Letter: Changing hearts and minds about racism is not enough – Paso Robles Daily News

To the editor,

Yesterday at the Black Lives Matter protest in San Luis Obispo, California I was proud to stand in solidarity with black and brown people. It felt good to be a part of a movement with thousands of people standing up for justice. The speakers for Race Matters in SLO told us that they had worked with police so that they wouldnt wear riot gear near the protestors. At first, this seemed like a step in the right direction. As we marched I only saw cops on bikes in their normal uniform. However, as we turned away from the entrance of the freeway, it was clear that a large group of men in military riot gear were blocking the entrance to the freeway. The police were willing to meet the demands of the people only superficially. We were allowed to walk in a circle and not encounter riot gear, but if we had moved out of the permitted area, would we have been met with peace? These are the same police that tear-gassed peaceful protestors days before.

I also became disheartened as the speakers articulated their calls to action. The speakers asked us to vote, to read the book White Fragility and to meet with lawmakers. However, the biggest ask was to examine the racism in our own hearts.

Well, this is me examining the racism in my heart and also scrutinizing those calls to action.

I have family members who hold racist beliefs. Ive tried to talk to them about it and I have been outspoken. Sometimes there has been progress and sometimes not. But what if I was successful? What if every single one of my racist family members had a change of heart? Would that be successful in stopping the police brutality towards black, brown, and poor people?

We have been told that the battle against racism is one that occurs internally. While that work is important, it is also secondary. Changing hearts and minds is not enough. The hearts and minds of the people stood together against Trump during the Womens March, but did that do anything to actually stop Trumps action? Does putting a Resist sticker on a car bumper do anything to enact meaningful change? Honestly, Trump didnt give a shit that we set our hearts and minds against him.

So then, what is enough? What will actually bring about change in police brutality? I think in order to answer that question it is important to examine the actual reasons for the racist systems we have in place in America.

Mass genocide and exploitation in the Americas began with the white explorers and colonists brutality towards Native American people. Entire populations of indigenous people were wiped out by the white mans violence and disease. In school, we learn about the horrific massacre of indigenous people more now than we did a decade ago, but we still fail to examine the motivations for that genocide. White settlers werent just assholes with corrupt hearts and minds that wanted to inflict pain on Native people. They were assholes with corrupt hearts, but that internal violence was a product of their primary motivations: money, power, and capital. The explorers came to the Americas with the express purpose of enriching themselves and expanding the power of their nations. The greed of the explorers and the racism that festered in their hearts are intrinsically linked to one another.

The exact same motivations can be found in the enslavement of black people in the Americas. White people were not motivated by an innate desire to inflict pain on black people, they were motivated by a desire to make money and expand their personal power. In order to profit through agriculture in the South and in order to live luxurious lifestyles in the North, white people exploited the labor of black people. Although the exploitation of black people was present all across America, the Souths entire economic structure depended on the work of enslaved people in the fields. It is no surprise then that abolitionist movements started in the North, where the economic system was not directly dependent on the exploitation of labor. So how did racism play a role in this exploitation of human life? The racism in peoples hearts grew out of a justification for the brutality towards black people. White people cannot watch, or participate in, the beating, the rape, the lynching of another human being and not scramble cognitively for a justification of that violence. The justification must be that the person experiencing that violence is somehow less human and therefore less deserving of sympathy. The racism that grew, and continues to grow, in peoples hearts was a way of justifying the violence and dehumanization necessary for the exploitation of labor.

The 13th Amendment, which codified the end of slavery in the United States had one glaring exception. Slavery was prohibited except by punishment of a crime. Logically it is easy to dehumanize people who have committed crimes and justify their exploitation. It is no surprise that since end of slavery, incarceration levels have skyrocketed. We know that black and brown people are incarcerated at much higher levels than white people. Biden and other lawmakers wrote the Crime Bill in 1994 which extended the amount of time people were held in prisons. What was the reason for the exception in the 13th Amendment? What is the motivation for sending people to prison for longer? We know that prisons are overflowing and are extremely expensive for the taxpayer, so what could the benefit possibly be? According to the International Labor Organization, in 20002011 wages in American prisons ranged between $0.23 and $1.15 an hour. People in prison do not have the right to demand a living wage and can essentially be used as slaves in order to expand the profits of the rich and powerful. Again, upon inspection, it is clear that our prison system has grown out of the exploitation of labor.

Police are an integral part of maintaining a large prison system and therefore a large labor pool for exploitation. Many black people that were arrested decades ago for minor drug offenses have spent their lives in prisons. Recidivism rates, the tendency of someone convicted of a crime to be arrested again, across the country are extremely high. When you understand that it is the job of police to provide a large pool of people for labor exploitation, you understand that reforms to police are not enough. The Stanford Prison Experiment of 1971 showed that when you task someone with the exploitation and subjugation of another person, it inevitably leads to abuse of power and violence. Having black and brown people in the police force will not stop the abuses. As long as the system is designed to provide labor for exploitation, police violence and brutality will continue.

Corporate Media and politicians play a major role in the continuation of this exploitation. I have yet to see a major news outlet show footage of police brutalizing peaceful protestors. The majority of the footage attempts to portray the protestors in a negative light. There is footage of fires and looting and possibly police brutalizing the press, but there is an unspoken agreement that the police brutality towards the protestors is less important than the destruction of property. This is not an accident. The corporate media benefits from the police protecting property. The main discussion between supporters and critics of the protest ultimately is centered around comparing looting and the destruction of property to the assault and murder of people. Take a moment and reflect on that. As a country, we are seriously asking ourselves if we care more about property or more about human life.

Politicians have largely failed to respond in any meaningful way. Republicans in general seem to side with the police and encourage the use of military weapons and tear gas against the people. Democrats, on the other hand, have been deploying the National Guard against their own constituents. Some of the most horrific abuse of protestors has happened in New York and Lost Angeles, blue cities that are in blue states. The Democratic platform advocates for small, incremental changes to the system as the solution. Those small changes, like banning police knee-holds, may seem positive at first glance, but upon closer inspection, they are even more insidious than the Republicans outright and honest violence against black and brown people. Those small changes fail to address the underlying problem that in our country we prioritize property over human life. However, achieving those small changes allows well-intentioned people to feel good about themselves, feel like theyve done something good, and relax back into complacency. President Clinton, President Obama, Governor Gavin Newsom, Governor Cuomo, Mayor De Blasio, Mayor Garcetti, Mayor Heidi Harmon, and other Democratic politicians have betrayed the public by diverting good intentions and the desire for meaningful change into fangless calls for self-reflection and incrementalism. There was a call to have more black and brown representations in politics and corporations. While again, that is a well-intentioned call to action, it ultimately fails to address the underlying systemic racism that causes police brutality. Having black and brown politicians and CEOs cannot and will not stop the exploitation of labor.

We cannot expect rules in a rule book to be enough to stop police brutality. We cannot expect a vote for a capitalist with nicer rhetoric to end the exploitation of labor. We cannot be content with conciliatory gestures or words. We cannot do the work within ourselves, but fail to do the work in the world around us.

The actions that need to be taken involve the dismantling of the capitalistic system that prioritizes profit over human life.

I understand that racism exists in each and every one of our hearts and minds. The work to recognize it is so important. But if we dont address the root cause of that racism, which is the continued oppression and exploitation of people, our minds will inevitably find ways to justify the continued violence. White minds will look for reasons for the violence towards black and brown people. Rich minds will look for the reasons for violence towards the poor, unemployed, unhoused and working class. This expands beyond the racism against black people. It includes the exploitation of undocumented workers, the colonization of Native Americans, the exploitation of Burmese factory workers, the persecution of the Rohingya, the drone bombing of Syrians, the invasion and massacre of Iraqi and Afghani people and many more atrocities. All of these evil acts have the same motivations: money, power, capital.

Cora KaramitsosPaso Robles

Editors note:Letters to the editorare personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Paso Robles Daily News or its staff. We welcome letters from local residents regarding relevant local topics. To submit one,click here.

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Letter: Changing hearts and minds about racism is not enough - Paso Robles Daily News

‘Defunding’ the Police Is Not a New Idea in Dallas, It’s an Overdue One – D Magazine

In late 2019, Sara Mokuria, associate director for leadership initiatives with The Institute for Urban Policy Research at the UTD and a co-founder of Mothers Against Police Brutality, helped organize a new network of activists under the name Our City Our Budget. The group advocated for including funding for a handful of deceptively simple programs in the 2019-2020 Dallas municipal budget.

At the time, the Dallas City Council, spooked by a record spike in crime, was promoting what they called a public safety budget. But Mokuria believed that directing money to the very programs the city planned to cut to afford more police officersparks, rec centers, homeless serviceswould have a better impact on public safety. We think we should be having an anti-poverty budget, not a public safety budget, Mokuria said at the time. And truly, an anti-poverty budget is a public safety budget. When you invest in the people, you dont have to police them.

In recent weeks, Mokuria has become one of a handful of prominent voices that have emerged from the protest movement to advance the call to defund or dismantle the police department. And while these words have quickly become weaponized to promote polarization around the issue of police reform, they arent new ideas in Dallas. Activists like Mokuria have been advocating for them for years. They represent a desire to change the publics perception about the role of policing in America, to recognize that pouring money into an increasingly militarized police force doesnt reduce crime; it does, however, terrorize many communities of color.

Defunding the police, Mokuria says, is simply a process of reallocating the citys resources toward programs and departments that are better suited at addressing the instability, inequality, and degradation that contribute to crime. It means no longer trying to address all of the citys problems by dumping more money into the police department, and instead funding mental health, drug addiction treatment, and better schools. Defunding is investing in cleanup of environmental racism, Mokuria says. It is addressing the housing crisis.

Perhaps the person who best articulated the need to defund the police was, somewhat ironically, former Dallas Police Chief David Brown. In the wake of the 2016 police shootings, Brown acknowledged that the tension between the police and the community is a result of a system that pretends that the police are the solution to too many societal problems.

Every societal failure, we put it on the cops to solve, Brown said. Not enough mental health funding, let the cop handle it. Not enough drug addiction funding, lets give it to the cops. Here in Dallas we have a loose dog problem. Lets have the cops chase loose dogs. Schools fail, give it to the cops. Seventy-percent of the African American community is being raised by single women, lets give it to the cops to solve as well. Thats too much to ask. Policing was never meant to solve all those problems. I just ask other parts of our democracy along with the free press to help us.

There are communities around the country that have already begun to address this over-reliance on police, most notably Camden, New Jersey, which has received a lot of attention as protests around the country have raised the volume on the call for a new approach to law enforcement. Camdens hand was forced by a budget crisis. In 2013, Camden ran out of the public funds necessary to chase the endless cycle of hiring more police to solve crime. Instead, they dissolved their police department and partnered with the county to establish a new law enforcement organization, which allowed the city to rewrite the rules around policing. They adopted an 18-page use-of-force policy and instituted stricter rules governing officer behavior. Excessive force complaints have since dropped by 95 percent.

Camden is not necessarily a model for Dallas, but it is an example of how it is possible to rethink policing and the roles we expect police officers to perform. Part of that rethinking needs to acknowledge that the modern police force is a relatively new historical invention, with roots that stretch back to armed guards used by the British to enforce colonial rule in Ireland, as well as armed bands that enforced slavery in the American South. This history sets a framework that understands law enforcement as an agent of population control, not population protection.

Rev. Dr. Michael Waters, senior pastor at Abundant Life A.M.E. church in Dolphin Heights, says the move to defund policing simply means recognizing that the disproportionate amount of funding Dallas pours into policing does not produce the results the city desires.

I think most reasonable persons are saying, You know what? We may not need that tank that we buy every other year, Waters says. Maybe the millions that are spent on a tank will be better served and providing resources to young people will be better served and addressing issues of housing or healthcare, providing jobs that provide not a minimum wage, but a living wage. (Actually, a lot of that military equipment has been given for free to police departments, which is part of the problem.)

There is a growing indication that this message is getting through to policymakers. Yesterday, 10 of 14 Dallas city council members signed a memo requesting that City Manager T.C. Broadnax include options for shifting funding away from the public safety budget and toward community programs that address underlying issues like poverty, education, and jobs in the upcoming budget process. Thats a remarkable shift since last year, when Mokuria and her fellow advocates struggled to be heard at City Hall. What changed? Simple, Waters says. Protests work.

We saw that even in the civil rights movement, Waters says. It was public protest that provided an opportunity to get to the negotiation table to bring about change, or it was public protest that ultimately enabled courts to take action.

Even as the Council proposes reforms, the protests will continue. Organizers recognize that direct action is helping to advance the push for reform, but the protests will also be sustained by their own organic nature. Long-term organizers have been struck by the sheer numbers of groups that have entered the space in recent weeks and the organizing in the suburbs, in particular. They suspect that some of the new groups were incubated on college campuses or have crossed over from other activist networks, such as the environmental movement. The examples of direct action have been variedfrom traditional marches to car rallies at local jails, banners hanging off overpasses to a temporary shutdown of Central Expresswaybut the message has been unified: defund or dismantle the police.

But even with council members expressing a newfound openness to this call for action, yesterdays memo also points to one of the underlying, systemic issues that inhibit Dallas ability to reform. Council members wrote to the Dallas city manager because he oversees the citys staff, which is tasked with creating the budget each year. That budget is then presented to the Council, which brings the recommendations to the community in a series of public meetings.

These meetings are often performative and lack substantial opportunities for feedback, collaboration, or revision from the community. In addition, staff often skillfully ties the hands of council representatives, making it difficult to make many meaningful adjustments to the budget based on what they hear from their constituents. As a result, not only is it difficult for communities to effect change, but it is easy for outside influence to work through staff and individual council members to protect business as usual at City Hall.

Thats why Mokuria wants to see more than just council members politely asking the city manger to throw the police reform movement a bone. To truly reform Dallas policing, she argues, you have to reform how Dallas sets its budget.

Ideally there would be an open and transparent and collaborative budget process at the city level, Mokuria says. In that process there is no holy grail. For too long we have not been able to touch public safety. Not allowed to take away from 60 percent of the budget. I dont think that is a fair and democratic process.

Mokuria would like the city move to a more participatory budgeting model, in which funding priorities are directed by communities, not city staff a way to budget that allows ideas to rise from the bottom up, not the top down. Again, there are models for this, and a number of cities around the country have adopted some form of participatory budgeting.

Mokuria has already seen what this could look like in Dallas. During a community meeting last year in a southern Dallas neighborhood, a few elderly women were shocked by the talk of redirecting funds away from the police. They love the police, they said, because there was no one else they could turn to for help. The more the women spoke, the more it became clear that the service the police provided these women had nothing to do with law enforcement. They relied on police for handling simple chores they couldnt manage and even for occasional conversation to break up their lonely days.

It was an illustration both of Browns observation that we ask police to do too much, and the reason why so many people are afraid of the words defund or dismantle the police. Even as so many people fear the police, for many other people in Dallas, the police exist to provide a feeling of comfort.

At the meeting, a 12-year-old boy had an idea. Rather than ask the police to come over and help their elderly neighbors, why not take some of the money from the police department and hire some young men and women in the neighborhood to check in on the women a few times a week? They could help them with their groceries, pick up trash around the yard, talk to them.

It was such a simple ideasomething that would never have been raised by a city staff member or at a Council budget retreat. It was a seed of real change.

Excerpt from:

'Defunding' the Police Is Not a New Idea in Dallas, It's an Overdue One - D Magazine

‘We are witnessing living, breathing history.’: Lincoln’s ACS society on the future in Lincoln – The Tab

The world is gaining a conscience and it is powerful.

Since the killing of George Floyd in America, people across the globe have expressed their outrage on the injustice against black people and protests have been taking place in all states across America and cities across the UK.

In Lincoln, a protest has taken place in solidarity with the Black Lives Movement and has since confirmed another protest to take place on the 20th of June. The University of Lincolns ACS has expressed its support for the Black Lives Matter Lincoln Movement on social media.

In an Instagram post, the African Caribbean society announced they were working closely with Lincolns Black Lives Matter Movement to bring real change and representation in your lives, university, and city

They continued to say, Silence is not an option. We have debated too long the role a uni society should play in these times and how to best represent you. But the answer for us was simple. We are not like any other society. The very soul of our community is entwined in the love, tears, and very struggle of Black lives around the world. If we do not celebrate the culture and identity that birthed us, who are we? If we do not stand up for our rights to exist, to fight the racist colonial system around the world in every form it takes- what do we stand for?? If your society doesnt speak out for its people, it doesnt deserve to exist. We ARE Black Lives. And we are with you.

From today we will work united and spread awareness of Lincolns BLM movement: activities, protest dates, social distancing info, donation links- everything. we will promote the love of our community, help and share your art and poetry, businesses and successes. We WILL provide education, access to academic texts, advice and healing in this difficult time and enable you to support yourselves and the movement in the best way you can.

Spread the word to your friends and other societies, these are historic times and we must unite and be heard. Change is coming like a storm.

View this post on Instagram

IMPORTANT In these historic times ACS are proud to announce we are working fully and closely with @blacklivesmatterlincoln to bring real change and representation in your lives, university, and city. Silence is not an option. We have debated too long the role a uni society should play in these times and how to best represent you. But the answer for us was simple. We are not like any other society. The very soul of our community is entwined in the love, tears, and very struggle of Black lives around the world. If we do not celebrate the culture and identity that birthed us, who are we? If we do not stand up for our rights to exist, to fight the racist colonial system around the world in every form it takes- what do we stand for?? If your society doesnt speak out for its people, it doesnt deserve to exist. We ARE Black Lives. And we are with you. From today we will work united and spread awareness of Lincolns BLM movement: activities, protest dates, social distancing info, donation links- everything. we will promote the love of our community, help and share your art and poetry, businesses and successes. We WILL provide education, access to academic texts, advice and healing in this difficult time and enable you to support yourselves and the movement in the best way you can. Spread the word to your friends and other societies, these are historic times and we must unite and be heard. Change is coming like a storm. Love to you all, stay powerful BLACK LIVES MATTER

A post shared by Lincoln ACS (@lincolnacs) on Jun 8, 2020 at 11:01am PDT

The Tab Lincoln spoke with Hector Yapp, the Education Officer of the committee on their plans to work with the SU and university in bringing about real change.

He told us, We have big plans to create long-lasting positive change for students. Ive just now come out of a talk with the SU who have greenlit a referendum we as a society created alongside our members, students, and members of the BLM and the community! If it passes it will allow a great deal of improvements.

For instance, we will overhaul Octobers Black History Month to not only allow new students and societies to better engage with the uni and SU, but encourage and provide proactive education on black history, current black affairs and British colonial history that will continue all year, more BAME scholarships and inter uni opportunities, and tackling discrimination in lectures and SU club nights through streamlines anonymous reporting availability of CCTV evidence. We also help to aid those not familiar with BLM/critics by providing a greater platform for alternative ideas so that we can all educate each other.

From top left to right: CJ Sampson, Charles Buckman, Hector Yapp, Emmanuel Hagan, Amen Idele and Princess Lauryn Tamou

Hector also shared the work they plan to do with Lincolns Black Lives Matter movement,

Alongside this, were working with Lincolns fantastic BLM movement and community to engage with everything from businesses to schools to help educate about racial issues and support each other. BLM causes include LGBT+ issues and education, employability skills and workers rights, intersectionality, support for local businesses, and celebration of culture to name a few. ACS sees it as imperative we support and hold to these ideals in order to create real lasting improvements both at uni and in the local and global community.

Were also using our social platform to provide petition links, donation pages, and information everything from on how to peacefully protest and social distance to important educational literature, to promoting local BAME businesses.

There has been a wave of protests up and down the country in solidarity with the BLM movement. Hector sees the protests as something beautiful. The black community has been joined by the world in a show of pure burning love and support and in strong solidarity against the deep-rooted colonial system that enforces systematic racism as well as misogyny, wage inequality, homophobia and more evils everywhere. The protests have changed how we see the current system and allowed us to search for better alternatives. We are witnessing living, breathing history.

Most notably, over the weekend a statue of slave-trader Colston was torn down and thrown into Bristol harbour and since then there have been calls for other statues to be taken down in and around the UK.

As for the statues, and notably critics complaining about history or the legality of the acts slavery was once legal, as was segregation. Legality is not inherently connected to morality. The historical value of these statues is suspect. Tearing down the statue in Bristol did more to educate the public about Colston than it ever did. Hitler is remembered for his evils, yet we do not celebrate his autobahns with a statue. These times will make people uncomfortable, but his means they are listening and can grow. People are getting educated, checking their friends and family, and ultimately improving as people. The world is gaining a conscience and it is powerful.

If you wanna talk about racist statues, maybe consider King George III in Lincoln

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'We are witnessing living, breathing history.': Lincoln's ACS society on the future in Lincoln - The Tab

Tragedies of Our Time: Pandemic, Planning, and Racial Politics – The Heartland Institute

An old adage says that tragedies often come in threes. Certainly, the first half of 2020 has seen a version of this. First, the coronavirus that has infected millions of people and killed hundreds of thousands. Second, the response by most governments to the virus by commanding near universal business lockdowns and stay-at-homes that have wrecked economic havoc on the world economy. And, third, the horrific killing of George Floyd, an unarmed and handcuffed black man in Minneapolis by a policeman, that has served as the catalyst for demonstrations against police abuse and charges of racism all around the world.

They are tragedies that, for the most part, have been man-made. Yes, the coronavirus has been a force of nature, though the verdict is still out on the actual origin of the virus and how it first entered the general population in Wuhan, China and then began to spread from one continent to another. But what has become fairly clear is the human factor in analyzing and forecasting its likely impact on the world population, which, in turn, highly influenced government responses to it.

British Professor Neil Ferguson of the Imperial College in London, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), offered modeling projections about the likely spread and effect of the virus on the world population that greatly influenced the British and many other governments decisions to order business shutdowns and stay-at-home social distancing lockdowns. Partly because of this advice, much of the worlds social and economic life came to a halt.

The only problem, it turned out, was that access to much of the basic data upon which he made his forecast was not readily available to other researchers, could not be easily replicated by other qualified scientists, and worked on the bizarre assumption that there would be little or no human reactive response to the dangers from the virus unless government command and control methods were introduced. Ferguson had to resign from most of his positions when it came to public light in early May that he had violated the very stay-at-home rules he advocated to have a tryst with his lover. His own poor role-modeling was added to his other modeling errors.

There is absolutely no doubt that the coronavirus confronts the world with a serious health problem due to the contagiousness of the virus, especially for those in older age categories and with a number of pre-conditions that lower their immune systems in various ways. The virus has also impacted disproportionately certain racial and ethnic groups, the full reasons and causes of which have not as yet been satisfactorily determined. I personally know people who have come down with the virus and seem to have successfully survived it, and people whose relatives have died from it, and not in the most pleasant ways.

But once it was clear that the coronavirus was a serious health matter, the issue then arose about what should be the role of government. We live in a world in which the first response to almost any social or economic problem or crisis is to immediately turn to the government for solutions and directing leadership. So, and not too surprisingly, the answer from governments have been nearly all one-size-fits-all central planning policies.

The results have been disastrous. Depending upon the projection, global economic growth for all of 2020 may end up declining anywhere between 2.2 percent to more than 8 percent. The volume of world trade for the year may decline somewhere between 13 percent to 32 percent. In the first quarter of 2020, aggregate working hours around the world decreased by 4.5 percent and may be down an additional 10.5 percent by the end of the second quarter of 2020.

Here in the United States, unemployment reached a high of 14.7 percent in April 2020, and declined to 13.3 percent in May, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) monthly Employment Situation Report (June 5, 2020). According to the BLSs wider U-6 measure of unemployment (which also includes discouraged workers, those working part-time wanting full-time employment, and those marginally attached to the workforce), unemployment was 22.8 percent in April and 21.2 percent in May.

The hardest hit by falling employment were the young. For men, in general, 16 year or older, unemployment was 13.5 in April and 12.2 in May. But for males between 16 and 19 years old, unemployment for April and May, respectively, was 27.6 percent and 28.6 percent. For men 25 years or older the April and May unemployment numbers, respectively were 12.1 percent and 10.5 percent.

For women 16 years or older, the April unemployment number was 16. 2 percent and 14.5 percent in May. For women between 16 and 19 years old, the numbers, respectively, for April and May were 36.6 percent and 31.3 percent. For females 25 years and older, unemployment for April was 14.2 and 12.8 percent in May.

For black Americans, for both April and May unemployment was between 16.7 and 16.8 percent. This more or less applied for both male and female black Americans during both months. The unemployment rate was noticeably high for those classified as Hispanic or Latino, with unemployment rates in April and May, respectively, at 18.9 percent and 17. 6 percent. While for Hispanic men the unemployment rates were 16.7 percent and 15.1 percent, respectively, in April and May, for Hispanic females, the unemployment rate in April was 20.2 percent and for May, 19 percent. Asian-American unemployment in April and May of 2020 was, respectively, 14.5 and 15 percent.

According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), in its Interim Economic Projection Report for 2020 and 2021(May 19,2020), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) declined at an annualized rate of 4.8 percent in the first quarter of 2020, and is projected to possibly decrease at an annualized rate of more than 37 percent during the second quarter. GDP is projected to increase at annualized rates during the third and fourth quarters of the year of 21.5 percent and 10.4 percent, respectively, but still down for 2020 as a whole by 5.6 percent. In 2021, the CBO anticipates, GDP will grow by 4.2 percent. But it should be kept in mind that CBO forecasts and projections are often notorious off the mark.

No doubt the U.S. economy would have taken a hit in terms of output and employment even if the government had done nothing, due to the impact of the coronavirus. Yet the magnitude and depth of what has actually been experienced in declines in production and rises in unemployment have one and only one primary and singular source: the federal and especially state government-ordered shutdowns across the country.

If the political authorities command the stoppage or radical reduction in lines of production viewed by them as unessential; if they decree which retail businesses must close their doors or reduce their activities and are told what they may sell and during what times of the day; and if they dictate that tens of millions of ordinary citizens may not go to work or shop for anything not considered essential by the politicians and bureaucrats, the economy as a whole cannot do anything except go into the catastrophic tailspin that we have witnessed.

Most of the political pundits and economic policy know-it-alls were surprised and shocked when those May 2020 employment numbers were released by the BLS in early June and showed that 2.5 million jobs had returned in May once state governments began to at least partly release the almost blanket restrictions on private sector economic activity. What? Jobs can be created and exist without government command, control and direction? How can that be? We know that private enterprise does not work, dont we? Some even wondered if Donald Trump had tampered with the numbers at the BLS to make the impression of fake jobs.

Some of those same state governments also have on their hands the deaths of many of those who have died from the coronavirus as well as from other possibly treatable illnesses due to the way those politically in charge micro-mismanaged instructions and use of retirement and old-age care facilities, and the decisions on what other serious ailments had to be put on hold in terms of hospital visits and surgical operations. All because government knew best how to prepare for the expected number of cases due to the virus; projections and restrictions that have done great harm to many caught in the web of bureaucratic decisions, who might have been saved or treated sooner.

The idea that society which means all of us as interacting and interdependent individual human beings might be able to deal with the coronavirus crisis with little or no government involvement or interference has failed to even enter into almost any of the discussions and debates. But there was a time when it was generally assumed and taken for granted that answers to social problems were better left in the arenas of market supply and demand and the institutions of voluntary civil society.

In the 1970s, the noted American sociologist, Robert Nisbet (1913-1996), analyzed the Twilight of Authority (1975). Historically and culturally, authority referred to the voluntarily won and recognized and respected possession of useful and valued knowledge, experience, and trust on the basis of which others in society deferred to a particular persons judgment and wisdom. Human associations and authorities were local, voluntary, mutually assisting, and supporting. They are the essential and central elements to the spontaneous order of a free society.

Governments especially in the 20th century, Nisbet argued, increasingly replaced civil society and its associations of voluntary authority and collaborative assistance in everyday affairs, as well as in times of hardship and emergency. The real and proper meaning of community in the voluntary, associative and market-based sense, has been replaced with political command and control, Nisbet explained.

We are, Nisbet warned, prisoners in the House of Politics:

Of all the consequences of the steady politicization of our social order, of the unending centralization of political power . . . the greatest in many ways is the weakening and disappearance of traditions in which authority and liberty alike are anchored . . .

Of all the needs in this age the greatest is, I think, a recovery of the social, with its implication of the diversity of social membership, that in fact exists in human behavior, and the liberation of the idea of the social from the political . . . Crucial are the voluntary groups and associations. It is the element of the spontaneous, of untrammeled, unforced volition, that is undoubtedly vital to creative relationships among individuals . . .

Voluntary associations have an importance well beyond what they do directly for their individual members. Most of the functions which are today lodged either in the state or in great formal organizations came into existence in the first place in the context of largely voluntary association. This is true of mutual aid in all its forms education, socialization, social security, recreation, and the like . . . It is in the context of such [voluntary] association, in short, that most steps in social progress have taken place. (pp. 241 & 270-271)

How much different and better, in my opinion, would be the world, including American society, if government was limited to its essential responsibilities of protecting each individuals right to his life, liberty, and honestly acquired property from domestic thieves and foreign aggressors directly threatening or attacking American territory and lives.

Nisbet added that, Pluralist society is free society exactly in proportion to its ability to protect as large a domain as possible that is governed by the informal, spontaneous, custom-derived and tradition-sanctioned habits of the mind rather than by the dictates, however, rationalized, by government and judiciary.

Yes, custom and tradition can be burdensome and may even seem oppressive to the free thinker and to the peaceful eccentric and Bohemian. But all custom and tradition really mean are the rules of interpersonal conduct and judgment that have emerged and evolved over the generations to establish non-coercive but influential procedures and standards for purposes of harmonious human cooperation and association and personal conduct.

And as disagreeable as some customs and traditions may sometimes seem, they can be ignored, disagreed with, and challenged, even if, sometimes, there are personal costs of going against the socially taken for granted and expected. But these can be far lower costs, in the longer run, than having to go against the coercively imposed and dictated commands and controls of government and its agents.

The voluntary institutions of civil society, both inside and outside of the marketplace, offer the adaptive and creative avenues to set to work as many minds as possible to solve the problems confronting society, including pandemics, rather than restricting the possible to what the minds of those in political positions of authority can image or appreciate. (See my articles, To Kill Markets is the Worst Possible Plan and Leaving People Alone is the Best Way to Beat the Coronavirus.)

And in a way, this gets us to the third of these recent tragedies, the murder of George Floyd and the public responses to it. On May 25, 2020, a store owner in Minneapolis, Minnesota called the police when he suspected that Mr. Floyd, a 46-year-old black man tried to pass what the owner believed was a counterfeit $20 bill. After Mr. Floyd had been gotten on the ground, in handcuffs behind his back, a police officer proceeded to press his knee on his neck for almost nine minutes, during which Mr. Floyd repeatedly said he could not breathe and asked not to be killed.

Pleas by bystanders who were videotaping the incident for the officer to take the pressure off his neck was to no avail, nor did other police officers directly nearby attempt to intervene. He was pronounced dead after finally arriving at a hospital.

This event has set off a huge response both in the United States and many other parts of the world, where mass demonstrations, mostly peaceful and some violent and destructive, against perceived police abuses of those arrested and taken into custody. Demands have been made for changes in police procedures concerning various methods of subduing a suspect and to restrict or abolish the partial immunity that law enforcement agents have against civil or criminal cases concerning their conduct in their professional duties.

All of these would, no doubt, be all to the good. It will remind police officers, who may have a tendency to forget with their legal authority to use force against members of the citizenry, that they are servants and not masters. Rule of law means no one, including police representatives of government, are above or outside the law and its procedures and restraints, which are meant to assure that everyone in society is secure from arbitrary and unwarranted abuses of their persons or property.

Some have also called for reducing police department budgets as a way of choking off the funds that are potentially misused in law enforcement activities. In my view, one way of making some of those funds unnecessary is to end the frequent sale of surplus military equipment to local police forces. This psychologically and sometimes in practice militarizes what is meant to be civil techniques of policing and law enforcement.

Another law enforcement tool that should be abolished is asset forfeiture practices that enable the police on very often arbitrary and unsubstantiated suspicions to seize on the spot cash money being carried by someone in their car who has been pulled over, or confiscating homes, bank accounts, and other real property with the accused not being presumed innocent until proven guilty. Indeed, the dispossessed finds himself having to prove his innocence through a labyrinth of costly legal procedures that give no guarantee that any or all of his money and other property will be returned, even if the courts find in his favor at the end of the day.

Also central to the frequency of misuses and abuses of law enforcement is the war on drugs. The criminalization of the growing, manufacture, and selling and buying of various substances considered socially harmful by government agencies has unjustifiably swelled the prison population, rationalized the abridgement of many peoples privacy, and created vast black market networks that spawn violence, corruption, and hypocrisy in respect for and obedience to the law.

We need to take to heart what the 19th century libertarian, Lysander Spooner (1808-1887) pointed out, that Vices are Not Crimes (1874). In a free society, when our friends, family members, or fellow citizens act in ways that we consider harmful or detrimental to themselves, the moral method of guiding them in better directions and ways of living is reason, persuasion, and the example of our own lives.

As Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises expressed it in Liberalism (1927): A free man must be able to endure it when his fellow men act and live otherwise than he considers proper. He must free himself from the habit, just as soon as something does not please him, of calling for the police (p. 33).

Some estimates say that nearly 50 percent of all those being held in federal prisons are there for drug-related offenses. If drug-criminalizing laws were repealed from the federal and state-level legal statutes, the dollar savings would be huge, policing budgets could be revised downwards, and it would radically reduce the frequency and types of police actions against members of society.

These types of legal and law enforcement reforms would dramatically transform the culture and practice of policing in the United States and would narrow the reasons and rationales for anyone to be of interest to and the target of police intervention into their lives. In other words, as Robert Nisbet said, we need to radically depoliticize as many corners of society as possible, by decriminalizing social life.

But the demonstrations that have followed the murder of George Floyd are not focused only or even primarily on police abuses, in general. The drive behind them is the concern that many in society have about racist attitudes and actions against minorities and especially black Americans.

It should be obvious to anyone even vaguely familiar with U.S. history that the most egregious blight across the land well into the 19th century was the institution of slavery. Millions of human beings were transported from Africa to the Americas in the 17th and 18th and even into the 19th century to serve as slave labor. Stolen from their homelands, brutalized by the slave traders who were, themselves, Africans as well as Arabs and Europeans, they were transported by ship in despicable conditions, and then sold and set to work for life, and that of their childrens lives, at the arbitrary control and command of those who had bought them.

Even after the Civil War and the formal end to slavery through Constitutional Amendment, the black man rarely could consider this fully his rightful and recognized home. In the North, where slavery had been ended in the early years of the 19th century, the free black was far too often ostracized, shunned, and discriminated against in terms of work and opportunity.

Not long after the Reconstruction period and the withdrawal of Union troops from the Southern states, white-controlled Southern state governments introduced segregation laws that legally reduced blacks to politically, socially, and economically second- if not third-class citizens. Well past the middle of the 20th century, far too many Americans of African descent were treated as not being fully part of the country into which they had been born. The Jim Crow laws made that clear each and every day in humiliating ways, particularly in the South. (See my article, George S. Schuyler, Anti-Racist Champion of Liberty.)

While it is very far from politically correct to say it, 2020 is not 1920 or 1940 or 1960. There may be racial prejudices by individuals inside and outside the business world. Some white people may not look at black Americans with the same innocuousness in which they notice whether someone is blond, brunette or redhead. But to say or insist that the United States is the same racist society that it was fifty years ago, or seventy-five or a hundred years ago is to possess little or no historical knowledge or context.

I am old enough to remember seeing as a small boy the television news of dogs and water hoses being turned on civil rights demonstrators in Southern states to prevent equal rights before the law for blacks in that part of the country; of church bombings and freedom riders being killed.

I remember going to a movie theater in 1971 to see the movie Shaft, in which actor, Richard Roundtree, plays a black private detective who, oh, no! has a scene with a white woman in the shower. That was considered to be a statement at the time. Fast-forward to 2015 to 2018, when the television show Scandal aired on American television, starring black actress Kerry Washington, who has sexual affairs with two white men almost at the same time, and one of them is supposed to be president of the United States. The public reaction? A yawn. Except for a small minority of stupid and ignorant people, nobody cares about these things anymore. Or interracial marriage or if a black man is elected president of the United States.

The vast, vast majority of white people dont care anymore who works next to them, or takes a swim in the same pool, or has dinner at the same restaurant or lunch counter or sits next to them at a sports event. Is America a color-blind society? Of course not. But America today, and most white peoples attitudes about black Americans, is light-years away from the 1950s or 1960s or 1970s or 1980s.

I am white. I live among a lot of white people. I talk to white people of a variety of socio-economic backgrounds, educational levels, and social standings. Guess what? Except when brutal acts like the murder of George Floyd occur or the murdering of nine blacks in a church by a white racist like happened in Charleston, South Carolina in June 2015, for instance, the vast majority of whites do not express or verbalize any negative concerns about or thoughts on race and racial matters.

If anything, the large majority of whites attempt to be consciously open, differential, and supportive toward black Americans in various social and economic settings. Now this, in itself, of course, could be taken as a demonstration of a race consciousness among whites. But to the extent that this is the case, the question is, why?

If it exists, I would suggest, it does so for at least two reasons. First, the media, political groups, and progressive ideologues constantly and continuously insist that we must think along racial lines because America is presumed to be a racist society. So how can people not be pushed into thinking about each other in black and white terms when it is yelled in your ears that they are racist and have to be aware of your racism, even if they are not racist and you do all that you can as a person to treat and look upon others simply as individuals?

But what about those people who feel or believe that there is racism and racist behavior all around them? In my view, this shows how much of reality is really a state of mind. If someone thinks that a witch doctor pushing a pin into a doll will cause them pain, then, sometimes, the mind plays tricks and you can think you are experiencing pain seeing the pin pushed into the doll.

If every glance taken, if every word spoken, if every action made, if every event, near or far, is presumed to be inescapably embedded with racial and racist meaning, then you will consider everything in the world to be race and racist-based. When a Nazi in 1930s Germany considered that every misfortune suffered by the German people was caused by the Jews among them, and that the only way to overcome this was to get rid of the Jews, did that, in reality, make it so? But if enough people believe things that are objectively not correct or not connected, but act anyway upon their erroneous states of mind, bad things can happen.

If race is constantly pushed into peoples consciousness, if they are told that human beings are not individuals with various accidents of birth, but inescapable creatures of their racial and ethnic birth, defined and determined by their tribal origin, and that politics shall dictate their life chances and opportunities, what can it result in other than a race consciousness that runs counter to the very philosophical principles and ideals upon which the United States was founded? (See my article, An Identity Politics Victory Would Mean the End to Liberty.)

The second reason that race has been raised to the level of awareness in America has to do with the modern interventionist-welfare state. Again, in my view, it has been the role of government in racial policies that has prevented more of an improvement in the economic and social standing of black Americans.

In the 19th and a good part of the 20th centuries, white labor unions were notorious, in many instances, in using their strike threat power to exclude members of the black community from entering various segments of, especially, the skilled labor market.

At the same time, minimum wage laws have also worked to price many unskilled minority workers out of the labor market. It has legally prevented a member of a racial minority from making himself more attractive to a potential employer by offering himself at a wage (marginally) lower than, say, a white worker. This has limited the ability for market incentives to undermine and reduce racial discrimination in the marketplace over time.

Having been driven out of potential labor market opportunities due to minimum wage laws, government regulations of business have also often made it too costly for low income and relatively unskilled members of the black community to start their own private enterprises. As a consequence, it has made enterprise and employment in illegal black markets more attractive in some minority communities.

Locked away in government subsidized housing and dependent on government welfare payments and in-kind benefits, dealing in the illegal drug market has seemed to too many as a way to escape from poverty through the making of easy money. It has also resulted in a disproportionately high incarceration rate among young black men, who then have prison records that add to the difficulty of later finding their way into a better economic life.

In other words, the interventionist-welfare state has served as a mechanism in spite of many, no doubt, with good intentions to keep far too many in the black community separate and unequal. It serves the interests of too many in political power, especially, but not solely on the left, that segments of the population view themselves as victims who only government can help; people whose votes may be relied upon, since forms of redistributive largess comes from those members of the political class, but which continues to keep those segments of the black community in perpetual dependency.

This has been reinforced, as I suggested, by the focus on identity politics by many on the political left. However imperfect in practice, the idea and ideal of America have been the uniqueness, dignity and respect for the individual, regardless of that persons accidents of birth or country of origin. I consider this philosophic and political principle of individualism to be the source and the basis of all the advancements and improvements in American society, including for a growing number of those who are of African descent.

However, people are being forced back into a new tribalism and a new racial and ethnic collectivism in the public arena due to the renewed insistence on group-think that is reinforced by a variety of government policies. It has ended up compelling people to think about others and themselves not in terms of whom they are as individual human beings, but about what racial, ethnic or gender group they belong to and what politically bestowed benefits or disadvantages come with that collectivist classification.

What also stands out throughout the American experience is that in spite of these anti-individualist cultural trends and economic policies, there has endured enough of the American spirit of individualism and practice of free enterprise that has more than anything else succeeded in being the great and good force for reducing many of the racial animosities and tensions that may continue to linger in our society.

Do not get me wrong. The behavior of some police forces and some policemen around the country has been deplorable in terms of a disregard for a color-blind respect and enforcement of peoples rights in many black communities. The political left feeds off highlighting these egregious acts of abuse of police power. But their worldview is based and dependent on the belief and insistence that race relations are as bad as or even worse than in the bad old days.

This is flagrantly not the case by any reasonable historical standard. But the political lefts agenda and policies are helping to make us a far more race-conscious society once again, which can only bring with it serious negative consequences for American society as a whole. And the tragic events of George Floyds murder has only made this even worse.

[Originally posted at the American Institute for Economic Research]

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Tragedies of Our Time: Pandemic, Planning, and Racial Politics - The Heartland Institute

Sun-Like Star Kepler-160 Has Super-Earth in Habitable Zone | Astronomy – Sci-News.com

Astronomers using data from NASAs Kepler space telescope have discovered two new planets in the Kepler-160 planetary system. One of the new planets is the super-Earth-sized transiting world in the host stars habitable zone.

An artists impression of a four-planet system. Image credit: Sci-News.com.

Kepler-160 is a Sun-like star located 3,141 light-years away in the constellation of Lyra.

Also known as KOI-456 and KIC 7269974, the star is 1.12 times bigger than our Sun and is just 1% more luminous.

In 2010, astronomers detected two massive transiting planets, Kepler-160b and c, in very close orbits around the star.

Kepler-160b has a radius of 1.7 times that of the Earth and is in a 4.3-day orbit, while Kepler-160c, with a radius of about 3.1 Earth radii, orbits the star with a period of 13.7 days.

Their surface temperatures would certainly make them hotter than a baking oven and everything but hospitable for life as we know it, said Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research astronomer Ren Heller and colleagues.

But tiny variations in the orbital period of planet Kepler-160c gave scientists a signature of a third planet that had yet to be confirmed.

In the new study, Dr. Heller and co-authors analyzed archival data from the Kepler space telescope.

Our analysis suggests that Kepler-160 is orbited not by two but by a total of four planets, Dr. Heller said.

One of the two planets that we found is Kepler-160d, the previously suspected planet responsible for the distorted orbit of Kepler-160c.

Kepler-160d is a non-transiting planet with a mass higher than Earths and an orbital period between about 5 and 50 days.

The fourth planet in the system, Kepler-160e (also designated KOI-456.04), is probably a transiting planet with a radius of 1.9 times that of the Earth and an orbital period of 378 days.

Given its Sun-like host star, the very Earth-like orbital period results in a very Earth-like insolation from the star both in terms of the amount of the light received and in terms of the light color, Dr. Heller said.

All things considered, Kepler-160e sits in a region of the habitable zone that is comparable to the Earths position around the Sun.

Kepler-160e is relatively large compared to many other planets that are considered potentially habitable, he said.

But its the combination of this less-than-double the size of the Earth planet and its solar type host star that make it so special and familiar.

If Kepler-160e has a mostly inert atmosphere with a mild Earth-like greenhouse effect, then its surface temperature would be 5 degrees Celsius on average, which is about 10 degrees lower than the Earths mean global temperature.

The discovery is described in paper published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.

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Ren Heller et al. 2020. Transit least-squares survey III. A 1.9 R transit candidate in the habitable zone of Kepler-160 and a nontransiting planet characterized by transit-timing variations. A&A 638, A10; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201936929

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Sun-Like Star Kepler-160 Has Super-Earth in Habitable Zone | Astronomy - Sci-News.com

Half the matter in the cosmos was missing, but astronomers found it h – Astronomy Magazine

Therein lay the potential of FRBs to weigh the universes baryons, an opportunity we recognized on the spot. By measuring the spread of different wavelengths within one FRB, we could calculate exactly how much matter how many baryons the radio waves passed through on their way to Earth.

At this point we were so close, but there was one final piece of information we needed. To precisely measure the baryon density, we needed to know where in the sky an FRB came from. If we knew the source galaxy, we would know how far the radio waves traveled. With that and the amount of dispersion they experienced, perhaps we could calculate how much matter they passed through on the way to Earth?

Unfortunately, the telescopes in 2007 werent good enough to pinpoint exactly which galaxy and therefore how far away an FRB came from.

We knew what information would allow us to solve the problem, now we just had to wait for technology to develop enough to give us that data.

It was 11 years until we were able to place or localize our first FRB. In August 2018, our collaborative project called CRAFT began using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope in the outback of Western Australia to look for FRBs. This new telescope which is run by Australias national science agency, CSIRO can watch huge portions of the sky, about 60 times the size of a full Moon, and it can simultaneously detect FRBs and pinpoint where in the sky they come from.

ASKAP captured its first FRB one month later. Once we knew the precise part of the sky the radio waves came from, we quickly used the Keck telescope in Hawaii to identify which galaxy the FRB came from and how far away that galaxy was. The first FRB we detected came from a galaxy named DES J214425.25405400.81 that is about 4 billion light-years away from Earth, in case you were wondering.

The technology and technique worked. We had measured the dispersion from an FRB and knew where it came from. But we needed to catch a few more of them in order to attain a statistically significant count of the baryons. So we waited and hoped space would send us some more FRBs.

By mid-July 2019, we had detected five more events enough to perform the first search for the missing matter. Using the dispersion measures of these six FRBs, we were able to make a rough calculation of how much matter the radio waves passed through before reaching earth.

We were overcome by both amazement and reassurance the moment we saw the data fall right on the curve predicted by the 5% estimate. We had detected the missing baryons in full, solving this cosmological riddle and putting to rest two decades of searching.

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Half the matter in the cosmos was missing, but astronomers found it h - Astronomy Magazine

What has the Juno spacecraft taught us about Jupiter? – Astronomy Magazine

We dont actually know why that is, Stevenson says. But I think whatever that explanation might be, its telling us something important about how Jupiter formed. Things could have been stirred up by the impact of another huge proto-planet, he says. Or it could be that somehow Jupiter moved around and more planetesimals were added at a particular stage during formation. There are many different stories you could conjure up.Hybrid magnetismJupiters huge fuzzy core undoubtedly has implications for other aspects of the planets behavior one of them being the planets unusual, contorted magnetic field.

For decades, the textbook picture of the Jovian magnetic field was that it resembled Earths which is to say that it looked like the field of a really big bar magnet, with a well-defined magnetic north pole on one end and a well-defined south pole on the other. Quick peeks from earlier spacecraft seemed to confirm that picture.

But the textbooks were wrong. Junos measurements show that the magnetic field in Jupiters northern hemisphere looks completely different from its southern counterpart. Its as if someone took a bar magnet, bent it almost in half, frayed one end, split the other end, and then stuck the whole thing in the planet at a cockeyed angle. In the north is the frayed end: Rather than emerging around one central spot, the magnetic field sprouts like weeds along a long high-latitude band. In the south is the split end: Some of the field plunges back into the planet around the south pole while some is concentrated in a spot just south of the equator.

Jupiters magnetic field, illustrated in this NASA visualization, is a strange blend of simple and complex. The field emerges from the north in a long band (red areas), and mostly reenters the planet in a compact spot just south of the equator (dark blue).

NASA/JPL-CALTECH/Harvard/Moore et al.

It was weird to have essentially one hemisphere Earth and one hemisphere Uranus and Neptune, says Kimberly Moore, a Caltech astrophysicist and a lead author of several studies of Junos magnetic findings.

Planetary magnetic fields are generated by electrically conductive fluids in their interior. The unusual fields at Uranus and Neptune may be due to these fluids being restricted to a thinner region of the planet, relative to their size. Something similar might be happening at Jupiter thanks to its dilute core, says Moore. The north-south dichotomy may also emerge from all this complexity.

That can really change the geometry of the patterns you can come up with, she says. But thats just one idea. Helium rain might also wreak havoc on the magnetic field, as could penetrating winds.

Jupiter has conga lines of polar cyclones; Saturn has just one vortex per pole (one of which is six-sided!). Jupiters magnetic field is a hodge-podge; Saturns is pretty boring. Jupiters atmosphere is multicolored and banded; Saturns is relatively unblemished.

Giant planets must come in different flavors, Bolton says. We need to understand that if were going to understand them in general, because the same physics must dictate everything.

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What has the Juno spacecraft taught us about Jupiter? - Astronomy Magazine

The Sky This Week from June 5 to 12 – Astronomy Magazine

Saturday, June 6Saturns largest and brightest moon, Titan, sits due south of the ringed planet in the early morning sky. In a telescope, the magnitude 9 moon should be relatively easy to spot its the brightest point of light after the planet itself. Titan orbits Saturn every 16 days; on June 14 it will sit due north of the planet and will return to its most southerly point again on the 22nd.

Swing away from Saturn to the southeast in the two hours before sunrise to find the famous star Fomalhaut in the small constellation Piscis Austrinus, rising in the southeast. Magnitude 1.2 Fomalhaut is not only the brightest star in the constellation, but also one of the brightest stars in the sky, ranking 18th. Only about 25 light-years away, Fomalhaut is surrounded by a massive disk of material that astronomers believe could be forming planets. In fact, astronomers long thought theyd directly imaged one such nascent world only to recently discover that what theyd seen was actually the aftermath of a collision between two icy planetesimals.

Sunday, June 7The constellation Perseus climbs above the northeastern horizon a few hours before sunrise this morning. With a bright Moon on the opposite side of the sky, its a great time to tour the Heros brighter treasures, the most famous of which may be the Double Cluster, comprising NGC 884 and NGC 869 in the western (upper right) region of the constellation. These two young, bright open star clusters are about 7,600 and 6,800 light-years away, respectively, with ages between 3 million and 5 million years. In a dark sky, you may spot them without binoculars, but this morning the Moon will likely make that impossible. Binoculars or a small scope, however, will bring out increasing levels of richness in the clusters; youll see NGC 884 to the east of NGC 869, which lies farther west.

The constellation is also home to the famous California Nebula (NGC 1499). This emission nebula has a magnitude of roughly 6 but its dim, diffuse glow will be hard to spot even with a telescope, given the bright Moon. Return to this constellation on a moonless morning later in the month or even next month, when the 2.5-long nebula will be higher above the horizon at the same time each night in Perseus eastern region. Its shape shows up best in long-exposure photographs.

Monday, June 8Today is the 395th anniversary of the birth of Italian-French astronomer Giovanni Cassini. You most likely know the name either from the Cassini Division that separates Saturns A and B rings or from the NASA mission that spent over a decade exploring Saturn and its extensive system of moons. Cassinis planetary science claim to fame is threefold: He measured the scale of the solar system, discovered four moons of Saturn, and identified the large gap in Saturns rings.

Early morning is the best time to get a look at the ringed planet, which rises around 11:30 P.M. local time. By 3 to 4 A.M., its higher in the sky for easy viewing. You can find magnitude 0.4 Saturn in the south, just 5 northeast of brilliant magnitude 2.6 Jupiter. A bright, 92-percent-lit Moon hangs nearby. Farther southwest is the familiar Teapot asterism of Sagittarius.

The disk of Saturn appears 18" wide, while its rings stretch roughly 41" across. Although the background sky will be bright thanks to the Moon, you may still be able to spot the dark Cassini Division, which appears as a thin gap but actually spans an average of nearly 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers), although its width varies.

The Moon passes 2 south of Jupiter at 1 P.M. EDT today. Nine hours later, the Moon passes 3 south of Saturn at 10 P.M. EDT. But both events take place when the planets arent visible.

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The Sky This Week from June 5 to 12 - Astronomy Magazine

The History and Future of Telescopes on the Moon – Astronomy Magazine

Capturing previously inaccessible radio waves has been a dream of astronomers for decades. Some 40 years ago, scientists started seriously considering what different types of lunar telescopes might be able to discover, as well as how they could be built.

Even then, according to a NASA document titled Future Astronomical Observatories on the Moon, scientists realized that the Moon offered a unique vantage point that could open up the last window in the electromagnetic spectrum at very low frequencies.

By the early 1980s, the Apollo missions were a decade in the rearview, but the burgeoning Space Shuttle Program was looking like a success. This led to renewed talks of returning to the Moon. Researchers hoped these developments might eventually lead to Moon bases that would enable the infrastructure for sustained scientific studies.

The only way we could conceive of putting scientific instruments on the Moon was with astronauts, says University of Colorado Boulder astronomer Jack O. Burns. He serves as director of the NASA-fundedNetwork for Exploration and Space Science, and for decades has been the lead crusader for building telescopes on the Moon.

Now, for the first time thanks to modern robotics and the emergence of private spaceflight companies Burns thinks this once-crazy idea can actually become a reality. His students now routinely work with remotely operated robots and machine learning algorithms things that would have been unimaginable in the 1980s, he says. Technology has caught up, and maybe thats what we needed.

Due to these technological advancements and more, lunar telescopes no longer require astronaut construction crews and $100 billion space programs. Instead, they could be built using rovers sent on privately built rockets that are already under development.

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The History and Future of Telescopes on the Moon - Astronomy Magazine

The 1st stars in the universe formed earlier than thought – Space.com

The first stars in the universe formed even earlier than astronomers had thought, a new study suggests.

Researchers probing the early universe found no sign of first-generation stars in galaxies that existed just 500 million to 1 billion years after the Big Bang.

"These results have profound astrophysical consequences, as they show that galaxies must have formed much earlier than we thought," study lead author Rachana Bhatawdekar, a research fellow at the European Space Agency (ESA), said in a statement.

Related: Peering back to the Big Bang & early universe (images)

Bhatawdekar and her colleagues used the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope and the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile to hunt for "Population III" stars in a variety of distant galaxies.

Population III stars were the first suns to form in our 13.8-billion-year-old universe, and they're identifiable by their unique composition: just hydrogen, helium and lithium, the only elements around immediately after the Big Bang. Heavier elements were forged in the cores of these stars and their successors.

(The somewhat confusing moniker results from the fact that astronomers had already classified the stars of our own Milky Way galaxy into two groups before considering their super-old cousins. "Population I" stars, such as Earth's sun, are rich in heavy elements, and "Population II" stars are considerably less so.)

The research team took advantage of a phenomenon called gravitational lensing to bring their hard targets into view. In each case, they used a giant galaxy cluster in the foreground as a sort of magnifying glass, allowing them to study small, distant and incredibly faint galaxies.

It has taken the light from these background galaxies 12.8 billion to 13.3 billion years to reach Earth meaning that these objects are time capsules harboring lots of information about the early universe, including what types of stars were shining back then.

"We found no evidence of these first-generation Population III stars in this cosmic time interval," Bhatawdekar said.

Population III stars and the first galaxies must therefore be older still so old that they're beyond Hubble's reach. But NASA's $9.8 billion James Webb Space Telescope, which is scheduled to launch next year, may be able to spot them, study team members said.

The new results, which were presented this week at the 236th meeting of the American Astronomical Society and will be published in an upcoming issue of the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, shed other light on the early universe as well.

For example, low-mass, faint galaxies like the ones observed in the new study were probably responsible for "cosmic reionization," Bhatawdekar and her colleagues said. In this process, which began perhaps 400 million years after the Big Bang, radiation split the hydrogen atoms pervading the universe into their constituent protons and electrons. Reionization was a big cosmic transition, and getting a better handle on how it happened could help astronomers better understand our universe's structure and evolution, scientists have said.

Mike Wall is the author of "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), a book about the search for alien life. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom or Facebook.

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The 1st stars in the universe formed earlier than thought - Space.com

Astronomers have found a planet like Earth orbiting a star like the sun – MIT Technology Review

Three thousand light-years from Earth sits Kepler 160, a sun-like star thats already thought to have three planets in its system. Now researchers think theyve found a fourth. Planet KOI-456.04, as its called, appears similar to Earth in size and orbit, raising new hopes weve found perhaps the best candidate yet for a habitable exoplanet that resembles our home world. The new findings bolster the case for devoting more time to looking for planets orbiting stars like Kepler-160 and our sun, where theres a better chance a planet can receive the kind of illumination thats amenable to life.

Most exoplanet discoveries so far have been made around red dwarf stars. This isnt totally unexpected; red dwarfs are the most common type of star out there. And our main method for finding exoplanets involves looking for stellar transitsperiodic dips in a stars brightness as an orbiting object passes in front of it. This is much easier to do for dimmer stars like red dwarfs, which are smaller than our sun and emit more of their energy as infrared radiation. The highest-profile discovery of this type is near our closest neighboring star, Proxima Centauria red dwarf with a potentially habitable planet called Proxima b (whose existence was, incidentally,confirmed in a new study published this week).

Data on the new exoplanet orbiting Kepler 160,published in Astronomy and Astrophysicson Thursday, points to a different situation entirely. From what researchers can tell, KOI 456.04 looks to be less than twice the size of Earth and is apparently orbiting Kepler-160 at about the same distance from Earth to the sun (one complete orbit is 378 days). Perhaps most important, it receives about 93% as much light as Earth gets from the sun.

This is critical, because one of the biggest obstacles to habitability around red dwarf stars is they can emit a lot of high-energy flares and radiation that could fry a planet and any life on it. By contrast, stars like the sunand Kepler-160, in theoryare more stable and suitable for the evolution of life.

The authors found KOI-456.04 by reanalyzing old data collected by NASAs Kepler mission. The team employed two new algorithms to analyze the stellar brightness observed from Kepler-160. The algorithms were designed to look at dimming patterns on a more granular and gradual level, rather than seeking the abrupt dips and jumps that had previously been used to identify exoplanets in the star system.

Right now the researchers say its 85% probable KOI-456.04 is an actual planet. But itcouldstill be an artifact of Keplers instruments or the new analysisan object needs to pass a threshold of 99% to be a certified exoplanet. Getting that level of certainty will require direct observations. The instruments on NASAs upcoming James Webb Space Telescope are expected to be up to the task, as are those on ESAs PLATO space telescope, due to launch in 2026.

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Astronomers have found a planet like Earth orbiting a star like the sun - MIT Technology Review

How ‘Mars Undergound’ sparked a return to the Red Planet – Astronomy Magazine

Xeroxing the Brand

The informal Mars Underground group served as a model for other planetary scientists who wanted NASA to take their proposals seriously. Their strategy was considered so successful that, in 1989, another group of astronomers Xeroxed the brand," igniting a push for a mission to the outer solar system. Their name? The Pluto Underground. Many of its founding members are now scientists working on NASAs New Horizons mission. That initiative, led by Principal Investigator Alan Stern (and Pluto Underground member), flew past Pluto in 2015 and the Kuiper Belt object Arrokoth in 2019.

In the 2000s, another unofficial-yet-passionate band of scientists replicated the Mars Underground model this time to advocate for sending humans to asteroids before attempting a journey to Mars. The so-called Asteroid Underground studied the science objectives, engineering requirements, and costs of such a mission. Eventually, in 2013, the seemingly wild idea became the space agencys official policy with the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM). However, the Trump administration defunded ARM in 2017 in favor of a Moon-first policy.

Its been nearly 40 years since the Mars Underground formed, and its founders have risen to become some of the most prominent voices in todays push for space exploration.

Mars Underground co-founder Penelope Boston, who helped organize The Case for Mars conferences, went on to launch a cave studies program at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. In fact, she helped pioneer the study of life in Earths caves, paving the way for similar work on Mars someday. And in 2016, Boston became the director of NASAs Astrobiology Institute in California.

In 1998, longtime Mars Underground member Robert Zubrin used the group as inspiration to launch the Mars Society. Today, the group boasts thousands of members and hosts annual Mars conferences with high-profile attendees, including Elon Musk.

Chris McKay, who was still working on his Ph.D. when he co-founded Mars Underground, has had a storied career as an astrobiologist, studying organisms living in extreme environments on Earth for insights into life on Mars. These days, hes a senior planetary scientist at NASA, where hes actively involved in planning future Mars missions including eventual human trips. McKay now advocates for putting humans back on the Moon, which he and others believe is a necessary stepping stone to Mars. He is also a champion for a robotic sample return mission to Mars.

And thats exactly what NASA plans to do. This summer, theyll launch the most sophisticated Mars rover ever built, which will both search for past life and collect martian soil samples. Meanwhile, the space agency has hired a host of private spaceflight companies for its Artemis program, which NASA hopes will return astronauts to the Moon by 2024. From there, its on to Mars in the following decades.

Although the dreams of Mars Underground members might have taken far longer to come true than they would have hoped, with each passing year their ambitious vision of being an interplanetary species is marching toward reality.

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How 'Mars Undergound' sparked a return to the Red Planet - Astronomy Magazine

Astronomers capture rare cosmic ‘Jekyll and Hyde’ behaviour in double star system 19,000 light-years away – Folio – University of Alberta

The strange behaviour of a duo of stars in a dense cluster called Terzan 5 located 19,000 light-years from Earth has caught the eye of an international team of astronomers.

We observed an exotic stellar binary system using both X-rays and radio waves, said University of Alberta astrophysicist Craig Heinke. Only 10 years ago, we knew of neutron stars that were pulsars, and neutron stars that accreted matter from companion stars, but none that switched back and forth.

The scientists of the Milky-way ATCA and VLA Exploration of Radio-sources in Clusters (MAVERIC) team observed the unusual switching in the new image, using data compiled by NASAs Chandra X-ray Observatory over nearly 15 years.

The stellar system was described in a 2018 study led by U of A physics PhD graduate Arash Bahramian, now at Curtin University. In the system, a normal star and dense neutron star orbit each other, and at times, stellar material is seen to be absorbed by the denser neutron stara phenomenon sometimes referred to as stellar vampirism.

But unusually, at other times, the flow stops and the neutron stars strong magnetic field accelerates particles to near light-speed, generating strong radio emissionsknown as a pulsar.

We know of only a handful of these stars that switch between states, called transitional millisecond pulsars, said U of A astrophysicist Gregory Sivakoff, who is a co-investigator on the MAVERIC team.

We had long thought that neutron stars had to eat material from a nearby star to spin up to such fast speeds, but it was only with transitional millisecond pulsars that we found the silver bullet that proved our hypothesis was likely true.

Only three confirmed examples of these identity-changing systems are known, explained Sivakoff. The first was discovered in 2013 using the orbiting Chandra telescope and several other X-ray and radio telescopeswhich he said makes the new image of the system all the more exciting.

The first of these systems discovered elicited enormous excitement, as they represented a holy grail of X-ray astronomy: to show that accreting neutron stars can turn on as pulsars, said Heinke.

But they have also generated a host of other questions, and its been very hard to find systems like this to learn more. This find opens up a new way to search for these objects as we learn more about them, and hopefully to start to unravel their mysteries.

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Astronomers capture rare cosmic 'Jekyll and Hyde' behaviour in double star system 19,000 light-years away - Folio - University of Alberta

First Optical Measurements of Milky Ways Fermi Bubbles Probe Their Origin – ERAU News

Embry-Riddle faculty member Dr. Matt Haffner, working with lead researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, recently co-authored an important advancement in astronomy the first-ever measurement of Fermi Bubbles in the visible light spectrum, refining our understanding of the properties of these mysterious blobs emanating from the Milky Way.

The research team from the University of WisconsinMadison, UWWhitewater and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University measured the emission of light from hydrogen and nitrogen in the Fermi Bubbles at the same position as recent ultraviolet absorption measurements made by the Hubble Telescope.

We combined those two measurements of emission and absorption to estimate the density, pressure and temperature of the ionized gas. And that lets us better understand where this gas is coming from, says Dhanesh Krishnarao, lead author of the new study and an astronomy graduate student at UWMadison.

The researchers announced their findings June 2 at the 236th meeting of the American Astronomical Society, which was held virtually for the first time since 1899 in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Extending 25,000 light years away both above and below the center of the Milky Way, the Fermi Bubbles were discovered in 2010 by the Fermi Gamma Ray Telescope. These faint but highly energetic outflows of gas are racing away from the center of the Milky Way at millions of miles per hour. But while their origin has been inferred to date back several million years ago, the events that produced the bubbles remain a mystery.

Now, with new measurements of the density and pressure of the ionized gas, the researchers can test models of the Fermi Bubbles against observations.

The other significant thing is that we now have the possibility of measuring the density and pressure and the velocity structure in many locations, with the all-sky WHAM telescope, says Bob Benjamin, a professor of astronomy at UWWhitewater and co-author of the study. We can do an extensive mapping effort across the Fermi Bubbles above and below the plane of the galaxy to see if the if the models that people have developed are holding up. Because unlike the UV data, we're not limited to just specific lines of sight.

Matt Haffner, professor of Physics and Astronomy at Embry-Riddle and a co-author of the report, says the work demonstrates the usefulness of the WHAM telescope, developed at UWMadison, to tell us more about the workings of the Milky Way. The central region of our home galaxy has long been difficult to study because of interfering gas, but WHAM has provided new opportunities to gather the kind of information we have for distant galaxies.

There are regions of the galaxy we can target with very sensitive instruments like WHAM to get this kind of new information toward the center that previously we are only able to do in the infrared and radio, says Haffner. We can make comparisons to other galaxies by making the same kind of measurements towards the center of the Milky Way.

*This article was written by Eric Hamilton and first published by the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

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First Optical Measurements of Milky Ways Fermi Bubbles Probe Their Origin - ERAU News

A rendezvous between Jupiter, Saturn and the moon lit up the night skies this week – Chron

By Sonia Ramirez, Chron.com / Houston Chronicle

Jupiter and Saturn took center stage across the night sky last night as they formed a triangle with the waning, gibbous moon-meaning they shared the same celestial longitude, said space.com.

Jupiter and Saturn took center stage across the night sky last night as they formed a triangle with the waning, gibbous moon-meaning they shared the same celestial longitude, said space.com.

Jupiter and Saturn took center stage across the night sky last night as they formed a triangle with the waning, gibbous moon-meaning they shared the same celestial longitude, said space.com.

Jupiter and Saturn took center stage across the night sky last night as they formed a triangle with the waning, gibbous moon-meaning they shared the same celestial longitude, said space.com.

A rendezvous between Jupiter, Saturn and the moon lit up the night skies this week

A Houston-area stargazer captured a rare rendezvous between Jupiter, Saturn, and the moon on June 8.

Houston's night sky was the perfect backdrop for last night's midnight showing of Jupiter and Saturn as they formed a triangle with Earth's moon.

STRAWBERRY MOON PART OF BEST NIGHT SKY EVENTS IN 2020: Look up: A full 'strawberry moon' rises tonight

"The waning, gibbous moon was in conjunction with Jupiter meaning they shared the same celestial longitude," said space.com.

The celestial event streaming across the night began its ascension on June 7 into the early morning hours on June 8.

Alyssa Croft was able to capture photos in the slideshow of the stellar event around 12:30 a.m. on June 8 from her backyard in Clear Lake.

"As Jupiter continues to catch up with Saturn preparing for their once-in-20-years great conjunction in December 2020 the waning moon comes by, this time passing 2.2 degrees south of Jupiter on June 8 and 2.7 degrees south of Saturn on June 9," said earthsky.com.

ON HOUSTONCHRONICLE.COM: SpaceX adds visors to its Starlink satellites to minimize impact on astronomers

The extraordinary collaboration of these celestial planets is part of the best night sky events of June 2020, such as the full "strawberry moon," that made its appearance on Friday, June 5.

The "Super conjunction" of Jupiter and Saturn on December 21, 2020, will be the final astronomy event of the year.

Touted as one of the most impressive events, Jupiter and Saturn make an extremely close encounter following the first sunset of winter, according to the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada."The closest they have been since 1623."

If you were able to capture a photo of the amazing night sky showing of the trio coming together, share it in the comments below.

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A rendezvous between Jupiter, Saturn and the moon lit up the night skies this week - Chron

Astronomers Pinpoint The Origin of Huge Gas Bubbles Flowing Out of The Milky Way – ScienceAlert

There's an unusual paradox hampering research into parts of the Milky Way. Dense gas blocks observations of the galactic core, and it can be difficult to observe in visible light from our vantage point.

But distant galaxies don't always present the same obstacles. So in some ways, we can observe distant galaxies better than we can observe our own.

In order to gain a better understanding of the Galactic Center (GC) and the Interstellar Medium (ISM), a team of astronomers used a telescope called theWisconsin H-Alpha Mapper(WHAM) to look into the core of the Milky Way in part of the optical light spectrum.

The team of researchers focused their efforts on two features of the Milky Way, called theFermi Bubbles. The Fermi Bubbles are massive outbursts of high-energy gas emanating from the galactic core.

They're called Fermi Bubbles because they were discovered in 2010 by theFermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope. These bubbles are enormous, extending a total of about 50,000 light years from the disk of the Milky Way, and they're travelling at millions of miles per hour.

A paper presenting their observations is titled "Discovery of High-Velocity H-Alpha Above Galactic Center: Testing Models of the Fermi Bubble." Lead author of the work is Dhanesh Krishnarao, a grad student in astronomy at the UW Wisconsin. The findings were presented at the 236th meeting of the American Astronomical Society, and have been submitted to The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Previous to this work, some observations of the Fermi Bubbles were made in UV, by examining the light from distant quasars as it passed through the gas. While those observations extended scientists' understanding of the bubbles, they had limitations.

They could only be made on specific sight lines, while WHAM is an all-sky telescope. Those previous observations couldn't measure the velocity, temperature, and density of the gas.

But WHAM takes a different approach. Like its name says, it can observe Hydrogen-Alpha atoms. In anH-Alphaatom, an electron has jumped from the third energy level to the second energy level. That leaves a spectral line that's the brightest hydrogen spectral line in optical light.

A simplified Rutherford-Bohr model of the H-Alpha process. (JabberWok/CC BY-SA 3.0)

ABOVE:When an electron (green) jumps down one energy level from n=3 to n=2, it produces a photon with a bright spectral line in visible light.

Matt Haffner is a Professor of Astronomy and Physics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, and one of this paper's co-authors. In a press release, Haffner pointed out how the WHAM telescope is helping astronomers make progress in understanding the Milky Way's core region. Gas blocks our view of that region in a way that distant galaxies don't.

"There are regions of the galaxy we can target with very sensitive instruments like WHAM to get this kind of new information toward the center that previously we were only able to do in the infrared and radio," says Haffner.

"We can make comparisons to other galaxies by making the same kind of measurements towards the center of the Milky Way."

The scientists behind this research also observed the nitrogen emission lines in the Fermi Bubbles. They lined their observations up with recent Hubble observations of UV light at the same position, and combined them.

In a press release, lead author Krishnarao said "We combined those two measurements of emission and absorption to estimate the density, pressure and temperature of the ionized gas, and that lets us better understand where this gas is coming from."

In their paper the authors write "Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper (WHAM) observations reveal high velocity H alpha and [N II] 6584 emissionlines in the same direction and velocity as ultraviolet absorption line features that have been previously associated with the biconical gamma-ray lobes known as the Fermi Bubbles."

Astronomers think that whatever happened at the Milky Way's core to create the Fermi Bubbles, it happened several millions of years ago. Some researchers think that Sgr A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy, drew a massive cloud of hydrogen into its accretion disk, causing an enormous burst of energy. But this study wasn't trying to determine the cause.

Now that the researchers have data for the density, velocity, and temperature of the gas in the Fermi Bubbles, they can test that data against different models.

"The other significant thing is that we now have the possibility of measuring the density and pressure and the velocity structure in many locations," with the all-sky WHAM telescope, says Bob Benjamin, a professor of astronomy at UWWhitewater and co-author of the study.

"We can do an extensive mapping effort across the Fermi Bubbles above and below the plane of the galaxy to see if the models that people have developed are holding up. Because, unlike the ultraviolet data, we're not limited to just specific lines of sight."

In their paper the authors explain that "These optical spectra provide a new avenue to constrain both the physical conditions of the ionized gas that has been associated with the Fermi Bubbles as well the radiation field emergingfrom the Galactic Center region and within the Fermi Bubbles."

In the conclusion of their paper the authors describe some of their findings. They say their findings indicate a gas temperature of 8900 2700 K. They also point out that the high thermal pressure they found is "comparable to, but still greater than, those predicted by models of a hot gas halo inthe inner Galaxy or of a Fermi Bubble shell."

But even though these findings are very detailed, they don't conclusively show what caused the Fermi Bubbles. The team says that WHAM has more to give when it comes to studying them, though. And just like in this study, future observations can also be combined with existing Hubble observations to expand our understanding.

Gamma and X-ray emitting Fermi Bubbles above and below the plane of the Milky Way. (NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center)

"With future observations, WHAM can trace emission associated with the Fermi Bubbles both spatially and kinematically at large scales. Additionally, other pointed observations towards distant UV bright sources with existing HST spectra can provide sensitive columndensity profiles of multiple species across different regions of the southern and northern Fermi Bubbles."

So, maybe one day we'll finally know what happened a few million years ago at the center of the Milky Way, to form these giant bubbles.

This article was originally published by Universe Today. Read the original article.

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Astronomers Pinpoint The Origin of Huge Gas Bubbles Flowing Out of The Milky Way - ScienceAlert

It’s 2020, And Astronomers Have Just Found a New Class of Massive Space Explosions – ScienceAlert

Astronomers have finally classified a tremendous space explosion first noticed in 2018 - an event so bright, it was thought to have originated much closer to us than we eventually realised. Thanks to two additional discoveries, it now belongs to an entirely new class of giant space explosions.

These bursts of energy are extremely powerful and extremely fast, blasting vast amounts of matter into space at intense velocities. Astronomers have named the new class Fast Blue Optical Transients, or FBOTs.

The 2018 event, nicknamed "the Cow" (AT2018cow), was eventually traced to a galaxy 200 million light-years away, which was a surprise given its exceptional brightness. Since then, it's been outstripped by two even bigger explosions of the same kind, bringing the total of known FBOTs to three.

The two new ones were found in archival data from visible-light all-sky surveys, and followed up with more observations.

They are ZTF18abvkwla, or "the Koala", which was found in data from 2018 observations in a galaxy 3.4 billion light-years away; and CRTS-CSS161010 J045834-081803, or CSS161010, found in 2016 data from a galaxy 500 million light-years away. Two new papers describe the Koala and CSS161010.

To put into perspective just how intense these explosions are, the Cow was at least 10 times more powerful than a regular supernova. The Koala and CSS161010 were more powerful again, but clear similarities exist between all three events.

"When I reduced the data, I thought I made a mistake," said astronomer Anna Ho of Caltech, who led the Koala study. "The 'Koala' resembled the 'Cow' but the radio emission was ten times brighter - as bright as a gamma-ray burst!"

CSS161010 was even more jaw-dropping. The follow-up observations in radio and X-ray wavelengths revealed that the object ejected vast amounts of stellar material into space at a whopping 55 percent of the speed of light.

"This was unexpected," said astronomer Deanne Coppejans of Northwestern University, who led the study on CSS161010, and is apparently a master of understatement.

"We know of energetic stellar explosions that can eject material at almost the speed of light, specifically gamma-ray bursts, but they only launch a small amount of mass - about 1 millionth the mass of the Sun.

"CSS161010 launched 1 to 10 percent the mass of the Sun to relativistic speeds - evidence that this is a new class of transient!"

All three explosions share similarities. They look a lot like supernova explosions, but they flare up and fade again incredibly quickly - way more quickly than normal supernovae. They're also incredibly hot, which gives the light a bluer tint, compared to other supernovae.

Because they're so brief, it's hard to get a handle on what causes them. In January 2019, astronomers narrowed down the Cow to two most likely scenarios:a black hole devouring a white dwarf; or an unusual kind of core-collapse supernova leading to the formation of a neutron star or a black hole.

Neither of those two scenarios can be ruled out at this stage, but the astronomers believe what we're looking at here is a very rare kind of supernova.

In the core-collapse supernovae we see more commonly, the supernova blast sheds a spherical shell of stellar material. Sometimes these supernovae also produce a rotating accretion disc of material around the collapsed core that powers extreme, relativistic jets from the poles that propagate gamma rays - what we call a gamma-ray burst.

FBOT explosions, according to the astronomers' model, would also have such a disc and jets, but surrounded by a really dense cloud of material that's not present in normal supernovae. This cloud could have been created by a binary companion stripping the supernova progenitor star of material.

However the cloud is produced, it's the reason for the extreme brightness astronomers have detected. When the shockwave from the supernova collides with the cloud, it produces an extremely fast, hot, bright flash across multiple wavelengths.

The next step in the research will be to pore over more data to potentially identify more such bright flashes, which previously may have been overlooked as glitches. This could help astronomers narrow down even further which scenario is producing these explosions.

But one thing is clear: whatever it is, it's wild.

"We thought we knew what produced the fastest outflows in nature," said astronomer Raffaella Margutt of Northwestern University.

"We thought there were only two ways to produce them - by collapsing a massive star with a gamma ray burst or two neutron stars merging. We thought that was it. With this study, we are introducing a third way to launch these outflows. There is a new beast out there, and it's able to produce the same energetic phenomenon."

The two papers have been published in The Astrophysical Journal and The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

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It's 2020, And Astronomers Have Just Found a New Class of Massive Space Explosions - ScienceAlert

The Brilliant Astronomer Who Devised New Tactics to Fight Anti-Gay Bias – The New York Times

THE DEVIANTS WAR The Homosexual vs. the United States of America By Eric Cervini

If the L.G.B.T.Q. movement had saints, a Jewish homosexual atheist scientist named Franklin Kameny would have an exalted place in the pantheon. Most people believe the 1969 Stonewall riots gave birth to militant gay politics. But for almost a decade before Stonewall, Kameny boldly challenged the reigning orthodoxy that homosexuality was a mental illness and led an audacious campaign against the federal governments ban on employing gay workers. Brilliant, fearless, cantankerous and unstoppable, he was lionized in his old age by a movement that by the Obama era had achieved victories not even he could have anticipated. In Eric Cervini, a young historian of L.G.B.T.Q. politics and the author of the exhaustively researched and vividly written biography The Deviants War, Kameny has found his hagiographer.

Born into a middle-class family in Queens in 1925, Kameny showed his smarts and determination early on. When he was 4, he taught himself to read and decided to become a scientist. By 6 he had set his sights on astronomy, and as a teenager he set up a telescope at home to study the stars. After seeing combat in World War II, he earned a Ph.D. from Harvard, taught astronomy for a year at Georgetown, then put his training to work for the Army Map Service. His credentials and drive seemed to promise a rewarding career when the United States began scrambling to catch up after the Soviet Union put Sputnik in orbit.

His ambition, though, soon collided with government policies, enacted in the 1940s and early 1950s, that prohibited homosexuals from working for the government or many private employers with a federal contract. The ban was only one element of a larger system that began to be put in place in the 1930s to exclude homosexuals from full citizenship and membership in the community; it included censorship rules preventing Hollywood films from featuring queer characters, and liquor regulations preventing bars, restaurants or cabarets in many states from employing or serving homosexuals. Most worrisome to gay men were the threat of being arrested by the police, who kept gay bars and hookup spots under surveillance, and the F.B.I.s growing capacity to funnel arrest records to federal agencies conducting employee security checks.

[ This book was one of our most anticipated titles of June. See the full list. ]

In 1957, such policing cost Kameny his government career only a few months after it began. The Army Map Service fired him when its personnel office learned he had been arrested in California a year earlier while cruising for sex in a public washroom. Thousands of men and women lost their government jobs when security investigations uncovered evidence or allegations that they were gay.

Most tried to move on. But Kameny discovered that almost every job in astronomy required a security clearance, which left him no choice but to fight if he wanted to salvage his career. In his fast-paced account of Kamenys budding war with the federal government, Cervini describes him going from one office to the next and writing to one official after another, moving up the chain of command to the secretary of the Army, the chair of the Civil Service Commission, congressional leaders and the president himself. Like most gay people in his situation, at first he dissembled or pretended to be straight, since that was the only way to get around the ban. But when it became clear that this tactic would not work, he began challenging the anti-gay ban more directly, in administrative and then legal appeals, all the way to the Supreme Court. The court, like every other authority, refused to reconsider his case.

Identity-based movements dont just emerge out of thin air; people typically organize around an identity because the state and society have insisted that the identity disqualifies them from full legal and cultural citizenship. By the end of Kamenys ordeal, he was jobless and barely eating or paying his rent. But headstrong as ever, he took on a new mission: to end the government policy that had turned his life upside down.

In 1961, he co-founded the Mattachine Society of Washington. More than a dozen such homophile groups had been established in cities around the country in the previous decade. Most were dedicated to helping people who had been arrested or lost jobs, to supporting research on homosexuality, and to cultivating psychiatrists, lawyers and clergy members who were granted more authority to speak in defense of homosexuals than homosexuals themselves were.

[ Read an excerpt from The Deviants War. ]

Kameny advocated a more militant approach. Inspired by the direct-action tactics of the black civil rights movement, he argued that the gay rights movement needed to speak for itself and confront official discrimination head-on. In the early 1960s, he served as adviser to a number of gay civil servants who challenged the loss of their jobs, became the first openly gay person to testify before a (supremely hostile) congressional committee and helped organize the first gay picket in front of the White House. In 1971, he became the first openly gay candidate for Congress. Most important, in Cervinis reckoning, he originated the strategy that had become standard by the 1970s and remains so to this day: finding openly L.G.B.T.Q. plaintiffs willing to risk public exposure by filing lawsuits against the discrimination they faced.

He also refused to accept that homosexuality was a mental illness or immoral. As a scientist not intimidated by arcane theories, he had only scorn for psychiatrists methodology and felt supremely confident in challenging their theories of homosexual pathology. (The biologist Alfred Kinsey had much the same attitude.) In 1968, inspired by the black power slogan Black Is Beautiful, Kameny coined the slogan Gay Is Good, which a national conference of homophile organizations adopted as its motto. A year before Stonewall is supposed to have launched the movement for gay pride, the conference attendees embraced the slogan to encourage in gay people feelings of pride, self-esteem, self-confidence and self-worth these feelings being essential to true human dignity.

Kameny is such a towering figure that he has already been featured prominently in several pioneering studies, including Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (1983), by John DEmilio; The Lavender Scare (2004), by David K. Johnson; and Hoovers War on Gays (2015), by Douglas M. Charles. Their accounts of Kamenys dismissal and subsequent crusade against the government, while briefer than Cervinis, are often shrewder in probing Kamenys motivations and assessing his personal and political development.

Cervini does shed new light on Kamenys encounters with the police and his initial reluctance to go public as a gay crusader. Nor does he flinch from showing that the considerable ego that emboldened Kameny to wage war against his government sometimes made him impossible to deal with in homophile organizations, where he developed a reputation for insisting on control and brooking no dissent. But Cervini becomes almost reverential when he makes exaggerated claims about Kamenys singular role in changing L.G.B.T.Q. life and consciousness.

Both the strengths and weaknesses of The Deviants War are tied to its relentless adherence to chronology. The narratives rapid clip is engrossing and succeeds in making readers feel they are witnessing history as it unfolds. But it often keeps Cervini from pausing long enough to weigh the relative significance of events, draw explanatory connections among them or analyze the reasoning behind the sometimes perplexing actions of key figures.

Cervinis devotion to colorful detail helps to flesh out previous accounts. He provides vivid descriptions of the alliances and fractures among lesbian and gay male activists and of the movements pitched battles over tactics and the politics of respectability. He gives you a ringside seat for some of Kamenys fiercest confrontations with security officers and elected officials at the Pentagon, the Civil Service Commission and the halls of Congress. And he takes you to the homophiles first picket lines before beautifully evoking the first march commemorating the Stonewall riots, in June 1970.

There are few revelations for historians in this book. But its riveting account of Kamenys struggle will be eye-opening for anyone keen to have a crash course on L.G.B.T.Q. politics in the tumultuous decade leading up to Stonewall.

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The Brilliant Astronomer Who Devised New Tactics to Fight Anti-Gay Bias - The New York Times

Gamma Rays Detected Coming From the Crab Nebula – Universe Today

Most people with any interest in astronomy know about the Crab Nebula. Its a supernova remnant in the constellation Taurus, and its image is all over the place. Google Hubble images and its right there with other crowd favorites, like the Pillars of Creation.

The Crab Nebula is one of the most-studied objects in astronomy. Its the brightest source of gamma rays in the sky, and that fact is being used to establish the function of a new telescope called the Schwarschild-Couder Telescope.

The supernova that left the Crab Nebula behind exploded about one thousand years ago, in 1054. Its called SN 1054, and Chinese astronomers recorded the event. A handful of other cultures around the world also took note of it. For some reason, there was scant or no mention of it in Europe at the time.

The Crab Nebula itself is the expanding gas shell expelled by the exploding star, moving outward at 1,500 kilometres per second (930mi/s), or 0.5% of thespeed of light. Inside the nebula is the Crab Pulsar. When the Crab Pulsar was first discovered in 1968, it was the first time that a pulsar was connected to a supernova.

The Crab Pulsar emits an outflowing relativistic wind that generates synchrotron radiation. As that radiation strikes the material in the surrounding nebula, it generates the powerful gamma ray emissions.

And this is where the newly-developed prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) comes in.

Weve established this new technology, which will measure gamma rays with extraordinary precision, enabling future discoveries.

The pSCT is a novel telescope design being developed by the Cherenkov Telescope Array consortium. The CT Array will feature over one hundred ground-based telescopes observing in the gamma-ray part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The pSCT is key to that effort, and these observation of gamma rays from the Crab Nebula are a tantalizing taste of whats to come.

If youre thinking, Wait a second. Gamma rays cant reach the Earth, youre right. The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, and the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope, did their work in Earth orbit, above the interfering atmosphere. Thats because the gamma rays cant reach the Earths surface.

But when the gamma rays interact with the atmosphere, they produce whats called Cherenkov Radiation. And Cherenkov Radiation can be observed.

The Cherenkov Radiation from gamma rays striking the atmosphere is far too faint to be seen with human eyes. But the new pSCT is an innovative piece of technology, designed with the Cherenkov Radiation in mind. By detecting the cascade of Cherenkov Radiation created when gamma rays strike Earths atmosphere, researchers can learn about the gamma rays, and their sources.

The Crab Nebula is the brightest steady source of TeV, or very-high-energy, gamma rays in the sky, so detecting it is an excellent way of proving the pSCT technology, said Justin Vandenbroucke, Associate Professor at University of Wisconsin. Very-high-energy gamma rays are the highest energy photons in the universe and can unveil the physics of extreme objects including black holes and possibly dark matter, Vandenbroucke said in a press release.

The development of the pSCT and the CT Array promises to start a new age in gamma ray observations and gamma ray astronomy.

Weve established this new technology, which will measure gamma rays with extraordinary precision, enabling future discoveries, said Vandenbroucke. Gamma-ray astronomy is already at the heart of the new multi-messenger astrophysics, and the SCT technology will make it an even more important player.

High-energy gamma-ray astronomy is a relatively young field. Gamma rays have photon energies above 100 keV (kiloelectron volts.) They can range from there up to what are called ultra-high-energy gamma rays, where the photon energy can be higher than one-hundred TeV. These rays were only confirmed to exist in 2019, and the center of the Crab Nebula was their source.

Just over three decades ago, TeV gamma rays were first detected in the universe, from the Crab Nebula, on the same mountain where the pSCT sits today, said Vandenbroucke. That was a real breakthrough, opening a cosmic window with light that is a trillion times more energetic than we can see with our eyes. Today, were using two mirror surfaces instead of one, and state-of-the-art sensors and electronics to study these gamma rays with exquisite resolution.

The pSCT is a dual-mirrored version of previous Cherenkov telescopes. The dual mirrors represent a big technological leap in very-high-energy gamma ray observation. The addition of the secondary mirror allows for better detection of faint gamma ray sources, and for greater image detail.

We have successfully evolved the way gamma-ray astronomy has been done during the past 50 years, enabling studies to be performed in much less time, said Wystan Benbow, Director of VERITAS, another Cherenkov-observing telescope. Several future programs will particularly benefit, including surveys of the gamma-ray sky, studies of large objects like supernova remnants, and searches for multi-messenger counterparts to astrophysical neutrinos and gravitational wave events.

We first proposed the idea of applying this optical system to TeV gamma-ray astronomy nearly 15 years ago, and my colleagues and I built a team in the US and internationally to prove that this technology could work, said Prof. Vladimir Vassiliev, Principal Investigator, pSCT. What was once a theoretical limit to this technology is now well within our grasp, and continued improvements to the technology and the electronics will further increase our capability to detect gamma rays at resolutions and rates we once only ever dreamed of.

Whats exciting about the SCT is the way it can be used to study issues in cosmology and astrophysics. This gamma-ray detection from an understood gamma-ray source was just a test, a calibration, and if the scientists quoted here are excited, its easy to see why.

A driving question in cosmology concerns the nature of dark matter. One of the hypotheses for the nature of dark matter is WIMPs, Weakly Interacting Massive Particles. (Also called neutralinos.) Some theories state that when WIMPs interact, they annihilate, producing gamma rays. An array of SCTs can be used to probe areas in space where dark matter is very dense. And the SCT is sensitive enough to detect these signals.

Will the SCT help us solve the mystery of dark matter? Scientists are hopeful that, combined with other efforts like the Large Hadron Collider and subterranean WIMP detectors, they can make real progress.

The pSCT is located at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Amado, Arizona. The consortium behind itcalled the Cherenkov Telescope Array Consortium is an international effort to develop gamma-ray astronomy with ground-based observatories. It consists of 11 separate countries, and the ESO.

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Gamma Rays Detected Coming From the Crab Nebula - Universe Today

This mother-daughter duo fulfilled their goal of graduating med school together – The Week Magazine

Chad Daybell was taken into custody on Tuesday after human remains were found on his property in Salem, Idaho, Rexburg Police Assistant Chief Gary Hagen said.

The remains have not been identified, and Daybell has not been charged with anything. Rexburg police, FBI investigators, and members of the Fremont County Sheriff's Office searched the property as part of an investigation into the disappearance of Tylee Ryan, 17, and Joshua "JJ" Vallow, 7. Their mother, Lori Vallow Daybell, is Chad Daybell's new wife. The children have not been seen since September, and the Daybells previously told investigators they were staying with friends.

The case has received national attention, due to its strange twists and turns. The Daybells, who married in October, slipped out of Idaho and were tracked down to Hawaii earlier this year. Lori Daybell has since been charged with child abandonment and obstructing the investigation; she has pleaded not guilty.

Chad Daybell is a podcaster who talks about the biblical end times, and has self-published fiction books about the apocalypse. Last summer, Lori Daybell's brother, Alex Cox, shot and killed her estranged husband, Charles Vallow, in Arizona, claiming it was in self-defense. Vallow had filed for divorce from Lori Daybell, saying she believed she was "a resurrected being of God" who could kill him with her "powers." Cox died in December of a pulmonary blood clot.

Chad Daybell is also under investigation in the death of his first wife, Tammy Daybell. She died in October, two weeks before Chad and Lori Daybell were married. Chad said she died in her sleep, but authorities became suspicious in December and exhumed her body; the autopsy results have not been made public. Catherine Garcia

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This mother-daughter duo fulfilled their goal of graduating med school together - The Week Magazine