WRITE TEAM: Space travel is back to once again give us faraway dreams – MyWebTimes.com

For the first time in nearly a decade, two American astronauts were recently launched into orbit from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken were on a SpaceX vehicle, which successfully docked with the International Space Station after spending 19 hours orbiting around Earth. They joined three other astronauts already on the station and will remain for up to four months to work and research.

I remember watching rocket blastoffs on a black and white TV in the 1960s, culminating with Neil Armstrong walking on the moon in July, 1969. The 1960s were a huge decade for space exploration. Space travel was unbelievably inspiring.

So much so that in a brick ranch house in Kankakee, an experimental flight took place. My brother, Mark, decided to conduct his own airborne encounter. Not entirely scientific, it was nonetheless, a memorable experience for our family in 1965.

Our youngest brother, Eric, had been born in December of 1963. He had a congenital heart condition that required hospital stays in Chicago. (He is now a healthy high school teacher.) When our parents stayed with him in the hospital, our maternal grandmother came to stay with Mark and me.

Grandma lived in Joliet and like many women her age, never learned to drive. When we needed her, Grandpa would bring her over where she kept our household moving along, cooking and cleaning and taking care of Mark, me, and our dog, Peanuts.

Our house had a semi-finished basement where we kids often played. A long, steep, uncarpeted staircase led to the lower level.

One day, while I was at school, Mark decided to play astronaut. We had been watching the space news on TV which must have motivated him to give Peanuts her chance to be a hero and sail through the sky.

Lacking a proper rocket ship, he selected a small, round, metal garbage can as a substitute. Peanuts was a fairly small miniature dachshund. For her protection, he wrapped her in a woven rug and placed her inside the metal can.

At the top of the staircase, he rolled/launched the makeshift rocket and then raced ahead of it down the stairs. The metal can made a tremendous noise as it repeatedly spun, bounced, and hit off the stairs. It rolled over and over, louder and louder.

Grandma heard the ruckus and came running to the stairs. Seeing the garbage can but not the dog, poor Grandma screamed, thinking that Mark had fallen down the stairs.

Seeing how scared she was, he quickly reassured her that it was the dog who had tumbled and not him. Her relief was brief; when she recovered and asked how the dog came to be wrapped in a rug inside the can, Mark was busted.

Grandma always said later that her first gray hairs appeared that day. Peanuts was not harmed, but there was never another launch on Summit Avenue. Our astronaut episodes were limited to drinking Tang in our kitchen while the real astronauts drank it in space.

I am glad that space travel is back to once again give us faraway dreams and adventures; transforming kids, dogs, and basements into vessels of imagination.

And giving gray hairs to grandmas.

Karen Roth is a semi-retired librarian/educator living in Ottawa. To reach her, email tsloup@shawmedia.com.

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WRITE TEAM: Space travel is back to once again give us faraway dreams - MyWebTimes.com

The ‘Mars Underground’: How a Rag-Tag Group of Students Helped Spark a Return to the Red Planet – Discover Magazine

In the early 1950s, while the space race was still taking shape, German-American rocket scientist Wernher von Braun pushed the U.S. to look beyond just the moon. His audacious plan, called The Mars Project, called for humans to visit the Red Planet as early as 1965 using a fleet of 10 ships crewed with 70 astronauts.

In hindsight, its a good thing NASA settled for the moon. The Mars Project wouldve killed every astronaut on board; von Braun didnt know about the deadly radiation of deep space or the scant martian atmosphere. NASA only learned about those things as it started exploring the solar system with robotic spacecraft.

And the more we learned about the Red Planet, the less feasible human missions there seemed to become.

When NASAs Mariner 4 spacecraft made the first flyby of Mars in 1965, the probe shattered a century of sci-fi dreams, revealing an arid, desolate world pockmarked with craters. In 1971, Mariner 9 entered orbit around Mars and was greeted with a massive global dust storm. But as the thin skies cleared, the spacecraft was able to map Mars surface, finding Valles Marineris a tectonic crack that, on Earth, would stretch roughly from the Grand Canyon to Orlando. In 1976, the Viking landers touched down on the martian surface and tested the soil for signs of life.And although some still question the results, most scientists now agree Mars is largely a barren wasteland.

No spacecraft would land on the Red Planet for two decades after NASAs Mars Viking landers reached the world in 1976. (Credit: COSMOS: A PERSONAL VOYAGE/Druyan-Sagan Associates, Inc./via NASA)

Following the Viking missions, it took 21 years for NASA to successfully send another robotic explorer to Mars.

That Red Planet renaissance was largely led by an informal group called the Mars Underground, a passionate band of graduate students that formed in 1981 to advocate for more Mars research, as well as future missions both robotic and human. Many of the young scientists and engineers were frustrated with NASA for its lack of focus on the planet.

Mars Underground wanted to know what we all do: Can humans survive on Mars? Could life already exist there? And if we sent humans to Mars, how would they search for signs of life?

They didnt call themselves the Mars Underground, though; that name was given to them by a journalist. But the group came to accept the banner.

At a series of conferences during the 1980s and 90s called The Case for Mars Mars Underground schemed up blueprints for crewed missions to Mars and the planets puny moons, Phobos and Deimos. They designed landing and departure systems for a Mars mission, imagined ways to reuse space shuttle rockets for deep-space treks and studied a host of other relatively low-cost options for reaching the Red Planet.

It is found that, in terms of technologies and spacecraft design, the basis for going to Mars is already available, and no breakthroughs are needed, the group wrote in a conference summary published in 1984 that also outlined some of the challenges.

Just a few years later, in 1989, President George H.W. Bush would announce a massively expensive and ill-fated push to put humans on Mars. By 1996, NASA had finally heeded the calls of the scientific community and robotically returned to the Red Planet with the Mars Global Surveyor orbiter and the Mars Pathfinder lander, which carried the Sojourner rover. In the years since, an armada of orbiters, landers and new rovers has followed.

The latest in the lineage of Mars rovers is Perseverance, previously known as Mars 2020. This beefed-up descendant of modest Sojourner is planned for launch on July 17, and aims to not only hunt for evidence of past martian life, but also collect and store rock and soil cores for a future sample return mission. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)

The informal Mars Underground group served as a model for other planetary scientists who wanted NASA to take their proposals seriously. Their strategy was considered so successful that, in 1989, another group of astronomers Xeroxed the brand," igniting a push for a mission to the outer solar system. Their name? The Pluto Underground. Many of its founding members are now scientists working on NASAs New Horizons mission. That initiative, led by Principal Investigator Alan Stern (and Pluto Underground member), flew past Pluto in 2015 and the Kuiper Belt object Arrokoth in 2019.

In the 2000s, another unofficial-yet-passionate band of scientists replicated the Mars Underground model this time to advocate for sending humans to asteroids before attempting a journey to Mars. The so-called Asteroid Underground studied the science objectives, engineering requirements and costs of such a mission. Eventually, in 2013, the seemingly wild idea became the space agencys official policy with the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM). However, the Trump administration defunded ARM in 2017 in favor of a moon-first policy.

Its been nearly 40 years since the Mars Underground formed, and its founders have risen to become some of the most prominent voices in todays push for space exploration.

Mars Underground co-founder Penelope Boston, who helped organize The Case for Mars conferences, went on to launch a cave studies program at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. In fact, she helped pioneer the study of life in Earths caves, paving the way for similar work on Mars someday. And in 2016, Boston became the director of NASAs Astrobiology Institute in California.

In 1998, longtime Mars Underground member Robert Zubrin used the group as inspiration to launch the Mars Society. Today, the group boasts thousands of members and hosts annual Mars conferences with high-profile attendees, including Elon Musk.

Chris McKay, who was still working on his Ph.D. when he co-founded Mars Underground, has had a storied career as an astrobiologist, studying organisms living in extreme environments on Earth for insights into life on Mars. These days, hes a senior planetary scientist at NASA, where hes actively involved in planning future Mars missions including eventual human trips. McKay now advocates for putting humans back on the moon, which he and others believe is a necessary stepping stone to Mars. He is also a champion for a robotic sample return mission to Mars.

And thats exactly what NASA plans to do. This summer, theyll launch the most sophisticated Mars rover ever built, which will both search for past life and collect martian soil samples. Meanwhile, the space agency has hired a host of private spaceflight companies for its Artemis program, which NASA hopes will return astronauts to the moon by 2024. From there, its on to Mars in the following decades.

Although the dreams of Mars Underground members might have taken far longer to come true than they would have hoped, with each passing year their ambitious vision of being an interplanetary species is marching toward reality.

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The 'Mars Underground': How a Rag-Tag Group of Students Helped Spark a Return to the Red Planet - Discover Magazine

Xplore To Host Space For Humanity Payload On Its First Moon Mission – SpaceWatch.Global

Image courtesy of Xplore Inc..

Xplore Inc., a commercial space company providing Space as a Service TM today announced on 3 June 2020 that space industry leader Dylan Taylor plans to reserve payload space on Xplores first mission beyond Earth orbit. The payload will be hosted onboard the Xcraft TM , Xplores highly capable, multi-mission spacecraft designed to perform frequent, low-cost missions in the inner solar system.

The diverse payload reservations Xplore is attracting now includes private citizens. Dylan Taylor is a successful founder, philanthropist, prominent space investor and also the CEO of Voyager Space Holdings, a multi-national space holding firm that acquires and integrates leading space exploration enterprises globally. He is also the first private citizen to manufacture an item in space when a gravity meter he co-designed and commissioned was printed on the International Space Station in 2017. Dylan has commissioned the Xplore payload for the benefit of Space for Humanity, a non-profit organization dedicated to democratizing space and supporting the education and future spaceflight for citizen astronauts.

Mr. Taylor said, My decision to choose Xplore as our payload hosting provider was a simple one Xplore is opening up new markets for commercial space, and I fully support their business model and experienced team. Their next-generation ESPA-class Xcraft and payload hosting services gives the flexibility needed to design the optimum payload and send it to space with Xplore. He added, Space as a Service TM is more than a tagline they are ushering in a new way of doing business that meets my organizations needs and supports a wide range of customers.

Xplore Founder Lisa Rich, said, Xplore is honored to have Space for Humanity as one of the forward-thinking commercial customers on our first mission. We are pleased to serve a non- profit and appreciate Space for Humanitys confidence in Xplore and our team. We have simplified the complexity behind sending payloads to space so that anyone with a purpose can fly their payload. She added, In the same way that we allow scientists to focus on the science, not the spacecraft, Xplore gives Space for Humanity the freedom to focus on the purpose of their payload and how they plan to support it via meaningful engagement and outreach programs that benefit their organizations mission.

Dylan Taylor said, With Xplore, our mission does not need a design team or spacecraft to achieve our goals. We can engage Xplore to send our payload to space which allows us to stay 100% focused on our core activities. He added: Xplore can take us to our desired destinations beyond Earth orbit something few companies can do. Further, we will benefit from the creative input they provide as well as the flexibility of the missions they can perform.

Xplores spacecraft, Xcraft, is a highly-capable ESPA-class spacecraft that can carry 30kg 70kg of payload in 50U volume and provides customers with the opportunity to fly scheduled or custom orbital missions. The company works with commercial customers, non-profits, sponsors, and organizations seeking to send their brands, instruments and other materials to space. While most customers desire to fly instruments to gather valuable science data, an increasing number of customers seek to use the significance of a space mission to send creative payloads and magnify the human impact of their message.

Lisa Rich said, The value of sending a payload beyond Earth orbit and having Space for Humanity become one of the first private customers to do so, is exemplary. Citizens identify with the import of these human achievements and want to participate. We want to provide customers as well as the public with the ability to take part in our great space future.

Xplore launched its public outreach website, Xplore Space, for this very purpose. Their site,www.xplorespace.comgives citizens and space enthusiasts alike the ability to send their name on Xplores first mission to the Moon, for free. Names of citizens will be saved on Xplores data storage system and placed inside of the Xplore Xcraft. While Xplore performs science missions for space agencies and researchers, citizens will become voyagers alongside scientific instruments making new discoveries. Millions of people will join Xplore on its missions, participating in the exploration of space.

Lisa Rich said, We believe that space is for everyone and that all should have access to it. Xplore is on a mission to accelerate scientific knowledge to benefit humanity and for our part, we will start by expanding the human footprint by giving citizens the ability to send their name to the Moon so they are represented on our journey.

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Xplore To Host Space For Humanity Payload On Its First Moon Mission - SpaceWatch.Global

Timken has spot on NASAs next space telescope – The-review

Specialized bearings made by Timken Co. will help the James Webb Space Telescope communicate with Earth. The next generation telescope is set to launch next year.

JACKSON TWP. Timken Co. has been part of U.S. space exploration programs from the beginning, so it shouldn't be a surprise that the company has bearings on the James Webb Space Telescope.

NASA plans to launch its next generation space telescope sometime in 2021. It will serve as a successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, which has been in orbit since 1990 and the Spitzer Space Telescope, which was retired earlier this year.

The James Webb Space Telescope will be the largest, most powerful and complex space telescope ever built and launched, according to NASA's website. Scientists believe the telescope will collect data that could fundamentally alter how humans understand the universe.

NASA has partnered on the project with the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency. Northrop Grumman is the primary industrial partner.

Timken provided bearings for a critical position on the telescope, said Wayne Denny, general manager for global strategic marketing in aerospace and defense.

Steel duplex precision ball bearings will help to turn and pinpoint a communications antenna toward Earth. The antenna will transmit information collected by the telescope back to Earth .

The bearings one is 3 1/2 inches wide and the other is 2 inches wide will help the antenna precisely lock on its target before it transmits, Denny said.

"There's no room for recovery and repair in space flight," he said. "It has to work right."

Denny grew up south of Alliance and has been with Timken 28 years. Most of his Timken career has involved work in aerospace. He trained as a physicist, and is excited to work on the Webb project.

The images and discoveries made by the Hubble telescope "have been just amazing," Denny said.

The James Webb Space Telescope is larger and will be positioned to gather more information.

"I'm looking forward to the first images that come off it," Denny said. "It's a great, exciting tool that will help us with discovery."

The Hubble Telescope orbits the Earth, but the James Webb will travel roughly 930,000 miles and be in an orbit around the sun.

Because it will be flying deeper into space, the telescope will be positioned to look at galaxies farther away. Scientists hope to collect information about some of the oldest formations in the universe, and possibly improve our understanding of creation of the universe and galaxies.

The distance also factors into the bearing design, Denny said. Timken needed a steel and a lubricant that could tolerate extreme temperature changes.

"There's nothing common about space flight bearings," Denny said.

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Timken has spot on NASAs next space telescope - The-review

Cal Poly Partnership with Air Force Research Laboratory Will Direct $2.5 Million to Aerospace Engineering Department – Cal Poly San Luis Obispo News

Funding Aims to Boost Mini-Satellite Program for Space Exploration

SAN LUIS OBISPO Cal Polys partnership with the Air Force Research Laboratory will direct roughly $2.5 million to enhance the universitys Aerospace Engineering Department and boost its mini-satellite program, which was the catalyst for a substantial expansion of space research two decades ago.

The Education Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the Air Force provides a total of $5 million to be split evenly between Cal Poly and California State Polytechnic University in Pomona. Funding for the partnership was secured by three U.S. representatives from California Salud Carbajal, Norma J. Torres and Grace Napolitano through the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2020 (H.R. 1158).

The EPAs agreements between a defense laboratory and an educational institution allow the labs to provide laboratory equipment and personnel to the schools, plus career and academic advice to students while involving faculty and students in research.

The EPA will help the Air Force Research Lab pioneer transformative aerospace technologies and accelerate its long-term strategic objectives in key areas, such as energy security, energy optimization, reusability, maneuverability and multi-mission mobility.

This partnership is an exciting opportunity to further the Learn by Doing ethos that has long given our students a competitive edge, said Cal Poly President Jeffrey D. Armstrong. With this mutually beneficial collaboration, our students and faculty will help the Air Force enhance its strategic capabilities in space operations through next-generation access to space and maneuverability.

In particular, the funds for Cal Poly will support a thermal vacuum chamber with upgraded facilities to support it. A thermal vacuum chamber can be used for testing spacecraft or spacecraft parts under a simulated space environment.

Cal Poly is proud of its past contributions to aerospace technology, which have revolutionized space exploration, said College of Engineering Dean Amy S. Fleischer. We look forward to being an instrumental part of the next period of significant innovation, which this partnership will help us achieve.

Cal Poly became a major contributor to space research roughly 20 years ago, when former Aerospace Engineering faculty member Jordi Puig-Suari co-created the CubeSat standard with Bob Twiggs of Stanford University. CubeSats are mini-satellites that are affordable and easy to make, allowing governments, schools and private companies worldwide to more easily and affordably explore space and conduct research.

The new vacuum chamber will allow researchers to test and develop propulsion for CubeSats, allowing for greater control of the satellites for space exploration. Currently, most CubeSats cannot be controlled in space, and propulsion and maneuverability are often viewed as the next major step in CubeSat technology.

CubeSat technology has really progressed over the past 20 years, said Robert Crockett, associate dean for innovation infrastructure at Cal Polys College of Engineering. Helping to advance propulsion will help us maintain a leadership role.

Cal Polys CubeSat program, Crockett added, is notable because it involves students in significant research, testing and development and that Learn by Doing approach will be enhanced by working with the Air Force.

Well be working very closely with the Air Force researchers, he said. With additional state-of-the-art technology, well be able to do things that werent previously possible, which will prompt key players in the space industry to come to us often for both our facilities and our talent.

The EPA is part of a larger partnership the two Cal Poly campuses have had with Edwards Air Force Base in Kern County and will prepare students for their future careers.

Military-educational partnerships enhance our national security capabilities and provide students with hands-on learning opportunities that set them up for successful STEM careers, said Carbajal, whose Central Coast district includes Cal Poly. I am so thankful to my colleagues, Rep. Torres and Rep. Napolitano, for their support, and I look forward to seeing the incredible developments the Cal Poly universities will make in the aerospace field through this partnership with the Air Force.

Ten CubeSats developed at Cal Poly have been launched into space, and three more are currently in the works. Last summer, the Planetary Society used Cal Polys CubeSat lab as mission control for its launch of LightSail 2, a pioneering project that developed solar sails to help propel a mini-satellite.

Bailey Wickham, a software engineering student, leads the ExoCube project that will measure the density of particles in the upper atmosphere. ExoCube is one of three Cal Poly CubeSat projects currently in the works. The partnership with the Air Force Research Laboratory will add funding and professional support to Cal Polys CubeSat program.

Brigitte Petersen, an aerospace engineering student, is the project manager for two Cal Poly CubeSat missions that will test drag sails as a means to safely deorbit miniature satellites. A partnership with the Air Force Research Laboratory will help Cal Poly explore propulsion techniques for CubeSats.

Contact: Pat Pemberton805-235-0555;ppembert@calpoly.eduContact:Mannal Haddad202-281- 7612;mannal.haddad@mail.house.gov

June 9, 2020

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Cal Poly Partnership with Air Force Research Laboratory Will Direct $2.5 Million to Aerospace Engineering Department - Cal Poly San Luis Obispo News

A group of enthusiasts has annotated the assembly code for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon – Neowin

This year is set to be an eventful one for space travel and exploration. Already, we've seen SpaceX make history by becoming the first privately-owned company to ferry astronauts to the International Space Station. We're also well into the testing stages of the Starship project that aims to make space exploration and habitation a tangible reality. Not to mention, the summer launch window of NASA's new Perseverance rover to Mars is just around the corner as well.

While all of these are bold initiatives, it helps to take a step back and gauge just how far we've come since our baby steps in the world of space exploration. Fermat's Library has done exactly that. The platform, which specializes in developing software to help illuminate academic papers, went through the original Apollo 11 code that was penned down by Margaret Hamilton in assembly language back in 1969 and annotated many parts of it.

Specifically, the team annotated the SINGLE_PRECISION_SUBROUTINES.agc file for calculating transcendental functions like sine and cosine that were a linchpin for Apollo 11's voyage to the Moon. Fermat's Library uploaded its annotation of the source code on Margins, an online repository that it has curated for academics and enthusiasts to annotate papers with LaTeX and Markdown scripts. The excerpt below shows the computer's approximation of calculates cos() in the SPCOS subroutine.

The complete annotation of the subroutine can be found here. If you are interested in finding out more, the source code of the Command Module (Comanche055) and Lunar Module (Luminary099) on the original Apollo 11 guidance computer (AGC) can be found in this GitHub repository.

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A group of enthusiasts has annotated the assembly code for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon - Neowin

National Youth Science Camp is online this year, instead of in W.Va. hills – WV MetroNews – West Virginia MetroNews

Normally about this time of year the National Youth Science Camp would be welcoming youthful scientists from around the world to the hills of West Virginia.

This year, as with almost every aspect of life, that has changed.

The National Youth Science Camp, which was created in 1963 as part of West Virginias centennial celebration, had to cancel its on-site program this year. This is only the second time that the annual program has not been held in the Mountain State.

While it is disappointing that the delegates to the 2020 NYSCamp wont immediately be able to visit our beautiful state, I am very pleased that we have been able to pivot from our traditional residential program to this very impressive virtual program so quickly, statedAndrew Blackwood,executive director of the National Youth Science Foundation.

Usually, the camp features interactive experiences with top scientists and outdoor adventures.

The camp announced in mid-March that it would cancel the traditional, four-week on-site programs this year as a precaution because of the coronavirus pandemic.

The camp is still going on, but through a virtual series of learning experiences, including a lecture series, directed studies, breakout seminars and more.

Dr. Julie Robinson, the former chief scientist of the International Space Station, presented the opening lecture on Tuesday and explored the realities of human space exploration.

Participants include 108delegates representing the United States, Mexico, and Trinidad and Tobago. The 2020 Virtual NYSCamp features a lecture series, directed studies, breakout seminars, special events and a panel discussion with STEM policy experts.

More topics range from exploring and understanding the vastness of space to the microcosms of potential COVID-19 treatments.

Brian Kinghorn, director of the camp, noted that these NYSCamp delegates are some of the best and brightest STEM students from across the nation and deserve to be recognized for their potential for leadership and achievements.

The virtual camp will provide them with opportunities to interact with STEM experts, build lasting friendships, and get a jump start on changing the world for good.

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National Youth Science Camp is online this year, instead of in W.Va. hills - WV MetroNews - West Virginia MetroNews

ISRO Working On Eliminating Space Debris In Collaboration With ARIES – Gizbot

|Published: Tuesday, June 9, 2020, 17:35 [IST]

Space exploration is certainly one of the most exciting ventures for mankind. However, in the course of exploring and better understanding celestial bodies, we have left a long trail of space debris, floating in outer space. ISRO is now teaming up with Nainital-based Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) to safeguard space assets from space debris.

Space debris, also known as space waste, space trash, and even space garbage, is made up of man-made objects in space. It is primarily floating in Earth's orbit and serve no useful function. It could be anything like non-functional spacecraft or an abandoned launch vehicle stage. As these fragmented space debris float around, they pose a risk to functional spacecraft.

A lot of astronomers and researchers have voiced the dangers of space debris. Former ISRO chairman Kiran Kumar has also stressed that as the number of private space agencies is increasing, a lot of smaller satellites are getting into the Earth's orbit. This also means that the number of non-functional objects too is increasing.

The treats from space debris can wreak havoc for space missions. This is why ISRO has signed an MoU with ARIES for cooperation in the field of astrophysics and Space Situational Awareness (SSA). ISRO notes that the MoU will be useful "in safeguarding the Indian space assets from critical threats from space debris".

ARIES comprises of experts in observational astronomy, astrophysics, and atmospheric sciences, who will aid with the new agenda. "Today, every orbiting satellite keeps an eye on these objects and if they are likely to come in the vicinity of our operational satellite, we have to do some maneuvers to ensure that there is no collision," Kumar said in a press meet.

ISRO will be gathering data from the public domain on orbiting objects and has set up observation stations. In this way, ISRO will be contributing to the larger global community and make space exploration safer. ISRO will also pave the way for future collaborations with ARIES for the same. Optical telescope observational facilities for tracking, research, development, and more will be done as well.

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2020 New Momentum of the Space Age, Humanity, and Asgardia – Asgardia Space News

"The supreme absolute value of Asgardia is Humanity striving into the infinite future, the Infinite Universe and the new Infinite Universes."

Supreme Values of Asgardia. Constitution Art. 4

Interest in space grows again in humanity, and with it increases the reasons that inspired the foundation of Asgardia, the first Space Nation, in October 2016.

Since its inception, the vision of its founder and ideologist, the scientist Dr. Igor Ashurbeyli, has been the development of humanity in space in peace, harmony, security, well-being, and even to achieve the birth of human beings in space.

A new space age has begun in 2020.

On January 17 in Beijing, Dr. Shang Zhi, Head of the Space Department of the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC), unveiled their space plans for this year: "The country will send more than 60 spacecraft to orbit through 40 launches this year. He also reported that they plan to send one probe to the Moon and another to Mars this year.

On May 30, 2020, the United States, in a joint operation between NASA and the private company Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, SpaceX, successfully managed to bring two astronauts to the International Space Station located 400 km away from Earth. Veteran pilots Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley joined the two Russians and one American currently living on the International Space Station.

The United Arab Emirates plans to launch a probe toward Mars from the Tanegasima Japanese Space Center on July 15.

Meanwhile, Vladimir Ustimenko, spokesperson for the Russian space agency, Roscosmos, announced the resumption of its lunar program by 2021.

Humanity sets its sights on space again, and in 2020 the technologically prepared and interested countries continue with their space plans.

Nations of Earth that have dedicated themselves to the investigation and use of space have objectives of diverse nature, all worthy of being recognized, and toAsgardia its priority is the well-being, development, and life of humanity in space.

Traveling outside of Earth and reaching other planets will become very important achievements and triumphs, but only when humanity can reproduce, organize, and develop in space, we can say that we have begun the conquest of the Infinite Universe.

Asgardians, we are on the right path. Let's keep giving our best and keep writing history.

Ana Mercedes Diaz

Former Prime Minister of Asgardia

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2020 New Momentum of the Space Age, Humanity, and Asgardia - Asgardia Space News

Emerging Space opportunities in India – Geospatial World

Indian Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharamans recent announcement on boosting private participation in Space activities has spurred a new wave of excitement in the sector. As an after effect of the announcement, to bring in more clarity on the partnership opportunities, leaders from the sector came together ona virtual session on June 5,2020.

In the session on New Space Opportunities in India experts from ISRO, CII, Institute of Science and Technology (IIST), JNTU-H, ISG andTEQIP III shared valuable insights onhow the private sector, academic andresearch institutes could leverage on the new opportunities in the space sector and how this participation will boost the sector and the economy.

Prof. A Govardhan, Rector & In-charge-Registrar, JNTU-Hstarted the session on a positive note by saying, The new developments in the space sector will greatly boost the economy. With private companies coming in the space sector, there will be more employment, innovations and lot of growth in the space industry.

Taking the discussion further,Mr. Vagish Dixit, Convenor, Education & Skills Panel India CII Telangana & MD& CEO, ALPLA India Pvt Ltd.said, The time is ripe for the private sector to enter the commercial space sector. We need to build and nurture an ecosystem where the public and private sectors work collaboratively. The government must function as a facilitator, friend and regulator. It should handhold private start-ups and encourage them to venture into the space domain. Through public-private partnership, the Indian space sector can effectively reach its target of being a $50 billion worth industry in the next 5 years.

Dr. YVN Krishna Murthy, Senior Professor & Registrar IIST, Dept of Space, Govt of Indiaprovided clearer direction on the subject of public-private partnership in the space sector by right away outlining few domains within the sector where the private start-ups should focus on investing. He outlined some interesting entrepreneurial opportunities. He said private companies should think of contributing in areas of crop insurance, soil conservation, fisheries since in these areas they can make significant difference with less investment.

Citing the example of SatSure, an innovative analytics company basedon expanding the vision of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai,he said that private companies need to think what difference can they make? What innovation can they bring in the sector for better outcomes? How they can bring in IoT data? They must try to beat the market with their innovation.

Instead of repeating, which is already there, they must try to beat the market with new technologies. This will make them more useful. An area where the private companies must focus on is devising Locust Early Warning Systems. Data is available. The companies need to think how to use this data to provide such valuable services.

Mr. Walter Mayor, CEO, ProGis-Austria,addressing the necessity of adopting Geospatial approach for biodiversity conservation, mentioned, We have to integrate better in future. We have to go from data to information to precise decision-making to integrated decision-making. While exploring new opportunities in the space sector, private companies must focus on solving problems and building a good future. They have to think beyond short term gains. They have to develop solutions that reduce ecology damages and aid in building a sustainable world.

The discussion on new opportunities in space in India gained a new life whenFormer Chairman of ISRO, Dr. Kiran Kumarcame on board. He reinforced the point that the entire planet has to live as one system. He said, Like the reset button on our computer, COVID-19 has made all of us to rethink and reset the way we live and work. The entire planet is one family. We need to work together.

India has developed end to end capabilities in space opportunities, be it space exploration, space tourism, space adventure, space exploitation. A private enterprise recently took humans to space. Such efforts are needed for the development of the Indian Space Sector. More and more people have to do jobs at a rapid pace. We all are aware that government has its own pace due to the number of processes it has to follow. Things can happen fast when private entrepreneurs invest time, money and energy in the space sector. However, the private sector must not only focus on maximizing returns but on holistic development of the sector and the planet.

Touching upon the subject of developing the capabilities of the younger generation, he rightly mentioned, Rapid progress in building technological capabilities of the younger generation must be made. ISRO is building incubation centres, fostering academic partnership programs. Many such efforts are needed. We have to be bold in moving ahead. The government must play an active role in enabling academicians, industry, the young generation for facilitating new opportunities in the Indian space sector.

The fiery comments ofDr. Pavuluri Subba Rao, CMD, Ananth Technologiesbrought a new perspective to the discussion. His comments touched upon a pain area. Indian Remote Sensing policies have long been criticized for stifling the growth of the space sector and he rightly pointed out that for strengthening the sector and the private-public partnership to flourish, it is necessary to revamp the policies.

He said, More encouraging policies can make the space sector a level playing field for the private sector.

His views on the developments required on the academic front were also spot on. He pointed out that the universities need to update the curriculum such that the students become more job ready for the new age space sector. We must make the students suitable for meeting the industry needs. Faculties also need to be more aware about the industry trends. Inviting industry-experts to the universities could be a good way of making the students aware of the latest developments taking place in the industry.

As part of the COVID Stimulus Package, the Government of India is encouraging the Private Sector Participation in Space Sector and the eminent speakers present in the virtual session on new space opportunities in India provided valuable points as to how the space sector can develop a robust ecosystem, where everyone contributes and thrives equally. The public-private partnership is definitely the way to go forward!

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Emerging Space opportunities in India - Geospatial World

Space Exploration: Stocks and ETFs to Watch – The Motley Fool Canada

This past weekend, history was made, which may usher in a new era of space exploration. The Space X Crew Dragon became the first privately built ship to ever carry humans to the international space station. Aboard the famous Falcon 9 rocket, Crew Dragon successfully docked on Sunday, some 19 hours after launching from Floridas Kennedy Space Center.

The momentous occasion is also garnering interest from potential investors. How can one invest in this multi-billion industry? At the moment, Space X is private, but there are several other intriguing options for investors looking for exposure to space exploration.

The simplest way to gain exposure to the industry is to invest in an exchange-traded fund (ETF). Although there are no Canadian-listed ETFs, there are two intriguing options south of the border.

The SPDR S&P Kensho Final Frontiers ETF (NYSEMKT:ROKT) focuses on spacecraft, launch vehicles, rockets, satellites, infrastructure and mission-support services. The fund seeks to provide investment results that track the total return performance of the S&P Kensho Final Frontiers Index. The Index attempts to capture companies whose products and services are driving innovation behind the exploration of deep space and deep sea.

Among the top holdings, you will find industry leaders such as Raytheon Technologies and Lockheed Martin. TSX-listed Maxar Technologiesis also among ROKTs top holdings.

Since launching in late 2018, Kensho performed quite well and had a banner 2019 in which it gained 40.90%. The fund was trending well again in 2020 until the pandemic sent its price crashing. Despite rebounding, Kensho is still trading at a 28% discount to its 52-week high.

The Procure Space ETF (NASDAQ:UFO) focuses on broadcasting, cable/satellite TV, telecommunications and telecom-equipment industries. The fund seeks to provide investment results that track the S-Network Space Index equity Index. The Index serves as an equity benchmark for a global portfolio of companies that engage in space-related business, such as those utilizing satellite technology.

Among the top holdings of this space exploration fund you will find Virgin Galactic, ORBCOMM, and once again, Maxar Technologies.

Procure only launched in May of last year, and it has lost 23.16% of its value since inception. Over the past month, it is up by approximately 11% and is rebounding along with the rest of the markets.

Outside of the aforementioned Maxar Technologies, Magellan Aerospace (TSX:MAL) is also worth a look in the space exploration industry. Although not a pure play, Magellan has been working with partners in the space industry for over 50 years.

Magellans significant expertise made them key partners in several missions. Most recently, it partnered with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) on the RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM). Canadas new generation of Earth observation satellites launched in July of 2019.

According to the CSA, the satellites will scan our country and its waters daily to help manage our environment and waters. This important data will: help ships navigate safely through Arctic waters, monitor our ecosystems and assist first responders when disasters strike.

Much like the Crew Dragon spacecraft, the RADARSAT Constellation satellites were launched aboard the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.

As of writing, Magellan is trading at an attractive 8.70 times forward earnings and below book value (0.40). If a new era of space exploration is indeed upon us, then companies like Magellan are well positioned to benefit.

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Stay Home, Watch Horror: 5 Deep Space Horror Movies to Stream This Week – Bloody Disgusting

Fear is subjective, and people watch horror for a variety of reasons. Horror as escapism being a prominent one. The genre offers endless creativity, allowing us to explore extreme scenarios, alternate dimensions, and creatures from beyond, all from the comfort of our own homes. Lately, horror as escapism seems needed more than ever. So, this week were leaving the planet behind and traversing the terrors lurking in the furthest corners of space.

Because its the definitive, default deep space horror franchise, I left it off this weeks list in favor of spotlighting other picks. However, the Alientrilogy is currently streaming on HBO Max,Prometheusis available to stream with a Sling subscription, andAlien: Covenantthrough FX. Also recommended is 2007sSunshine, but its available only on VOD and rental.

These five horror movies take on the physical and psychological nightmares that accompany deep space exploration, from mind-bending isolation trauma to savage monsters inhabiting hostile terrain. Theyre all currently available to stream this week.

Event Horizon Netflix

The other go-to deep space horror movie, outside of theAlienseries, and for a good reason. We may never see Paul W.S. Andersons directors cut, but at least the theatrical cut still rules. A haunted house film set near Neptune in 2047, the ill-fated crew of the Lewis and Clark spaceship is sent to answer a distress call from the Event Horizon after itd been missing for seven years. They soon discover that the ship went to hell and back, literally, and its gained sentience. Laurence Fishburne leads as Captain Miller, but Sam Neill steals the film as the Event Horizons designer turned evil villain. Where were going, we wont need eyes to see.

Planet of the Vampires Prime Video

Two interplanetary ships on an expedition exploring the furthest recesses of space answer a distress beacon from a nearby, unexplored world. The crew of one ship becomes possessed upon entering the planets atmosphere, rendering them homicidal as they turn on each other. The survivors learn that theyre far from the first species to set foot on the planet and succumb to its mysterious force. If this plot sounds familiar in any way, that might be because it played a significant influence onAlien. Italian maestro Mario Bava directs with his usual vivid, lush aesthetic.

High Life Prime Video

The first English-language feature by Claire Denis (Trouble Every Day) also happens to be a genre-bender. Told in a nonlinear format,High Life follows a group of death row criminals given a second chance at life by working on a mission to extract energy from a black hole. The deep space isolation and the psychological turmoil it brings is enough for anyone to deal with; the criminals are subjected to experimentation by the doctor, whos fixated on creating a baby in deep space through artificial insemination. Yes, its as disturbing as it sounds, and it doesnt even begin to cover how weird it gets. A headier sci-fi horror film that eschews convention or any easy answers, this is for the more avant-garde cinephiles.

The Visitor Tubi, Vudu

An utterly bizarre, often incoherent entry in midnight madness. Emphasis on madness. Evil space alien Zatteen fled his planet and escaped to Earth. He was eventually stopped, but hed procreated with many Earthlings before his death, resulting in numerous descendants harboring great potential for evil. One of those descendants is 8-year-old telekinetic Katy, who becomes locked in an intergalactic battle of good versus evil over the fate of the world. Much of the narrative takes place on Earth, but theres plenty of glimpses of the alien world as well. Theres a Christ figure, Satanists, a falcon, aliens, supernatural powers, and more in a strange mashup of The OmenandClose Encounters of the Third Kind. That the U.S. cut of the film was heavily edited makes this anomaly of a movie all the more nonsensically weird. In the best possible, you have to see it to believe it sort of way. Its pure madness.

Pandorum Hoopla

The films title refers to a psychosis triggered by deep space and severe stress. While that does factor into the story, what makes this movie memorable is the non-stop onslaught of monsters. The setup sees two crew members awaken from hypersleep, only to find their colleagues are missing, and strange, predatory creatures have overrun the ship. Dennis Quaid and Ben Foster lead the cast in this massive action-horror spectacle. The type of film we dont get too often these days. Savage kills, fresh creature design, and even a little psychological terror thrown into the mix. Like Kanopy, Hoopla is a free streaming service offered by local libraries, but if no library in your vicinity offers it,Pandorumis also available to stream on HBO Max.

Bonus: Killer Klowns from Outer Space Netflix, Tubi, Pluto TV, Hoopla

In terms of feel-good horror, its hard to beat the insanely fun and loveableKiller Klowns from Outer Space. Because its set on Earth, its a bonus pick, one that brings immeasurable joy. Who doesnt smile when seeing these wacky Klowns unleash mayhem and carnage in the form of shadow puppets, popcorn, cotton candy, and circus mayhem? All from the delightfully warped minds of the Chiodo brothers.

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Physicists Solve the Mystery of the Light-Speed Cyclist – Popular Mechanics

Big news for students of the Star Trek school of warp speed: Scientists have proven that watching a body move at light speed would make you feel sick to your stomach.

Thats because the visual information coming in from both eyeballs would combine into a distorted, confusing mental picture that the human brain would find dizzying, they say.

Like those who designed the stretching USS Enterprise over several generations of special effects, physicists have wondered for decades what an object traveling at light speed would look like. In fiction, the goal is to persuade viewers that theyre really seeing warp speedbut in reality, the question is reversed. If light speed were a given and we knew it, what would that look like?

Soviet-born physicist George Gamow defected and moved to the U.S. in the 1930s. He wrote a book called Mr. Tompkins in Wonderland to help explain physics ideas to children, but the book contained a thought experiment that has lingered for decades.

[I]n it, the titular hero is transported to a strange world in which the speed of light is only slightly faster than that of a bicycle and he sees a passing cyclist to be Lorentz contracted, in apparent agreement with Einsteins Theory of Special Relativity, British researchers write in a new paper published in Proceedings of the Royal Society A.

Lorentz contraction is a visual squashing where you expect to see the entire object. But in their paper, the researchers discuss all the pieces of what we see when we look at a moving object and use that to build a new understanding of the light-speed cyclist. The scientists explain:

The reason for this is our advancing understanding of human sight. First, with two eyes (binocular vision), our brains receive information in two sections whose shared micro-lag is magnified by extremely high speeds. All the parameters are immediately doubled and muddied in stereoscope.

Adding visual information with light and shadow, 3D substance, colors, and more only multiplies the visual confusion. The scientists modeled this using math models for each of the different visual parameters.

A bicycle wheel is a uniquely great way to think about relative motion. If a wheel is traveling at the speed of light, half of each wheel appears to be spinning forward, while half is technically going backward. This is one reason its such an enduring thought exercise. Is the entire bicycle visually squashed, even though the wheels arent in one uniform motion vector?

E. A. Cryer-Jenkins and P. D. Stevenson, Proceedings of the Royal Society A

And while this all sounds far outno one is riding a bike at the speed of light!the researchers say it could have applications in space exploration and telescopy. The scientists explain:

Essentially, a powerful space viewer could match passing flickers with the distortion profile in this paper and detect whole objects even at extremely high speeds.

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ISRO signs MoU with ARIES for cooperation in Space Situational Awareness, Astrophysics – Economic Times

BENGALURU: The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has entered into an agreement with Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) for cooperation in the field of Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Astrophysics.

The Memorandum of Understanding was signed by R Umamaheswaran, Scientific Secretary of ISRO and Dipankar Banerjee, Director of ARIES, Nainital through videoconference mode at ISRO and ARIES Headquarters' on June 4, the space agency said in a release.

Space objects orbital tracking, analysis and space weather studies are important aspects in Space Situational Awareness and Management to safeguard Indian space assets from critical conjunction threats from space debris, ISRO said.

Future endeavors in space exploration depend on R&D in Astrophysics, solar sciences and space environment, it said, adding that self-reliance in these areas is key to the progress of Indian space arena.

This MoU will pave the way for future collaborations between ISRO and ARIES in establishing optical telescope observational facilities for space object tracking, R&D studies in space weather, astrophysics and Near Earth Object (NEO), it further noted.

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ISRO signs MoU with ARIES for cooperation in Space Situational Awareness, Astrophysics - Economic Times

The Dangers of Space, Military Rivals and Other New Books to Read – Smithsonian.com

Reading astrophysicist Paul M. Sutters latest book, How to Die in Space, will surely help any adult erase regrets they may have about their failed childhood dream of becoming an astronaut. As the SUNY Stony Brook professor observes, outer spacepopulated by such threats as black holes, acid rain, asteroids, planetary nebulae and magnetic fieldsis, to put it frankly, nasty.

The latest installment in our Books of the Week series, which launched in late March to support authors whose works have been overshadowed amid the COVID-19 pandemic, details the many ways one might meet their demise in space, six notorious military rivalries, the Italian Renaissances dark undertones, the history of swimming and the culinary implications of so-called wild foods. Past coverage has highlighted books including Karen Gray Houston's exploration of her family's civil right's legacy, St. Louis' racist history, James Madison's black family, and modern conservatism's roots in the antebellum South and post-Civil War westward expansion.

Representing the fields of history, science, arts and culture, innovation, and travel, selections represent texts that piqued our curiosity with their new approaches to oft-discussed topics, elevation of overlooked stories and artful prose. Weve linked to Amazon for your convenience, but be sure to check with your local bookstore to see if it supports social distancing-appropriate delivery or pickup measures, too.

Despite its macabre title, How to Die in Space is a surprisingly lighthearted read. Adopting what Kirkus describes as an informal, humorous persona, Sutterhost of popular podcast Ask a Spaceman!guides his audience through the cosmos deadliest phenomena, from Jupiters dense atmosphere to radiation, solar flares and exploding stars, which he deems slumbering dragon[s], just waiting for the chance to awaken and begin breathing flame.

The book also dedicates ample space to speculative threats, including dark matter, extraterrestrial life, wormholes and other relics of the ancient universe.

How to Die in Spaces description emphasizes that while the universe may be beautiful, ... its [also] treacherous. Still, Sutters musings cover more than simply doom and gloom: As the scientist writes in the texts closing chapters, Its really an excuse to talk about all the wonderful physics happening in the cosmos. There is so much to learn, and we need to study it as closely and intimately as possible.

Following the release of their 2013 bestseller, Moment of Battle: The Twenty Clashes That Changed the World, journalist James Lacey and historian Williamson Murray started brainstorming topics to explore in future books. Eventually, the pair landed on the premise of rivals, defined in Gods of Wars introduction as military geniuses who fought a general of equal caliberor, in the cases of World War II commanders Erwin Rommel, Bernard Law Montgomery and George Patton, multiple generals.

Bookended by essays on wars changing character and the role of military genius in modern warfare, the six case studies read like a Whos Who of global history. Representing the ancient world are Hannibal and Scipio (the latter of whom the authors describe as the better strategic thinker) and Caesar and Pompey. Crusader kings Richard I and Saladin; Napoleon Bonaparte and Battle of Waterloo victor Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington; Union Army commander Ulysses S. Grant and Confederate officer Robert E. Lee round out the list of 13 featured men.

Lacey and Murray liken their approach to chess strategy. There is only so much you can learn by playing someone inferior to you or by revisiting the games of neophytes, the duo writes. There is, however, much to absorb, think about, and learn from studying games that [pit] one grandmaster against another.

As alluded to by its title, Catherine Fletchers latest book juxtaposes seemingly discordant aspects of the Italian Renaissance: its aesthetic brilliance and, in the words of fellow historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, the filth and thuggery, slavery, sex, slaughter and skullduggery behind [this] exquisite art. Framed as an alternative history of the much-explored period of creative rebirth, The Beauty and the Terror contextualizes the Italian Renaissance within the framework of European colonialism, widespread warfare and religious reform. Rather than focusing solely on such artistic geniuses as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Botticelli, Fletcher lends a voice to the women writers, Jewish merchants, mercenaries, prostitutes, farmers and array of average citizens who also called the Italian peninsulas competing city-states home.

The lived reality of 15th- and 16th-century Italy involved far more violence, uncertainty and devastation than widely believed, argues Fletcher. Forces beyond its residents controla series of wars, the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the advent of the Protestant Reformationshaped their lives yet have been largely overshadowed by what their greatest minds left behind.

We revere Leonardo da Vinci for his art but few now appreciate his ingenious designs for weaponry, notes the books description. We know the Mona Lisa for her smile but not that she was married to a slave-trader. We visit Florence to see Michelangelo's David but hear nothing of the massacre that forced the republics surrender.

In lieu of visiting a swimming pool this summer, consider diving into Howard Means absorbing exploration of aquatic recreation and exercise. As the journalist writes in Splash!s prologue, paddling, floating or wading through water can be a transformative experience: The near weightlessness of swimming is the closest most of us will ever get to zero-gravity space travel. The terror of being submerged is the nearest some of us ever come to sheer hell.

The earliest evidence of swimming dates to some 10,000 years ago, when Neolithic people living in what is now southwest Egypt painted individuals performing the breaststroke or doggy paddle on the walls of the Cave of Swimmers. Swimming endured throughout the classical period, with ancient texts including the Bible, Homers Odyssey, the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Chinese Book of Odes all containing references to the practice.

The advent of the medieval erawith its rising prudery and insularity, as well as its lack of sanitation and efficient infrastructurequickly brought this golden age of swimming to an end; in Europe, at least, swimming slipped into the dark for a full millennium, writes Means.

During the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, swimming was more closely associated with witchcraft than leisure. The practice only regained popularity during the Enlightenment period, when such prominent figures as Benjamin Franklin and Lord Byron reminded the public of its merits. By 1896, swimming had regained enough popularity to warrant its inclusion in the first modern Olympic Games.

Part memoir, part travelogue and part culinary adventure, Feasting Wild examines humans relationship to wild food and the disappearing places and animals that provide it, according to Publishers Weekly. Broadly defined as fare foraged, hunted or caught in the wild, the untamed foods detailed in geographer and anthropologist Gina Rae La Cervas debut book hail from such diverse locales as Scandinavia, Poland, Borneo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, New Mexico and Maine. Once associated with poverty and subsistence, writes La Cerva, wild foods including broad-leaved garlic, bushmeat, sea buckthorn flowers and moose meat are now viewed as luxuries, reserved for five-star restaurants that cater to an elite clientele.

La Cerva argues that this shift in perception stems from the onslaught of settler-colonialism, which used the dichotomy of wild versus tame to justify violent appetites and the domination of unfamiliar cultures and places. Within a few centuries, she adds, the world [had] traded wild edibles at home for exotic domesticates from abroad.

The flipside of this fetishization of need is the standardization of humans diets. As wild places across the world vanish, so, too, do undomesticated or uncultivated plant and animal species. Preserving wild foodsand the knowledge imparted by the women who have historically collected and cooked themis therefore fundamentally about recovering our common heritage, writes La Cerva. The urgency of the environmental crisis is precisely why we must slow down, take time, [and] become complicated in our actions.

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Censorship by country – Wikipedia

Censorship by country collects information on censorship, Internet censorship, Freedom of the Press, Freedom of speech, and Human Rights by country and presents it in a sortable table, together with links to articles with more information. In addition to countries, the table includes information on former countries, disputed countries, political sub-units within countries, and regional organizations.

2015 Freedom of the Press Classifications[6]

NotFree

PartlyFree

Free

NoData

2014 Press Freedom Index[7]

Very serious situation

Difficult situation

Noticeable problems

Satisfactory situation

Good situation

Not classified / No data

Internet censorship and surveillance by country (2018)[8][3][4]

Pervasive

Substantial

Selective

Little or none

Not classified / No data

This article incorporatespublic domain material from the United States Department of State document: the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) This article incorporates licensed material from the Country Profiles, Regional Overviews, and Filtering Maps sections of the OpenNet Initiative web site. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license, see the lower right corner of pages at the OpenNet Initiative web site

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Censorship Is Not All Bad | HuffPost

By Barry Jason MauerUCF Forum columnist

Censorship is not all bad! Free-speech idealists argue that the solution to bad speech (misinformation, lies, abusive language, etc.) is not censorship but more speech. But bad speech can, and often does, drown out the good.

A classic form of bad speech is hate speech. Jeremy Waldron, a law professor at the New York University School of Law, describes it this way:

"Its aim is to compromise the dignity of those at whom it is targeted, both in their own eyes and in the eyes of other members of society. And it sets out to make the establishment and upholding of their dignity... much more difficult. It aims to besmirch the basics of their reputation, by associating ascriptive characteristics like ethnicity, or race, or religion with conduct or attributes that should disqualify someone from being treated as a member of society in good standing."

Thus, hate speech is really anti-speech because it aims to shut down the speech of others. And in the United States, hate speech has shut down the speech of minorities and women for hundreds of years. Defenders of hate speech often disguise it as "pride," "state's rights" or "religious freedom." But we are mistaken to treat anti-speech as if it were normal speech, deserving of protection. We can and should be intolerant of intolerance.

Although the United States has a First Amendment protecting free speech, it does not extend to the workplace, the classroom, or the dinner table. It is limited to the press, to religion, to assemblies, and to petitions. And as every journalist, parishioner or public assembly participant knows, there are powerful limits in these arenas, too. We don't have absolutely free speech because we live within the confines of powerful and interlocking institutions: family, education, entertainment, commerce, career, the law, the military, religion and others.

These institutions offer benefits to their members but also constraints and a narrow range of choices of expression. If these institutions were to offer too much freedom, they would be unable to perpetuate the social relations that keep them functioning. So speech inside an institutional context is limited, but speech outside of an institutional context typically has less power. Speech is limited either way.

The question, therefore, is not whether we ought to have constraints on speech but what kinds of constraints?

Censorship is an institutional constraint. When we hear the word censorship, we often imagine a banned book (i.e. schools and libraries removing the book). This is censorship at the point of reception. Protests erupt. Demand for the banned book goes up.

Censorship happens more frequently at the point of distribution than it does at the point of reception, such as an institution refusing to distribute a speech or a text through its channels. This type of censorship rarely leads to protests because outsiders rarely hear about it.

The most common form of censorship is self-censorship, or censorship at the point of production, which means you have internalized the censor's rules and decided to abide by them of your own volition. Perhaps you learned that the benefits of compliance outweigh the costs of resistance, or you rationalized that you can't win anyway.

We may self-censor for good reasons, such as politeness, but sometimes we self-censor because we see someone else made into a negative example and we fear it could happen to us.

For instance, some journalists who otherwise might have criticized the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq silenced themselves rather than risk reprisal--from the government, their corporate owners, or those in the public who were for the war. The result was that journalism inflicted a major blow to its own integrity for behaving as an administration mouthpiece, and Americans became among the least-informed people in the world about the war.

Beyond self-censorship, there are other limitations: ideologies--such as racism, sexism, xenophobia, and homophobia--that prevent us from even thinking certain thoughts, such as thinking of others as human beings with dignity and rights.

We have too much censorship in some areas of our society and too little censorship in others.

There is too much censorship from some plutocrats who suppress the truth about their misrule. They silence whistle-blowers while their propagandists hog the microphone. They maintain these beliefs either through outright censorship or through a pretense of balance in which the media referee fails to penalize those who lie consistently and brazenly. Might we have learned about the lead poisoning in Flint, Mich.'s, water earlier if we could have heard more of whistle-blowers and less of the politicians' denials?

If we hold to ethical principles, such as truth and justice, we can encourage or demand censorship as needed. For example, we should encourage ordinary citizens to participate in democracy, but ban unlimited political contributions by corporations. We should encourage the release of classified information that reveals government abuses, but ban lawmakers from becoming lobbyists once they leave office.

If you want to change the levels of censorship in our society--in other words, to benefit society by loosening or tightening censorship--the best approach is to appeal to the stated values of our institutions. Thus, to loosen censorship by expanding press freedoms, appeal to journalistic institutions as watchdogs of the powerful. To expand academic freedom, appeal to the university's stated aims to seek truth and benefit humanity.

And to appeal for greater censorship, apply the same appeals to our higher values.

Barry Jason Mauer is an associate professor in the UCF Department of English. He can be reached at barry.mauer@ucf.edu.

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Why Is Censorship Bad? | Reference.com

The debate about censorship offers many explanations for why censoring a person's words is a bad thing that negatively affects the society as a whole. The American Civil Liberties Union defines censorship as "the suppression of words, images or ideas that are 'offensive'," and censorship occurs whenever one group or individual is successful in promoting its ideologies while suppressing another.

Censorship is considered a bad thing because many people believe that it tries to keep others from learning the truth. Individuals who offer this critique of censorship fear that the government censors information that comes in from other countries to keep Americans ignorant about world affairs that might make the United States look bad. The ACLU notes that censorship is bad because it violates the First Amendment, which is the right to freedom of speech. Censorship may change the meaning of what a person is trying to communicate, thus infringing on his rights. According to Target GD/PI, some people believe that censorship is necessary in certain circumstances. For example, television programs are censored for nudity and foul language to protect children and other vulnerable groups. Many of these people also believe that violent content should be censored because it desensitizes the viewer to violence.

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Things you’re not allowed to say: lowlights of the new censorship – New York Post

Drew Brees, New Orleans Saints quarterback, who has a charity that feeds the needy and helps sick kids, was berated until he apologized for his own personal views about kneeling during the National Anthem:

I will never agree with anybody disrespecting the flag of the United States of America or our country. Let me just tell what I see or what I feel when the National Anthem is played and when I look at the flag of the United States. I envision my two grandfathers, who fought for this country during World War II, one in the Army and one in the Marine Corps. Both risking their lives to protect our country and to try to make our country and this world a better place. So every time I stand with my hand over my heart looking at that flag and singing the National Anthem, thats what I think about. And in many cases, that brings me to tears, thinking about all that has been sacrificed. Not just those in the military, but for that matter, those throughout the civil rights movements of the 60s, and all that has been endured by so many people up until this point. And is everything right with our country right now? No, it is not. We still have a long way to go. But I think what you do by standing there and showing respect to the flag with your hand over your heart, is it shows unity. It shows that we are all in this together, we can all do better and that we are all part of the solution.

J.K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, activist, attacked online and by GLAAD because she objected to the phrase people who menstruate rather than woman:

If sex isnt real, theres no same-sex attraction. If sex isnt real, the lived reality of women globally is erased. I know and love trans people, but erasing the concept of sex removes the ability of many to meaningfully discuss their lives. It isnt hate to speak the truth.

The idea that women like me, whove been empathetic to trans people for decades, feeling kinship because theyre vulnerable in the same way as women i.e., to male violence hate trans people because they think sex is real and has lived consequences isnonsense.

Sen. Tom Cotton (R-Ark.), in a column that the New York Times published, then apologized for after a staff backlash:

But the rioting has nothing to do with George Floyd, whose bereaved relatives have condemned violence. On the contrary, nihilist criminals are simply out for loot and the thrill of destruction, with cadres of left-wing radicals like antifa infiltrating protest marches to exploit Floyds death for their own anarchic purposes.

These rioters, if not subdued, not only will destroy the livelihoods of law-abiding citizens but will also take more innocent lives. Many poor communities that still bear scars from past upheavals will be set back still further.

One thing above all else will restore order to our streets: an overwhelming show of force to disperse, detain and ultimately deter lawbreakers. But local law enforcement in some cities desperately needs backup, while delusional politicians in other cities refuse to do whats necessary to uphold the rule of law.

Andrew Sullivan, iconoclastic columnist, not appearing this week in New York magazine. His thoughts (on Twitter) about the Times apology:

Not just a capitulation. A total surrender. The groveling for running a provocative op-ed by a sitting senator expressing an opinion I do not share but is widely supported is instructive. But groveling wont appease the social justice mob.

Each time they notch a victory, they move the goalposts. The NYT editors have effectively ceded their authority permanently. A woke committee already vets everything. Now it will be super-charged. And readers now know this is no longer a paper dedicated to the truth.

Its a newspaper run by those who believe truth is a mask for power, that dissent is oppression, that liberalism is a mask for white supremacy, that words are violence, and that open debate is a racist fiction. We all live on campus now.

Polls show these opinions are ones with which most Americans agree. Liberals dont want to change minds, to have a debate; they want to banish the argument. The things that youre not allowed to say. And then theyll bemoan that we live in a fragmented society, where people retreat to their bubbles, and theyll be shocked when the next election doesnt go the way they think.

The Post Editorial Board

Excerpt from:

Things you're not allowed to say: lowlights of the new censorship - New York Post

Barr claims social media platforms ‘censoring particular viewpoints and putting their own content in there’ – Fox News

Attorney General William Barr told "Special Report" in the second part of an exclusive interview that aired Tuesday that he believes social media platforms are"engaged in censorship" and areacting more like "publishers".

"So you think these [social media] firms are somehow censoring the president and his supporters?" host Bret Baier asked Barr.

"I think there are --clearly these, these entities are now engaged in censorship," Barr responded. "And they originally held themselves out as open forums where people, where the third parties could come and express their views and they built up a tremendous network of eyeballs.

"They had a lot of market power based on thatpresentation," the attorney general added. "And now they are acting much more like publishers because they're censoring particular viewpoints and putting their own content in there to to diminish the impact of various people's views."

TWITTER EXEC IN CHARGE OF FACT-CHECKING MOCKED TRUMP SUPPORTERS, CALLED MCCONNELL 'BAG OF FARTS'

Late last month, Twitter slapped a warning label on one of President Trump's tweets for the first time, cautioning readers that despite the president's claims, "fact checkers" say there is "no evidence" that expanded, nationwide mail-in voting would increase fraud risks -- and that "experts say mail-in ballots are very rarely linked to voter fraud."

Within minutes, Trump accused Twitter of "interfering in the 2020 Presidential Election,"that the platform "is completely stifling FREE SPEECH"and vowing: "I, as President, will not allow it to happen!"

Two days later, the president signed an executive order that interprets Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 as not providing statutory liability protections for tech companies that engage in censorship and political conduct. It also cuts federal funding for social media platforms that censor users' political views.

Baier asked Barr if he was taking "some action" on the issue.

"We are looking, as many others are, at changing Section 230, which is a rule that provides some protection for these companies..." Barr said.

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"Which requires Congress?" Baier interjected.

"Which would require Congress," Barr said. "Yes."

Fox News' Gregg Re contributed to this report.

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Barr claims social media platforms 'censoring particular viewpoints and putting their own content in there' - Fox News