover, chairwoman of the Northampton County Republican Committee. So no ones meeting them.

Both candidates spoke with lehighvalleylive.com this week for this look at who they are, their top concerns and what their goals would be if elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. The PA-07 district covers Lehigh, Northampton and southern Monroe counties.

Scheller and Browning also touched on how they're getting their word out.

Browning, who fell short in the Lehigh Valley's 2018 congressional primary to Marty Nothstein before Wild went on to victory, said he had counted on "what I view as my strength, which is my ground game -- going door to door, going to events ... and of course toward the end of March all of that was put on hold."

He's turned to phone calls and "lit drops," where campaign staff wearing masks and socially distancing themselves have been dropping off literature about Browning at voters' homes.

"Certainly the pandemic has had an impact on campaigning," Scheller said, noting she misses the grassroots campaigning she's been involved in. She's been doing phone calls, as well as doing outreach with groups via Zoom, she said.

"It's made it very difficult," she said. "I do spend a lot of time on the phone calling people."

Both Scheller and Browning are former Lehigh County commissioners. Here is a closer look at their candidacies.

Lisa Scheller is running for the Republican nomination in Pennsylvania's June 2, 2020, primary election to face Democratic incumbent U.S. Rep. Susan Wild in November in the 7th Congressional District covering Lehigh, Northampton and Monroe counties.Courtesy photo | For lehighvalleylive.com

Scheller is coming into Tuesdays election as President Donald Trumps favorite in the race, having picked up his endorsement a week ago.

She is chairwoman and president of Silberline Manufacturing, the business owned by her family where shes worked since 1987 and which she took control of following the death of her brother in 1998. The company has its global headquarters in Tamaqua in Schuylkill County, where Scheller grew up; it makes aluminum-based pigments for the automotive and other industries.

"The No. 1 issue facing Americans and facing Pennsylvanians in PA-07 right now is jobs and the economy," Scheller said. "As a business owner myself, I understand the struggle that people are going through with this coronavirus."

After the initial, necessary focus on keeping safe, Scheller said her first priority in office would be to work with the president to help put America back on track and back to work.

Since the coronavirus crisis began in March, Pennsylvanias unemployment rate has reached an unprecedented 15.1% and Lehigh and Northampton counties have seen nearly 80,000 people file initial claims for unemployment compensation.

Schellers other key issues, she said, are expanding education opportunities without financially burdening those who can least afford it, opposing abortion, supporting Second Amendment rights, securing the nations borders and opposing so-called sanctuary cities that refuse to assist in federal crackdowns on illegal immigration. With 38 years of continuing recovery from drug addiction, she also wants to take on opioid addiction, expanding on the Hope and Coffee shop she opened in Tamaqua with a mission of eliminating the stigma for those battling addiction.

"I'm running for U.S. Congress to be the voice of Pa.'s 7th District in Washington, and really to protect the American dream for generations to come," Scheller said.

That dream is threatened by government overreach, she said, pointing as an example to government attempts to manage health care through the Affordable Care Act of 2010. Obamacare, as its known, has been under attack throughout the Trump Administration. Moving to Medicare for All, as some Democrats advocate, would further impact costs and accessibility, Scheller says.

Scheller says she's not a politician, that she's an engineer and business owner who got involved in politics because she wanted to lower Lehigh County's taxes.

She is a divorced mother of two grown children, Leo and Zary, and lives in Allentown.

Dean Browning is running for the Republican nomination in Pennsylvania's June 2, 2020, primary election to face Democratic incumbent U.S. Rep. Susan Wild in November in the 7th Congressional District covering Lehigh, Northampton and Monroe counties.Courtesy photo | For lehighvalleylive.com

The very simple reason that Im running is I believe that America is a great country, and Im running to be an ally of Mr. Trump and be someone he can absolutely count on as he battles to keep America great, Browning said.

The candidate committed to helping to push Trumps agenda through Congress, working first to repair the economy from the impacts of the coronavirus fight. He says that damage is growing worse the longer the shutdown continues.

I understand the closing down to quote flatten the curve, Browning said, "... but my view is were well beyond that.

Browning said he supports a payroll tax holiday that would give workers a nearly 8% raise by suspending contributions of 6.2% for Social Security and 1.45% for Medicare/Medicaid, while saving employers a comparable amount on their own contributions.

"The second area that I want to work with and support the president on is reducing the critical threat from China," said Browning, who sees two avenues toward that objective. One is the military, for which he supports expanded investments in training and technology, and the second is the economy: "We need to start returning vital manufacturing back to the United States."

"They are not interested in being a responsible member of the world community," Browning said. "They are interested in being the dominant member of the world economy."

"The third area I want to work with the president on is finishing the wall," Browning said, going on to say he'd work to secure the southern border and eliminate federal funding for sanctuary cities and counties as part of a plan to reduce illegal immigration.

Returning to his support for the military, Browning called for an overhaul of the Veterans Administration that he says is using an antiquated system and suffering from a shortage of doctors. "A disgrace" is how he described the medical care afforded to veterans.

Brownings other main focus would be to make health care more affordable and put individuals and families in charge of their health care decisions, not insurance companies or the government. He sees the need for more competition through transparency, so patients know how the amount theyre paying for care compares to that being charged to someone on Medicare or Medicaid or who is uninsured. As for Medicare for All, he points to the VA system for an advanced look at what that would mean.

"To me, Medicare for All would just wind up being mediocre care for all," Browning said.

Browning, of South Whitehall Township, is retired from a career as an executive with Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of the Lehigh Valley, Harvel Plastics and New World Aviation.

He and his wife, Cheryl, have been married 32 years. They own three German shorthaired pointers.

Our journalism needs your support. Please subscribe today to lehighvalleylive.com.

Kurt Bresswein may be reached at kbresswein@lehighvalleylive.com.

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Its Trumps pick vs. Trump loyalist in bid to unseat the Lehigh Valleys congresswoman - lehighvalleylive.com

Behe Vindicated Again: Sherpas Climb Everest Easier, Because Darwin Devolves – Discovery Institute

How can Tibetans survive high altitudes that leave lowlanders gasping? The answer is found in broken genes. A new paper on the Tibetan genome vindicates what Michael Behe said in Darwin Devolves: evolution breaks things, but sometimes, like in the case of polar bears, the result can allow organisms to thrive in specific environments. Yes, this follows on the heels of last weeks Behe vindication; see here.

A team of 16 scientists, writing in PNAS, sought to understand the genetic basis for Tibetan high-altitude adaptation in more detail. Tibetans and Nepalese, many of whom serve as guides for lowlanders wanting to conquer Mount Everest, routinely carry heavy burdens at altitudes above 14,000 feet, the average elevation on the Tibetan plateau. In its entry on Sherpa people, Wikipedia notes,

Many Sherpa are highly regarded as elite mountaineers and experts in their local area. They were immeasurably valuable to early explorers of the Himalayan region, serving as guides at the extreme altitudes of the peaks and passes in the region, particularly for expeditions to climb Mount Everest. Today, the term is often used by foreigners to refer to almost any guide or climbing supporter hired for mountaineering expeditions in the Himalayas, regardless of their ethnicity. Because of this usage, the term has become a slang byword for a guide or mentor in other situations. Sherpas are renowned in the international climbing and mountaineering community for their hardiness, expertise, and experience at very high altitudes. [Emphasis added.]

This sounds like a study in the evolution of higher fitness. Wikipedia goes on to say,

Released in 2010 by U.C. Berkeley, a study identified more than 30 genetic factors that make Tibetans bodies well-suited for high-altitudes, including EPAS1, referred to as the super-athlete gene which regulates the bodys production of hemoglobin, allowing for greater efficiency in the use of oxygen.

The news from UC Berkeley about the paper, however, does not specify any random mutation that causes super-athletes to be born in the competition for survival, but rather that the super-athlete gene was named because some variants of the gene are associated with improved athletic performance. Association is not causation. Those variants already existed in the human genome. Wikipedias misleading statement that 30 genetic factors that make Tibetans bodies well-suited needs to be qualified:

The genome-wide comparison, performed by evolutionary biologists at the University of California, Berkeley, uncovered more than 30 genes with DNA mutations that have become more prevalent in Tibetans than Han Chinese, nearly half of which are related to how the body uses oxygen. One mutation in particular spread from fewer than 10 percent of the Han Chinese to nearly 90 percent of all Tibetans.

Nowhere in the two papers published in this 2010 study did the authors establish that beneficial mutation(s) and positive natural selection actually conferred the high-altitude adaptation.1,2 Their measures of positive selection are inferences relying on the assumption, if a gene persists, it must be under positive selection whether or not it shows any benefit to the organism. Even if an adaptation is demonstrated, the variations show association, not causation. For instance:

It is plausible that the diminished Hb levels found in Tibetans offset complications associated with sustained high Hb levels (for instance, hyperviscosity) seen in non-Tibetans exposed to high-altitude conditions. Alternatively, decreased Hb levels could be a side effect of other phenotypes that are the actual targets of natural selection.

The second paper2 touts the EPAS1 gene as the strongest case for positive selection, but they qualify that claim with, Selection may have acted directly on this variant, or another linked noncoding variant, to influence the regulation of EPAS1. Consider this nebulous conclusion:

EPAS1 may therefore represent the strongest instance of natural selection documented in a human population, and variation at this gene appears to have had important consequences for human survival and/or reproduction in the Tibetan region.

The authors write with escape clauses like this, denying knowledge of actual targets of natural selection, hoping that further research will confirm them someday.

Does this research actually help Darwinism? All human beings are interfertile, members of a single species! There is no origin of species going on. We already know that some people are born with better athletic ability than others. The 2010 study appears to speak of the sorting out of existing alleles among populations of people, some of which worked out well for those living at high altitudes. Moreover, this sorting occurred within the past 3,000 years. Odd, isnt it, how human families tend to move together and marry within the group.

Positive selection for fitness, though, is not what the current paper in PNAS found.3 In Tibetan PHD2, an allele with loss-of-function properties, a team led by Daisheng Song found two broken genes that propped each other up.

Genome-wide studies have consistently identified compelling genetic signatures of natural selection in two genes of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor pathway, PHD2 and HIF2A. The product of the former induces the degradation of the product of the latter. Key issues regarding Tibetan PHD2 are whether it is a gain-of-function or loss-of-function allele, and how it might contribute to high-altitude adaptation. Tibetan PHD2 possesses two amino acid changes, D4E and C127S. We previously showed that in vitro, Tibetan PHD2 is defective in its interaction with p23, a cochaperone of the HSP90 pathway, and we proposed that Tibetan PHD2 is a loss-of-function allele. Here, we report that additional PHD2 mutations at or near Asp-4 or Cys-127 impair interaction with p23 in vitro. We find that mice with the Tibetan Phd2 allele display augmented hypoxic ventilatory response, supporting this loss-of-function proposal.

How can two defective genes confer a benefit to Tibetans, protecting them from hypoxia? Picture two walls in a construction project that fall in such a way as to prop each other up, protecting workers underneath from rain. Another analogy might be a leak in a gas line that is compensated for by a slowdown in the gas supply line by an accidental shunt that diverts more of it elsewhere. Thats a bit like this situation.

We propose that Tibetans possess genetic alterations that both activate and inhibit selective outputs of the HIF pathway to facilitate successful adaptation to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude.

The two broken genes end up facilitating the intake of oxygen in the lungs. At elevations that have only 60 percent of the oxygen present at sea level, that is beneficial to someone with the mutations.

Its a bit like the story of polar bear evolution in Michael Behes book, Darwin Devolves. Broken genes conferred on polar bears a better capacity to eat fat and tolerate cold, which has worked well for them in Arctic regions, where fatty seal meat is more abundant than berries that brown bears eat. Natural selection did not create these genes; mutations broke them. Sometimes things work out in certain environments, like Behes proverbial car that gets better gas mileage without the hood and rear seat when gas mileage is the most important concern at the time.

Nowhere do the authors argue for a gain-of-function genetic mutation. There is no mention of positive selection. In fact, the authors undermine earlier claims, saying that loss of function is the primary reason the Tibetans gained an advantage.

Previous studies examining Phd2 loss of function due to either point mutations in or genetic deletion of the Phd2 gene have consistently shown that Phd2 loss of function is associated with increases in either HVR or hypoxia-induced tidal volume, respiratory frequency, or minute ventilation, or a combination of these. These findings therefore support the notion that the Tibetan Phd2 allele is a loss-of-function allele, consistent with the biochemical studies demonstrating impaired interaction of Tibetan PHD2 with p23.

The loss of function in PHD2 is hypomorphic; in other words, it makes the protein weaker but not completely inactive. Intriguingly, another loss-of-function mutation helps compensate for the first one by minimizing damage that would otherwise result from the first break.

We propose that the Tibetan PHD2 allele is a hypomorphic loss-of-function allele that leads to an augmented HVR, while the Tibetan HIF2A allele is a loss-of-function allele that provides protection against pulmonary hypertension and erythrocytosis (Fig. 5C). Lowlanders have a robust HVR [hypoxic ventilatory response], but after long-term acclimatization to high altitude, their HVR declines. Tibetans have an augmented HVR that approaches the ancestral response of lowlanders, which may allow them to maintain high oxygen delivery from the lungs. In contrast to Tibetans, Andeans exhibit a blunted HVR. Thus, this study provides evidence that Tibetans possess a distinct combination of PHD2 and HIF2A alleles that reconfigures the HIF pathway in a manner that facilitates adaptation to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude.

Mistakes just work out sometimes.

Tibetans display augmented hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), resistance to pulmonary hypertension, and relatively low hemoglobin (Hb) levels. These are considered to be adaptive. For example, the resistance to pulmonary hypertension lessens the risk of right heart failure, while the relatively low Hb levels (which approach that of lowlanders) may decrease the risk of thrombotic events associated with blood hyperviscosity. The augmented HVR can facilitate the intake of oxygen into the lungs.

Although this worked out for Tibetans, one could argue that fully functioning genes are there for a purpose, perhaps to warn humans not to migrate up so high on mountains, which is not their ideal habitat. Normally, human physiology responds by making them gasp for air and get sick.

Thus, the two genes conventionally used to illustrate adaptation by natural selection in Tibetans, PHD2 and HIF2A, are both loss-of-function genes. This reinforces Behes thesis that Darwin devolves by breaking existing genetic information. Darwin needs his magic wand of natural selection to create novelty and bring innovation to the world. He wont get very far by breaking things. Sherpas might be able to help him get up Mount Everest, but not Mount Improbable.

Photo: Climbers on Mount Everest, by Lloyd Smith, via Wikimedia Commons.

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Behe Vindicated Again: Sherpas Climb Everest Easier, Because Darwin Devolves - Discovery Institute

52 ideas that changed the world – 49. Ecology – The Week (UK)

In this series, The Week looks at the ideas and innovations that permanently changed the way we see the world. This week, the spotlight is on ecology:

Ecology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of interactions between natural systems.

One core goal of ecology is to understand the distribution and abundance of living things in the physical environment, saysAmerican non-profit organisation theKhan Academy.It investigates the patterns in nature [that] are driven by interactions among organisms as well as between organisms and their physical environment.

Ecology is concerned with two main factors - biotic, which is living-organism-related, and abiotic, which considers nonliving or physical systems.

Ecology developed as a prominent strand of scientific investigation only in the second half of the 20th century, but ecological thinking has been around for millennia, says the Environment and Ecology website.

A form of ecology started with the Ancient Greeks, around 2,400 years ago. Theophrastus, a friend and associate of Aristotle, first described the interrelationships between organisms and their environment, according to theEncyclopedia Britannica.

Modern ecology arguably started with the publication of The Oeconomy of Nature by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus in 1749.Linnaeus made the argument that if one looks closely at nature it is clear that even the simplest organisms have an important role to play in this natural economy; that no living thing is useless, says Encyclopedia.com.

German explorer and scientist Alexander von Humboldt advanced these beliefs, devising the theory that nothing in nature could be studied in isolation and all phenomena were connected.

But it is Darwin whose work most significantly expanded the field of ecology, and it is often held that the roots of scientific ecology may be traced back to Darwin, says Environment and Ecology.

On the Origin of Species is full of observations and proposed mechanisms that clearly fit within the boundaries of modern ecology and the term ecology was coined in 1866 by a strong proponent of Darwinism, Ernst Haeckel.

The 20th century brought huge leaps forward in the scientific study of plants and their environments, through groups of botanists in the US and in Europe.

The European botanists concerned themselves with the study of the composition, structure, and distribution of plant communities. The American botanists studied the development of plant communities, or succession, says Encyclopedia Britannica.

The British ecologist and conservationist Arthur Tansley developed the view that since plants exist in communities the ecologist should be concerned with the structure of communities, or plant sociology, says Oxford Reference.

Tansley then coined the term ecosystem in 1935, recognising that it was not possible to consider organisms without considering their physical environment.

Ecosystem ecology became one of the principal forces in ecology in the 1960s and 1970s and the basis of a new theoretical ecology termed systems ecology, says Encyclopedia.com.

Human ecology has become a distinct and important field of study in recent years, as more weight is given to the consideration that humans are a major ecological factor.

For a round-up of the most important stories from around the world - and a concise, refreshing and balanced take on the weeks news agenda - try The Week magazine. Start your trial subscription today

Ecology helps us understand the environment and humans relationship with it, something that is vital for food production, maintaining clean air and water, and sustaining biodiversity in a changing climate, says the British Ecological Society.

The human ecological impacts of climate change are key to understanding the future of the human species, and harnessing that understanding could be critical for human longevity, adds Dr Roger Rosenblatt in the Annals of Family Medicine.

Everything that we have accomplished in the fields of medicine and public health could be undermined if we do not pay attention to these rapid environmental changes, says Rosenblatt. By staying engaged in the natural world, we can help to prevent the collapse of the biological systems upon which we all depend.

Ecological research can also feed into the prevention of human disease. Earlier this month, scientists in Kenyadiscovered a microbe carried by some mosquitos that prevents the insects from being infected with malaria parasites - and by extension, from transmitting the deadly disease to humans.

As well as its importance to human survival, understanding ecology is important to nature conservation and the survival of a broad range of species.

Ecology allows us to understand the effects our actions have on our environment, says Conserve Energy Future.

With this information, it helps guide conservation efforts by first showing the primary means by which the problems we experience within our environment begin and by following this identification process, it shows us where our efforts would have the biggest effect.

Ecology is the foundation of how we can use Earths resources in ways that leave the environment healthy for future generations, says the Ecological Society of America.

Without ecological understanding, we could not protect humans, animals, the environment - it matters now and will continue to matter.

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52 ideas that changed the world - 49. Ecology - The Week (UK)

Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture (The …

Cloud computing, more than most disciplines in IT, suffers from too much talk and not enough practice. Thomas Erl has written a timely book that condenses the theory and buttresses it with real-world examples that demystify this important technology. An important guidebook for your journey into the cloud.--Scott Morrison, Chief Technology Officer, Layer 7 Technologies

An excellent, extremely well-written, lucid book that provides a comprehensive picture of cloud computing, covering multiple dimensions of the subject. The case studies presented in the book provide a real-world, practical perspective on leveraging cloud computing in an organization. The book covers a wide range of topics, from technology aspects to the business value provided by cloud computing. This is the best, most comprehensive book on the subject--a must-read for any cloud computing practitioner or anyone who wants to get an in-depth picture of cloud computing concepts and practical implementation.--Suzanne DSouza, SOA/BPM Practice Lead, KBACE Technologies

This book offers a thorough and detailed description of cloud computing concepts, architectures, and technologies. It serves as a great reference for both newcomers and experts and is a must-read for any IT professional interested in cloud computing.--Andre Tost, Senior Technical Staff Member, IBM Software Group

This is a great book on the topic of cloud computing. It is impressive how the content spans from taxonomy, technology, and architectural concepts to important business considerations for cloud adoption. It really does provide a holistic view to this technology paradigm.--Kapil Bakshi, Architecture and Strategy, Cisco Systems Inc.

I have read every book written by Thomas Erl and Cloud Computing is another excellent publication and demonstration of Thomas Erls rare ability to take the most complex topics and provide critical core concepts and technical information in a logical and understandable way.--Melanie A. Allison, Principal, Healthcare Technology Practice, Integrated Consulting Services

Companies looking to migrate applications or infrastructure to the cloud are often misled by buzzwords and industry hype. This work cuts through the hype and provides a detailed look, from investigation to contract to implementation to termination, at what it takes for an organization to engage with cloud service providers. This book really lays out the benefits and struggles with getting a company to an IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS solution.--Kevin Davis, Ph.D., Solutions Architect

Thomas, in his own distinct and erudite style, provides a comprehensive and a definitive book on cloud computing. Just like his previous masterpiece, Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and Design, this book is sure to engage CxOs, cloud architects, and the developer community involved in delivering software assets on the cloud. Thomas and his authoring team have taken great pains in providing great clarity and detail in documenting cloud architectures, cloud delivery models, cloud governance, and economics of cloud, without forgetting to explain the core of cloud computing that revolves around Internet architecture and virtualization. As a reviewer for this outstanding book, I must admit I have learned quite a lot while reviewing the material. A must have book that should adorn everybodys desk!--Vijay Srinivasan, Chief Architect - Technology, Cognizant Technology Solutions

This book provides comprehensive and descriptive vendor-neutral coverage of cloud computing technology, from both technical and business aspects. It provides a deep-down analysis of cloud architectures and mechanisms that capture the real-world moving parts of cloud platforms. Business aspects are elaborated on to give readers a broader perspective on choosing and defining basic cloud computing business models. Thomas Erls Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is an excellent source of knowledge of fundamental and in-depth coverage of cloud computing.--Masykur Marhendra Sukmanegara, Communication Media & Technology, Consulting Workforce Accenture

The richness and depth of the topics discussed are incredibly impressive. The depth and breadth of the subject matter are such that a reader could become an expert in a short amount of time.--Jamie Ryan, Solutions Architect, Layer 7 Technologies

Demystification, rationalization, and structuring of implementation approaches have always been strong parts in each and every one of Thomas Erls books. This book is no exception. It provides the definitive, essential coverage of cloud computing and, most importantly, presents this content in a very comprehensive manner. Best of all, this book follows the conventions of the previous service technology series titles, making it read like a natural extension of the library. I strongly believe that this will be another bestseller from one of the top-selling IT authors of the past decade.--Sergey Popov, Senior Enterprise Architect SOA/Security, Liberty Global International

A must-read for anyone involved in cloud design and decision making! This insightful book provides in-depth, objective, vendor-neutral coverage of cloud computing concepts, architecture models, and technologies. It will prove very valuable to anyone who needs to gain a solid understanding of how cloud environments work and how to design and migrate solutions to clouds.--Gijs in t Veld, Chief Architect, Motion10

A reference book covering a wide range of aspects related to cloud providers and cloud consumers. If you would like to provide or consume a cloud service and need to know how, this is your book. The book has a clear structure to facilitate a good understanding of the various concepts of cloud.--Roger Stoffers, Solution Architect

Cloud computing has been around for a few years, yet there is still a lot of confusion around the term and what it can bring to developers and deployers alike. This book is a great way of finding out whats behind the cloud, and not in an abstract or high-level manner: It dives into all of the details that youd need to know in order to plan for developing applications on cloud and what to look for when using applications or services hosted on a cloud. There are very few books that manage to capture this level of detail about the evolving cloud paradigm as this one does. Its a must for architects and developers alike.--Dr. Mark Little, Vice President, Red Hat

This book provides a comprehensive exploration of the concepts and mechanics behind clouds. Its written for anyone interested in delving into the details of how cloud environments function, how they are architected, and how they can impact business. This is the book for any organization seriously considering adopting cloud computing. It will pave the way to establishing your cloud computing roadmap.--Damian Maschek, SOA Architect, Deutsche Bahn

One of the best books on cloud computing I have ever read. It is complete yet vendor technology neutral and successfully explains the major concepts in a well-structured and disciplined way. It goes through all the definitions and provides many hints for organizations or professionals who are approaching and/or assessing cloud solutions. This book gives a complete list of topics playing fundamental roles in the cloud computing discipline. It goes through a full list of definitions very clearly stated. Diagrams are simple to understand and self-contained. Readers with different skill sets, expertise, and backgrounds will be able to understand the concepts seamlessly.--Antonio Bruno, Infrastructure and Estate Manager, UBS AG

Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is a comprehensive book that focuses on what cloud computing is really all about.... This book will become the foundation on which many organizations will build successful cloud adoption projects. It is a must-read reference for both IT infrastructure and application architects interested in cloud computing or involved in cloud adoption projects. It contains extremely useful and comprehensive information for those who need to build cloud-based architectures or need to explain it to customers thinking about adopting cloud computing technology in their organization.--Johan Kumps, SOA Architect, RealDolmen

This book defines the basic terminology and patterns for the topic--a useful reference for the cloud practitioner. Concepts from multitenancy to hypervisor are presented in a succinct and clear manner. The underlying case studies provide wonderful real-worldness.--Dr. Thomas Rischbeck, Principal Architect, ipt

The book provides a good foundation to cloud services and issues in cloud service design. Chapters highlight key issues that need to be considered in learning how to think in cloud technology terms; this is highly important in todays business and technology environments where cloud computing plays a central role in connecting user services with virtualized resources and applications.--Mark Skilton, Director, Office of Strategy and Technology, Global Infrastructure Services, Capgemini

The book is well organized and covers basic concepts, technologies, and business models about cloud computing. It defines and explains a comprehensive list of terminologies and glossaries about cloud computing so cloud computing experts can speak and communicate with the same set of standardized language. The book is easy to understand and consistent with early published books from Thomas Erl.... It is a must-read for both beginners and experienced professionals.--Jian Jeff Zhong, Chief Technology Officer (Acting) and Chief Architect for SOA and Cloud Computing, Futrend Technology Inc.

Students of the related specialties can fulfill their educational process with very easily understood materials that are broadly illustrated and clearly described. Professors of different disciplines, from business analysis to IT implementation--even legal and financial monitoring--can use the book as an on-table lecturing manual. IT specialists of all ranks and fields of application will find the book as a practical and useful support for sketching solutions unbound to any particular vendor or brand.--Alexander Gromoff, Director of Science & Education, Center of Information Control Technologies, Chairman of BPM Chair in Business Informatics Department, National Research University Higher School of Economics

Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is a comprehensive compendium of all the relevant information about the transformative cloud technology. Erls latest title concisely and clearly illustrates the origins and positioning of the cloud paradigm as the next-generation computing model. All the chapters are carefully written and arranged in an easy-to-understand manner. This book will be immeasurably beneficial for business and IT professionals. It is set to shake up and help organize the world of cloud computing.--Pethuru Raj, Ph.D., Enterprise Architecture Consultant, Wipro

A cloud computing book that will stand out and survive the test of time, even in one of the fastest evolving areas of technology. This book does a great job breaking down the high level of complexity of cloud computing into easy-to-understand pieces. It goes beyond the basic, often repeated, explanations. It examines the fundamental concepts and the components, as well as the mechanisms and architectures that make up cloud computing environments. The approach gradually builds the readers understanding from the ground up.

In a rapidly evolving area like cloud computing, its easy to focus on details and miss the big picture. The focus on concepts and architectural models instead of vendor-specific details allows readers to quickly gain essential knowledge of complex topics. The concepts come together in the last part of the book, which should be required reading for any decision maker evaluating when and how to start a transition to cloud computing. Its thorough, comprehensive coverage of fundamentals and advanced topics makes the book a valuable resource to keep on your desk or your eBook reader, regardless if youre new to the topic or you already have cloud experience.

I highly recommend the book to those looking to implement or evaluate cloud environments, or simply looking to educate themselves in a field that will shape IT over the next decade.--Christoph Schittko, Principal Technology Strategist & Cloud Solution Director, Microsoft

Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is an excellent resource for IT professionals and managers who want to learn and understand cloud computing, and who need to select or build cloud systems and solutions. It lays the foundation for cloud concepts, models, technologies, and mechanisms. As the book is vendor-neutral, it will remain valid for many years. We will recommend this book to Oracle customers, partners, and users for their journey toward cloud computing. This book has the potential to become the basis for a cloud computing manifesto, comparable to what was accomplished with the SOA manifesto.--Jurgen Kress, Fusion Middleware Partner Adoption, Oracle EMEA

Thomas Erl is a top-selling IT author, founder of Arcitura Education, editor of the Service Technology Magazine and series editor of the Prentice Hall Service Technology Series from Thomas Erl. With more than 175,000 copies in print world-wide, his books have become international bestsellers and have been formally endorsed by senior members of major IT organizations, such as IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Intel, Accenture, IEEE, HL7, MITRE, SAP, CISCO, HP, and many others. As CEO of Arcitura Education Inc. and in cooperation with CloudSchool.com and SOASchool.com, Thomas has led the development of curricula for the internationally recognized Cloud Certified Professional (CCP) and SOA Certified Professional (SOACP) accreditation programs, which have established a series of formal, vendor-neutral industry certifications obtained by thousands of IT professionals around the world. Thomas has toured over 20 countries as a speaker and instructor and regularly participates in international conferences, including Service Technology Symposium and Gartner events. More than 100 articles and interviews by Thomas have been published in numerous publications, including The Wall Street Journal and CIO Magazine.

Dr. Zaigham Mahmood is a published author of six books, four of which are dedicated to cloud computing. He acts as a technology consultant at Debesis Education UK and a Researcher at the University of Derby, UK. He further holds positions as a foreign professor and professor extraordinaire with international educational institutions. Professor Mahmood is a certified cloud trainer and a regular speaker at the International SOA, Cloud + Service Technology Symposium, and he has published more than 100 articles. His specialized areas of research include distributed computing, project management, and e-government.

Professor Ricardo Puttini has 15 years of field experience as a senior IT consultant at major government organizations in Brazil. He has taught several undergraduate and graduate-level courses in service orientation, service-oriented architecture, and cloud computing. Ricardo was the general chair of the 4th International SOA Symposium and 3rd International Cloud Symposium that was held in the spring of 2011. He holds a Ph.D. in Communication Networks (2004) from the University of Brasilia, where he has taught in the Electrical Engineering department since 1998. Ricardo spent 18 months at the LEcole Superieure dElectricite (Supelec) in Rennes, France, during his Ph.D., where he started researching distributed system architecture and security.

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Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture (The ...

Cloud Computing Overview – Tutorialspoint

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Cloud Computing provides us means of accessing the applications as utilities over the Internet. It allows us to create, configure, and customize the applications online.

The termCloudrefers to aNetworkorInternet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over public and private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.

Applications such ase-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM) execute on cloud.

Cloud Computingrefers tomanipulating, configuring,andaccessingthe hardware and software resources remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application.

Cloud computing offers platform independency, as the software is not required to be installed locally on the PC. Hence, the Cloud Computing is making our business applicationsmobileandcollaborative.

There are certain services and models working behind the scene making the cloud computing feasible and accessible to end users. Following are the working models for cloud computing:

Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the cloud is located? Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid, and Community.

Thepublic cloudallows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public. Public cloud may be less secure because of its openness.

Theprivate cloudallows systems and services to be accessible within an organization. It is more secured because of its private nature.

Thecommunity cloudallows systems and services to be accessible by a group of organizations.

Thehybrid cloudis a mixture of public and private cloud, in which the critical activities are performed using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public cloud.

Cloud computing is based on service models. These are categorized into three basic service models which are -

Anything-as-a-Service (XaaS) is yet another service model, which includes Network-as-a-Service, Business-as-a-Service, Identity-as-a-Service, Database-as-a-ServiceorStrategy-as-a-Service.

TheInfrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)is the most basic level of service. Each of the service models inherit the security and management mechanism from the underlying model, as shown in the following diagram:

IaaSprovides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual machines, virtual storage, etc.

PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications, development and deployment tools, etc.

SaaSmodel allows to use software applications as a service to end-users.

The concept ofCloud Computingcame into existence in the year 1950 with implementation of mainframe computers, accessible viathin/static clients. Since then, cloud computing has been evolved from static clients to dynamic ones and from software to services. The following diagram explains the evolution of cloud computing:

Cloud Computing has numerous advantages. Some of them are listed below -

One can access applications as utilities, over the Internet.

One can manipulate and configure the applications online at any time.

It does not require to install a software to access or manipulate cloud application.

Cloud Computing offers online development and deployment tools, programming runtime environment throughPaaS model.

Cloud resources are available over the network in a manner that provide platform independent access to any type of clients.

Cloud Computing offerson-demand self-service. The resources can be used without interaction with cloud service provider.

Cloud Computing is highly cost effective because it operates at high efficiency with optimum utilization. It just requires an Internet connection

Cloud Computing offers load balancing that makes it more reliable.

Although cloud Computing is a promising innovation with various benefits in the world of computing, it comes with risks. Some of them are discussed below:

It is the biggest concern about cloud computing. Since data management and infrastructure management in cloud is provided by third-party, it is always a risk to handover the sensitive information to cloud service providers.

Although the cloud computing vendors ensure highly secured password protected accounts, any sign of security breach may result in loss of customers and businesses.

It is very difficult for the customers to switch from oneCloud Service Provider (CSP)to another. It results in dependency on a particular CSP for service.

This risk involves the failure of isolation mechanism that separates storage, memory, and routing between the different tenants.

In case of public cloud provider, the customer management interfaces are accessible through the Internet.

It is possible that the data requested for deletion may not get deleted. It happens because either of the following reasons

There are four key characteristics of cloud computing. They are shown in the following diagram:

Cloud Computing allows the users to use web services and resources on demand. One can logon to a website at any time and use them.

Since cloud computing is completely web based, it can be accessed from anywhere and at any time.

Cloud computing allows multiple tenants to share a pool of resources. One can share single physical instance of hardware, database and basic infrastructure.

It is very easy to scale the resources vertically or horizontally at any time. Scaling of resources means the ability of resources to deal with increasing or decreasing demand.

The resources being used by customers at any given point of time are automatically monitored.

In this service cloud provider controls and monitors all the aspects of cloud service. Resource optimization, billing, and capacity planning etc. depend on it.

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Cloud Computing Overview - Tutorialspoint

The Basics of Cloud Computing | Lucidchart

Cloud computing is taking the world by storm. In fact, 94% of workloads and compute instances will be processed through cloud data centers by 2021, compared to only 6% by traditional data centers, according to research by Cisco.

The principle of the cloud isnt new, but as more and more companies and businesses switch to cloud-based services, its important to understand the nuances of cloud computing terminology and concepts.

For non-techies out there, the cloud might be an intimidating and nebulous concept. We hear about cloud computing all the time, but what exactly does it mean?

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) describes the basics of cloud computing this way:

Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.

Still confused?

In short, the cloud is the Internet, and cloud computing is techspeak that describes software and services that run through the Internet (or an intranet) rather than on private servers and hard drives.

Cloud computing differs from traditional IT hosting services in that the consumer (whether thats a business, organization, or individual user) generally doesnt own the infrastructure needed to support the programs or applications they use.

Instead, those elements are owned and operated by a third party, and the end-user pays only for the services they use. In other words, cloud computing is an on-demand, utility-based model of computing.

On-demand self-service

Users can access computing services via the cloud when they need to without interaction from the service provider. The computing services should be fully on-demand so that users have control and agility to meet their evolving needs.

Broad network access

Cloud computing services are widely available via the network through users preferred tools (e.g., laptops, desktops, smartphones, etc.).

Resource pooling

One of the most attractive elements of cloud computing is the pooling of resources to deliver computing services at scale. Resources, such as storage, memory, processing, and network bandwidth, are pooled and assigned to multiple consumers based on demand.

Rapid elasticity

Successful resource allocation requires elasticity. Resources must be assigned accurately and quickly with the ability to absorb significant increases and decreases in demand without service interruption or quality degradation.

Measured service

Following the utility model, cloud computing services are measured and metered. This measurement allows the service provider (and consumer) to track usage and gauge costs according to their demand on resources.

Compare cloud vs on-premises server solutions to find the right solution for your organization.

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Cloud solutions come in three primary service models: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS).

IaaS gives users access to storage, networking, servers, and other computing resources via the cloud. While the user is still responsible for managing their applications, data, middleware, etc., IaaS provides automated and scalable environments that provide a high degree of control and flexibility for the user.

For example, many businesses use IaaS to support workload spikes during busy seasons (like holidays).

Popular IaaS providers include:

Find the best cloud platform for you and your business when you compare AWS, Azure, and GCP.

Learn more

This service layer is primarily geared towards developers and operations professionals. Service providers rent out cloud-based platforms for users to develop and deliver applications. In other words, PaaS provides a framework that makes it easier and more efficient to build, customize, and deploy applications.

Cloud application services are the most well-known of the cloud service models. The software is hosted, packaged, and delivered by a third party through the Internet (typically on a browser-based interface). By delivering the software application over the Internet, enterprises can offload the costs of management and maintenance to the vendor(s).

Popular SaaS options include email and customer relationship management software.

There are three main cloud service options: private, public, and hybrid clouds. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages and which one you (or your business) choose will depend on your data as well as the level of security and management you need.

A public cloud is probably the most commonly understood cloud computing option. This is where all the services and supporting infrastructure are managed off-site over the Internet and shared across multiple users (or tenants).

A good example of a public cloud at the individual consumer level is a streaming service like Netflix or Hulu. Users subscribe to the service through an individual account but access the same services across the platform through the Internet.

The advantage of using a public cloud is the increased efficiency and subsequent cost-effectiveness from shared resources. Public clouds are typically cheaper than private and hybrid cloud solutions (as well as traditional on-premise computing) because they rely on economies of scale. Users dont have to pay for services they arent using and dont have to worry about managing and maintaining the physical infrastructure.

A private cloud provides IT services through the Internet or a private network to select users, rather than to the general public. Instead of having multiple tenants, like a public cloud does, a private cloud typically has only one tenant. All the data is protected behind a firewall. This is a popular choice for many businesses who want the agility of the cloud with greater customization and security.

Private clouds can reside on-site or off-site. The distinguishing feature is the single, private tenant who maintains greater control over the IT services. Private clouds are popular choices for organizations who have high priorities on security and compliance.

A hybrid cloud environmentcombines both private and public cloud elements to varying degrees. Despite operating independently, the clouds in a hybrid environment communicate over an encrypted connection and allow for the portability of data and applications.

This is an increasingly popular cloud solution because it allows organizations greater flexibility to meet their IT needs.

There are many potential advantages to adopting cloud-based solutions for your business. Depending on your business and data needs, migrating to a cloud environment can result in the following benefits:

Although the initial price tag for migrating to the cloud can give some businesses sticker shock, there are attractive opportunities for ROI and cost savings. Operating on the cloud typically means adopting a pay-as-you-go model, which means you no longer have to pay for IT youre not using (whether thats storage, bandwidth, etc.).

Plus, cloud solutions are particularly affordable for smaller businesses who dont have the capital to build out and manage their own IT infrastructures. Greater efficiencies and economies of scale mean more money in your pocket in the long run.

A managed cloud platform is generally much more reliable than an in-house IT infrastructure, with fewer instances of downtime or service interruptions. Most providers offer 24/7 support and over 99.9% availability.

With backups for their backups, you can rest assured your data and applications will be available whenever you need them.

The cloud brings a level of portability unheard of with traditional IT delivery. By managing your data and software on the cloud, employees can access necessary information and communicate with each other whenever and wherever they want from their laptop, smartphone, or other Internet-connected devices.

Cloud-based solutions open up opportunities for more remote work and higher productivity and efficiency as everyone is assured access to the same updated information at the touch of a button.

Is your business preparing to move to the cloud? Use our checklist to keep your cloud migration strategy on track.

Find out more

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The Basics of Cloud Computing | Lucidchart

Cloud Computing Risks, Challenges & Problems Businesses …

Everywhere you turn these days the cloud is being talked about. This ambiguous term seems to encompass almost everything about us. While the cloud is just a metaphor for the internet,cloud computingis what people are really talking about these days. It provides better data storage, data security, flexibility, increased collaboration between employees, and changes the workflow of small businesses and large enterprises to help them make better decisions while decreasing costs.

It is clear that utilizing the cloud is a trend that continues to grow. We have already predicted in our business intelligence trends article the importance and implementation of the cloud in companies like Alibaba, Amazon, Google and Microsoft.

The significance of the cloud is increasing exponentially. Gartner forecasts that the cloud services market will grow 17.3% in 2019 ($206.2 billion) and by 2022, 90% of organizations will be using cloud services.

Considering all the potential and development cloud computing has undergone in recent years, there are also many challenges businesses are facing. In this article, we have gathered 10 most prominent challenges of cloud computing that will deliver new insights and aspects in the cloud market. But first, lets start with a simple explanation of the general characteristics and basic definitions.

Cloud computing is the delivery of various hardware and software services over the internet, through a network of remote servers. These remote servers are busy storing, managing, and processing data that enables users to expand or upgrade their existing infrastructure.

The capabilities and breadth of the cloud are enormous. The IT industry broke it into three categories to help better define use cases.

All of this is a deviation from traditional on-premise computing which is done via a local server or personal computer. These traditional methods are increasingly being left behind. In fact, the IDGs recentlypublishedEnterprise Cloud Computing Survey (2018) found that 73% of organizations have at least one application, or a portion of their computing infrastructure already in the cloud 17% plan to do so within the next 12 months.

It is evident that the cloud is expanding. Since we live in a digital age, where data discovery and big data simply surpass the traditional storage and manual implementation and manipulation of business information, companies are searching for the best possible solution of handling data. Traditional spreadsheets no longer serve their purpose, there is just too much data to store, manage and analyze. Be it in the form of online BI tools, or an online data visualization system, a company must address where and how to store its data. Even the most traditional sectors have to adjust:

In an effort to do everything from offer better in-store customer service to fully leverage advances in manufacturing, companies from even most traditional and change-resistant sectors are seeing the writing on the wall: Cloud technology strategies cut cost and risk. Lalit Bhatt, Project Leader at Maruti Techlabs.

Though the opportunities are great, this explosion hasnt come without issues in cloud computing. We discussed already some of these cloud computing challenges when comparing cloud vs on premise BI strategies. Now lets go over more of those challenges organizations are facing, and how they are being addressed.

In January 2018, RightScale conducted its annualState of the Cloud Surveyon the latest cloud trends. They questioned 997 technical professionals across a broad cross-section of organizations about their adoption of cloud infrastructure. Their findings were insightful, especially in regards to current cloud computing challenges. To answer the main question of what are the challenges for cloud computing, below we have expanded upon some of their findings and provided additional cloud computing problemsthat businesses may need to address.

Security risks of cloud computing have become the top concern in 2018 as 77% of respondents stated in the referred survey. For the longest time, the lack of resources/expertise was the number one voiced cloud challenge. In 2018 however, security inched ahead.

We already mentioned the hot debate around data security in our business intelligence trends 2019 article, andsecurity has indeed been a primary, and valid, concern from the start of cloud computing technology: you are unable to see the exact location where your data is stored or being processed. This increases the cloud computing risks that can arise during the implementation or management of the cloud. Headlines highlighting data breaches, compromised credentials, and broken authentication, hacked interfaces and APIs, account hijacking havent helped alleviate concerns. All of this makes trusting sensitive and proprietary data to a third party hard to stomach for some and, indeed, highlighting the challenges of cloud computing. Luckily as cloud providers and users, mature security capabilities are constantly improving. To ensure your organizations privacy and security is intact, verify the SaaS provider has secure user identity management, authentication, and access control mechanisms in place. Also, check which database privacy and security laws they are subject to.

While you are auditing a providers security and privacy laws, make sure to also confirm the third biggest issue is taken care of: compliance. Your organization needs to be able to comply with regulations and standards, no matter where your data is stored. Speaking of storage, also ensure the provider has strict data recovery policies in place.

The security risks of cloud computing have become a reality for every organization, be it small or large. Thats why it is important to implement a secure BI cloud tool that can leverage proper security measures.

The next part of our cloud computing risks list involves costs. For the most part cloud computing can save businesses money. In the cloud, an organization can easily ramp up its processing capabilities without making large investments in new hardware. Businesses can instead access extra processing through pay-as-you-go models from public cloud providers. However, the on-demand and scalable nature of cloud computing services make it sometimes difficult to define and predict quantities and costs.

Luckily there are several ways tokeep cloud costs in check, for example, optimizing costs by conducting better financial analytics and reporting, automating policies for governance, or keeping the management reporting practice on course, so that these issues in cloud computing could be decreased.

One of the cloud challenges companies and enterprises are facing today is lack of resources and/or expertise. Organizations are increasingly placing more workloads in the cloud while cloud technologies continue to rapidly advance. Due to these factors, organizations are having a tough time keeping up with the tools. Also, the need for expertise continues to grow. These challenges can be minimized through additional training of IT and development staff. A strong CIO championing cloud adoption also helps. As Cloud EngineerDrew Firmentputs it:

The success of cloud adoption and migrations comes down to your peopleand the investments you make in a talent transformation program. Until you focus on the #1 bottleneck to the flow of cloud adoption, improvements made anywhere else are an illusion.

SME (small and medium-sized) organizations may find adding cloud specialists to their IT teams to be prohibitively costly. Luckily, many common tasks performed by these specialists can be automated. To this end companies are turning to DevOps tools, like Chef and Puppet, to perform tasks like monitoring usage patterns of resources and automated backups at predefined time periods. These tools also help optimize the cloud for cost, governance, and security.

There are many challenges facing cloud computing and governance/control is in place number 4. Proper IT governance should ensure IT assets are implemented and used according to agreed-upon policies and procedures; ensure that these assets are properly controlled and maintained, and ensure that these assets are supporting your organizations strategy and business goals.

In todays cloud-based world, IT does not always have full control over the provisioning, de-provisioning, and operations of infrastructure. This has increased the difficulty for IT to provide the governance, compliance, risks and data quality management required. To mitigate the various risks and uncertainties in transitioning to the cloud, IT must adapt its traditional IT governance and control processes to include the cloud. To this effect, the role of central IT teams in the cloud has been evolving over the last few years. Along with business units, central IT is increasingly playing a role in selecting, brokering, and governing cloud services. On top of this third-party cloud computing/management providers are progressively providing governance support and best practices.

One of the risks of cloud computing is facing today is compliance. That is an issue for anyone using backup services or cloud storage. Every time a company moves data from the internal storage to a cloud, it is faced with being compliant with industry regulations and laws. For example, healthcare organizations in the USA have to comply with HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and AccountabilityActof 1996), public retail companies have to comply with SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) and PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard).

Depending on the industry and requirements, every organization must ensure these standards are respected and carried out.

This is one of the many challenges facing cloud computing, and although the procedure can take a certain amount of time, the data must be properly stored.

Cloud customers need to look for vendors that can provide compliance and check if they are regulated by the standards they need. Some vendors offer certified compliance, but in some cases, additional input is needed on both sides to ensure proper compliance regulations.

Challenges facing cloud computing havent just been concentrated in one, single cloud.

The state of multi-cloud has grown exponentially in recent years. Companies are shifting or combining public and private clouds and, as mentioned earlier, tech giants like Alibaba and Amazon are leading the way.

In the referred survey, 81 percent of enterprises have a multi-cloud strategy. Enterprises with a hybrid strategy (combining public and private clouds) fell from 58 percent in 2017 to 51 percent in 2018, while organizations with a strategy of multiple public clouds or multiple private clouds grew slightly.

While organizations leverage an average of almost 5 clouds, it is evident that the use of the cloud will continue to grow. Thats why it is important to answer the main questions organizations are facing today: what are the challenges for cloud computing and how to overcome them?

When a business moves to the cloud it becomes dependent on the service providers. The next prominent challenges of moving to cloud computing expand on this partnership. Nevertheless, this partnership often provides businesses with innovative technologies they wouldnt otherwise be able to access. On the other hand, the performance of the organizations BI and other cloud-based systems is also tied to the performance of the cloud provider when it falters. When your provider is down, you are also down.

This isnt uncommon, over the past couple of years all the big cloud players have experienced outages. Make sure your provider has the right processes in place and that they will alert you if there is ever an issue.

For the data-driven decision making process, real-time data for organizations is imperative. Being able to access data that is stored on the cloud in real-time is one of the imperative solutions an organization has to consider while selecting the right partner.

With an inherent lack of control that comes with cloud computing, companies may run into real-time monitoring issues. Make sure your SaaS provider has real-time monitoring policies in place to help mitigate these issues.

Although building a private cloud isnt a top priority for many organizations, for those who are likely to implement such a solution, it quickly becomes one of the main challenges facing cloud computing private solutions should be carefully addressed.

Creating an internal or private cloud will cause a significant benefit: having all the data in-house. But IT managers and departments will need to face building and gluing it all together by themselves, which can cause one of the challenges of moving to cloud computing extremely difficult.

It is important to keep in mind also the steps that are needed to ensure the smooth operation of the cloud:

As this article stated: the cloud software layer has to grab an IP address, set up a virtual local area network (VLAN), put the server in the load balancing queue, put the server in the firewall rule set for the IP address, load the correct version of RHEL, patch the server software when needed and place the server into the nightly backup queue.

That being said, it is obvious that developing a private cloud is no easy task, but nevertheless, some organizations still manage and plan to do so in the next years.

Most organizations did not have a robust cloud adoption strategy in place when they started to move to the cloud. Instead, ad-hoc strategies sprouted, fueled by several components. One of them was the speed of cloud adoption. Another one was the staggered expiration of data center contracts/equipment, which led to intermittent cloud migration. Finally, there also were individual development teams using the public cloud for specific applications or projects. These bootstrap environments have fostered full integration and maturation issues including:

In fact, a recentsurveyby IDC of 6,159 executives found that just3% of respondents define their cloud strategies as optimized. Luckily, centralized IT, strong governance and control policies, and some heavy lifting can get usage, adoption, and cloud computing strategies inline.

Nearly half of the decision makers believe that their IT workforce is not completely prepared to address the cloud computing industry challenges and managing their cloud resources over the next 5 years. Since businesses are adopting the cloud strategy more often than ever, it is eminent that the workforce should keep up and carefully address the potential issues.

One of the main cloud computing industry challenges in recent years concentrates on migration. This is a process of moving an application to a cloud. An although moving a new application is a straightforward process, when it comes to moving an existing application to a cloud environment, many cloud challenges arise.

A recent survey conducted by Velostrata showed that over 95% of companies are currently migrating their applications to the cloud, and over half of them find it more difficult than expected projects are over budget and deadline.

What are the challenges faced during storing data in the cloud? Most commonly cited were:

In another survey, although not that recent, but a picturesque perception of the migration to the cloud; IT professionals stated they would rather get a root canal, dig a ditch, or do their own taxes than address challenges in cloud computing regarding the deployment process.

It is no secret; cloud computing is revolutionizing the IT industry. It is also shaking up the business intelligence (BI) landscape, and well, pretty everything else it touches. As thecloud adoption exponentially grows, businesses of all sizes are realizing the benefits. For startups and small to medium-sized businesses (SMEs), that cant afford costly server maintenance, but also may have to scale overnight, the benefits of utilizing the cloud are especially great.

While cloud computing challenges do exist, if properly addressed, these 10 issues dont mean your IT roadmap has to remain anchored on-premise. Business intelligence (BI) and the cloud are an ideal match, as the first oneprovides the right information to the right people while the latteris an agile way to access BI applications.

So, what are the challenges faced during storing data in the cloud and how to overcome them?

To make the best out ofit and overcome issues, you should takea strategic iterative approach to implementation, explore hybrid cloud solutions, involve business and IT teams, invest in a CIO, and choosethe right BISaaS partner. All this will ensure that the benefits ofcloud business intelligence will far outweigh thechallenges.

Clearly, organizations have some demanding work ahead of them, especially since the adoption of the cloud is becoming a business standard that will grow exponentially. Cloud is not just an idea to implement overnight, but a strategic approach, management details, and professionals involvement can help reduce potential risks, costs, and flaws in the implementation process. The future of cloud lies upon introducing industry standards, that will help in addressing regulatory, management and technological matters.

To summarize, here are the top challenges in cloud computing:

To start your own cloud research and utilize the potential it can provide to your business, try our software for a 14-day trial! Its completely free!

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Forget Amazon, Microsoft Is a Better Cloud Computing Stock …

Editor's note: Inaccurate information about use of Azure has been removed from this article. In an SEC filing on March 31, Microsoft noted that a March 28 blog post it made "contained, among other information, a statement that 'We have seen a 775percent increase of our cloud services in regions that have enforced social distancing or shelter in place orders.' The metric in this statement was intended to refer only to a specific cloud-based service, Teams calling and meeting monthly users, in a specific country, Italy. The statement was not intended to provide information about the performance of Azure and cloud services generally, Microsofts Intelligent Cloud segment, or Microsoft as a whole. We corrected the blog entry to clarify the nature of this information on March30, 2020."

With millions of people sheltering in place amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the cloud computing market is getting a serious usage boost.

Schools, corporations, and individuals are using cloud-based software to learn, collaborate, and stay connected. That's driving increased demand for cloud services, boding well for the likes of Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN), through its Amazon Web Services, and Microsoft (NASDAQ:MSFT), through its Azure services.

Amazon is the overall leader in this sector, but Microsoft is a scrappy second-place player. It's been chipping away at AWS' lead, and with demand surging amid the pandemic, it's emerging as the better cloud computing stock to own.

Image source: Getty Images.

The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the way the world operates, including how we work. A significant number of companies deemed non-essential have transitioned to remote work environments to remain in operation, using cloud-based software to collaborate and work. At the same time, a large segment of the population is practicing social distancing and turning to virtual tools to stay connected.

That plays into Microsoft's strengths thanks to many of its software tools that reside on the cloud. Take Skype, its cloud-based video conferencing tool. Since the pandemic hit, Skype has seen a 70% surge in daily users. Skype calling minutes are up 220%.

Microsoft's Teams collaboration tool is also enjoying red-hot demand, with daily active users jumping by 12 million in one week alone in early March. Since then, demand continues to surge as more workers get used to the new work-at-home norm.

That demand for cloud-based services isn't going to go away anytime soon, even if cities begin easing social distancing rules in the coming weeks or months.

Take the tech giant's newly signed deal with the National Basketball Association as one example of what the future may look like. The NBA is adopting Microsoft's Azure cloud to offer fans an enhanced experience. The NBA suspended its basketball season in March. To get the season going again, there is a real chance that games could be played in empty arenas and broadcast to fans. If that's the case, the NBA is hoping its cloud deal with Microsoft will help keep fans engaged remotely. The NBA isn't the only sports league that has to figure out how to keep fans coming back for more while stay-at-home orders are in place. The deal with the NBA may be the first of more to come for Microsoft.

Then there's Office 365, Microsoft's cloud-based productivity software offering that has more than 38 million subscribers. In an effort to get more consumers to pay monthly instead of upgrading their OS every few years, Microsoft is rebranding Office 365 into Microsoft 365, and is adding more AI-driven features. It's also launching a subscription plan that costs $9.99 a month for families and $6.99 a month for individuals.

That's not to say AWS isn't winning cloud contracts, but Microsoft's moves are more high profile and, given the pandemic, could be winning bets over the long run.

An important growth area for both AWS and Microsoft are federal, state, and local governments. With many government systems outdated and in need of an upgrade, Microsoft and AWS have been jockeying for contracts. The biggest of all, the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure project or JEDI, a 10-year $10 billion move to the cloud for the Pentagon, was awarded to Microsoft last year, driving the stock higher. But it was quickly contested by AWS, which said it was the shoe-in to win the contract until President Donald Trump got involved. That's prompted AWS to file a lawsuit seeking to get the contract halted, claiming political bias.

Both companies have much to lose by not landing the contract, but Microsoft is in a more precarious position. In order to win more government contracts it needs to get in the door, something AWS has already achieved.

The case is still being worked out in the courts, but Microsoft did get a partial win this month, when the Defense Department's inspector general found that awarding the full contract to Microsoft (instead of breaking it up among its rivals) was "consistent with applicable acquisition standards," and not driven by political bias on the part of the Trump administration.

That was welcome news to Microsoft, which said the inspector general's report shows the DoD properly awarded the contract to the software giant.In a blog titled "It bid high and lost. Should Amazon be allowed to do-over on JEDI?," Microsoft's deputy general counsel Jon Palmer argued Amazon lost the contract because it priced its offering too high, not because Trump hates AWS owner Jeff Bezos.

"There is a simple explanation for Microsoft's victory -- the strength of our technology, and our willingness to listen to and respond to our potential customers," wrote Palmer. "Even if you believe that Amazon may have started as the front runner, it's clear our team worked hard to catch up and surpass them by investing in our technology and listening to the DoD."

It's not clear what the courts will decide, but with cloud momentum growing at Microsoft and more opportunities to grow because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft is the better cloud computing stock.

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Forget Amazon, Microsoft Is a Better Cloud Computing Stock ...

Inside Red Hat: Its open source heritage means big opportunity in cloud computing – WRAL Tech Wire

Editors note: Nicole Catchpole is Senior Analyst at Technology Business Research.

HAMPTON, N.H. The open source proposition has been embedded in Red Hats roots since the companys founding in 1993 and has since remained at the core of its guiding principles, with Linux operating system (OS) at the heart of all its innovations. Vendor loyalty and clearly charted paths were the mantras many companies operated on for years, while digital transformation was barely on an enterprises short-term road map.

Then a decade ago, cloud adoption surged, creating the impetus to embrace more agile and flexible development models, and open source technologies emerged.

While business models centered on open source software have proved challenging for many, Red Hats pre-established culture and leadership around open source communities solidifies the Raleigh-based Red Hatbrand, paving the way for rapid scale, as the company has captured over 90% of the Fortune 500 as clients and in 2019 became the first open source-defined company to reach $3 billion in annual revenue.

Inside IBM: Partnerships with India-based peers, Red Hat mean cloud opportunities

During a recent conference, Products and Technologies EVP Matt Hicks discussed how Red Hat is leveraging its foundational strengths in an open hybridcloudapproach, which, by virtue of being open, goes beyond technology and extends to processes, cultures and transformation, to further differentiate.

[Hybrid cloudis acloudcomputing environment that uses a mix of on-premises, privatecloudand third-party, publiccloudservices with orchestration between the two platforms, according to WhatIs.com]

Red Hat is releasing new offerings to capture opportunities around hybrid infrastructures, application development and management while rapidly scaling up the integration of technologies such as AI and edge, bolstered by collaborative engines like its Innovation Labs.

Originally scheduled to be hosted in San Francisco, Red Hat Summit 2020 went virtual and offered participants numerous opportunities to virtually engage in hands-on labs, converse with industry leads and hear from Red Hat customers, and it did so while maintaining the spirit of openness and collaboration for which Red Hat is known.

While the topic of COVID-19 did not overtly dominate the discussions or significantly color the overarching Red Hat messaging, it became clear that the ability to pivot rapidly, embrace change and remain flexible will underscore Red Hats efforts to successfully promote transformation amid the pandemic. Red Hats reputation has historically been predicated on its open and agile approach to development and deployment, long before such attributes were considered valuable, let alone essential.

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Inside Red Hat: Its open source heritage means big opportunity in cloud computing - WRAL Tech Wire